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Evolutionary biology

Index Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth, starting from a single common ancestor. [1]

992 relations: A Devil's Chaplain, A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, A History of the Mind, A Natural History of Rape, A Theory of Architecture, A Troublesome Inheritance, A. M. Hamilton, A. Richard Palmer, A. W. F. Edwards, Acceptance of evolution by religious groups, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Adam Łomnicki, Adam C. Siepel, Adaptation, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Adaptive memory, Adaptive radiation, Adaptive type, Adnan Oktar, Aggressionism, Alan Baker (philosopher), Alan Grafen, Alarm signal, Aleksandr Bushkov, Alexandra Worden, Alexey Skvortsov, Alfred Russel Wallace, Alice Lee (mathematician), Allan Wilson, Allorecognition, Altruism, Amboseli Baboon Research Project, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Genetic Association, American Journal of Primatology, Americans For Medical Advancement, Amitabh Joshi, Amotz Zahavi, An Appetite for Wonder, Analysis of variance, Anand Gandhi, Anapsid, Anatomy, Ancestral reconstruction, Ancient protein, Andreas Wagner, Andrew Berry, Angraecum sesquipedale, Animal grief, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, ..., Answers in Genesis, Antecedent (genealogy), Anthony Zee, Anthropic principle, Anthropology, Antiquarian science books, Antonio Lazcano, Anurag Agrawal (ecologist), Appendix (anatomy), Applications of evolution, Aravind L. Iyer, Aristotle's biology, Armand de Ricqlès, Armand Marie Leroi, Arndt von Haeseler, Arthur Cain, Arthur S. Reber, Artificial creation, Athena Aktipis, August Weismann, Avian clutch size, Avida, Axel Meyer, Üner Tan, Baculum, Bad Religion, Bak–Sneppen model, Baldwin effect, Balliol College, Oxford, Barbara A. Schaal, Barbara Forrest, Barbara Kingsolver, Barbara McClintock, Barbara Pickersgill, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Bateman's principle, Bayesian inference in phylogeny, Beauty and the Geek (UK TV series), Behavioral Ecology (journal), Behavioral neuroscience, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy Award, Bernard Crespi, Bernard d'Abrera, Bernhard Rensch, Bert Hölldobler, Big History, Biogeography, Bioinformatics, Biolinguistics, Biological anthropology, Biological basis of love, Biological integrity, Biological organisation, Biological specificity, Biological Theory (journal), Biologist, Biology, BioRxiv, Biostatistics, BMC Evolutionary Biology, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, Botanical Society of America, Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Brian Charlesworth, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science, Brooke Miller, Brother Blue, C. H. Waddington, Callous and unemotional traits, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, Carcinisation, Carina M. Schlebusch, Carl Bergstrom, Carla Dove, Carsten Niemitz, Cassandra Extavour, Cat senses, Catagenesis (biology), Catholic Church and evolution, Cavalier-Smith's system of classification, Cellularization, Centro de Investigaciones Cientifícas de las Huastecas 'Aguazarca', Chadlington Road, Charles A. S. Hall, Charles Darwin, Charles Herbert Lowe, Charles Ofria, Chemostat, Cheryl A. Zimmer, Chicken or the egg, Chorthippus parallelus, Chris Adami, Christian Identity, Christine Kenneally, Christopher Filardi, Christopher J. Barnard, Chronological dating, Cinderella effect, Cladogenesis, Claus O. 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Futuyma, Dr Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation, Dracorex, Dualism (cybernetics), Duane Gish, Eastern Nazarene College, Eörs Szathmáry, Ecology, Ecology and Evolution, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Economics, Ecosystem diversity, Ecotheology, Ecotype, Edge Foundation, Inc., Edward Bagnall Poulton, Edward C. Holmes, Edwards v. Aguillard, Edwin H. Colbert, Effects of cannabis, Eloy Rodriguez, Embryons desséchés, Emergent evolution, Encephalization, Encyclopedia of Evolution, Environment Institute University of Adelaide, Eosimiidae, Epic of evolution, Epidemiology of representations, Epistasis, Equine nutrition, Erdős number, Ernst Mayr, Error threshold (evolution), Eske Willerslev, Ethology, Ethology Ecology & Evolution, Eugene Koonin, Eutaxiology, Evidence of common descent, Evolution, Evolution & Development, Evolution (journal), Evolution (TV series), Evolution and the Theory of Games, Evolution Day, Evolution in Mendelian Populations, Evolution of eusociality, Evolution of Infectious Disease, Evolution of morality, Evolution: Random Mutations, Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, Evolution: The Origin of Species, Evolution@Home, Evolutionary anachronism, Evolutionary arms race, Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Biology (textbook), Evolutionary computation, Evolutionary developmental biology, Evolutionary ecology, Evolutionary economics, Evolutionary mismatch, Evolutionary models of food sharing, Evolutionary models of human drug use, Evolutionary neuroscience, Evolutionary physiology, Evolutionary pressure, Evolutionary psychology, Evolutionary psychology of language, Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, Evolutionary theory of the self, Evolutionary trap, Evolutionism, Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed, Experimental evolution, Extended evolutionary synthesis, Facts and Arguments for Darwin, Fairy tale, Faith, Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle, Fecundity, Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection, Fisher's principle, Fitness landscape, Florentino Ameghino, Flying primate hypothesis, Flying Spaghetti Monster, Formal science, Fossil, Foster's rule, Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France, Four causes, Four Fs (evolution), Francisco J. Ayala, Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education, Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, Function (biology), Functional ecology, Futurist, G. Ledyard Stebbins, Gaëtan Dugas, Gard model, Gary Rosenberg, Günter P. Wagner, Gene-centered view of evolution, Generative science, Genetic anthropomorphism, Genetic assimilation, Genetic redundancy, Genetica, Genetics and the Origin of Species, Genius of Britain, Genome Biology and Evolution, Geobiology, Geoff Parker, Georg F. Striedter, George C. Williams (biologist), George M. Stratton, George Palmer (businessman), George Romanes, George W. Barlow, Gerhard Lenski, Giacomo Bernardi, Gilean McVean, Glossary of biology, Goby Lake, God, Godfrey Hewitt, Gordon W. Schuett, Gottlieb Institute, Graham Bell (biologist), Grand Challenges In Global Health, Great seahorse, Green-beard effect, Gregory Bateson, Group selection, Guido Barbujani, Guy McPherson, H. Allen Orr, Hair, Haldane's rule, Harold F. Blum, Harold J. 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Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Ian Barbour, IB Group 4 subjects, Idea, Igor Zagorodniuk, Inbreeding avoidance, Inclusive fitness, Inclusive fitness in humans, Index of biochemistry articles, Index of biology articles, Index of genetics articles, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Infinite monkey theorem, Inside Nature's Giants, Institut Jacques Monod, Institute for Creation Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Intelligent design movement, Interactor, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, Internet science, Introduction to evolution, Invertebrate paleontology, Irreducible complexity, Irven DeVore, Isaac Newton in popular culture, Islamic views on evolution, Isolation by distance, Ivan Schmalhausen, J. B. S. Haldane, J. Baird Callicott, J. Philippe Rushton, J. William Schopf, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, James A. Lake, James Bell Pettigrew, James L. Gould, James L. Patton, James Mallet, Jan Klein, Jan Salick, Jared Diamond, Jürgen Brosius, Jürgen Haffer, Jeanne Altmann, Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Jeheskel Shoshani, Jenny Clack, Jere H. Lipps, Jeremy Field, Jerry Coyne, Jessica Meir, Jessica Ware, Jewish culture, Jewish lobby, Jim Baen, Joan E. Strassmann, Joan Roughgarden, Joanna Masel, Jody Hey, Joel Dudley, John Avise, John Endler, John H. Gillespie, John Maynard Smith, John Templeton Foundation, Jon Kaas, Jonathan Eisen, Joseph Thornton (biologist), Josephine Pemberton, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal of Human Evolution, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Joy K. Ward, Judith Donath, Judith Hand, Jukka Jernvall, Julian Huxley, Julian Monge Najera, Junkyard tornado, Karl J. Niklas, Karyotype, Katja Brose, Kenneth G. McLeod, Kevin de Queiroz, Key innovation, Kim Sterelny, Kin recognition, Konrad Lorenz, Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences, Lacey Knowles, Lack's principle, Ladislav Mucina, Lance Grande, Language development, Laura Landweber, Laura-Ann Petitto, Laurent Keller, Lawrence B. Slobodkin, Leda Cosmides, Leigh Van Valen, Leo Buss, Leonid Petrovich Tatarinov, Leticia Avilés, Lichenology, Life expectancy, Life history theory, Limb development, Lin Chao, Linnaean enterprise, Linton Road, List of academic fields, List of African-American inventors and scientists, List of African-American women in STEM fields, List of atheist Americans, List of atheist philosophers, List of atheists (surnames R to S), List of atheists (surnames T to Z), List of atheists in science and technology, List of Christians in science and technology, List of Columbia College people, List of Danish Americans, List of eponymous laws, List of female Fellows of the Royal Society, List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States, List of former Catholic priests, List of game theorists, List of geneticists, List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2005, List of important publications in geology, List of In Our Time programmes, List of Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology keynote speakers, List of life sciences, List of model organisms, List of Moscow State University people, List of New York University faculty, List of Old Greshamians, List of organizations opposing mainstream science, List of people from Hampstead, List of people from New Jersey, List of people with bipolar disorder, List of Russian scientists, List of scientific skeptics, List of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients, List of solved missing persons cases, List of Stony Brook University people, List of the largest genera of flowering plants, List of University of California, Berkeley alumni, List of University of California, Berkeley faculty, List of University of Connecticut people, List of University of Kansas people, List of University of Pennsylvania people, List of University of Rochester people, Lists of mathematics topics, Long hair, Long-distance running, Longhorn crazy ant, Louis J. Gross, Luiz A. Rocha, Lumpers and splitters, Lynn J. Rothschild, Lynn Margulis, Madrid, Maggie Gee (novelist), Major histocompatibility complex, Manfred Milinski, Marc Hauser, Marcus Feldman, Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert, Margaret Kidwell, Margie Profet, Marion J. Lamb, Mark Elgar, Mark Levin, Mark Pagel, Mark Ridley (zoologist), Mark Stoneking, Marlene Zuk, Martha Herbert, Martin Brasier, Martin Moynihan, Matrilineality, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, May Berenbaum, Meaning of life, Megatrajectory, Meghan Duffy, Mehgan Heaney-Grier, Meme, Mendel Lectures, Menno Schilthuizen, Michael Corballis, Michael D. Coe, Michael Ghiselin, Michael J. D. White, Michael Levine (biologist), Michael Majerus, Michael T. 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Heckman, NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing, Nash equilibrium, National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan, National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant, Natura non facit saltus, Natural history, Natural selection, Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Nature of Man Series, Neil Shubin, Nelson Hairston, Neo-Darwinism, Neoteny, Neuroesthetics, Niall Shanks, Niche microdifferentiation, Nick Barton, Nick Matzke, Nigel Goldenfeld, Nipple, NK model, Noah Rosenberg, Nontheist Quakers, Norm of reciprocity, Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution, Nurture kinship, Objections to evolution, Obligate parasite, Olivia Judson, On the Origin of Species, Operational sex ratio, Ophelia Benson, Opportunism, OPV AIDS hypothesis, Order of the Red Banner of Labour, Orgel's rules, Origin of birds, Orthogenesis, Oscarella carmela, Otto Thomas Solbrig, Out of Asia theory, Outline of academic disciplines, Outline of biology, Outline of evolution, Outline of genetics, Outline of natural science, Outline of science, Outline of transhumanism, Outline of zoology, Overlapping generations, Ovulatory shift hypothesis, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Pacific Station, Pair bond, Palaeoworld, Paleobiology, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Parasite load, Parasites in fiction, Parasitism, Parathyroid gland, Parental investment, Paternal mtDNA transmission, Patricia Adair Gowaty, Patricia G. 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Page, Roger Abrantes, Romer's gap, Ron Amundson, Ronald Fisher, Rong Li, Rosemary Gillespie (biologist), Rothamsted Research, Russell Lande, Ruth Geyer Shaw, Sabina Spielrein, Saint Rosalia, Sally Le Page, Saltation (biology), Samuel Page, Samuel Wooster James, Sandra Vehrencamp, Sara Shettleworth, School of Sciences, UNAM, Science book, Science for the People, Science, Evolution, and Creationism, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Scientific community, Scientific method and religion, Scientist, Scott Carroll (biologist), Scott V. Edwards, Sean Nee, Segraves v. 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A Devil's Chaplain

A Devil's Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love is a 2003 book of selected essays and other writings by Richard Dawkins.

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A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar

A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, also known as The Guide to Science or Brewer's Guide to Science, is a book by Ebenezer Cobham Brewer presenting explanations for common phenomena.

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A History of the Mind

A History of the Mind is a 1992 book about the mind–body problem by the psychologist Nicholas Humphrey.

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A Natural History of Rape

A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion is a 2000 book by the biologist Randy Thornhill and the anthropologist Craig T. Palmer, in which the authors argue that rape should be understood through evolutionary psychology, and criticize the idea, popularized by the feminist author Susan Brownmiller in Against Our Will (1975), that it is an expression of male domination that is not sexually motivated.

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A Theory of Architecture

A Theory of Architecture is a somewhat controversial book on Architecture by Nikos Salingaros, published in 2006 by Umbau-Verlag, Solingen,.

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A Troublesome Inheritance

A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History is a 2014 book by British writer and journalist Nicholas Wade, a retired science reporter for The New York Times.

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A. M. Hamilton

Archibald Milne Hamilton (1898–1972) was a New Zealand-born civil engineer, notable for building the Hamilton Road through Kurdistan and designing the Callender-Hamilton bridge system.

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A. Richard Palmer

Richard Palmer, is a professor of evolutionary biology in the University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences.

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A. W. F. Edwards

Anthony William Fairbank Edwards, FRS (born 1935) is a British statistician, geneticist, and evolutionary biologist.

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Acceptance of evolution by religious groups

Although biological evolution has been vocally opposed by some religious groups, many other groups accept the scientific position, sometimes with additions to allow for theological considerations.

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Acyrthosiphon pisum

Acyrthosiphon pisum, commonly known as the pea aphid (and colloquially known as the green dolphin, pea louse, and clover louse), is a sap-sucking insect in the Aphididae family.

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Adam Łomnicki

Adam Łomnicki (born 28 June 1935) is a Polish evolutionary biologist and ecologist, a member of Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Learning and Academia Europaea, professor of Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

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Adam C. Siepel

Adam C. Siepel (born 1972) is an American computational biologist known for his research in comparative genomics and population genetics, particularly the development of statistical methods and software tools for identifying evolutionarily conserved sequences.

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Adaptation

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.

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Adaptation and Natural Selection

Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams.

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Adaptive memory

Adaptive memory is the study of memory systems that have evolved to help retain survival- and fitness-related information, i.e., that are geared toward helping an organism enhance its reproductive fitness and chances of surviving.

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Adaptive radiation

In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches.

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Adaptive type

Adaptive type – in evolutionary biology – is any population or taxon which have the potential for a particular or total occupation of given free of underutilized home habitats or position in the general economy of nature.

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Adnan Oktar

Adnan Oktar (born 2 February 1956), also known as Harun Yahya, is a Turkish author as well as an Islamic creationist.

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Aggressionism

Aggressionism is the philosophical theory that the only real cause of war is human aggressiveness.

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Alan Baker (philosopher)

Alan R. Baker is a professor of Philosophy in Swarthmore College (Pennsylvania, United States), specializing in the philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of science.

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Alan Grafen

Alan Grafen is a Scottish ethologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Alarm signal

In animal communication, an alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation in the form of signals emitted by social animals in response to danger.

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Aleksandr Bushkov

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bushkov (born April 5, 1956) is a best-selling Russian author who has written books in the genres of science fiction, crime fiction, popular history and non-fiction.

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Alexandra Worden

Alexandra (Alex) Z. Worden (born 1970) is a marine microbial ecologist and genome scientist.

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Alexey Skvortsov

Alexey K. Skvortsov (9 February 1920 – 8 May 2008) A Russian botanist and naturalist, a specialist on amentiferous plants—willows (Salix), poplars (Populus), and birches (Betula) as well as plants of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae), A.K. Skvortsov was, at the same time, well known in Russia as an editor in Priroda (Nature) Magazine (1971–2005) and author of many articles on botany, evolutionary biology, and Darwinism.

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Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.

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Alice Lee (mathematician)

Alice Lee (1858–1939) was a British mathematician, one of the first women to graduate from London University.

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Allan Wilson

Allan Charles Wilson (18 October 1934 – 21 July 1991) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution.

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Allorecognition

Allorecognition is the ability of an individual organism to distinguish its own tissues from those of another.

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Altruism

Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual.

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Amboseli Baboon Research Project

The Amboseli Baboon Project is a long-term, individual-based research project on yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Amboseli basin of southern Kenya.

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American Academy of Arts and Sciences

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States of America.

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American Genetic Association

The American Genetic Association (AGA), formerly the American Breeders' Association, is a USA-based learned society dedicated to the study of genetics.

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American Journal of Primatology

The American Journal of Primatology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the American Society of Primatologists.

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Americans For Medical Advancement

Americans For Medical Advancement (AFMA) is a not-for-profit, science-based, patient advocacy organization dedicated to improving healthcare through biomedical research.

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Amitabh Joshi

Amitabh Joshi (born 1965) is an Indian evolutionary biologist, geneticist and a professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).

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Amotz Zahavi

Amotz Zahavi (אמוץ זהבי) (August 14, 1928 – May 12, 2017) was an Israeli evolutionary biologist, a Professor in the Department of Zoology at Tel Aviv University, and one of the founders of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.

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An Appetite for Wonder

An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist is the first volume of the autobiographical memoir by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.

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Analysis of variance

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among group means in a sample.

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Anand Gandhi

Anand Gandhi (born Anand Modi; 26 September 1980 in Mumbai, India) is an Indian filmmaker, entrepreneur.

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Anapsid

An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have openings near the temples.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Ancestral reconstruction

Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors.

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Ancient protein

Ancient proteins are the remains of proteins which persist in the archaeological and fossil record.

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Andreas Wagner

Andreas Wagner (born 26 January 1967) is an Austrian/US evolutionary biologist and professor at the University of Zürich, Switzerland.

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Andrew Berry

Andrew Berry (born 1963) is a British evolutionary biologist and historian of science with a particular interest in Alfred Wallace.

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Angraecum sesquipedale

Angraecum sesquipedale, also known as Darwin's orchid, Christmas orchid, Star of Bethlehem orchid, and King of the Angraecums, is an epiphytic orchid in the genus Angraecum endemic to Madagascar.

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Animal grief

Grief is “a multifaceted response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed”.

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Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.

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Answers in Genesis

Answers in Genesis (AiG) is a fundamentalist Christian apologetics parachurch organization.

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Antecedent (genealogy)

In genealogy and in phylogenetic studies of evolutionary biology, antecedents or antecessors are predecessors in a family line.

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Anthony Zee

Anthony Zee (b. 1945) (Zee comes from /ʑi23/, the Shanghainese pronunciation of 徐) is a Chinese-American physicist, writer, and currently a professor at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and the physics department of the University of California, Santa Barbara.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.

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Antiquarian science books

Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering.

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Antonio Lazcano

Antonio Eusebio Lazcano Araujo Reyes (born 1950) is a Mexican biology researcher and professor of the School of Sciences at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City.

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Anurag Agrawal (ecologist)

Anurag Agrawal (born 1972) is an American professor of ecology, evolutionary biology, and entomology who has written over a 150 peer-reviewed articles, which earned him an h-index of 74.

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Appendix (anatomy)

The appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal appendix; vermix; or vermiform process) is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops in the embryo.

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Applications of evolution

Evolutionary biology, in particular the understanding of how organisms evolve through natural selection, is an area of science with many practical applications.

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Aravind L. Iyer

Aravind L. Iyer is an evolutionary biologist at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in Bethesda, Maryland, United States.

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Aristotle's biology

Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle's books on the science.

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Armand de Ricqlès

Armand de Ricqlès is a French paleontologist best known for his work in bone histology and its implications for the growth of dinosaurs (e.g.).

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Armand Marie Leroi

Armand Marie Leroi (born 16 July 1964) is an author, broadcaster, and professor of evolutionary developmental biology at Imperial College in London. He has written a book and presented television programs on Aristotle's biology.

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Arndt von Haeseler

Arndt von Haeseler (born 28 February 1959) is a German bioinformatician and evolutionary biologist.

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Arthur Cain

Arthur James Cain FRS (25 July 1921 – 20 August 1999) was a British evolutionary biologist and ecologist.

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Arthur S. Reber

Arthur S. Reber (born 1940) is an American cognitive psychologist.

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Artificial creation

Artificial Creation is a field of research that studies the primary synthesis of complex lifelike structures from primordial lifeless origins.

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Athena Aktipis

Christina Athena Aktipis (born ca 1981) is the co-director of the Human Generosity Project, the director of the Cooperation and Conflict lab at Arizona State University, vice president of the International Society for Evolution, Ecology and Cancer (ISEEC), and was the Director of Human and Social Evolution and co-founder of the Center for Evolution and Cancer at UCSF.

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August Weismann

August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (17 January 1834 – 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist.

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Avian clutch size

Clutch size refers to the number of eggs laid in a single brood by a nesting pair of birds.

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Avida

Avida is an artificial life software platform to study the evolutionary biology of self-replicating and evolving computer programs (digital organisms).

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Axel Meyer

Axel Meyer (born August 4, 1960) is an evolutionary biologist and a professor of zoology and evolutionary biology at the Universität Konstanz, Germany.

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Üner Tan

Uner Tan (Turkish: Üner Tan) (born May 1, 1937) is a Turkish neuroscientist and evolutionary biologist.

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Baculum

The baculum (also penis bone, penile bone, or os penis, or os priapi) is a bone found in the penis of many placental mammals.

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Bad Religion

Bad Religion is an American punk rock band that formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1980.

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Bak–Sneppen model

The Bak–Sneppen model is a simple model of co-evolution between interacting species.

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Baldwin effect

In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution.

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Balliol College, Oxford

Balliol College, founded in 1263,: Graduate Studies Prospectus - Last updated 17 Sep 08 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England.

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Barbara A. Schaal

Barbara Anna Schaal (born 1947 in Berlin, Germany, naturalized in 1956) American scientist, evolutionary biologist, is a professor at Washington University in St. Louis and vice president of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Barbara Forrest

Barbara Carroll Forrest is a professor of philosophy at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana.

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Barbara Kingsolver

No description.

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Barbara McClintock

Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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Barbara Pickersgill

Barbara Pickersgill (born 1940) is a British botanist with a special interest in the domestication of crops, the genetics, taxonomy, and evolutionary biology of cultivated plants, and the preservation of crop diversity.

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Barcelona Biomedical Research Park

The Barcelona Biomedical Research Park ("PRBB") is an agglomeration of six public research centres and is located alongside the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona.

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Bateman's principle

Bateman's principle, in evolutionary biology, is that in most species, variability in reproductive success (or reproductive variance) is greater in males than in females.

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Bayesian inference in phylogeny

Bayesian inference of phylogeny uses a likelihood function to create a quantity called the posterior probability of trees using a model of evolution, based on some prior probabilities, producing the most likely phylogenetic tree for the given data.

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Beauty and the Geek (UK TV series)

Beauty and the Geek is a reality television show, first aired in the United Kingdom on E4 on 7 February 2006, following the success of the format in the United States, and was advertised similarly as "the Ultimate Social Experiment".

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Behavioral Ecology (journal)

Behavioral Ecology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology.

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Behavioral neuroscience

Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.

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Berlin-Brandenburg Academy Award

The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities annually bestows its Akademiepreis ("Academy Award"), a science prize worth 30,000 euros, to a "distinguished scientist whose research achievements have opened new and promising lines of research.", Preise der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), retrieved 2010-02-06.

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Bernard Crespi

Bernard J. Crespi is a professor of evolutionary biology at Simon Fraser University.

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Bernard d'Abrera

Bernard d'Abrera (28 August 1940 – 13 January 2017) was an Australian entomological taxonomist and philosopher of science, particularly noted for his books on true butterflies (Papilionoidea) and larger moths of the world (Saturniidae and Sphingidae).

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Bernhard Rensch

Bernhard Rensch (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India.

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Bert Hölldobler

Bert Hölldobler (born 25 June 1936) is a German sociobiologist and evolutionary biologist who studies evolution and social organization in ants.

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Big History

Big History is an academic discipline which examines history from the Big Bang to the present.

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Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.

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Biolinguistics

Biolinguistics is the study of the biology and evolution of language.

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Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors.

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Biological basis of love

The theory of a biological basis of love has been explored by such biological sciences as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience.

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Biological integrity

Biological integrity is associated with how "pristine" an environment is and its function relative to the potential or original state of an ecosystem before human alterations were imposed.

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Biological organisation

Biological organization is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach.

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Biological specificity

In biology, biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.

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Biological Theory (journal)

Biological Theory is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the fields of evolution and cognition, including cognitive psychology, epistemology, philosophy of science, evolutionary biology, and developmental biology.

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Biologist

A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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BioRxiv

bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive") is an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013.

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Biostatistics

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.

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BMC Evolutionary Biology

BMC Evolutionary Biology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all fields of evolutionary biology, including phylogenetics and palaeontology.

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Boris Kozo-Polyansky

Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky (Борис Михайлович Козо-Полянский, 20 January 1890 – 21 April 1957) was a Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist, best known for his seminal work, Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which was the first work to place the theory of symbiogenesis into a Darwinian evolutionary context, as well as one of the first to redefine cell theory.

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Botanical Society of America

The Botanical Society of America (BSA) represents professional and amateur botanists, researchers, educators and students in over 80 countries of the world.

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Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Brain, Behavior and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering evolutionary neurobiology.

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Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon

Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon is a 2006 book in which the American philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett argues that religion is in need of scientific analysis so that its nature and future may be better understood.

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Brian Charlesworth

Brian Charlesworth (born 29 April 1945) is a British evolutionary biologist at the University of Edinburgh, and editor of Biology Letters.

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Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science

Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science is the second volume of the autobiographical memoir by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.

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Brooke Miller

Brooke Miller (born March 21, 1976) is an American former professional road racing cyclist and U.S. national team member.

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Brother Blue

Hugh Morgan Hill (born in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 12, 1921, died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 3, 2009) who performed as Brother Blue, was an African American educator, storyteller, actor, musician, street performer and living icon in Boston, in Cambridge, at Harvard University, MIT, and in the global oral storytelling community.

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C. H. Waddington

Conrad Hal Waddington CBE FRS FRSE (8 November 1905 – 26 September 1975) was a British developmental biologist, paleontologist, geneticist, embryologist and philosopher who laid the foundations for systems biology, epigenetics, and evolutionary developmental biology.

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Callous and unemotional traits

Callous and unemotional traits (CU) are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect.

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Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) is an institute of advanced study that creates and maintains global research networks working on complex areas of inquiry.

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Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans

Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans is an extremely thermophilic anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium that has the interesting property of producing hydrogen as a waste product while feeding on carbon monoxide and water.

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Carcinisation

In evolutionary biology, carcinisation (or carcinization) is a hypothesised process whereby a crustacean evolves into a crab-like form from a non-crab-like form.

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Carina M. Schlebusch

Carina Maria Schlebusch is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Uppsala in Sweden.

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Carl Bergstrom

Carl Theodore Bergstrom is a theoretical and evolutionary biologist and a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, with a secondary appointment at the Santa Fe Institute.

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Carla Dove

Carla J. Dove (born October 17, 1962) is a researcher who specializes in identifying birds that have gotten trapped in airplane engines, known as bird strikes.

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Carsten Niemitz

Carsten Niemitz (born 29 September 1945 in Dessau) is a German anatomist, ethologist, and human evolutionary biologist.

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Cassandra Extavour

Cassandra Extavour is a Canadian American geneticist, Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, and a classical singer.

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Cat senses

Cat senses are adaptations that allow cats to be highly efficient predators.

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Catagenesis (biology)

Catagenesis is a somewhat archaic term from evolutionary biology referring to evolutionary directions that were considered "retrogressive." It was a term used in contrast to anagenesis, which in present usage denotes the evolution of a single population into a new form without branching lines of descent.

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Catholic Church and evolution

Early contributions to biology were made by Catholic scientists such as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel.

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Cavalier-Smith's system of classification

The classification system of life introduced by British zoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith involves systematic arrangements of all life forms on earth.

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Cellularization

The theory of cellularization, also known as Ciliate-acoel theory, is one of the theories explaining the origin of the metazoans.

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Centro de Investigaciones Cientifícas de las Huastecas 'Aguazarca'

Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas 'Aguazarca' (CICHAZ) is a research station in Calnali, Hidalgo, Mexico located at an elevation of 986 m on the eastern slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental.

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Chadlington Road

Chadlington Road is a road in North Oxford, England.

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Charles A. S. Hall

Charles A.S. Hall (1943) is an American systems ecologist and ESF Foundation Distinguished Professor at State University of New York in the College of Environmental Science & Forestry.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles Herbert Lowe

Charles Herbert Lowe, Jr. (April 16, 1920 – September 13, 2002) was an American biologist and herpetologist.

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Charles Ofria

Dr.

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Chemostat

A chemostat (from chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid containing left over nutrients, metabolic end products and microorganisms are continuously removed at the same rate to keep the culture volume constant.

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Cheryl A. Zimmer

Cheryl A. Zimmer is a North American evolutionary biologist whose research interests are focused marine population ecology, specifically the role of hydrodynamics as a driving force in the evolution of marine life.

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Chicken or the egg

The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as "which came first: the chicken or the egg?".

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Chorthippus parallelus

Chorthippus parallelus, the meadow grasshopper, is a common species of grasshopper found in non-arid grasslands throughout the well vegetated areas of Europe and some adjoining areas of Asia.

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Chris Adami

Christoph Carl Herbert "Chris" Adami (born August 30, 1962) is a professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, as well as professor of Physics and Astronomy, at Michigan State University.

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Christian Identity

Christian Identity (also known as Identity Christianity) is a racist, anti-Semitic, and white supremacist interpretation of Christianity which holds that only Germanic, Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, Nordic, Aryan people and those of kindred blood are the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and hence the descendants of the ancient Israelites (primarily as a result of the Assyrian captivity).

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Christine Kenneally

Christine Kenneally (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian-American journalist who writes on science, language and culture.

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Christopher Filardi

Christopher Filardi (Chris Filardi) is an American evolutionary biologist and ecologist.

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Christopher J. Barnard

Christopher John Barnard (2 September 1952 - 1 June 2007) was a British evolutionary biologist, Professor of Animal Behaviour at the University of Nottingham from 1996 until his death.

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Chronological dating

Chronological dating, or simply dating, is the process of attributing to an object or event a date in the past, allowing such object or event to be located in a previously established chronology.

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Cinderella effect

In evolutionary psychology, the Cinderella effect is the phenomenon of higher incidence of different forms of child-abuse and mistreatment by stepparents than by biological parents.

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Cladogenesis

Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting event where a parent species splits into two distinct species, forming a clade.

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Claus O. Wilke

Claus O. Wilke is a computational and evolutionary biologist and chair of the Department of Integrative Biology at University of Texas at Austin, where he is the Dwight W. and Blanche Faye Reeder Centennial Fellow in Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, and currently holds the Joseph J. & Jeanne M. Lagowski Regents Professorship in Molecular Bioscience.

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Clear Lake (Palau)

Clear Lake (also Clearwater Lake) is a marine lake located on Eil Malk island in Palau.

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Climatic adaptation

Climatic adaptation refers to adaptations of an organism that are triggered due to the patterns of variation of abiotic factors that determine a specific climate.

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Climbing Mount Improbable

Climbing Mount Improbable is a 1996 popular science book by Richard Dawkins.

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Clinical psychology

Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.

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Clinton Edward Dawkins

Sir Clinton Edward Dawkins, KCB (1859 – 2 December 1905) was a British businessman and civil servant.

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Clitoris

The clitoris is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals.

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Clonal interference

Clonal interference is a phenomenon in the population genetics of organisms with significant linkage disequilibrium, especially asexually reproducing organisms.

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Cluster analysis

Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).

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Co-adaptation

In biology, co-adaptation is the process by which two or more species, genes or phenotypic traits undergo adaptation as a pair or group.

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Cognitive anthropology

Cognitive anthropology is an approach within cultural anthropology in which scholars seek to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms.

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Cognitive biology

Cognitive biology is an emerging science that regards natural cognition as a biological function.

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Cognitive genomics

Cognitive genomics (or neurative genomics) is the sub-field of genomics pertaining to cognitive function in which the genes and non-coding sequences of an organism's genome related to the health and activity of the brain are studied.

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Combinatorics

Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and an end in obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.

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Common descent

Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.

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Common periwinkle

The common periwinkle or winkle (Littorina littorea) is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.

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Community genetics

Community genetics is a recently emerged field in biology that fuses elements of community ecology, evolutionary biology, and molecular and quantitative genetics.

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Comparative anatomy

Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

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Comparative biology

Comparative biology uses natural variation and disparity to understand the patterns of life at all levels—from genes to communities—and the critical role of organisms in ecosystems.

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Complexity economics

Complexity economics is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics.

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Consciousness

Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness, or, of being aware of an external object or something within oneself.

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Conservation genetics

Conservation genetics is an interdisciplinary subfield of Population Genetics that aims to understand the dynamics of genes in populations principally to avoid extinction.

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Conserve

Conserve may refer to.

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Conserved sequence

In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences) or within a genome (paralogous sequences).

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Copernicus Festival

Copernicus Festival is a science festival held every May in Kraków, Poland.

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Cordelia Fine

Cordelia Fine is a Canadian-born British philosopher, psychologist and writer.

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Cornelis Hazevoet

Cornelis Jan "Kees" Hazevoet (born 15 March 1948) is a Dutch ornithologist and former professional jazz musician.

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Cornell Lab of Ornithology

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology is a member-supported unit of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York which studies birds and other wildlife.

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Corner office

A corner office is an office that is located in the corner of a building.

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Corrie Moreau

Corrie S. Moreau is an evolutionary biologist, and entomologist with a specialty in myrmecology, the study of ants.

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Cosmic variance

The term cosmic variance is the statistical uncertainty inherent in observations of the universe at extreme distances.

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Craig Stanford

Craig Stanford is Professor of Biological Sciences and Anthropology at the University of Southern California.

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Creation and evolution in public education

The status of creation and evolution in public education has been the subject of substantial debate and conflict in legal, political, and religious circles.

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Creation and evolution in public education in the United States

In American schools, the Genesis creation narrative was generally taught as the origin of the universe and of life until Darwin's scientific theories became widely accepted in the late 1800s.

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Creation science

Creation science or scientific creationism is a branch of creationism that claims to provide scientific support for the Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis and disprove or reexplain the scientific facts, theories and paradigms about geology, cosmology, biological evolution, archeology, history, and linguistics.

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Creation–evolution controversy

The creation–evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate) involves an ongoing, recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life.

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Creationism

Creationism is the religious belief that the universe and life originated "from specific acts of divine creation",Gunn 2004, p. 9, "The Concise Oxford Dictionary says that creationism is 'the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation.'" as opposed to the scientific conclusion that they came about through natural processes.

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Crick Road

Crick Road is a road in North Oxford, England, an area characterised by large Victorian Gothic villas.

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Crown eukaryotes

Crown eukaryotes are an artificial group of eukaryotic organisms found at the top of molecular phylogenetic trees including both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

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Cultural evolution (disambiguation)

Cultural evolution is cultural change viewed from an evolutionary perspective.

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Cultural group selection

Cultural group selection is an explanatory model within cultural evolution of how cultural traits evolve according to the competitive advantage they bestow upon a group.

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Current Biology

Current Biology is a scientific journal that covers all areas of biology, especially molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Cybernetics

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities.

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D. James Kennedy

Dennis James Kennedy (November 3, 1930 – September 5, 2007) was an American pastor, evangelist, Christian broadcaster, and author.

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Dan Willard

Dan Edward Willard is an American computer scientist and logician, and is a professor of computer science at the University at Albany.

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Daniel Dennett

Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

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Daniel K. Riskin

Daniel K. Riskin is a Canadian evolutionary biologist and television personality.

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Daniel R. Brooks

Daniel R. Brooks is a professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto.

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Daniel Wolpert

Daniel Mark Wolpert FRS FMedSci (born 8 September 1963) is a British medical doctor, neuroscientist and engineer, who has made important contributions in computational biology.

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Daphnia magna

Daphnia magna is a small planktonic crustacean (adult length 1.5–5 mm) that belongs to the subclass Phyllopoda.

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Darwin (unit)

The darwin (d) is a unit of evolutionary change, defined by J.B.S. Haldane in 1949.

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Darwin Centennial Celebration (1959)

The Darwin Centennial Celebration of 1959 was a worldwide celebration of the life and work of British naturalist Charles Darwin that marked the 150th anniversary of his birth (February 12, 1809), the 100th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species (November 24, 1859), and the 125th anniversary of the second voyage of HMS ''Beagle''.

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Darwin Medal

The Darwin Medal is awarded by the Royal Society every alternate year for "work of acknowledged distinction in the broad area of biology in which Charles Darwin worked, notably in evolution, population biology, organismal biology and biological diversity".

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Darwinian anthropology

Darwinian anthropology describes an approach to anthropological analysis which employs various theories from Darwinian evolutionary biology.

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Darwinian literary studies

Darwinian literary studies (also known as literary Darwinism) is a branch of literary criticism that studies literature in the context of evolution by means of natural selection, including gene-culture coevolution.

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Darwinian puzzle

A Darwinian puzzle is a trait that appears to reduce the fitness of individuals that possess it.

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David B. Weishampel

Professor David Bruce Weishampel (born November 16, 1952) is an American palaeontologist in the Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

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David Berlinski

David Berlinski (born 1942) is an American author and academic who opposes the scientific consensus on the theory of evolution.

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David Haig (biologist)

David Addison Haig (born 28 June 1958) is an Australian evolutionary biologist and geneticist, professor in Harvard Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology.

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David Harper (biologist)

David George Charles Harper is the senior lecturer in Evolutionary Biology in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Sussex, England.

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David Hibbett

David Hibbett is an associate professor in biology at Clark University.

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David Hillis

David Mark Hillis (born December 21, 1958 in Copenhagen, Denmark) is an American evolutionary biologist, and the Alfred W. Roark Centennial Professor of Biology at the University of Texas at Austin.

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David Houle (biologist)

David Houle is an evolutionary biologist who studies fruitflies as an experimental organism for understanding adaptation and behavior.

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David Lack

David Lambert Lack FRS (16 July 1910 – 12 March 1973) was a British evolutionary biologist who made contributions to ornithology, ecology and ethology.

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David Mills (author)

David Mills (born January 24, 1959) is an American author.

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David Mindell

David P. Mindell is an American evolutionary biologist and author.

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David Rindos

David Rindos (1947 – 9 December 1996), was an archaeologist.

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David Seaborg

David Seaborg (born 1949) is an evolutionary biologist, peace activist, author and leader in the environmental movement.

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David Sloan Wilson

David Sloan Wilson (born 1949) is an American evolutionary biologist and a Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences and Anthropology at Binghamton University.

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David Stenhouse

David Stenhouse was born in Sutton, Surrey, England on 23 May 1932.

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Dawkins vs. Gould

Dawkins vs.

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Dazzled and Deceived

Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage is a 2009 book on camouflage and mimicry, in nature and military usage, by the science writer and journalist Peter Forbes.

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Deaths in October 2010

The following is a list of notable deaths in October 2010.

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Deaths in September 2010

The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2010.

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Deborah Charlesworth

Deborah Charlesworth (née Maltby; born 1943) is a British evolutionary biologist.

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Deme (biology)

In biology, a deme is a term for a local population of polytypic species that actively interbreed with one another and share a distinct gene pool.

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Demographic transition

Demographic transition (DT) is the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

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Denis Noble

Denis Noble CBE FRS FRCP FMedSci (born 16 November 1936) is a British biologist who held the Burdon Sanderson Chair of Cardiovascular Physiology at the University of Oxford from 1984 to 2004 and was appointed Professor Emeritus and co-Director of Computational Physiology.

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Descriptive ethics

Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality.

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Desmond G. Higgins

Desmond Gerard Higgins is a Professor of Bioinformatics at University College Dublin, widely known for CLUSTAL, a series of computer programs for performing multiple sequence alignment.

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Developmental robotics

Developmental robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines.

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Devolution (biology)

Devolution, de-evolution, or backward evolution is the notion that species can revert to supposedly more primitive forms over time.

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Digital ecology

In evolutionary biology digital ecology is a current of thought that posits the fusion or union of the virtual (digital information) and the real (basic life forms).

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Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.

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Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns

The Discovery Institute has conducted a series of related public relations campaigns which seek to promote intelligent design while attempting to discredit evolutionary biology, which the Institute terms "Darwinism." The Discovery Institute is the driving force behind the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement and the Institute directs the campaigns through its Center for Science and Culture division with guidance from its public relations firm, Creative Response Concepts.

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Disposable soma theory of aging

The disposable soma theory of aging states that organisms age due to an evolutionary trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA repair maintenance.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

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Dolph Schluter

Dolph Schluter (born May 22, 1955) is a professor of Evolutionary Biology and a Canada Research Chair in the Department of Zoology at the University of British Columbia.

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Dominic Kwiatkowski

Dominic Kwiatkowski is head of the parasites and microbes programme at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Cambridge and a Professor of Genomics at the University of Oxford.

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Donald W. Tinkle

Donald Ward Tinkle (December 3, 1930 – February 21, 1980) was a prominent herpetologist, ecologist, and evolutionary biologist at the University of Michigan until his illness and death at age 49.

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Douglas Barton Osborne Savile

Douglas Barton Osborne Savile (July 19, 1909 – August 1, 2000) was an Irish-born Canadian mycologist, plant pathologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Douglas C. Wallace

Douglas Cecil Wallace (born November 6, 1946) is a geneticist and evolutionary biologist at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania.

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Douglas J. Futuyma

Douglas Joel Futuyma (born 24 April 1942) is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Dr Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation

Dr Tatiana's Sex Advice to All Creation: The Definitive Guide to the Evolutionary Biology of Sex is a 2002 popular science book by the British evolutionary biologist Olivia Judson written in the role of her alter ego, agony aunt Dr Tatiana.

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Dracorex

Dracorex is a dubious dinosaur genus of the family Pachycephalosauridae, from the Late Cretaceous of North America.

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Dualism (cybernetics)

Dualism in cybernetics refers to systems or problems in which one or more intelligent adversaries attempt to exploit the weaknesses of the investigator.

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Duane Gish

Duane Tolbert Gish (February 17, 1921 – March 5, 2013) was an American biochemist and a prominent member of the creationist movement.

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Eastern Nazarene College

The Eastern Nazarene College (ENC) is a private, coeducational college of the liberal arts and sciences in Quincy, Massachusetts, near Boston, in the New England region of the United States.

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Eörs Szathmáry

Eörs Szathmáry (born 1959) is a Hungarian theoretical evolutionary biologist at the now-defunct Collegium Budapest Institute for Advanced Study and at the Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology of Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.

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Ecology

Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Ecology and Evolution

Ecology and Evolution is a biweekly open-access scientific journal covering all areas of ecology, evolution, and conservation.

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Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Some North American universities are home to degree programs titled Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, offering integrated studies in the disciplines of ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Economics

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Ecosystem diversity

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment.

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Ecotheology

Ecotheology is a form of constructive theology that focuses on the interrelationships of religion and nature, particularly in the light of environmental concerns.

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Ecotype

In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,Greek: οίκος.

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Edge Foundation, Inc.

The Edge Foundation, Inc. is an association of science and technology intellectuals created in 1988 as an outgrowth of The Reality Club.

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Edward Bagnall Poulton

Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who was a lifelong advocate of natural selection through a period in which many scientists such as Reginald Punnett doubted its importance.

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Edward C. Holmes

Edward Charles Holmes (born 1965, UK) is an evolutionary biologist and virologist, and since 2012 an National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia Fellow and professor at the University of Sydney.

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Edwards v. Aguillard

Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987) was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of teaching creationism.

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Edwin H. Colbert

Edwin Harris "Ned" Colbert (September 28, 1905 – November 15, 2001)O'Connor, Anahad,, The New York Times, November 25, 2001.

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Effects of cannabis

The effects of cannabis are caused by the chemical compounds in the plant, including cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is only one of more than 100 different cannabinoids present in the plant.

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Eloy Rodriguez

Eloy Rodriguez (born January 7, 1947) is a Mexican-American biochemist.

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Embryons desséchés

Embryons desséchés ("Desiccated embryos") is a piano composition by Erik Satie, composed in the summer of 1913.

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Emergent evolution

Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities.

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Encephalization

Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass.

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Encyclopedia of Evolution

The Encyclopedia of Evolution is a print encyclopedia of evolutionary biology, edited by Mark Pagel.

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Environment Institute University of Adelaide

The Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide brings together research groups in fields of science, engineering and economics relating to the management and use of natural resources and infrastructure.

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Eosimiidae

Eosimiidae is the family of extinct primates believed to be the earliest simians.

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Epic of evolution

In social, cultural and religious studies, the phrase "epic of evolution" has come to refer to a narrative that blends religious and scientific views of cosmic, biological and sociocultural evolution in a mythological manner.

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Epidemiology of representations

Epidemiology of representations, or cultural epidemiology, provides a conceptual framework for explaining cultural phenomena by how mental representations get distributed within a population.

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Epistasis

Epistasis is the phenomenon where the effect of one gene (locus) is dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes', i.e. the genetic background.

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Equine nutrition

Equine nutrition is the feeding of horses, ponies, mules, donkeys, and other equines.

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Erdős number

The Erdős number describes the "collaborative distance" between mathematician and another person, as measured by authorship of mathematical papers.

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Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.

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Error threshold (evolution)

In evolutionary biology and population genetics, the error threshold (or critical mutation rate) is a limit on the number of base pairs a self-replicating molecule may have before mutation will destroy the information in subsequent generations of the molecule.

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Eske Willerslev

Eske Willerslev (born 5 June 1971) is a Danish evolutionary geneticist notable for his pioneering work in molecular anthropology, palaeontology, and ecology.

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Ethology

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.

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Ethology Ecology & Evolution

Ethology Ecology & Evolution is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the ecology, evolution or genetics of behaviour.

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Eugene Koonin

Eugene Viktorovich Koonin (Russian: Евге́ний Ви́кторович Ку́нин) (born October 26, 1956) is a Russian-American biologist and Senior Investigator at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

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Eutaxiology

Eutaxiology (from the Greek eu – good, and tax – order) is the philosophical study of order and design.

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Evidence of common descent

Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution & Development

Evolution & Development is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing material at the interface of evolutionary and developmental biology.

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Evolution (journal)

Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events.

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Evolution (TV series)

Evolution is a 2001 documentary series by the American broadcaster Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and WGBH on evolutionary biology, from the producers of NOVA.

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Evolution and the Theory of Games

Evolution and the Theory of Games is a book by the British evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith on evolutionary game theory.

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Evolution Day

Evolution Day is a celebration to commemorate the anniversary of the initial publication of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin on 24 November 1859.

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Evolution in Mendelian Populations

Evolution in Mendelian Populations is a lengthy 1931 scientific paper on evolution by the American population geneticist Sewall Wright.

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Evolution of eusociality

The evolution of eusociality occurred repeatedly in different orders of animals, particularly the Hymenoptera (the wasps, bees, and ants).

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Evolution of Infectious Disease

Evolution of Infectious Disease is a 1993 book by the evolutionary biologist Paul Ewald.

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Evolution of morality

The evolution of morality refers to the emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution.

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Evolution: Random Mutations

Evolution: Random Mutations is a card game created by Dmitriy Knorre and Sergey Machin in 2010.

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Evolution: The Modern Synthesis

Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, a popularising 1942 book by Julian Huxley (grandson of T.H. Huxley), set out his vision of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology of the early 20th century.

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Evolution: The Origin of Species

Evolution: The Origin of Species is a card game created by Dmitriy Knorre and Sergey Machin in 2010.

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Evolution@Home

Evolution@Home is the first parallel computing project for evolutionary biology.

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Evolutionary anachronism

Evolutionary anachronism is a concept in evolutionary biology, named by Connie C. Barlow in her book The Ghosts of Evolution (2000),Barlow, Connie C. (2000).

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Evolutionary arms race

In evolutionary biology, an evolutionary arms race is a struggle between competing sets of co-evolving genes, traits, or species, that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other, resembling an arms race.

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Evolutionary Bioinformatics

Evolutionary Bioinformatics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal focusing on computational biology in the study of evolution.

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Evolutionary Biology (textbook)

Evolutionary Biology is a college-level evolutionary biology textbook written by Eli C. Minkoff that is 627 pages long.

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Evolutionary computation

In computer science, evolutionary computation is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms.

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Evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved.

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Evolutionary ecology

Evolutionary ecology lies at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Evolutionary economics

Evolutionary economics is part of mainstream economics as well as a heterodox school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.

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Evolutionary mismatch

Evolutionary mismatch, also known as mismatch theory or evolutionary trap, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to evolved traits that were once advantageous but became maladaptive due to changes in the environment.

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Evolutionary models of food sharing

Evolutionary biologists have developed various theoretical models to explain the evolution of food-sharing behavior—"the unresisted transfer of food from one food-motivated individual to another"—among humans and other animals.

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Evolutionary models of human drug use

The use of psychoactive substances is one of the most perplexing human behaviors.

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Evolutionary neuroscience

Evolutionary neuroscience is the scientific study of the evolution of nervous systems.

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Evolutionary physiology

Evolutionary physiology is the study of physiological evolution, which is to say, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to selection across multiple generations during the history of the population.

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Evolutionary pressure

Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure.

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Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

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Evolutionary psychology of language

Evolutionary psychology of language is the study of the evolutionary history of language as a psychological faculty within the discipline of evolutionary psychology.

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Evolutionary Synthetic Biology

In one direction, Evolutionary Synthetic Biology attempts to develop and validate models of DNA and protein evolution.

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Evolutionary theory of the self

When trying to understand the self in terms of the brain, neuroscientists have found contradictory results and paradoxes.

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Evolutionary trap

The term evolutionary trap has retained several definitions associated with different biological disciplines.

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Evolutionism

Evolutionism describes the belief in the evolution of organisms.

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Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed

Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed is a 2008 American film directed by Nathan Frankowski and starring Ben Stein.

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Experimental evolution

Experimental evolution is the use of laboratory experiments or controlled field manipulations to explore evolutionary dynamics.

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Extended evolutionary synthesis

The extended evolutionary synthesis consists of a set of theoretical concepts more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942.

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Facts and Arguments for Darwin

Facts and Arguments for Darwin is an 1864 book on evolutionary biology by the German biologist Fritz Müller, originally published in German under the title Für Darwin ("For Darwin"), and translated into English by William Sweetland Dallas in 1867.

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Fairy tale

A fairy tale, wonder tale, magic tale, or Märchen is folklore genre that takes the form of a short story that typically features entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, unicorns, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments.

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Faith

In the context of religion, one can define faith as confidence or trust in a particular system of religious belief, within which faith may equate to confidence based on some perceived degree of warrant, in contrast to the general sense of faith being a belief without evidence.

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Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle

Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle is a 2011 natural history book by American conservation biologist Thor Hanson.

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Fecundity

In human demography and population biology, fecundity is the potential for reproduction of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules.

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Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection

Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection is an idea about genetic variance in population genetics developed by the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.

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Fisher's principle

Fisher's principle is an evolutionary model that explains why the sex ratio of most species that produce offspring through sexual reproduction is approximately 1:1 between males and females.

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Fitness landscape

In evolutionary biology, fitness landscapes or adaptive landscapes (types of evolutionary landscapes) are used to visualize the relationship between genotypes and reproductive success.

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Florentino Ameghino

Florentino Ameghino (September 19, 1853 – August 6, 1911) was an Argentine naturalist, paleontologist, anthropologist and zoologist, whose fossil discoveries on the Argentine Pampas, especially on Patagonia, rank with those made in the western United States during the late 19th century. Along with his two brothers –Carlos and Juan– Florentino Ameghino was one of the most important founding figures in South American paleontology. From 1887 until his death, Ameghino was passionately devoted to the study of fossil mammals from Patagonia, with the valuable support of his brother Carlos Ameghino (1865–1936) who, between 1887 and 1902, made 14 trips to that region, where he discovered and collected numerous fossil faunas and made important stratigraphic observations which helped to support his journal Ameghiniana.

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Flying primate hypothesis

In evolutionary biology, the flying primate hypothesis posits that megabats, a subgroup of Chiroptera (also known as flying foxes), form an evolutionary sister group of primates.

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Flying Spaghetti Monster

The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, or Pastafarianism.

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Formal science

Formal sciences are formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, robotics, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Foster's rule

Foster's rule, also known as the island rule or the island effect, is an ecogeographical rule in evolutionary biology stating that members of a species get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment.

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Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France

On the proposal of Jules Vuillemin, a chair in the department of Philosophy and History was created at Collège de France to replace the late Jean Hyppolite.

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Four causes

The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?".

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Four Fs (evolution)

In evolutionary biology, people often speak of the four Fs which are said to be the four basic and most primal drives (motivations or instincts) that animals (including humans) are evolutionarily adapted to have, follow, and achieve: ''fighting'', ''fleeing'', ''feeding'' and ''fucking''.

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Francisco J. Ayala

Francisco José Ayala Pereda (born March 12, 1934) is a Spanish-American evolutionary biologist and philosopher who was a longtime faculty member at the University of California, Irvine.

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Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education

Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education, 185 F.3d 337 (5th Cir. 1999) was United States federal court case on the constitutionality of a policy requiring teachers to read aloud a disclaimer whenever they taught about evolution.

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Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin

Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin is a 1996 book by evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould.

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Function (biology)

In biology, function has been defined in many ways.

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Functional ecology

Functional ecology is a branch of ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur.

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Futurist

Futurists or futurologists are scientists and social scientists whose specialty is futurology or the attempt to systematically explore predictions and possibilities about the future and how they can emerge from the present, whether that of human society in particular or of life on Earth in general.

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G. Ledyard Stebbins

George Ledyard Stebbins Jr. (January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century.

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Gaëtan Dugas

Gaëtan Dugas (February 20, 1953 – March 30, 1984), a Canadian flight attendant, was a relatively early HIV patient who once was widely regarded as "patient zero" or the primary case for AIDS in the United States; his case was later found to have been only one of many that began in the 1970s, according to a September 2016 study published in Nature.

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Gard model

In evolutionary biology, the GARD (Graded Autocatalysis Replication Domain) model is a general kinetic model for homeostatic-growth and fission of compositional-assemblies, with specific application towards lipids.

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Gary Rosenberg

Gary Rosenberg (born New Rochelle, New York, 16 October 1959) is an American malacologist.

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Günter P. Wagner

Günter P. Wagner (born May 28, 1954 in Vienna, Austria) is Alison Richard Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary biology at Yale University, and head of the Wagner Lab.

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Gene-centered view of evolution

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation, with gene defined as "not just one single physical bit of DNA all replicas of a particular bit of DNA distributed throughout the world".

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Generative science

Generative science is an area of research that explores the natural world and its complex behaviours.

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Genetic anthropomorphism

In evolutionary biology, genetic anthropomorphism refers to "thinking like a gene".

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Genetic assimilation

Genetic assimilation is a process by which a phenotype originally produced in response to an environmental condition, such as exposure to a teratogen, later becomes genetically encoded via artificial selection or natural selection.

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Genetic redundancy

Genetic redundancy is a term typically used to describe situations where a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more genes.

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Genetica

Genetica is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in genetics and evolutionary biology.

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Genetics and the Origin of Species

Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky.

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Genius of Britain

Genius of Britain: The Scientists Who Changed the World is a five-part television documentary presented by leading British scientific figures, which charts the history of some of Britain's most important scientists and innovators.

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Genome Biology and Evolution

Genome Biology and Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Geobiology

Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere.

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Geoff Parker

Professor Geoffrey Alan Parker FRS (born 24 May 1944) is a Derby professor of biology at the University of Liverpool and the 2008 recipient of the Darwin Medal.

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Georg F. Striedter

Georg F. Striedter is an American scientist and Professor in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.

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George C. Williams (biologist)

George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

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George M. Stratton

George Malcolm Stratton (September 26, 1865 – October 8, 1957) was a psychologist who pioneered the study of perception in vision by wearing special glasses which inverted images up and down and left and right.

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George Palmer (businessman)

George Palmer (18 January 1818 – 19 August 1897) was a proprietor of the Huntley & Palmers biscuit manufacturers of Reading in England.

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George Romanes

George John Romanes FRS (20 May 1848 – 23 May 1894) was a Canadian-English evolutionary biologist and physiologist who laid the foundation of what he called comparative psychology, postulating a similarity of cognitive processes and mechanisms between humans and other animals.

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George W. Barlow

George Webber Barlow (June 15, 1929 - July 14, 2007) was an American ichthyologist, an ethologist (animal behaviorist) and evolutionary biologist specializing in fish.

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Gerhard Lenski

Gerhard Emmanuel "Gerry" Lenski, Jr. (August 13, 1924 – December 7, 2015) was an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and introducing the ecological-evolutionary theory.

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Giacomo Bernardi

Giacomo Bernardi is Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California Santa Cruz.

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Gilean McVean

Gilean Alistair Tristram McVean (born 25 February 1973) is a professor of statistical genetics at the University of Oxford, director of the Big Data Institute, fellow of Linacre College, Oxford and co-founder and director of Genomics plc.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Goby Lake

Goby Lake is a marine lake located on Koror island in Palau.

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God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

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Godfrey Hewitt

Godfrey Matthew Hewitt (10 January 1940 – 18 February 2013) was a British professor and evolutionary geneticist at the University of East Anglia who was very influential in the development of the fields of molecular ecology, phylogeography, speciation and hybridization.

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Gordon W. Schuett

Gordon W. Schuett, Ph.D. (born March 5, 1957) is an American evolutionary biologist and herpetologist who has conducted extensive research on reptiles.

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Gottlieb Institute

The Gottlieb Institute is an independently funded medical research facility located in Colorado.

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Graham Bell (biologist)

Graham Arthur Charlton Bell FRS FRSC (born 3 March 1949) is an English academic, writer, and evolutionary biologist with interests in the evolution of sexual reproduction and the maintenance of variation.

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Grand Challenges In Global Health

The Grand Challenges in Global Health (GCGH) is a research initiative launched by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in search of solutions to health problems in the developing world.

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Great seahorse

The great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi), also known as Kellogg’s seahorse, is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae.

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Green-beard effect

The green-beard effect is a thought experiment used in evolutionary biology to explain selective altruism among individuals of a species.

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Gregory Bateson

Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.

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Group selection

Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.

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Guido Barbujani

Guido Barbujani (born January 31, 1955) is an Italian population geneticist, evolutionist and literary author born in Adria, who has been working at the State University of New York at Stony Brook (NY), at the Padua and Bologna Universities, and is now a professor at the University of Ferrara since 1996.

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Guy McPherson

Guy R. McPherson (born 29 February 1960) is an American scientist, professor emeritus of natural resources and ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona.

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H. Allen Orr

H.

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Hair

Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.

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Haldane's rule

Haldane's rule is an observation about the early stage of speciation, formulated in 1922 by the British evolutionary biologist J.B.S. Haldane, that states that if in a species hybrid only one sex is inviable or sterile, that sex is more likely to be the heterogametic sex.

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Harold F. Blum

Harold Francis Blum (1899 - 1980) was a physiologist who explored the interaction of light and chemicals on cells, especially sunlight-induced skin cancer.

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Harold J. Morowitz

Harold Joseph Morowitz (December 4, 1927 – March 22, 2016) was an American biophysicist who studied the application of thermodynamics to living systems.

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Harry W. Greene

Harry W. Greene (born September 26, 1945) is an American herpetologist, currently working as a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University.

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Healing environments

Healing environment, for healthcare buildings describes a physical setting and organizational culture that supports patients and families through the stresses imposed by illness, hospitalization, medical visits, the process of healing, and sometimes, bereavement.

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Helpers at the nest

Helpers at the nest is a term used in behavioural ecology and evolutionary biology to describe a social structure in which juveniles and sexually mature adolescents of either one or both sexes, remain in association with their parents and help them raise subsequent broods or litters, instead of dispersing and beginning to reproduce themselves.

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Henry Crampton

Henry Edward Crampton (January 5, 1875 – February 26, 1956) was an American evolutionary biologist and malacologist who specialized in the study of land snails.

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Henry Gee

Henry Ernest Gee (born 24 April 1962 in London, England) is a British paleontologist, evolutionary biologist and senior editor of the scientific journal Nature.

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Herd behavior

Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act collectively without centralized direction.

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Herman Spieth

Herman Spieth (21 August 1905 – 20 October 1988) was an American zoologist and university administrator.

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Heterochrony

In evolutionary developmental biology, heterochrony is a developmental change in the timing or rate of events, leading to changes in size and shape.

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Heterokairy

In biology, heterokairy is used to define the variability or plasticity in the timing of the onset of developmental events 'at the level of an individual or population during development'.

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Highgate Cemetery

Highgate Cemetery is a place of burial in north London, England.

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His Master's Voice (novel)

His Master's Voice (original Polish title: Głos Pana) is a science fiction novel on the "message from space" theme written by Polish writer Stanisław Lem.

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Histoire Naturelle

The Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi (French for Natural History, General and Particular, with a Description of the King's Cabinet) is an encyclopaedic collection of 36 large (quarto) volumes written between 1749–1804 by the Comte de Buffon, and continued in eight more volumes after his death by his colleagues, led by Bernard Germain de Lacépède.

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History of anatomy

The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists.

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History of attachment theory

Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding interpersonal relationships between human beings.

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History of biology

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.

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History of creationism

The history of creationism relates to the history of thought based on the premise that the natural universe had a beginning, and came into being supernaturally.

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History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of genetics

The history of genetics dates from the classical era with contributions by Hippocrates, Aristotle and Epicurus.

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History of human sexuality

The social construction of sexual behavior—its taboos, regulation, and social and political impact—has had a profound effect on the various cultures of the world since prehistoric times.

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History of invertebrate paleozoology

The history of invertebrate paleozoology (also spelled palaeozoology) differs from the history of paleontology in that the former usually emphasizes paleobiology and the paleoecology of extinct marine invertebrates, while the latter typically emphasizes the earth sciences and the sedimentary rock remains of terrestrial vertebrates.

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History of plant systematics

The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists.

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Homeobox protein NANOG

NANOG (pron. nanOg) is a transcription factor critically involved with self-renewal of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.

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Homo naledi

Homo naledi is an extinct species of hominin, which anthropologists first described in September 2015 and have assigned to the genus Homo.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

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Homophily

Homophily from Ancient Greek ὁμοῦ (homou, "together") and Greek φιλία (philia, "friendship") is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others, as in the proverb "birds of a feather flock together".

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Hookup culture

A hookup culture is one that accepts and encourages casual sexual encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, without necessarily including emotional bonding or long-term commitment.

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Hopi Hoekstra

Danielle "Hopi" Elizabeth Hoekstra (born 1972) is an evolutionary biologist working at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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How Sex Works

How Sex Works: Why We Look, Smell, Taste, Feel, and Act the Way We Do is a 2009 book by evolutionary biologist and New York Times bestselling author Sharon Moalem, published by HarperCollins.

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How the Snake Lost Its Legs

How the Snake Lost Its Legs: Curious Tales from the Frontier of Evo-Devo is a 2014 book on evolutionary developmental biology by Lewis I. Held, Jr. The title pays homage to Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories, but the "tales" are strictly scientific, explaining how a wide range of animal features evolved, in molecular detail.

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Huey P. Newton

Huey Percy Newton was an African-American political activist and communist revolutionary who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966.

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Hugh B. Cott

Hugh Bamford Cott (6 July 1900 – 18 April 1987) was a British zoologist, an authority on both natural and military camouflage, and a scientific illustrator and photographer.

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Human extinction

In futures studies, human extinction is the hypothetical end of the human species.

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Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy

"Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy" is a 2003 paper by A. W. F. Edwards.

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Human geography

Human geography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place.

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Human science

Human Science studies the philosophical, biological, social, and cultural aspects of human life.

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Human sex ratio

In anthropology and demography, the human sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population.

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Hypodescent

In societies that regard some races of people as dominant or superior and others as subordinate or inferior, hypodescent refers to the automatic assignment by the dominant culture of children of a mixed union or sexual relations between members of different socioeconomic groups or ethnic groups to the subordinate group.

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I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology

The I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Інститут зоології ім.) is leading institution in Ukraine specialized in general zoology.

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Ian Barbour

Ian Graeme Barbour (October 5, 1923 – December 24, 2013), was an American scholar on the relationship between science and religion.

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IB Group 4 subjects

The Group 4: Experimental sciences subjects of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme comprise the main scientific emphasis of this internationally recognized high school programme.

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Idea

In philosophy, ideas are usually taken as mental representational images of some object.

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Igor Zagorodniuk

Igor Zagorodniuk is a Ukrainian zoologist, mammalogist, ecologist, and founder of Theriological school.

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Inbreeding avoidance

Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding.

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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology, inclusive fitness is one of two metrics of evolutionary success as defined by W. D. Hamilton in 1964.

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Inclusive fitness in humans

Inclusive fitness in humans is the application of inclusive fitness theory to human social behaviour, relationships and cooperation.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2001.

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Infinite monkey theorem

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare.

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Inside Nature's Giants

Inside Nature's Giants is a British science documentary, first broadcast in June 2009 by Channel 4.

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Institut Jacques Monod

The Institut Jacques Monod, funded jointly by the CNRS and the University Paris Diderot, is one of the main centres for basic research in biology in Paris, France.

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Institute for Creation Research

The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) is a Creationist apologetics institute in Dallas, Texas that specializes in media promotion of pseudoscientific creation science and interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative as a historical event.

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Institute of Arctic Biology

The Institute of Arctic Biology or IAB of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, is located in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.

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Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência

The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) is an international centre for biological and biomedical research and graduate training.

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Intelligent design movement

The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific Article available from idea of intelligent design (ID), which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the lobbying of policymakers to include its teaching in high school science classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it.

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Interactor

An interactor is an entity that natural selection acts upon.

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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the field of microbial systematics that was established in 1951.

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International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology

The International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology is a structured doctoral program of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen (Pöcking) and Radolfzell and the department of Biology of the University of Konstanz.

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Internet science

Internet science is an interdisciplinary science, which looks at all aspects of the co-evolution in the Internet networks and society and studies it.

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Introduction to evolution

Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs.

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Invertebrate paleontology

Invertebrate paleontology (also spelled Invertebrate palaeontology) is sometimes described as Invertebrate paleozoology or Invertebrate paleobiology.

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Irreducible complexity

Irreducible complexity (IC) is the idea that certain biological systems cannot evolve by successive small modifications to pre-existing functional systems through natural selection.

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Irven DeVore

Irven DeVore (October 7, 1934 – September 23, 2014) was an anthropologist and evolutionary biologist, and Curator of Primatology at Harvard University's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.

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Isaac Newton in popular culture

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history.

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Islamic views on evolution

Islamic views on evolution are diverse, ranging from theistic evolution to Old Earth creationism.

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Isolation by distance

Isolation by distance (IBD) (note: the acronym IBD is also used for another important concept in population genetics, Identity by descent) is a term used to refer to the accrual of local genetic variation under geographically limited dispersal The IBD model is useful for determining the distribution of gene frequencies over a geographic region.

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Ivan Schmalhausen

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (Ива́н Ива́нович Шмальга́узен; April 23, 1884 – October 7, 1963) was a Russian and Soviet zoologist and evolutionary biologist of German descent.

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J. B. S. Haldane

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 18921 December 1964) was an English scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics.

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J. Baird Callicott

J.

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J. Philippe Rushton

John Philippe Rushton (December 3, 1943 – October 2, 2012) was a Canadian psychologist and author.

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J. William Schopf

James William Schopf (born September 27, 1941) is an American paleobiologist and professor of earth sciences at the University of California Los Angeles.

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Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī

Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (سید جمال‌‌‌الدین افغانی), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī (سید جمال‌‌‌الدین اسد‌آبادی) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist in the Muslim world during the late 19th century, particularly in the Middle East, South Asia and Europe.

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James A. Lake

James A. Lake (born August 10, 1941, Kearney, Nebraska) is an American evolutionary biologist and a Distinguished Professor of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and of Human Genetics at UCLA.

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James Bell Pettigrew

Prof James Bell Pettigrew FRSE FRS FRCPE LLD (26 May 1834 – 30 January 1908) was a Scottish anatomist and noted amateur naturalist, aviation pioneer and museum curator.

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James L. Gould

James L. Gould (born July 31, 1945) is an American ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and popular science writer.

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James L. Patton

James Lloyd Patton (June 21, 1941), is an American evolutionary biologist and mammalogist.

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James Mallet

James Mallet (born 15 March 1955 in London) is an evolutionary zoologist specialising in entomology.

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Jan Klein

Jan Klein is a Czech-American immunologist, best known for his work on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

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Jan Salick

Jan Salick is an American botanist who researches the interaction between humans and plants (ethnobotany) and conservation biology.

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Jared Diamond

Jared Mason Diamond (born September 10, 1937) is an American ecologist, geographer, biologist, anthropologist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee (1991); Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997, awarded a Pulitzer Prize); Collapse (2005); and The World Until Yesterday (2012).

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Jürgen Brosius

Jürgen Brosius (born 1948) in Saarbrücken) is a German molecular geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was a professor at the University of Münster where he is the director of the Institute of Experimental Pathology. Some of his scientific contributions involve the first genetic sequencing of a ribosomal RNA operon, the design of plasmids for studying gene expression, expression vectors for high-level production of recombinant proteins and RNA, RNA biology, RNomics as well as the significance of retroposition for plasticity and evolution of genomes, genes and gene modules including regulatory sequences or elements.

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Jürgen Haffer

Jürgen Haffer (9 December 1932 in Berlin – 26 April 2010 in Essen) was a German ornithologist, biogeographer, and geologist.

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Jeanne Altmann

Jeanne Altmann is a professor emerita and Eugene Higgins Professor of ecology and evolutionary biology currently at Princeton University.

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Jeffrey H. Schwartz

Jeffrey Hugh Schwartz, PhD, (born March 6, 1948) is an American physical anthropologist and professor of biological anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and a fellow and President of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) from 2008-2012.

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Jeheskel Shoshani

Professor Jeheskel "Hezy" Shoshani (1943 – May 20, 2008) was an evolutionary biologist and an elephant specialist who studied the family for over 35 years.

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Jenny Clack

Jennifer Alice Clack, FRS (née Agnew; born 3 November 1947) is an English paleontologist, an expert in the field of evolutionary biology.

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Jere H. Lipps

Jere Henry Lipps is Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley, and Curator of Paleontology at the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

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Jeremy Field

Jeremy Field is the Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Sussex, in the Department of Biology and Environmental Science.

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Jerry Coyne

Jerry Allen Coyne (born December 30, 1949) is an American biologist, known for his work on speciation and his commentary on intelligent design.

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Jessica Meir

Jessica Ulrika Meir (born July 1, 1977) is Assistant Professor of Anesthesia at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, following postdoctoral research in comparative physiology at the University of British Columbia.

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Jessica Ware

Jessica Lee Ware is an African-American evolutionary biologist and entomologist.

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.

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Jewish lobby

The term Jewish lobby is used to describe organized lobbying attributed to Jews on domestic and foreign policy decisions, as a political participant of representative government, conducted predominantly in the Jewish diaspora in a number of Western countries.

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Jim Baen

James Patrick Baen (| beɪn |; October 22, 1943 – June 28, 2006) was a U.S. science fiction publisher and editor.

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Joan E. Strassmann

Joan E. Strassmann is a North American evolutionary biologist and the Charles Rebstock Professor of Biology at the Washington University in St. Louis.

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Joan Roughgarden

Joan Roughgarden (born Jonathan Roughgarden on 13 March 1946) is an American ecologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Joanna Masel

Joanna Monti-Masel, also known under her maiden name, Joanna Masel, is an American theoretical evolutionary biologist.

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Jody Hey

Jody Hey is an evolutionary biologist at Temple University.

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Joel Dudley

Joel Dudley is currently Associate Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and founding Director of the Institute for Next Generation Healthcare at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

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John Avise

John Charles Avise (born 1948) is an American evolutionary geneticist, conservationist, ecologist and natural historian.

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John Endler

John A. Endler (born 1947) is an ethologist and evolutionary biologist noted for his work on the adaptation of vertebrates to their unique perceptual environments, and the ways in which animal sensory capacities and colour patterns co-evolve.

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John H. Gillespie

John H. Gillespie is an evolutionary biologist interested in theoretical population genetics and molecular evolution.

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John Maynard Smith

John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist.

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John Templeton Foundation

The John Templeton Foundation (Templeton Foundation) is a philanthropic organization with a spiritual or religious inclination that funds inter-disciplinary research about human purpose and ultimate reality.

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Jon Kaas

Jon Kaas is a professor at Vanderbilt University and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

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Jonathan Eisen

Jonathan Andrew Eisen (born August 31, 1968) is an American evolutionary biologist, currently working at University of California, Davis.

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Joseph Thornton (biologist)

Joseph (Joe) Thornton is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Josephine Pemberton

Josephine M. Pemberton is a British evolutionary biologist.

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Journal of Evolutionary Biology

The Journal of Evolutionary Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of evolutionary biology.

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Journal of Human Evolution

The Journal of Human Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of evolution, specializing in human and primate evolution.

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Journal of Theoretical Biology

The Journal of Theoretical Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical biology, as well as mathematical and computational aspects of biology.

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Joy K. Ward

Joy K. Ward is a notable evolutionary biologist who is an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Kansas.

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Judith Donath

Judith Stefania Donath (born May 7, 1962) is a fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center, and the founder of the Sociable Media Group at the MIT Media Lab.

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Judith Hand

Judith L. Hand is an evolutionary biologist, animal behaviorist (ethologist), novelist, and pioneer in the emerging field of peace ethology.

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Jukka Jernvall

Jukka Jernvall (born 1963) is a Finnish evolutionary biologist in the field of evo-devo research.

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Julian Huxley

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was a British evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist.

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Julian Monge Najera

Julián Monge-Nájera (born June 6, 1960 in San José is a Costa Rican ecologist, scientific editor, educator and photographer. He has done research with the following institutions: Universidad de Costa Rica, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and. His scientific work has been featured by The New York Times; National Geographic Magazine; the BBC; Wired; IFLoveScience; The Independent (London) and The Reader's Digest, among others. He is a member of the Expert Panel that sets the Environmental Doomsday Clock; Onychophora Curator in the Encyclopedia of Life; and Team Member of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Junkyard tornado

The junkyard tornado is an argument used to deride the probability of abiogenesis as comparable to "the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junkyard might assemble a Boeing 747." It was used originally by Fred Hoyle, in which he applied statistical analysis to the origin of life, but similar observations predate Hoyle and have been found all the way back to Darwin's time, and indeed to Cicero in classical times.

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Karl J. Niklas

Karl Joseph Niklas (born 1948) is the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor in the Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, at Cornell University.

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Karyotype

A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

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Katja Brose

Katja Brose is the current editor in chief of Neuron, a scientific journal covering neuroscience published by Cell Press.

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Kenneth G. McLeod

Kenneth G. McLeod (born 1962) is a Christian apologist, radio talk show host, teacher, writer and founder of the Christian apologetics ministry: Faith Worth Defending.

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Kevin de Queiroz

Kevin de Queiroz is a vertebrate, evolutionary, and systematic biologist.

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Key innovation

In evolutionary biology, a key Innovation, also known as an adaptive breakthrough or key adaptation, is a novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent radiation and success of a taxonomic group.

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Kim Sterelny

Kim Sterelny (born 1950) is an Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University and Victoria University of Wellington.

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Kin recognition

Kin recognition, also called kin detection, is an organism's ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin.

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Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist.

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Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences

The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded once a year by the Inamori Foundation.

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Lacey Knowles

L.

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Lack's principle

Lack's principle, proposed by the British ornithologist David Lack in 1954, states that "the clutch size of each species of bird has been adapted by natural selection to correspond with the largest number of young for which the parents can, on average, provide enough food".

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Ladislav Mucina

Ladislav Mucina is an influential vegetation scientist and Professor and Iluka Chair of Vegetation Science and Biogeography at the School of Biological Science of The University of Western Australia in Perth.

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Lance Grande

Roger Lansing Grande (born February 16, 1951), more commonly known as Lance Grande, is an evolutionary biologist and curatorial scientist.

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Language development

Language development is a process starting early in human life.

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Laura Landweber

Laura Faye Landweber is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Laura-Ann Petitto

Laura-Ann Petitto (born c. 1954) is a cognitive neuroscientist and a developmental cognitive neuroscientist, known for her discoveries involving the language capacity of chimpanzees, the biological bases of language in humans, especially early language acquisition (be it language on the hands in sign language or the tongue in oral language), and bilingualism and the bilingual brain.

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Laurent Keller

Laurent Keller (born 28 February 1961) is a Swiss evolutionary biologist, myrmecologist and author.

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Lawrence B. Slobodkin

Lawrence B. (Larry) Slobodkin (June 22, 1928 in The Bronx – September 12, 2009 in Old Field, New York) was an American ecologist and Professor Emeritus at the Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, State University of New York.

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Leda Cosmides

Leda Cosmides (born May 1957 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist, who, together with anthropologist husband John Tooby, helped develop the field of evolutionary psychology.

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Leigh Van Valen

Leigh Van Valen (August 12, 1935 – October 16, 2010) was a U.S. evolutionary biologist.

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Leo Buss

Leo W. Buss (born 1953) is a retired Professor at Yale University's departments of geology, geophysics, and ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Leonid Petrovich Tatarinov

Leonid Petrovich Tatarinov (Леонид Петрович Татаринов; November 12, 1926 — August 24, 2011) is a Russian and Soviet paleontologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Leticia Avilés

Leticia Avilés is an evolutionary biologist and ecologist who studies the evolution of social behavior and the evolution of life history traits in metapopulations.

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Lichenology

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus.

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Life expectancy

Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.

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Life history theory

Life history theory is an analytical frameworkVitzthum, V. (2008).

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Limb development

Limb development in vertebrates is an area of active research in both developmental and evolutionary biology, with much of the latter work focused on the transition from fin to limb.

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Lin Chao

Professor Lin Chao is a Chinese Brazilian American evolutionary biologist and geneticist.

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Linnaean enterprise

The Linnaean enterprise is the task of identifying and describing all living species.

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Linton Road

Linton Road is a road in North Oxford, England.

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List of academic fields

The following outline is provided as an overview of an topical guide to academic disciplines: An academic discipline or field of study is known as a branch of knowledge.

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List of African-American inventors and scientists

This list of black inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives.

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List of African-American women in STEM fields

The following is a list of notable African-American women who have made contributions to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

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List of atheist Americans

This list of atheist Americans includes atheists born in the United States, who became citizens of the United States, or have lived in the United States.

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List of atheist philosophers

There have been many philosophers in recorded history who were atheists.

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List of atheists (surnames R to S)

Atheists with surnames starting o and p, sortable by the field for which they are mainly known and nationality.

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List of atheists (surnames T to Z)

Atheists with surnames starting T, U, V, W, X, Y or Z, sortable by the field for which they are mainly known and nationality.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of Christians in science and technology

This is a list of Christians in science and technology.

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List of Columbia College people

The following list contains only notable graduates and former students of Columbia College, the undergraduate liberal arts division of Columbia University, and its predecessor, from 1754 to 1776, King's College.

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List of Danish Americans

This is a list of notable Danish Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained American citizenship and their American-born descendants.

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List of eponymous laws

This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, principles, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person.

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List of female Fellows of the Royal Society

Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".

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List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States

This is the list of the fields of doctoral studies in the United States used for the annual Survey of Earned Doctorates, conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago for the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies, as used for the 2015 survey.

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List of former Catholic priests

This is a list of notable former Roman Catholic priests.

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List of game theorists

This is a list of notable economists, mathematicians, political scientists, and computer scientists whose work has added substantially to the field of game theory.

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List of geneticists

This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics.

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List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2005

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2005.

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List of important publications in geology

This is a list of important publications in geology, organized by field.

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List of In Our Time programmes

In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.

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List of Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology keynote speakers

The following is a list of Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) keynote speakers.

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List of life sciences

The life sciences or biological sciences comprise the branches of science that involve the scientific study of life and organisms – such as microorganisms, plants, and animals including human beings – as well as related considerations like bioethics.

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List of model organisms

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

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List of Moscow State University people

The list of Moscow State University people includes notable alumni, non-graduates, and faculty affiliated with the Lomonosov Moscow State University (also known as "Moscow State University").

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List of New York University faculty

Following is a partial list of notable faculty (either past, present or visiting) of New York University.

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List of Old Greshamians

The following is a list of notable Old Greshamians, former pupils of Gresham's School, an independent coeducational boarding school in Holt, Norfolk, England.

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List of organizations opposing mainstream science

This is a list of organizations opposing mainstream science by frequently challenging the facts and conclusions recognized by the mainstream scientific community.

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List of people from Hampstead

This is a list of notable people who have lived in Hampstead, an area of northwest London known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations.

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List of people from New Jersey

The following is a list of notable people from the U.S. state of New Jersey.

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List of people with bipolar disorder

Numerous notable people have had some form of mood disorder.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of scientific skeptics

This is a list of notable people that promote or practice scientific skepticism.

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List of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.

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List of solved missing persons cases

This is a list of solved missing persons cases of people whose mysterious disappearances were notable and remained unexplained for a long time, but were eventually explained by their return or the recovery of their bodies, or the conviction of the perpetrator(s) responsible for their disappearances.

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List of Stony Brook University people

This is a list of people connected to Stony Brook University.

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List of the largest genera of flowering plants

There are 57 genera of flowering plants estimated to contain at least 500 described species.

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List of University of California, Berkeley alumni

This page lists notable alumni and students of the University of California, Berkeley.

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List of University of California, Berkeley faculty

This page lists notable faculty (past and present) of the University of California, Berkeley.

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List of University of Connecticut people

This is a list of notable alumni and faculty from the University of Connecticut.

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List of University of Kansas people

The list of University of Kansas people includes notable alumni and faculty of the University of Kansas, whose main campus is located in the American city of Lawrence, Kansas.

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List of University of Pennsylvania people

This is a partial list of notable faculty, alumni and scholars of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, United States.

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List of University of Rochester people

Here follows a list of notable alumni and faculty of the University of Rochester.

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Lists of mathematics topics

This article itemizes the various lists of mathematics topics.

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Long hair

Long hair is a hairstyle where the head hair is allowed to grow to a considerable length.

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Long-distance running

Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least eight kilometres (5 miles).

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Longhorn crazy ant

The longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis), also known as "black crazy ant", is a species of small dark-coloured insect in the family Formicidae.

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Louis J. Gross

Louis J. Gross (born January 6, 1952) is distinguished professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and mathematics at the University of Tennessee.

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Luiz A. Rocha

Luiz Alvez Rocha is an Associate Curator and Follett Chair of Ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.

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Lumpers and splitters

Lumpers and splitters are opposing factions in any discipline that has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories.

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Lynn J. Rothschild

Lynn Justine Rothschild (born May 11, 1957) is an evolutionary biologist and astrobiologist at NASA's Ames Research Center, and was a consulting Professor at Stanford University, where she taught.

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Lynn Margulis

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; March 5, 1938 – November 22, 2011) was an American evolutionary theorist and biologist, science author, educator, and popularizer, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in evolution.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.

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Maggie Gee (novelist)

Maggie Mary Gee (born 1948) is an English novelist.

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Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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Manfred Milinski

Manfred Milinski (born 8 February 1950) is a German Biologist who is Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology.

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Marc Hauser

Marc D. Hauser (born October 25, 1959) is an American evolutionary biologist and a researcher in primate behavior, animal cognition and human behavior.

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Marcus Feldman

Marcus William Feldman (born 14 November 1942) is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Biological Sciences, and director of the Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies at Stanford University.

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Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert

Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert (also known as Tom Gilbert, and publishing as MTP Gilbert) is an evolutionary biologist.

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Margaret Kidwell

Margaret Gale Kidwell (born August 17, 1933) is a British American evolutionary biologist and Regents’ Professor Emerita at the University of Arizona, Tucson.

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Margie Profet

Margaret J. "Margie" Profet (born August 7, 1958) is an American evolutionary biologist with no formal biology training who created a decade-long controversy when she published her findings on the role of Darwinian evolution in menstruation, allergies and morning sickness.

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Marion J. Lamb

Marion J. Lamb (born 29 July 1939) was Senior Lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London, before her retirement.

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Mark Elgar

Mark Adrian Elgar is an Australian behavioural and evolutionary ecologist, based at the University of Melbourne since 1991.

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Mark Levin

Mark Reed Levin (born September 21, 1957) is an American lawyer, author, and radio personality.

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Mark Pagel

Mark David Pagel FRS (born 5 June 1954 in Seattle, Washington) is a Professor and head of the Evolutionary Biology Group at the University of Reading.

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Mark Ridley (zoologist)

Mark Ridley (born 1956) is a British zoologist and writer on evolution.

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Mark Stoneking

Mark Stoneking (born 1 August 1956) is a geneticist currently working as the Group Leader of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, of Max Planck Gesellschaft at Leipzig, and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

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Marlene Zuk

Marlene Zuk (born May 20, 1956) is an American evolutionary biologist and behavioral ecologist.

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Martha Herbert

Martha Herbert is an American physician and assistant professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and pediatric neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital.

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Martin Brasier

Martin David Brasier FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist known for his conceptual analysis of microfossils and evolution in the Precambrian and Cambrian.

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Martin Moynihan

Martin Humphrey Moynihan (5 February 1928 – 3 December 1996) was a behavioral evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who studied under Ernst Mayr and Niko Tinbergen, and was a contemporary of Desmond Morris.

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Matrilineality

Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line.

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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology

The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology is a German institute for evolutionary biology.

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May Berenbaum

May Roberta Berenbaum (born 1953) is an American entomologist whose research focuses on the chemical interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants, and the implications of these interactions on the organization of natural communities and the evolution of species.

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Meaning of life

The meaning of life, or the answer to the question "What is the meaning of life?", pertains to the significance of living or existence in general.

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Megatrajectory

In evolutionary biology, megatrajectories are the major evolutionary milestones and directions in the evolution of life.

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Meghan Duffy

Meghan A. Duffy is an American biologist and associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Michigan.

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Mehgan Heaney-Grier

Mehgan Heaney-Grier (born Mehgan Renee Heaney, August 26, 1977) is an American champion freediver, fashion model, actress, conservationist, and TV personality.

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Meme

A meme is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture—often with the aim of conveying a particular phenomenon, theme, or meaning represented by the meme.

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Mendel Lectures

The Mendel Lectures is a series of lectures given by the world´s top scientists in genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, medicine and related areas which has been held in the refectory of the Augustian Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno, Czech Republic since May 2003.

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Menno Schilthuizen

Menno Schilthuizen (born 1965, Vlaardingen) is a Dutch evolutionary biologist, ecologist, and permanent research scientist at Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden and a professor in character evolution and biodiversity at Leiden University, The Netherlands.

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Michael Corballis

Michael Charles Corballis ONZM (born 10 September 1936) is a psychologist and author.

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Michael D. Coe

Michael D. Coe (born 1929) is an American archaeologist, anthropologist, epigrapher and author.

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Michael Ghiselin

Michael T. Ghiselin (born May 13, 1939) is an American biologist, and philosopher as well as historian of biology, formerly at the California Academy of Sciences.

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Michael J. D. White

Michael James Denham White FRS (London, 20 August 1910 – Canberra, 16 December 1983) was a zoologist and cytologist.

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Michael Levine (biologist)

Michael Levine is an American developmental and cell biologist at Princeton University, where he is the Director of the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and a Professor of Molecular Biology.

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Michael Majerus

Michael Eugene Nicolas Majerus (13 February 1954 – 27 January 2009) was a British geneticist and Professor of Evolution at the University of Cambridge.

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Michael T. McGuire

Dr.

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Michele Alesia Johnson

Michele Alesia Johnson, Ph.D. is an American evolutionary biologist and is currently an Associate Professor of Biology at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas.

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Microfluidics

Microfluidics deals with the behaviour, precise control and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale at which capillary penetration governs mass transport.

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Middlesex (novel)

Middlesex is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Jeffrey Eugenides published in 2002.

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Miguel Vences

Professor Miguel Vences (born 24 April 1969 in Cologne) is a German herpetologist.

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Mimicry

In evolutionary biology, mimicry is a similarity of one organism, usually an animal, to another that has evolved because the resemblance is selectively favoured by the behaviour of a shared signal receiver that can respond to both.

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Mimicry in plants

In evolutionary biology, mimicry in plants is where a plant organism evolves to resemble another organism physically or chemically, increasing the mimic's Darwinian fitness.

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Mind and Cosmos

Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False is a 2012 book by Thomas Nagel, Professor of Philosophy at New York University.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Model of hierarchical complexity

The model of hierarchical complexity is a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is, such as verbal reasoning or other cognitive tasks.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.

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Molecular Biology and Evolution

Molecular Biology and Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Molecular ecology

Molecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and more recently genomics to traditional ecological questions (e.g., species diagnosis, conservation and assessment of biodiversity, species-area relationships, and many questions in behavioral ecology).

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Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.

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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics.

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Molly R. Morris

Molly R. Morris is an American behavioral ecologist who has worked with treefrogs and swordtail fishes in the areas of alternative reproductive tactics and sexual selection.

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Monad to Man

Monad to Man: the concept of progress in evolutionary biology is a 1996 book about the longstanding idea that evolution is progressive by the philosopher of biology Michael Ruse.

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Moral Minds

Moral Minds: How Nature Designed Our Universal Sense of Right and Wrong is a 2006 book by former Harvard psychologist Marc Hauser in which he develops an empirically grounded theory to explain morality as a universal grammar.

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Moral relativism

Moral relativism may be any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures.

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Morality

Morality (from) is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper.

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Mosaic evolution

Mosaic evolution (or modular evolution) is the concept that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts.

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Motoo Kimura

(November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanese biologist best known for introducing the neutral theory of molecular evolution in 1968, in collaboration with Tomoko Ohta.

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Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales

The Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (National Museum of Natural Sciences) is the National Museum of Natural History of Spain.

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Nancy A. Moran

Nancy A. Moran (born December 21, 1954, Dallas, Texas) is an American evolutionary biologist, University of Texas Leslie Surginer Endowed Professor, and co-founder of the Yale Microbial Diversity Institute.

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Nancy E. Heckman

Nancy E. Heckman is a Canadian statistician, interested in nonparametric regression, smoothing, functional data analysis, and applications of statistics in evolutionary biology.

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NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing

The NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing is awarded by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences "to recognize authors whose reviews have synthesized extensive and difficult material, rendering a significant service to science and influencing the course of scientific thought." It has been awarded annually in specific fields since 1979.

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Nash equilibrium

In game theory, the Nash equilibrium, named after American mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr., is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy.

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National Evolutionary Synthesis Center

The United States National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) is a scientific research center in Durham, North Carolina.

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National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan

The (NIBB) is a research institute and post graduate university in Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

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National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant

The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant was a need based federal grant that was awarded to undergraduate students in their third and fourth year of undergraduate studies.

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Natura non facit saltus

Natura non facit saltusAlexander Baumgarten, Metaphysics: A Critical Translation with Kant's Elucidations, Translated and Edited by Courtney D. Fugate and John Hymers, Bloomsbury, 2013, "Preface of the Third Edition (1750)",: " must also have in mind Leibniz's "natura non facit saltus " (NE IV, 16)." (Latin for "nature does not make jumps") has been an important principle of natural philosophy.

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Natural history

Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms including animals, fungi and plants in their environment; leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity

Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity is an 1802 work of Christian apologetics and philosophy of religion by the English clergyman William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805).

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Nature of Man Series

The Nature of Man Series is a four-volume series of works in paleoanthropology by the prolific playwright, screenwriter, and science writer Robert Ardrey.

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Neil Shubin

Neil Shubin (born December 22, 1960) is an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist and popular science writer.

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Nelson Hairston

Nelson Hairston Sr. (16 October 1917 – 31 July 2008) was an American ecologist.

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Neo-Darwinism

Neo-Darwinism is the interpretation of Darwinian evolution through natural selection as it has variously been modified since it was first proposed.

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Neoteny

Neoteny, (also called juvenilization)Montagu, A. (1989).

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Neuroesthetics

Neuroesthetics (not to be confused with the concept of Neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics.

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Niall Shanks

Niall Shanks (January 18, 1959 — July 13, 2011) was an English Canadian philosopher and critic of intelligent design.

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Niche microdifferentiation

Niche Microdifferentiation is the process a species undergoes to reach genetic diversity within that species; it is the process by which an ecotype is created.

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Nick Barton

Nicholas Hamilton Barton (born 30 August 1955) is a British evolutionary biologist.

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Nick Matzke

Nicholas J. Matzke is the former Public Information Project Director at the National Center for Science Education (NCSE) and served an instrumental role in NCSE's preparation for the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial.

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Nigel Goldenfeld

Nigel Goldenfeld (born May 1, 1957) is a Swanlund Chair, Professor of Physics Department in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), the director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute for Universal Biology, and the leader of the Biocomplexity group at Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology.

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Nipple

The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts.

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NK model

The NK model is a mathematical model described by its primary inventor Stuart Kauffman as a "tunably rugged" fitness landscape.

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Noah Rosenberg

Noah Rosenberg is a geneticist working in evolutionary biology, human genetics, and population genetics, now Professor at Stanford University.

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Nontheist Quakers

Nontheist Quakers (also known as nontheist Friends or NtFs) are those who affiliate with, identify with, engage in, or affirm Quaker practices and processes, but who do not necessarily believe in a theistic God, a Supreme Being, the divine, the soul or the supernatural.

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Norm of reciprocity

The norm of reciprocity requires that we repay in kind what another has done for us.

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Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution

"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution" is a 1973 essay by the evolutionary biologist and Eastern Orthodox Christian Theodosius Dobzhansky, criticising anti-evolution creationism and espousing theistic evolution.

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Nurture kinship

The concept of nurture kinship in the anthropological study of human social relationships (kinship) highlights the extent to which such relationships are brought into being through the performance of various acts of nurture between individuals.

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Objections to evolution

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century.

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Obligate parasite

An obligate parasite or holoparasite is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host.

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Olivia Judson

Olivia P. Judson (born 1970) is an evolutionary biologist and science writer.

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On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

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Operational sex ratio

In the evolutionary biology of sexual reproduction, operational sex ratio (OSR) is the ratio of sexually competing males that are ready to mate to sexually competing females that are ready to mate, or alternatively the local ratio of fertilizable females to sexually active males at any given time.

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Ophelia Benson

Ophelia Benson is an American author, editor, blogger, and feminist.

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Opportunism

Opportunism is the conscious policy and practice of taking advantage of circumstances – with little regard for principles, or with what the consequences are for others.

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OPV AIDS hypothesis

The oral polio vaccine (OPV) AIDS hypothesis posits that the AIDS pandemic originated from live polio vaccines prepared in chimpanzee tissue cultures and then administered to up to one million Africans between 1957 and 1960 in experimental mass vaccination campaigns.

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Order of the Red Banner of Labour

The Order of the Red Banner of Labour (translit) was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, health, social and other spheres of labour activities.

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Orgel's rules

Orgel's rules are a set of axioms attributed by Francis Crick to the evolutionary biologist Leslie Orgel.

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Origin of birds

The scientific question of within which larger group of animals birds evolved, has traditionally been called the origin of birds.

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Orthogenesis

Orthogenesis, also known as orthogenetic evolution, progressive evolution, evolutionary progress, or progressionism, is the biological hypothesis that organisms have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite direction towards some goal (teleology) due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".

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Oscarella carmela

Oscarella carmela, commonly known as the slime sponge, is a species of sponge in the order Homosclerophorida that was first described in 2004 by G. Muricy and J.S. Pearse.

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Otto Thomas Solbrig

Otto Thomas Solbrig (born 21 December 1930 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentinian evolutionary biologist and botanist.

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Out of Asia theory

The Out of Asia theory is a scientific theory which contended that modern humans first arose in Asia.

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Outline of academic disciplines

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of evolution

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to evolution: Evolution – change in heritable traits of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift.

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Outline of genetics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

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Outline of natural science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to natural science: Natural science – a major branch of science that tries to explain, and predict, nature's phenomena based on empirical evidence.

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Outline of science

The following outline is provided as a topical overview of science: Science – the systematic effort of acquiring knowledge—through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired.

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Outline of transhumanism

The following outline provides an overview of and a topical guide to transhumanism: Transhumanism – international intellectual and cultural movement that affirms the possibility and desirability of fundamentally transforming the human condition by developing and making widely available technologies to eliminate aging and to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities.

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Outline of zoology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to zoology: Zoology – study of animals.

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Overlapping generations

In population genetics overlapping generations refers to mating systems where more than one breeding generation is present at any one time.

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Ovulatory shift hypothesis

The ovulatory shift hypothesis is the theory that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating across the ovulatory cycle.

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Oxford University Museum of Natural History

The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum or OUMNH, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England.

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Pacific Station

The Pacific Station, often referred to as the Pacific Squadron, was one of the geographical divisions into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities.

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Pair bond

In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a pair consisting of a male and female, or in some cases as a same-sex pairing, potentially leading to producing offspring and/or a lifelong bond.

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Palaeoworld

Palaeoworld is a peer-reviewed academic journal with a focus on palaeontology and stratigraphy research in and around China.

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Paleobiology

Paleobiology (UK & Canadian English: palaeobiology) is a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the natural science biology with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology.

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Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia

Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in systematics, paleontology, evolutionary biology, ecology, taxonomy, anatomy, behavior, functional morphology, molecular biology, ontogeny, faunistic studies, and biogeography.

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Parasite load

Parasite load is a measure of the number and virulence of the parasites that a host organism harbours.

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Parasites in fiction

Parasites appear frequently in fiction, from ancient times onwards as seen in mythical figures like the blood-drinking Lilith, with a flowering in the nineteenth century.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods that produce parathyroid hormone.

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Parental investment

Parental investment (PI), in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, is any parental expenditure (time, energy, etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness,Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1991.

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Paternal mtDNA transmission

In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father to his offspring.

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Patricia Adair Gowaty

Patricia Adair Gowaty is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Patricia G. Parker

Patricia G. Parker is a North American evolutionary biologist who uses molecular techniques to assess social structures, particularly in avian populations.

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Paul Bujor

Paul Bujor (born Pavel Bujor;Mărghitan & Mancaș, p. 43 August 2, 1862 – May 17, 1952) was a Romanian zoologist, physiologist and marine biologist, also noted as a socialist writer and politician.

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Paul H. Harvey

Paul H. Harvey (born 19 January 1947) is a British evolutionary biologist.

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Paul M. Bingham

Paul Montgomery Bingham (born February 25, 1951) is an American molecular biologist and evolutionary biologist, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Stony Brook University and Vice President for Research at Cornerstone Pharmaceuticals.

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Paul M. Sharp

Paul Martin Sharp (born 1957) is Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh, where he holds the Alan Robertson chair of genetics in the Institute of Evolutionary Biology.

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Paul Nelson (creationist)

Paul A. Nelson (born 1958) is an American philosopher of science noted for his advocacy of young earth creationism and intelligent design.

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Paul W. Ewald

Paul W. Ewald (born 1953) is an evolutionary biologist, specializing in the evolution of infectious disease.

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Peabody Museum of Natural History

The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University is among the oldest, largest, and most prolific university natural history museums in the world.

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Peppered moth evolution

The evolution of the peppered moth is an evolutionary instance of directional colour change in the moth population as a consequence of air pollution during the Industrial Revolution.

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Peter and Rosemary Grant

Peter Raymond Grant,,, and Barbara Rosemary Grant,,, are a British couple who are evolutionary biologists at Princeton University.

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Peter H. Raven

Peter Hamilton Raven FMLS (born June 13, 1936) is an American botanist and environmentalist, notable as the longtime director, now President Emeritus, of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

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Peter Keightley

Peter D. Keightley FRS is Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in School of Biological Sciences at the University of Edinburgh.

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Peter Singer

Peter Albert David Singer, AC (born 6 July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher.

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Peter Turchin

Peter Valentinovich Turchin (Пётр Валенти́нович Турчи́н; born 1957) is a Russian-American scientist, specializing in cultural evolution and "cliodynamics" — mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of the dynamics of historical societies.

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Peter Ungar

Peter S. Ungar (born 1963) is an American paleoanthropologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind.

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Phyletic gradualism

Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual.

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Phylogenetic tree

A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

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Physics envy

The term physics envy is a phrase used to criticize modern writing and research of academics working in areas such as "softer sciences", liberal arts, business studies and humanities.

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Piper (plant)

Piper, the pepper plants or pepper vines (a term used for certain Clematis in older times), are an economically and ecologically important genus in the family Piperaceae.

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Plant Systematics and Evolution

Plant Systematics and Evolution is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering systematic botany and evolutionary biology.

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Platypus

The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.

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Polychotomy

A polychotomy (päl′i kät′ə mē; plural polychotomies) is a division or separation into many parts or classes.

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Poochera, South Australia

Poochera is a small grain belt town 60 km north-west of Streaky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.

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Population biology

Population biology is an interdisciplinary field combining the areas of ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.

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Power, Sex, Suicide

Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life is a 2005 popular science book by Nick Lane of University College London, which argues that mitochondria are central to questions of the evolution of multicellularity, the evolution of sexual reproduction, and to the process of senescence.

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Precambrian rabbit

"Precambrian rabbits" or "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian" are reported to have been among responses given by the biologist J.B.S. Haldane when asked what evidence could destroy his confidence in the theory of evolution and the field of study.

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Prehistoric Autopsy

Prehistoric Autopsy is a 2012 British television documentary film series shown in three one-hour episodes on BBC Two.

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Prime number

A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.

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Principle of least effort

The principle of least effort is a broad theory that covers diverse fields from evolutionary biology to webpage design.

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Prisoner's dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society

Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two scientific journals published by the Royal Society.

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Procrustes

In Greek mythology, Procrustes (Προκρούστης Prokroustes) or "the stretcher ", also known as Prokoptas or Damastes (Δαμαστής, "subduer"), was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed.

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Projections of population growth

Projections of population growth established in 2017 predict that the human population is likely to keep growing until 2100, reaching an estimated 8.6 billion in 2030, 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100, while the 7 billion milestone was reached in 2011.

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Promoter (genetics)

In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.

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Provenance

Provenance (from the French provenir, 'to come from/forth') is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object.

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Pseudoarchaeology

Pseudoarchaeology—also known as alternative archaeology, fringe archaeology, fantastic archaeology, or cult archaeology—refers to interpretations of the past from outside of the archaeological science community, which reject the accepted datagathering and analytical methods of the discipline.

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Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.

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PZ Myers

Paul Zachary "PZ" Myers (born March 9, 1957) is an American biologist who founded and writes the Pharyngula science-blog.

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QED (conference)

QED: Question, Explore, Discover, also called QEDcon or simply QED, is an annual skeptical conference held in Manchester, UK.

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Quadrupedalism

Quadrupedalism or pronograde posture is a form of terrestrial locomotion in animals using four limbs or legs.

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R. A. Fisher Lectureship

The R. A. Fisher Lectureship is a very high recognition of achievement and scholarship in statistical science, and recognizes the highly significant impact of statistical methods on scientific investigations.

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Rachel Sarah Herz

Rachel Sarah Herz is both a psychologist and a cognitive neuroscientist, and a recognized expert on the psychology of smell.

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Raissa L. Berg

Raissa L'vovna Berg (1913-2006) was a Russian geneticist and evolutionary biologist.

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Randolph M. Nesse

Randolph M. Nesse (born 1948) is an American physician and evolutionary biologist.

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Randy Thornhill

Randy Thornhill (born 1944) is an American entomologist and evolutionary biologist.

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Raphael Weldon

Walter Frank Raphael Weldon DSc FRS (15 March 1860 in Highgate, London – 13 April 1906 in Oxford) generally called Raphael Weldon, was an English evolutionary biologist and a founder of biometry.

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Rare Earth hypothesis

In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth Hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on Earth (and, subsequently, human intelligence) required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances.

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Rate of evolution

The rate of evolution is a variable of considerable interest in evolutionary biology.

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality or state of being rational – that is, being based on or agreeable to reason.

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Ray Lankester

Sir Edwin Ray Lankester (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist.

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Rüdiger Bieler

Rüdiger Bieler (born 1955 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German-American biologist whose primary scientific field of study is malacology, the study of mollusks.

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Reciprocal altruism

In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.

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Reciprocal causation

In biology, reciprocal causation arises when developing organisms are both products of evolution as well as causes of evolution.

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Reciprocity (evolution)

Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions.

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Reinforcement (speciation)

Reinforcement (sometimes called secondary contact) is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between two populations of species.

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Relational frame theory

Relational frame theory (RFT) is a psychological theory of human language.

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Religion Explained

Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought is a 2001 book by cognitive anthropologist Pascal Boyer, in which the author discusses the evolutionary psychology of religion and evolutionary origin of religions.

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Religion in Nazi Germany

In 1933, prior to the annexation of Austria into Germany, the population of Germany was approximately 67% Protestant and 33% Catholic; while the Jewish population was less than 1%.

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Rensch's rule

Rensch's rule is a biological rule on allometrics, concerning the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism and which sex is larger.

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Reproductive synchrony

Reproductive synchrony is a term used in evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology.

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Reprogenetics

Reprogenetics is the use of reproductive and genetic technologies to select and genetically modify embryos with germinal choice technology for the purpose of human enhancement.

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Resurrection ecology

"Resurrection ecology" is an evolutionary biology technique whereby researchers hatch dormant eggs from lake sediments to study animals as they existed decades ago.

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Retrodiction

Retrodiction (also known as postdiction—although this should not be confused with the use of the term in criticisms of parapsychological research) is the act of making a "prediction" about the past.

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Ribosomal protein SA

40S ribosomal protein SA is a ribosomal protein that in humans is encoded by the RPSA gene.

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Richard B. Root

Richard Bruce Root (7 September 1936 - 22 January 2013) was a professor of evolutionary biology, ecology and entomology.

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Richard C. H. Lenski

Richard C. H. Lenski (September 14, 1864 – August 14, 1936) was a German-born American-naturalized Lutheran pastor, scholar, and author who published a series of Lutheran New Testament commentaries.

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Richard Dawkins

Clinton Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author.

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Richard Dawkins bibliography

The following list of publications by Richard Dawkins is a chronological list of papers, articles, essays and books published by British ethologist and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.

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Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think

Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think is a festschrift of 25 essays written in recognition of the life and work of Richard Dawkins.

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Richard G. Colling

Richard G. Colling is a former professor of biology and chairman of the biological sciences department at Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois, who was barred from teaching general biology after writing a book that attempts to reconcile Christian belief with a scientific understanding of evolution.

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Richard Lenski

Richard Eimer Lenski (born August 13, 1956) is an American evolutionary biologist, a MacArthur "genius" fellow, a Hannah Distinguished Professor of Microbial Ecology at Michigan State University, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Richard Levins

Richard "Dick" Levins (June 1, 1930 – January 19, 2016) was an ex-tropical farmer turned ecologist, a population geneticist, biomathematician, mathematical ecologist, and philosopher of science who had researched diversity in human populations.

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Richard Lewontin

Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin (born March 29, 1929) is an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator.

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Richard Lynn

Richard Lynn (born 20 February 1930) is an English psychologist and author.

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Richard Prum

Richard O. Prum is William Robertson Coe Professor of Ornithology, and Head Curator of Vertebrate Zoology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University.

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Richard Wassersug

Richard Joel Wassersug (Born April 13, 1946) was an Honorary professor in the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences at the University of British Columbia.

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River Out of Eden

River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life is a 1995 popular science book by Richard Dawkins.

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Robert Desharnais

Robert Desharnais (born March 29, 1955) is an American evolutionary biologist.

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Robert K. Selander

Robert Keith Selander (July 21, 1927 – June 14, 2015) was an American evolutionary biologist and emeritus professor at Pennsylvania State University.

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Robert Langs

Robert Joseph Langs (June 30, 1928 – November 8, 2014) was a psychiatrist, psychotherapist and psychoanalyist, the author, co-author, and editor of more than forty books on psychotherapy and human psychology.

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Robert Nozick

Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher.

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Robert Trivers

Robert Ludlow "Bob" Trivers (born February 19, 1943) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist.

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Robin Baker (biologist)

Robin Baker (born 13 March 1944) is a British novelist, popular science writer, lecturer and broadcaster.

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Roderic D. M. Page

Roderic Dugald Morton Page (born 1962), known as Rod, is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and the author of several books.

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Roger Abrantes

Roger Abrantes (1951 in Portugal) is a Portuguese author on the behaviors of animals, with a PhD in Evolutionary Biology and Ethology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy.

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Romer's gap

Romer's gap is an example of an apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record used in the study of evolutionary biology.

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Ron Amundson

Ron Amundson is an American philosopher currently Professor Emeritus at University of Hawaii Hilo, retired since 2012, and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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Ronald Fisher

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962), who published as R. A. Fisher, was a British statistician and geneticist.

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Rong Li

Rong Li is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Cell Biology and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering.

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Rosemary Gillespie (biologist)

Rosemary Gillespie is an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Rothamsted Research

Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843.

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Russell Lande

Russell Scott Lande (born 1951) is an American evolutionary biologist and ecologist, and an International Chair Professor at Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

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Ruth Geyer Shaw

Ruth Geyer Shaw (born 1953) is a professor and principal investigator in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota. She studies the processes involved in genetic variation, specializing in plant population biology and evolutionary quantitative genetics. Her work is particularly relevant in studying the effects of stressors such as climate instability and population fragmentation on evolutionary change in populations. She has developed and applied new statistical methods for her field and is considered a leading population geneticist. Ruth G. Shaw has been active on a number of editorial boards, most recently as chief editor of the journal Evolution (2013-2017). She has received a several awards including the 2017 Sewall Wright Award from the American Society of Naturalists, given to a senior investigator who continues to make fundamental contributions to "the conceptual unification of the biological sciences".

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Sabina Spielrein

Sabina Nikolayevna Spielrein (p; 25 October 1885 OS – 11 August 1942) was a Russian physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts.

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Saint Rosalia

Saint Rosalia (1130–1166), also called La Santuzza or "The Little Saint", and in Sicilian as "Rusulia", is the patron saint of Palermo in Italy, and three towns in Venezuela: El Hatillo, Zuata, and Anzoátegui.

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Sally Le Page

Sally Le Page is a British evolutionary biologist and science communicator.

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Saltation (biology)

In biology, saltation (from Latin, saltus, "leap") is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation.

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Samuel Page

Samuel Page (born Samuel L. Elliott; November 5, 1976) is an American actor.

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Samuel Wooster James

Samuel James is an American scientist, a researcher specializing in evolutionary biology, focusing on earthworm taxonomy.

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Sandra Vehrencamp

Sandra Lee Vehrencamp (born February 11, 1948 in Glendale, California), is a scientist, teacher, and mentor that specializes in Ornithology, with a geographical focus on the avian population of Costa Rica.

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Sara Shettleworth

Sara Shettleworth is an American-born, Canadian experimental psychologist and zoologist.

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School of Sciences, UNAM

The Faculty of Sciences (Facultad de Ciencias) at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is the entity where natural and exact science-based majors are taught.

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Science book

A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (A Short History of Nearly Everything).

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Science for the People

Science for the People (SftP) is a left-wing organization that emerged from the antiwar culture of the United States in the late 1960s.

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Science, Evolution, and Creationism

Science, Evolution, and Creationism is a publication by the United States National Academy of Sciences.

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Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is a national agency of Turkey whose stated goal is to develop "science, technology and innovation" (STI) policies, support and conduct research and development, and to "play a leading role in the creation of a science and technology culture" in the country.

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Scientific community

The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists.

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Scientific method and religion

Some controversies exist over the relationship of scientific method to religion.

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Scientist

A scientist is a person engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge that describes and predicts the natural world.

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Scott Carroll (biologist)

Dr Scott P. Carroll is an evolutionary biologist and ecologist affiliated with the University of California, Davis and the University of Queensland.

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Scott V. Edwards

Scott Vernon Edwards is the Alexander Agassiz Professor of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University and the Curator of Ornithology at Harvard's associated museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

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Sean Nee

Sean Nee (born 3 July 1959) is an evolutionary biologist and theoretical ecologist.

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Segraves v. California

Segraves v. California was a 1981 Superior Court of California case concerning the teaching of evolutionary biology in public schools.

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Self-organization

Self-organization, also called (in the social sciences) spontaneous order, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system.

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Self-organized criticality

In physics, self-organized criticality (SOC) is a property of dynamical systems that have a critical point as an attractor.

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Sepp Hochreiter

Sepp Hochreiter (born Josef Hochreiter in 1967) is a German computer scientist.

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Sequence space (evolution)

In evolutionary biology, sequence space is a way of representing all possible sequences (for a protein, gene or genome).

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Seth Shostak

Seth Shostak (born July 20, 1943) is an American astronomer, currently Senior Astronomer for the SETI Institute and former Director of Center for SETI Research when it was a separate department.

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Severn Cullis-Suzuki

Severn Cullis-Suzuki (born November 30, 1979, in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian environmental activist, speaker, television host and author.

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Sex differences in psychology

Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes, and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.

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Sex-limited genes

Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both sexes of sexually reproducing species but are expressed in only one sex and remain 'turned off' in the other.

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Sexual selection

Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).

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Shifting balance theory

The shifting balance theory is a theory of evolution proposed in 1932 by Sewall Wright, suggesting that adaptive evolution may proceed most quickly when a population divides into subpopulations with restricted gene flow.

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Signalling theory

Within evolutionary biology, signalling theory is a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals, both within species and across species.

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Simon Conway Morris

Simon Conway Morris (born 1951) is an English palaeontologist, evolutionary biologist, and astrobiologist known for his study of the fossils of the Burgess Shale and the Cambrian explosion.

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Skeptic (US magazine)

Skeptic, colloquially known as Skeptic magazine, is a quarterly science education and science advocacy magazine published internationally by The Skeptics Society, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting scientific skepticism and resisting the spread of pseudoscience, superstition, and irrational beliefs.

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Sloan Wilson

Sloan Wilson (May 8, 1920 – May 25, 2003) was an American writer.

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Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship

Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches is a book on human kinship and social behavior by Maximilian Holland, published in 2012.

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Social evolution

Social evolution is a subdiscipline of evolutionary biology that is concerned with social behaviors that have fitness consequences for individuals other than the actor.

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Social immunity

Social immunity is any antiparasite defence which is mounted for the benefit of individuals other than the actor.

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Society for the Study of Evolution

The Society for the Study of Evolution is a professional organization of evolutionary biologists.

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Sociobiology

Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.

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Speculative evolution

Speculative evolution, also called speculative biology and speculative zoology, is a genre of speculative fiction and an artistic movement, focused on hypothetical scenarios in the evolution of life.

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Spencer Barrett (ecologist)

Spencer Charles Hilton Barrett (born June 7, 1948) is a Canadian ecologist, formerly a Canada Research Chair at University of Toronto and, in 2010, was named Extraordinary Professor at University of Stellenbosch.

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Sperm Wars

Sperm Wars is a primarily nonfiction book by evolutionary biologist Robin Baker.

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Sphaerodactylus ariasae

Sphaerodactylus ariasae, commonly called the Jaragua sphaero or the Jaragua dwarf gecko, is a very small species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae.

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Srinivas Kishanrao Saidapur

Srinivas Kishanrao Saidapur (born 1947) is an Indian reproductive biologist, academic and a former vice chancellor of Karnatak University.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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Stefan Thor

Stefan Thor (born 1964) is a Swedish professor of biology at Linköping University.

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Stephen C. Meyer

Stephen C. Meyer (born 1958) is an advocate of the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design.

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Stephen C. Stearns

Stephen C. Stearns (born December 12, 1946, in Kapaau, Hawaii and raised in Hawi, Hawaii), an American biologist, is the Edward P. Bass Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University.

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Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

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Stephen L. Brusatte

Stephen Louis Brusatte (born April 24, 1984) is an American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist, who specializes in the anatomy and evolution of dinosaurs.

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Stephen W. Pacala

Stephen W. Pacala is the Frederick D. Petrie Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University.

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Steve Fuller (sociologist)

Steve William Fuller (born 12 July 1959) is an American philosopher-sociologist in the field of science and technology studies.

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Steven L. Peck

Steven L. Peck (born July 25, 1957) is an evolutionary biologist, blogger, poet, and novelist.

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Steven L. Thompson

Steven Lynn Thompson (born 1948) is an author, magazine journalist, historian of technology and former motorcycle racer.

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Steven M. Stanley

Steven M. Stanley (born November 2, 1941) is an American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

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Streamlining theory

Genomic streamlining is a theory in evolutionary biology and microbial ecology that suggests that there is a reproductive benefit to prokaryotes having a smaller genome size with less non-coding DNA and fewer non-essential genes.

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String theory landscape

The string theory landscape refers to the collection of possible false vacua in string theory,The number of metastable vacua is not known exactly, but commonly quoted estimates are of the order 10500.

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Structuralism (biology)

Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis.

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Stuart Kauffman

Stuart Alan Kauffman (born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth.

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Stuart Newman

Stuart Alan Newman (born April 4, 1945 in New York City) is a professor of cell biology and anatomy at New York Medical College in Valhalla, NY, United States.

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Studies on intercessory prayer

Some religions claim that praying for somebody who is sick can have positive effects on the health of the person being prayed for.

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Substitution matrix

In bioinformatics and evolutionary biology, a substitution matrix describes the rate at which one character in a sequence changes to other character states over time.

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Surface (TV series)

Surface is an American science fiction television series that premiered on NBC on September 19, 2005.

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Susumu Ohno

was a Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and seminal researcher in the field of molecular evolution.

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Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag, German acronym for Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz) is a Swiss water research institute and an internationally networked institution.

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Sympatric speciation

Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.

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Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering.

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Synthetic Genomics (company)

Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI), is a private company located in La Jolla, California that is focused on the field of synthetic biology.

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T. Ryan Gregory

Dr.

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Talk.origins

talk.origins (often capitalised to Talk.Origins or abbreviated as t.o.) is a moderated Usenet discussion forum concerning the origins of life, and evolution.

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TalkOrigins Archive

The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents mainstream science perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists.

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Tatu Vanhanen

Tatu Vanhanen (17 April 1929 – 22 August 2015) was a Finnish political scientist and author.

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Teleology

Teleology or finality is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal.

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Teleology in biology

Teleology in biology is the use of the language of goal-directedness in accounts of evolutionary adaptation, which some biologists and philosophers of science find problematic.

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Teranesia

Teranesia is a 1999 science fiction novel by Greg Egan.

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The Adapted Mind

The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture is a 1992 book edited by the anthropologist Jerome H. Barkow, the psychologist Leda Cosmides and the anthropologist John Tooby.

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The American Naturalist

The American Naturalist is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1867.

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The Ancestor's Tale

The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life is a 2004 popular science book by Richard Dawkins, with contributions from Dawkins' research assistant Yan Wong.

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The Ants

The Ants is a zoology textbook by the German entomologist Bert Hölldobler and the American entomologist E. O. Wilson, first published in 1990.

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The Beak of the Finch

The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time is a 1994 nonfiction book about evolutionary biology, written by Jonathan Weiner.

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The Blind Watchmaker

The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without Design is a 1986 book by Richard Dawkins, in which the author presents an explanation of, and argument for, the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

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The Causes of Evolution

The Causes of Evolution is a 1932 book on evolution by J.B.S. Haldane (1990 edition), based on a series of January 1931 lectures entitled "A Re-examination of Darwinism".

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The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.

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The Edge of Evolution

The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism is an intelligent design book by Discovery Institute fellow Michael Behe, published by the Free Press in 2007.

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The Evolution of God

The Evolution of God is a 2009 book by Robert Wright, in which the author explores the history of the concept of God in the three Abrahamic religions through a variety of means, including archeology, history, theology, and evolutionary psychology. The patterns which link Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and the ways in which they have changed their concepts over time are explored as one of the central themes. One of the conclusions of the book that Wright tries to make is a reconciliation between science and religion. He also speculates on the future of the concept of God.

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The Extended Phenotype

The Extended Phenotype is a 1982 book by Richard Dawkins, in which the author introduced a biological concept of the same name.

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The Flamingo's Smile

The Flamingo's Smile: Reflections in Natural History, published in 1985, is the fourth volume of collected essays from evolutionary biologist and well-known science writer Stephen Jay Gould; the essays were culled from his monthly column The View of Life in Natural History magazine, to which Gould contributed for more than two decades.

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The Future Is Wild

The Future Is Wild is a British 2002 thirteen-part pseudo-documentary television miniseries.

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The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour

"The Genetic Evolution of Social Behaviour" is a 1964 scientific paper by the British evolutionary biologist W.D. Hamilton in which he mathematically lays out the basis for inclusive fitness.

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The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection is a book by Ronald Fisher which combines Mendelian genetics with Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, with Fisher being the first to argue that "Mendelism therefore validates Darwinism" and stating with regard to mutations that "The vast majority of large mutations are deleterious; small mutations are both far more frequent and more likely to be useful", thus refuting orthogenesis.

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The God Who Wasn't There

The God Who Wasn't There is a 2005 independent documentary written and directed by Brian Flemming.

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The Grand Design (book)

The Grand Design is a popular-science book written by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow and published by Bantam Books in 2010.

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The Journals of Gerontology

The Journals of Gerontology are the first scientific journals on aging published in the United States.

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The Journey of Man

The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey is a 2002 book by Spencer Wells, an American geneticist and anthropologist, in which he uses techniques and theories of genetics and evolutionary biology to trace the geographical dispersal of early human migrations out of Africa.

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The Magic of Reality

The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True is a 2011 book by the British biologist Richard Dawkins, with illustrations by Dave McKean.

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The Mismeasure of Man

The Mismeasure of Man is a 1981 book by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould.

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The Moral Animal

The Moral Animal is a 1994 book by Robert Wright, in which the author explores many aspects of everyday life through evolutionary biology.

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The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution is an influential monograph written in 1983 by Japanese evolutionary biologist Motoo Kimura.

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The Origin of Birds

The Origin of Birds is an early synopsis of bird evolution written in 1926 by Gerhard Heilmann, a Danish artist and amateur zoologist.

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The Relic (film)

The Relic is a 1997 science fiction-horror film directed by Peter Hyams and based on the best-selling novel Relic by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child.

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The Root of All Evil?

The Root of All Evil?, later retitled The God Delusion, is a television documentary written and presented by Richard Dawkins in which he argues that humanity would be better off without religion or belief in God.

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The Selfish Gene

The Selfish Gene is a 1976 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, in which the author builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966).

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The Siren Song of Stephen Jay Gould

The Siren Song of Stephen Jay Gould is a one-act play by Benjamin Bettenbender.

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The Surprising Archaea

The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life is a popular science book written about the domain Archaea.

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The Theory of Evolution

The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of The Origin of Species the following year.

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The Third Chimpanzee

The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal is a 1991 book by academic and popular science author Jared Diamond, in which the author explores concepts relating to the animal origins of human behavior, including cultural characteristics and those features often regarded as particularly unique to humans.

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The World in Six Songs

The World in Six Songs: How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature is a popular science book written by the McGill University neuroscientist Daniel J. Levitin, and first published by Dutton Penguin in the U.S. and Canada in 2008, and updated and released in paperback by Plume in 2009, and translated into six languages.

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Theodore Wells Pietsch III

Theodore Wells Pietsch III (born March 6, 1945) is an American systematist and evolutionary biologist especially known for his studies of anglerfishes.

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Theodosius Dobzhansky

Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.

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Thomas Cavalier-Smith

Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (born 21 October 1942), is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.

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Thomas Hunt Morgan

Thomas Hunt Morgan (September 25, 1866 – December 4, 1945) was an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity.

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Thomas Robert Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.

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Thorvald Sørensen

Thorvald (Thorwald) Julius Sørensen (4 July 1902 – 21 June 1973) was a Danish botanist and evolutionary biologist.

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Tijs Goldschmidt

Paul-Tijs (Tijs) Goldschmidt (born 30 January 1953 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch writer and evolutionary biologist.

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Timeline of the far future

While predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.

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Timeline of zoology

A timeline of the history of zoology.

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Todd Thomsen

Todd M. Thomsen (born June 24, 1967) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

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Tomoko Ohta

is a Japanese scientist working on population genetics/molecular evolution.

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Topology

In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.

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Tourism in Spain

Tourism in Spain is the 3rd major contributor to the national economic life just after the industry and the business/banking sector, contributing about 10-11% of Spain's GDP.

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Touro University Nevada

Touro University Nevada (TUN) is a private, non-profit institution of higher and professional education, in Henderson, in the U.S. state of Nevada.

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Traditional Italian maize varieties

Traditional Italian maize varieties have been, according to historical, archaeological, botany, morphological, and genetic evidence, molded since the introduction of this exotic cereal crop from the Americas in the sixteenth century.

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Trivers–Willard hypothesis

In evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, the Trivers–Willard hypothesis, formally proposed by Robert Trivers and Dan Willard, suggests that female mammals are able to adjust offspring sex ratio in response to their maternal condition.

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Turtle

Turtles are diapsids of the order Testudines (or Chelonii) characterized by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs and acting as a shield.

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Tyge W. Böcher

Tyge Wittrock Böcher (25 October 1909 – 15 March 1983) was a Danish botanist, evolutionary biologist, plant ecologist and phytogeographer.

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UCI School of Biological Sciences

The School of Biological Sciences is one of the academic units of the University of California, Irvine (UCI).

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Uet era Ngermeuangel

Uet era Ngermeuangel (Ngermeuangel Lake, Big Jellyfish Lake) is a marine lake located on Koror island in Palau.

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Uet era Ongael

Uet era Ongael (Ongael Lake) is a marine lake located on Ongael island, Koror, in Palau.

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Ulrich Kutschera

Ulrich Kutschera (born 2 February 1955) is a professor of plant physiology and evolutionary biology who works at the University of Kassel, Germany, and as a Visiting Scientist in Stanford, California, USA.

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Uner Tan syndrome

Uner Tan syndrome, Unertan syndrome or UTS is a syndrome proposed by the Turkish evolutionary biologist Üner Tan.

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United States Academic Decathlon topics

The United States Academic Decathlon (USAD) is an academic competition for high school students in the United States.

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United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology

The United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) is a council, chartered (or re-chartered) in each administration with a broad mandate to advise the President on science and technology.

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University of California, Davis

The University of California, Davis (also referred to as UCD, UC Davis, or Davis), is a public research university and land-grant university as well as one of the 10 campuses of the University of California (UC) system.

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University of Kassel

The University of Kassel (Universität Kassel) is a university founded in 1971 located in Kassel, Hesse, in Germany.

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University of Lisbon (1911–2013)

The University of Lisbon (UL) (Universidade de Lisboa,; Latin Universitas Olisiponensis) was a public university in Lisbon, Portugal.

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University of Utah College of Science

The College of Science at the University of Utah is an academic college of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah.

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Unweaving the Rainbow

Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder is a 1998 book by Richard Dawkins, in which the author discusses the relationship between science and the arts from the perspective of a scientist.

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Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is an 1844 work of speculative natural history and philosophy by Robert Chambers.

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Victor Reppert

Victor Reppert (born 1953) is an American philosopher best known for his development of the "argument from reason".

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Victoria Arbour

Victoria Megan Arbour is a Canadian evolutionary biologist and palaeontologist working as a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto and Royal Ontario Museum.

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Viral evolution

Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses.

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Virtue signalling

Virtue signalling is the conspicuous expression of moral values.

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W. D. Hamilton

William Donald Hamilton, FRS (1 August 1936 – 7 March 2000) was an English evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the most significant evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.

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W. Tecumseh Fitch

William Tecumseh Sherman Fitch III (born 1963)http://homepage.univie.ac.at/tecumseh.fitch/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FitchCV2011.pdf is an American evolutionary biologist and cognitive scientist, and at the University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria), where he is co-founder of the Department of Cognitive Biology.

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Wallace Arthur

Wallace Arthur is an evolutionary biologist and science writer.

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Walter Kenrick Fisher

Walter Kenrick Fisher (February 1, 1878 – November 2, 1953) was an American zoologist, evolutionary biologist, illustrator and painter.

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Watchmaker analogy

The watchmaker analogy or watchmaker argument is a teleological argument which states, by way of an analogy, that a design implies a designer.

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Weak Selection

Weak selection in evolutionary biology is when individuals with different phenotypes possess similar fitness, i.e. one phenotype is weakly preferred over the other.

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Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences

The Judd A. and Marjorie Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences (WCAS or Weinberg College) is the largest of the twelve schools comprising Northwestern University, located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago, Illinois.

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Wen-Hsiung Li

Wen-Hsiung Li (Traditional Chinese:李文雄, 1942-) is a Taiwanese American scientist working in the fields of molecular evolution, population genetics, and genomics.

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Wendy Wright

Wendy Wright is an American conservative.

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Westerdijk Institute

The Westerdijk Institute, or Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, is part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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What Darwin Got Wrong

What Darwin Got Wrong is a 2010 book by philosopher Jerry Fodor and cognitive scientist Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, in which the authors criticize Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

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Wheaton College (Illinois)

Wheaton College is a Christian, residential liberal arts college and graduate school in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb 25 miles (40 km) west of Chicago.

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Whole genome sequencing

Whole genome sequencing (also known as WGS, full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing) is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time.

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Why Buddhism Is True

Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment is a 2017 book by journalist and evolutionary psychologist Robert Wright.

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Will Provine

William Ball "Will" Provine (February 19, 1942 – September 1, 2015) was an American historian of science and of evolutionary biology and population genetics.

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William A. Dembski

William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18, 1960) is an American mathematician, philosopher and theologian.

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William C. Wimsatt

William C. Wimsatt (born May 27, 1941) is professor emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science (previously Conceptual Foundations of Science), and the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago.

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William Irwin Thompson

William Irwin Thompson (born 16 July 1938) is known primarily as a social philosopher and cultural critic, but he has also been writing and publishing poetry throughout his career and received the Oslo International Poetry Festival Award in 1986.

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William Stanley (mammalogist)

William T. "Bill" Stanley (ca. 1957 – October 6, 2015) was an American mammalogist who was a manager of the collections at one of the world’s largest natural history museums and a student of the mammals of eastern Africa.

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Woese's dogma

Woese's dogma is a principle of evolutionary biology first put forth by biophysicist Carl Woese in 1977.

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Wolfgang Pauli

Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics.

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World Future Society

The World Future Society (WFS), founded in 1966, is recognized as the largest, most influential, and longest-running community of futurists and future thinkers in the world.

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World Summit on Evolution

The World Summit on Evolution is an evolutionary biology meeting hosted at the Galapagos Islands by Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), an Ecuadorian private liberal arts university.

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Wyatt Anderson

Wyatt Wheaton Anderson is an American geneticist and evolutionary biologist.

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Zachary Blount

Zachary D. Blount is an American evolutionary biologist best known for his work in deciphering the evolution of a key innovation in one of the twelve populations of the ''E. coli'' long-term evolution experiment.

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Zinnia Kumar

Zinnia J. Kumar, also known as Zinnia, is an Australian fashion model and published scientist in human evolutionary biology and ecology.

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Zoological Society of London

The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is a charity devoted to the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats.

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Zoology

Zoology or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems.

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Zygomatic arch

The zygomatic arch, or cheek bone, is formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture (zygomaticotemporal suture); the tendon of the temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible.

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1904 in science

The year 1904 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1914 in science

The year 1914 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1920 in science

The year 1920 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1936 in science

The year 1936 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1941 in science

The year 1941 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1957 in science

The year 1957 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1963 in science

The year 1963 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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2000 in science

The year 2000 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2004 in science

The year 2004 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2005 in science

The year 2005 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2011 in science

The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion.

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24-Isopropylcholestane

24-isopropyl cholestane is an organic molecule produced by specific sponges and marine algae.

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Current Research in Evolutionary Biology, Current research in evolutionary biology, Evolution (subfield), Evolutionary Biologist, Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary biologist, Evolutionary biologists.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

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