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Exocytosis

Index Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them through an energy-dependent process. [1]

232 relations: Action potential, Active transport, Active zone, Adderall, Adenosine triphosphate, Amino acid neurotransmitter, Amoeba (genus), AMPA receptor, Anna Akhmanova, Annexin, Annexin A2, Apocrine, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, Atypical antipsychotic, Axon, Axon terminal, Bacterial outer membrane vesicles, Bernard Katz, Beta cell, Biochemical cascade, Biophysical Society, Bromantane, C9orf72, CADPS, CADPS2, Calitoxin, Cannabinoid, Cap formation, Carotid body, Cell membrane, Cellular neuroscience, Chemical synapse, Chikungunya, Chlamydia (genus), Christian de Duve, Chylomicron, Ciliate, Clathrin, Cleavage furrow, Coccolith, Collagen, Collagen, type XXIII, alpha 1, Complexin, Contractile vacuole, Corneocyte, Cortical reaction, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, Cytosis, Degranulation, Dengue fever, ..., DNAJC5, DOC2B, Dopamine, Duan Shumin, E-selectin, EGR1, End-plate potential, Endocytic cycle, Endocytosis, Endomembrane system, Enterocyte, Epidermis, Epithelial polarity, Esculentin-2CHa, EXOC3L2, EXOC6, EXOC7, Exocrine gland, Exocyst, Exocyst complex component 6b, Extracellular matrix, Familial hemiplegic migraine, Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, Flesinoxan, Friedrich Beck, Genetics of migraine headaches, Gland, Glossary of biology, Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, GLUT4, Glybuzole, Golgi apparatus, Graded potential, History of catecholamine research, Hormone, How the Self Controls Its Brain, Hypha, IKBKAP, Immunocytochemistry, Indirect agonist, Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase, Insulin signal transduction pathway, Interference reflection microscopy, Invagination, James D. Jamieson, John Tooze, Kavli Prize, KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family, Kinase, Kiss-and-run fusion, Lamellar bodies, Lamellipodium, Latrunculin, Levetiracetam, Light-gated ion channel, Lipid bilayer, Lipid bilayer characterization, Lipid bilayer fusion, List of Greek and Latin roots in English/C, List of MeSH codes (G04), Lysosome, Magnocellular neurosecretory cell, Mastoparan, Mechanism of anoxic depolarization in the brain, Membrane bound polyribosome, Membrane progesterone receptor, Membrane vesicle trafficking, Merocrine, Microfilament, Microvesicles, Migraine, Mimivirus, Mir-375, Molecular neuroscience, Mucigel, Mucolipidosis type IV, Munc-18, Muscle relaxant, Nanodomain, NAPG, Neonatal diabetes mellitus, Neuregulin, Neuroeffector junction, Neuroendocrinology, Neuromuscular junction, Neurotransmission, Neurotransmitter, Neurotrophin, Nicotine, Nix (gene), Norepinephrine, Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine, Orthohantavirus, Outline of cell biology, Oxytocin, P-glycoprotein, Paraneoplastic pemphigus, Patrik Rorsman, PC12 cell line, Peptide hormone, Phagolysosome, Phagosome, Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, Phospholipase D, PIKFYVE, Pindolol, PRKCE, Proopiomelanocortin, Protein kinase A, Protocell, Pulmonary alveolus, Pulmonary surfactant, Purinergic signalling, Quantal neurotransmitter release, Quantum dot, RAB11B, RALA, RALB, RAPGEF4, Receptor potential, Release modulator, Reserpine, Residual body, Reverse transport, Ribbon synapse, Ribosome, Rous sarcoma virus, S100A10, SCRIB, Secretion, Secretory protein, SEPT12, Serotonin, Serotonylation, SFRP4, SGK1, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, SNAP25, SNARE (protein), Soluble NSF attachment protein, Stratum lucidum, STX1A, Sulfatide, Sulfonylurea receptor, Supraoptic nucleus, Sweat gland, Synapse, Synapsin, Synaptic fatigue, Synaptic noise, Synaptic plasticity, Synaptic stabilization, Synaptic vesicle, Synaptobrevin, Synaptopathy, Synaptotagmin 1, Syntaxin, Syntaxin 3, Tetanic stimulation, Tetanospasmin, Tight junction, TMEM63A, Transfersome, Tryptamine, UNC13A, UNC13D, Urodilatin, Vacuole, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Vesicle fusion, Vesicle-associated membrane protein, Vesicular monoamine transporter 2, Viral shedding, Visceral leishmaniasis, Voltage-gated ion channel, Vorticella, Weibel–Palade body, Zero ionic layer, Zygomycota, 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 4,4'-Dimethylaminorex, 5-Chloro-αMT. Expand index (182 more) »

Action potential

In physiology, an action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific axon location rapidly rises and falls: this depolarisation then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarise.

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Active transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient.

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Active zone

The active zone or synaptic active zone is a term first used by Couteaux and Pecot-Dechavassinein in 1970 to define the site of neurotransmitter release.

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Adderall

Adderall, Adderall XR, and Mydayis are combination drugs containing four salts of the two enantiomers of amphetamine, a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class.

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Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.

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Amino acid neurotransmitter

An amino acid neurotransmitter is an amino acid which is able to transmit a nerve message across a synapse.

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Amoeba (genus)

Amoeba is a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae.

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AMPA receptor

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Anna Akhmanova

Anna Sergeevna Akhmanova (born 11 May 1967) is a Russian-born professor of Cell Biology at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

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Annexin

Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins.

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Annexin A2

Annexin A2 also known as annexin II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA2 gene.

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Apocrine

Apocrine is a term used to classify exocrine glands in the study of histology.

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ATP-sensitive potassium channel

An ATP-sensitive potassium channel (or KATP channel) is a type of potassium channel that is gated by intracellular nucleotides, ATP and ADP.

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Atypical antipsychotic

The atypical antipsychotics (AAP; also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) are a group of antipsychotic drugs (antipsychotic drugs in general are also known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, although the latter is usually reserved for the typical antipsychotics) used to treat psychiatric conditions.

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Axon

An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials, away from the nerve cell body.

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Axon terminal

Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons or terminal boutons) are distal terminations of the telodendria (branches) of an axon.

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Bacterial outer membrane vesicles

Bacteria communicate among themselves and with other living forms in their environment via nano-scale membrane vesicles in their bacterial outer membranes.

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Bernard Katz

Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born Australian physician and biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve physiology.

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Beta cell

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.

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Biochemical cascade

A biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus (first messenger) acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers (which amplify the initial signal) and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus.

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Biophysical Society

The Biophysical Society is an international scientific society whose purpose is to encourage the development and dissemination of knowledge in biophysics.

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Bromantane

Bromantane, sold under the brand name Ladasten, is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family related to amantadine and memantine which is used in Russia in the treatment of neurasthenia.

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C9orf72

C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the gene C9orf72.

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CADPS

Calcium-dependent secretion activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADPS gene.

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CADPS2

Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADPS2 gene.

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Calitoxin

Calitoxin, also known as CLX, is a sea anemone neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica.

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Cannabinoid

A cannabinoid is one of a class of diverse chemical compounds that acts on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain.

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Cap formation

When molecules on the surface of cell are crosslinked, they are moved to one end of the cell to form a "cap".

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Carotid body

The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat).

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cellular neuroscience

Cellular neuroscience is the study of neurons at a cellular level.

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Chemical synapse

Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

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Chikungunya

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

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Chlamydia (genus)

Chlamydia is a genus of pathogenic bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites.

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Christian de Duve

Christian René Marie Joseph, Viscount de Duve (2 October 1917 – 4 May 2013) was a Nobel Prize-winning Belgian cytologist and biochemist.

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Chylomicron

Chylomicrons (from the Greek χυλός, chylos, meaning juice (of plants or animals), and micron, meaning small particle) are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides (85–92%), phospholipids (6–12%), cholesterol (1–3%), and proteins (1–2%).

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Ciliate

The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.

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Clathrin

Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles.

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Cleavage furrow

In cell biology, the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

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Coccolith

Coccoliths are individual plates of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores (single-celled algae such as Emiliania huxleyi) which are arranged around them in a coccosphere.

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Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.

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Collagen, type XXIII, alpha 1

Collagen α-1 (XXIII) chain is a protein encoded by COL23A1 gene, which is located on chromosome 5q35 in humans, and on chromosome 11B1+2 in mice.

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Complexin

Complexin (also known as synaphin) refers to a one of a small set of eukaryotic cytoplasmic neuronal proteins which binds to the SNARE protein complex (SNAREpin) with a high affinity.

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Contractile vacuole

A contractile vacuole (CV) is a sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation.

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Corneocyte

Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most if not all of the stratum corneum, the outermost part of the epidermis.

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Cortical reaction

The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5

Cell division protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5 gene.

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Cytosis

Cytosis is a transport mechanism for the movement of large quantities of molecules into and out of cells.

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Degranulation

Degranulation is a cellular process that releases antimicrobial cytotoxic or other molecules from secretory vesicles called granules found inside some cells.

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Dengue fever

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.

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DNAJC5

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5, also known as cysteine string protein or CSP is a protein, that in humans encoded by the DNAJC5 gene.

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DOC2B

Double C2-like domain-containing protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOC2B gene.

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Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

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Duan Shumin

Duan Shumin is a Chinese neuroscientist.

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E-selectin

E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines.

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EGR1

EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) also known as Zif268 (zinc finger protein 225) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene.

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End-plate potential

End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction.

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Endocytic cycle

The whole cycle of endocytosis plus exocytosis is known as the endocytic cycle.

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Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

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Enterocyte

Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

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Epidermis

The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.

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Epithelial polarity

Cell polarity is a fundamental feature of many types of cells.

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Esculentin-2CHa

Esculentin-2CHa (from Latin ēsculentus (“edible; nutritious; full of food”)) is an antimicrobial peptide located outside the epithelial cell’s membrane of the skin of many species of amphibians, such as Rana chiricahuensis.

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EXOC3L2

Exocyst complex component 3-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC3L2 gene.

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EXOC6

Exocyst complex component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC6 gene.

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EXOC7

Exocyst complex component 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC7 gene.

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Exocrine gland

Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.

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Exocyst

The exocyst is an octameric protein complex involved in vesicle trafficking, specifically the tethering and spatial targeting of post-Golgi vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to vesicle fusion.

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Exocyst complex component 6b

Exocyst complex component 6B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC6B gene.

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Extracellular matrix

In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

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Familial hemiplegic migraine

Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant type of hemiplegic migraine that typically includes weakness of half the body which can last for hours, days or weeks.

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Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is cyclic voltammetry with a very high scan rate (up to). Application of high scan rate allows rapid acquisition of a voltammogram within several milliseconds and ensures high temporal resolution of this electroanalytical technique.

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Flesinoxan

Flesinoxan (DU-29,373) is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial/near-full agonist of the phenylpiperazine class.

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Friedrich Beck

Friedrich Hans Beck (16 February 1927 – 20 December 2008) was a German physicist.

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Genetics of migraine headaches

Because genetics influence susceptibility to migraine, it can be shaped by evolution.

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Gland

A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) is a receptor protein found on beta cells of the pancreas.

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GLUT4

Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4, is a protein encoded, in humans, by the SLC2A4 gene.

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Glybuzole

Glybuzole is a hypoglycaemic medicine, mainly used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Graded potential

Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.

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History of catecholamine research

The catecholamines comprise the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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How the Self Controls Its Brain

How the Self Controls Its Brain is a book by Sir John Eccles, proposing a theory of philosophical dualism, and offering a justification of how there can be mind-brain action without violating the principle of the conservation of energy.

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Hypha

A hypha (plural hyphae, from Greek ὑφή, huphḗ, "web") is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.

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IKBKAP

IKBKAP (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase complex-associated protein) is a human gene encoding the IKAP protein, which is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels in all tissue types, including brain cells.

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Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is a common laboratory technique that is used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it.

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Indirect agonist

In pharmacology, an indirect agonist or indirect-acting agonist is a substance that enhances the release or action of an endogenous neurotransmitter but has no specific agonist activity at the neurotransmitter receptor itself.

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Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase

Inositol (1,4,5) Trisphosphate-3- Kinase is an enzyme that facilitates a phospho-group transfer from ATP to 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

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Insulin signal transduction pathway

The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis.

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Interference reflection microscopy

Interference reflection microscopy (IRM) is an optical microscopy technique that utilizes polarized light to form an image of an object on a glass surface.

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Invagination

In developmental biology, invagination is a mechanism that takes place during gastrulation.

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James D. Jamieson

James Douglas Jamieson (born January 22, 1934) is a cell biologist and professor at the Yale School of Medicine.

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John Tooze

John Tooze FRS (born 16 May 1938) was Vice-President of Scientific and Facility Operations at Rockefeller University from 2005 to 2013 and formerly Executive Secretary of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).

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Kavli Prize

The Kavli Prize was established in 2005 through a joint venture between the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and The Kavli Foundation.

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KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family

In molecular biology, members of the KIN2/PAR-1/MARK kinase family of proteins are kinases which are conserved from yeast to human and share the same domain organisation: an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal kinase associated domain 1 (KA1).

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Kinase

In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.

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Kiss-and-run fusion

Kiss-and-run fusion is a type of synaptic vesicle release where the vesicle opens and closes transiently.

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Lamellar bodies

In cell biology, lamellar bodies (otherwise known as lamellar granules, membrane-coating granules (MCGs), keratinosomes or Odland bodies) are secretory organelles found in type II alveolar cells in the lungs, and in keratinocytes in the skin.

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Lamellipodium

The lamellipodium (plural lamellipodia) (from Latin lamina, "thin sheet"; pod, "foot") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell.

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Latrunculin

The latrunculins are a family of natural products and toxins produced by certain sponges, including genus Latrunculia and Negombata, whence the name is derived.

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Levetiracetam

Levetiracetam, marketed under the trade names Keppra among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy.

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Light-gated ion channel

Light-gated ion channels are a family of ion channels regulated by electromagnetic radiation.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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Lipid bilayer characterization

Lipid bilayer characterization is the use of various optical, chemical and physical probing methods to study the properties of lipid bilayers.

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Lipid bilayer fusion

In membrane biology, fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure.

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/C

Category:Lists of words.

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List of MeSH codes (G04)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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Lysosome

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in nearly all animal cells.

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Magnocellular neurosecretory cell

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large neuroendocrine cells within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

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Mastoparan

Mastoparan is a peptide toxin from wasp venom.

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Mechanism of anoxic depolarization in the brain

Anoxic depolarization is a progressive and uncontrollable depolarization of neurons during stroke or brain ischemia in which there is an inadequate supply of blood to the brain.

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Membrane bound polyribosome

In cell biology, membrane bound polyribosomes are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum.

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Membrane progesterone receptor

Membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) are a group of cell surface receptors and membrane steroid receptors belonging to the progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family which bind the endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid progesterone, as well as the neurosteroid allopregnanolone.

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Membrane vesicle trafficking

Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of important biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific 'release' locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell, in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs).

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Merocrine

Merocrine (or eccrine) is a term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology.

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Microfilament

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton.

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Microvesicles

Microvesicles (circulating microvesicles, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle, between 50 and 1,000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, found in many types of body fluids as well as the interstitial space between cells.

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Migraine

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.

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Mimivirus

Mimivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Mimiviridae.

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Mir-375

In molecular biology miR-375 microRNA is a short RNA molecule.

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Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.

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Mucigel

Mucigel is a slimy substance that covers the root cap of the roots of plants.

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Mucolipidosis type IV

Mucolipidosis type IV (ML IV, ganglioside sialidase deficiency, or ML4) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder.

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Munc-18

Munc-18 (an acronym for mammalian uncoordinated-18) proteins are the mammalian homologue of UNC-18 (which was first discovered in the nematode worm C. elegans) and are a member of the Sec1/Munc18-like (SM) protein family.

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Muscle relaxant

A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone.

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Nanodomain

In molecular biology, a nanodomain, in reference to calcium signaling, is where highly localized Ca2+ signals are associated with a single (or very few at most) ion channel(s) that extend over a few tens of nm from the channel pore.

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NAPG

Gamma-soluble NSF attachment protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAPG gene.

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Neonatal diabetes mellitus

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is defined as a disease that affects an infant and their body's ability to produce or use insulin.

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Neuregulin

Neuregulins or neuroregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins.

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Neuroeffector junction

A neuroeffector junction is a site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target—non-neuronal—cell.

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Neuroendocrinology

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, that is how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body.

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Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through"), also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron).

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Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.

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Neurotrophin

Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.

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Nicotine

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.

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Nix (gene)

Nix is a pro-apoptotic gene that is regulated by Histotoxic hypoxia.

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Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.

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Ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine

ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine (oMPP, oMePP), or 1-(2-methylphenyl)piperazine (2-MPP, 2-MePP), is a psychoactive and designer drug of the phenylpiperazine group.

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Orthohantavirus

Orthohantaviruses (or hantaviruses) are single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the Hantaviridae family of the order Bunyavirales, which normally infect rodents where they do not cause disease.

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Outline of cell biology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.

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Oxytocin

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide.

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P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells.

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Paraneoplastic pemphigus

Paraneoplastic pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder stemming from an underlying tumor.

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Patrik Rorsman

Patrik Rorsman (born 1959) FRS FMedSci is Professor of Diabetic Medicine at the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), in the Radcliffe Department of Medicine at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Harris Manchester College, Oxford.

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PC12 cell line

PC12 is a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla, that have an embryonic origin from the neural crest that has a mixture of neuroblastic cells and eosinophilic cells.

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Peptide hormone

Peptide hormones or protein hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides or proteins, respectively.

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Phagolysosome

In biology, a phagolysosome, or endolysosome, is a cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome in a process that occurs during phagocytosis. Formation of phagolysosomes is essential for the intracellular destruction of microorganisms and pathogens.

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Phagosome

In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis.

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Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein

Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) or priming in exocytosis protein 3 (PEP3) is a ubiquitous cytosolic domain involved in transport of phospholipids from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi to other cell membranes.

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Phospholipase D

Phospholipase D (lipophosphodiesterase II, lecithinase D, choline phosphatase) (PLD) is an enzyme of the phospholipase superfamily.

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PIKFYVE

PIKfyve, a FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIKFYVE gene.

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Pindolol

Pindolol, sold under the brand name Visken among others, is a beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.

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PRKCE

Protein kinase C epsilon type (PKCε) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCE gene.

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Proopiomelanocortin

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a precursor polypeptide with 241 amino acid residues.

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Protein kinase A

In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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Protocell

A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life.

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Pulmonary alveolus

A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation.

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Pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells.

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Purinergic signalling

Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.

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Quantal neurotransmitter release

Neurotransmitters are released into a synapse in packaged vesicles called quanta.

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Quantum dot

Quantum dots (QD) are very small semiconductor particles, only several nanometres in size, so small that their optical and electronic properties differ from those of larger particles.

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RAB11B

Ras-related protein Rab-11B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB11B gene.

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RALA

Ras-related protein Ral-A (RalA) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALA gene on chromosome 7.

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RALB

Ras-related protein Ral-B (RalB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RALB gene on chromosome 2.

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RAPGEF4

Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 4 (RAPGEF4), also known as exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (EPAC2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPGEF4 gene.

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Receptor potential

A receptor potential, also known as a generator potential, a type of graded potential, is the transmembrane potential difference produced by activation of a sensory receptor.

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Release modulator

A release modulator, or neurotransmitter release modulator, is a type of drug that modulates the release of one or more neurotransmitters.

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Reserpine

Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II: Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History.

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Residual body

In lysosomal digestion, residual bodies are vesicles containing indigestible materials.

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Reverse transport

Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter.

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Ribbon synapse

The ribbon synapse is a type of neuronal synapse characterized by the presence of an electron-dense structure, the synaptic ribbon, that holds vesicles close to the active zone.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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Rous sarcoma virus

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described: it causes sarcoma in chickens.

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S100A10

S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species.

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SCRIB

SCRIB, also known as Scribble, SCRIBL, or Scribbled homolog (Drosophila), is a scaffold protein which in humans is encoded by the SCRIB gene.

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Secretion

Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.

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Secretory protein

A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell.

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SEPT12

Septin 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEPT12 gene.

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

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Serotonylation

Serotonylation is a receptor independent signaling mechanism by which serotonin activates intracellular processes by creating long lasting covalent bonds upon proteins.

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SFRP4

Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SFRP4 gene.

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SGK1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 also known as serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK1 gene.

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Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (also SLOS, or 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency) is an inborn error of cholesterol synthesis.

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SNAP25

Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) is a t-SNARE protein that is encoded by the SNAP25 gene in humans.

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SNARE (protein)

SNARE proteins (an acronym derived from "SNAP (Soluble NSF(N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Protein) REceptor)" are a large protein complex consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts and more than 60 members in mammalian cells.

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Soluble NSF attachment protein

Soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAP) are proteins that participate in membrane fusion and exocytosis as part of the SNARE-NSF-SNAP complex.

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Stratum lucidum

The stratum lucidum (Latin for "clear layer") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope.

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STX1A

Syntaxin-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX1A gene.

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Sulfatide

Sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside, is a class of sulfolipids, specifically a class of sulfoglycolipids, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.

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Sulfonylurea receptor

In the field of molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.

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Supraoptic nucleus

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain.

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Sweat gland

Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands,, are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.

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Synapse

In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell.

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Synapsin

The synapsins are a family of proteins that have long been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses.

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Synaptic fatigue

Synaptic fatigue, or short-term synaptic depression, is an activity-dependent form of short term synaptic plasticity that results in the temporary inability of neurons to fire and therefore transmit an input signal.

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Synaptic noise

Synaptic noise refers to the constant bombardment of synaptic activity in neurons.

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Synaptic plasticity

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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Synaptic stabilization

This page describes the process of synapse stabilization mediated by cell adhesion molecules.

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Synaptic vesicle

In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.

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Synaptobrevin

Synaptobrevins (synaptobrevin isotypes 1-2) are small integral membrane proteins of secretory vesicles with molecular weight of 18 kilodalton (kDa) that are part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family.

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Synaptopathy

A synaptopathy is a disease of the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nervous system relating to the dysfunction of synapses.

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Synaptotagmin 1

Synaptotagmin 1 (or synaptotagmin) is a Ca2+ sensor in the membrane of the pre-synaptic axon terminal, coded by gene SYT1 (previously SYT) at 12q21.2 (MIM:185605).

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Syntaxin

Syntaxins are a family of membrane integrated Q-SNARE proteins participating in exocytosis.

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Syntaxin 3

Syntaxin 3, also known as STX3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the STX3 gene.

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Tetanic stimulation

In neurobiology, a tetanic stimulation consists of a high-frequency sequence of individual stimulations of a neuron.

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Tetanospasmin

Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus.

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Tight junction

Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway.

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TMEM63A

Transmembrane protein 63A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM63A gene.

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Transfersome

Transfersome is a trademark registered by the German company IDEA AG, which refers to its proprietary drug delivery technology.

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Tryptamine

Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid.

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UNC13A

Unc-13 homolog A (C. elegans) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13A gene.

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UNC13D

Protein unc-13 homolog D, also known as munc13-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13D gene.

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Urodilatin

Urodilatin is a hormone that causes natriuresis through increasing renal blood flow.

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Vacuole

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells.

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Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

In cell biology, a vesicle is a small structure within a cell, or extracellular, consisting of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

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Vesicle fusion

Vesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane.

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Vesicle-associated membrane protein

Vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMP) are a family of SNARE proteins with similar structure, and are mostly involved in vesicle fusion.

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Vesicular monoamine transporter 2

The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) also known as solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene.

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Viral shedding

Viral shedding refers to the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host-cell infection.

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Visceral leishmaniasis

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, black fever, and Dumdum fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and, without proper diagnosis and treatment, is associated with high fatality.

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Voltage-gated ion channel

Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential near the channel.

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Vorticella

Vorticella is a genus of bell-shaped ciliates that have stalks to attach themselves to substrates.

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Weibel–Palade body

Weibel–Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart.

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Zero ionic layer

Zero ionic layer is the main site of interaction in the core SNARE complex.

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Zygomycota

Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi.

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13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) is the commonly used term for 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE).

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4,4'-Dimethylaminorex

4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (abbreviated as 4,4'-DMAR), sometimes referred to by the street name "Serotoni", is a psychostimulant and entactogen designer drug related to aminorex, 4-methylaminorex and pemoline.

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5-Chloro-αMT

5-Chloro-α-methyltryptamine (5-Chloro-αMT), also known as PAL-542, is a tryptamine derivative related to α-methyltryptamine (αMT) and one of only a few known specific serotonin-dopamine releasing agents (SDRAs).

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Cellular secretion, Exocitosis, Exocytotic, Neurotransmitter release.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis

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