Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558, king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death. ^[1]

A.E.I.O.U.

"A.E.I.O.U." was a symbolic device personally used by Habsburg emperor Frederick III (1415–1493), who had a fondness for mythical formulae.

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Aachen

Aachen or Bad Aachen, French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle, is a spa and border city.

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Aš

Aš (Asch) is a town of Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

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Abramo dall'Arpa

Abramo dall'Arpa (died 1566) was an Italian harpist and the likely grandfather of Abramino dall'Arpa.

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Adelson e Salvini

Adelson e Salvini (Adelson and Salvini) is a three-act opera semi-seria composed by Vincenzo Bellini from a libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola.

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Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg

Adolph John I (German: Adolf Johann I., Swedish: Adolf Johan) (11 October 1629 – 14 October 1689) was Count Palatine of Kleeburg from 1654 until 1689 and was considered Prince of Sweden until 1660.

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Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula.

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Aegidius Tschudi

Aegidius (or Giles or Glig) Tschudi (5 February 150528 February 1572) was a Swiss statesman and historian, an eminent member of the Tschudi family of Glarus, Switzerland.

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Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck

The Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck is a grammar school, or Gymnasium in Innsbruck, Tyrol, founded in 1562 by the Jesuits in the course of the counter-reformation.

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Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia

Albert Frederick (Albrecht Friedrich, Albrecht Fryderyk; 7 May 1553, in Königsberg – 28 August 1618, in Fischhausen, Rybaki) was Duke of Prussia from 1568 until his death.

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Albert V, Duke of Bavaria

Albert V (German: Albrecht V.) (29 February 1528 – 24 October 1579) was Duke of Bavaria from 1550 until his death.

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Albert VI of Bavaria (Albrecht VI., der Leuchtenberger, Landgraf von Bayern-Leuchtenberg; 26 February 1584 – 5 July 1666) son of William V, Duke of Bavaria and Renata of Lorraine, born and died in Munich.

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Albert VII, Archduke of Austria

Albert VII (Albrecht VII) (13 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was the ruling Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and, jointly with his wife, Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1598 and 1621.

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Alcalá de Henares

Alcalá de Henares, meaning Castle on the Henares (river), in Arabic قلعة النار, is a Spanish city located northeast of the country's capital, Madrid.

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Alexander Colyn

Alexander Colyn (also spelt Colin or Colins; 1527/2917 August 1612) was a Flemish sculptor.

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Alexander Utendal

Alexander Utendal (1543/45 – 7 May 1581) was a Flemish composer.

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Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara

Alfonso II d'Este (24 November 1533 – 27 October 1597) was Duke of Ferrara from 1559 to 1597.

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Alfred Seifert

Alfred Seifert (September 6, 1850 Praskolesy, Bohemia – February 6, 1901, Munich, Germany), born in present-day Czech Republic.

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Alvise Gritti

Alvise Gritti (born 29 September 1480, died 1534), whose first name may also be spelled Aloisio, Lodovico, Ludovico, Luigi or Louis (Hungarian Lajos), was a Venetian politician.

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Ambras Castle

Ambras Castle (Schloss Ambras Innsbruck) is a Renaissance castle and palace located in the hills above Innsbruck, Austria.

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Anabaptism

Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά- "re-" and βαπτισμός "baptism", Täufer, earlier also WiedertäuferSince the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term "Wiedertäufer" (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. The term Täufer (translation: "Baptizers") is now used, which is considered more impartial. From the perspective of their persecutors, the "Baptizers" baptized for the second time those "who as infants had already been baptized". The denigrative term Anabaptist signifies rebaptizing and is considered a polemical term, so it has been dropped from use in modern German. However, in the English-speaking world, it is still used to distinguish the Baptizers more clearly from the Baptists, a Protestant sect that developed later in England. Cf. their self-designation as "Brethren in Christ" or "Church of God":.) is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation.

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Anabaptist hunters

Anabaptist hunters (Täuferjäger) were armed envoys used by some cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy in order to drive out or suppress the local Anabaptist population (Swiss Brethren).

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Ancestry of Felipe VI of Spain

Felipe VI (Philip VI) is the present King of Spain.

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Andreas Dudith

Andreas Dudith (Andrija Dudić Orehovički), also András Dudith de Horahovicza; * February 5, 1533 in Buda † February 22, 1589 in Wrocław), was a Hungarian nobleman of Croatian and Italian origin, bishop, humanist and diplomat in the Kingdom of Hungary. Dudith was born in Buda, capital city of the Kingdom of Hungary to a Hungarian noble family with Croatian origin. His father, Jeromos Dudits, was a Croatian and his mother was an Italian. He studied in Wrocław, Italy, Vienna, Brussels and Paris. In 1560 King Ferdinand I appointed him the bishop of Knin, Croatia. He then participated in the Council of Trent (1545–1563) where, in compliance with the wish of Ferdinand, he urged that the cup be given to the laity. Being appointed bishop of Pécs, Dudith went to Poland in 1565 as ambassador of Maximilian, where he married, and resigned his see, becoming an adherent of Protestantism. In Poland he began to sympathize with Socinian Anti-trinitarianism (the so-called Ecclesia Minor). Although he never declared himself officially a Unitarian, some researchers label him as one of the Anti-trinitarian thinkers. After the election of Stephen Báthory as king of Poland, Dudith left Kraków and went to Wrocław and later to Moravia, where he supported the Bohemian Brothers. Dudith maintained correspondence with famous Anti-trinitarians such as Giorgio Blandrata, Jacob Paleologus and Fausto Sozzini. Mihály Balázs, an expert on Central-European Anti-trinitarianism, affirms that Paleologus in Kraków lived in Dudić's house and departed from here to Transylvania. The theories of Blandrata, Sozzini and Ferenc Dávid had a great influence on him; nevertheless he always remained an Erasmian humanist, who condemned religious intolerance whether it came from Protestants or Catholics. Dudith died in 1589 in Wrocław and was buried in the Saint-Elizabeth Lutheran Church.

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Andreas Perlach

Andreas Perlach, also known as Andreas Perlacher and Andreas Perlachius ex Wittschein Stiriensis, (1490–1551) was born in Svečina, in the Habsburg empire (now in Slovenia).

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Andrzej Tęczyński

Andrzej Tęczyński, (b. 1480 – 2 January 1536) Earl (title of the Holy Roman Empire, 1527), was a voivode of Lublin, voivode of Sandomierz, voivode of Kraków, Castellan of Kraków.

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Anna Catherine Constance Vasa

Anna Catherine Constance Vasa of Poland (Anna Katarzyna Konstancja Waza; 7 August 1619 in Warsaw – 8 October 1651 in Cologne) was a Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa and his second wife Constance of Austria.

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Anna de' Medici

Anna de' Medici (31 December 1569 – 19 February 1584) was the third child of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Joanna of Austria.

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Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Austria

Anna de' Medici (21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676) was a daughter of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Maria Maddalena of Austria.

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Anna Jagiellon

Anna Jagiellon (Anna Jagiellonka, Ona Jogailaitė; 18 October 1523 – 12 November 1596) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania in her own right from 1575 to 1586.

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Anna Juliana Gonzaga

Anna Juliana Gonzaga, O.S.M., (16 November 1566 – 3 August 1621) was an Archduchess of Austria who became a Religious Sister of the Servite Order after the death of her husband, the Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria.

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Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain

Anna of Austria (2 November 1549 – 26 October 1580) was Queen of Spain by marriage to her uncle, King Philip II of Spain.

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Anna of Tyrol

Anna of Tyrol (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618), was by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary.

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Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier

Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, (–) known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the eldest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, and his first wife Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier.

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Anne of Austria

Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666), a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg, was queen of France as the wife of Louis XIII, and regent of France during the minority of her son, Louis XIV, from 1643 to 1651.

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Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland

Anne of Austria (16 August 1573 – 10 February 1598) was queen consort of Poland and Sweden by marriage to King Sigismund III Vasa.

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Anne of Bohemia and Hungary

Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (Buda, Hungary, 23 July 1503 – Prague, Bohemia, 27 January 1547), sometimes known as Anna Jagellonica, Queen of the Romans (Germany), Bohemia and Hungary as the wife of King Ferdinand I, later Holy Roman Emperor.

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Anne of Foix-Candale

Anna of Foix-Candale (1484 – 26 July 1506) was Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the third wife of King Vladislaus II.

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Antemurale Christianitatis

Antemurale Christianitatis (English: Bulwark of Christendom) was a label used for a country defending the frontiers of Christian Europe from the Ottoman Empire.

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Anti-Romanyism

Anti-Romanyism (also Antigypsyism, Antiziganism, Romaphobia or anti-Romani sentiment) is the hostility, prejudice, discrimination or racism specifically directed at Romani people (Roma, Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale and Romanichal).

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Anton Fugger

Anton Fugger (June 10, 1493 – September 14, 1560) was a German merchant and member of the Fugger family.

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Antonín Brus z Mohelnice

Antonín Brus (Anton) (13 February 1518 – 28 August 1580) was a Moravian Archbishop of Prague.

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Antonie Frederik Jan Floris Jacob van Omphal

Antonie Frederik Jan Floris Jacob Baron van Omphal (2 May 1788 – 8 July 1863) was a Dutch lieutenant-general and extraordinary aide-de-camp to William III of the Netherlands.

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Antun Vrančić

Antun Vrančić or Antonio Veranzio (May 29, 1504 – June 15, 1573) was a Croatian prelate, writer, diplomat and Archbishop of Esztergom of the 16th century.

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Arad County (former)

Arad County was an administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania.

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Archducal hat of Tyrol

The archducal hat of Tyrol is an insignia of the County of Tyrol.

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Archduchess Anna of Austria

Anna of Austria (7 July 1528 – 16 October 1590), a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg, was Duchess of Bavaria from 1550 until 1579, by her marriage with Duke Albert V.

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Archduchess Barbara of Austria

Barbara of Austria (30 April 1539 – 19 September 1572) was Duchess consort of Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio by marriage to Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.

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Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria

Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria (4 January 1576 – 29 June 1599) was a member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduchess Eleanor of Austria

Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (2 November 1534 – 5 August 1594) was a Duchess of Mantua by marriage to William I, Duke of Mantua.

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Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (1582–1620)

Eleanor of Austria (25 September 1582 – 28 January 1620), was an Austrian princess and a member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria

Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria (22 May 1581 – 20 September 1597) was a member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduchess Helena of Austria (1543–1574)

Archduchess Helena of Austria (German: Helena von Österreich-Habsburg) (January 7, 1543 in Vienna – March 5, 1574 in Hall in Tirol), was a member of the House of Habsburg, and co-founder of the convent in Hall in Tirol.

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Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria

Not to be confused with Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Netherlands. Isabella Clara of Austria (12 August 1629 – 24 February 1685), was a Duchess consort of Mantua, Montferrat, Nevers (until 1659), Mayenne (until 1654) and Rethel (until 1659) by marriage to Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat.

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Archduchess Magdalena of Austria

Archduchess Magdalena of Austria (German: Magdalena von Österreich-Habsburg) (August 14, 1532 in Innsbruck – September 10, 1590 in Hall in Tirol) was a member of the House of Habsburg, and the founder and first abbess of the convent in Hall in Tirol.

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Archduchess Margaret of Austria (1567–1633)

Archduchess Margaret of Austria (25 January 1567 – 5 July 1633), was a German princess member of the House of Habsburg.

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Archduchess Margaret of Austria (nun)

Margaret of Austria (Margarethe von Österreich-Habsburg) (1536–67) was an Archduchess of Austria.

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Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1610–1665)

Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (German: Maria Anna von Habsburg, Erzherzogin von Österreich, also known as Maria Anna von Bayern or Maria-Anna, Kurfürstin von Bayern; 13 January 1610 – 25 September 1665), was a German regent, Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and co-regent of the Electorate of Bavaria during the minority of her son Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria from 1651 to 1654.

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Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria

Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria (Maria Joan Gabriella Josepha Antonia, Maria Johanna Gabriele Josefa Antonia; 4 February 1750 23 December 1762) was an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany, Hungary and Bohemia as the eleventh child and ninth daughter of Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa.

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Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria

Maria Maddalena of Austria (Maria Magdalena; 7 October 1589 – 1 November 1631) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany from the accession of her husband, Cosimo II, in 1609 until his death in 1621.

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Archduchess Maria of Austria (1584–1649)

Archduchess Maria of Austria (German: Erzherzogin Maria von Österreich) (Innsbruck, 16 June 1584 – Innsbruck, 2 March 1649) was the daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and his second wife Anne Juliana Gonzaga.

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Archduchy of Austria

The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria

Charles Joseph (Karl Joseph) (7 August 1649 – 27 January 1664) was an Archduke of Austria and Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (1662–64).

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Archduke Ernest of Austria

Archduke Ernest of Austria (Ernst von Österreich; 15 June 1553 – 20 February 1595) was an Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria of Spain.

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Archduke Ferdinand of Austria

There have been several men titled Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, including.

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Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (5 January 1614 – 20 November 1662) was an Austrian military commander, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1647 to 1656, and a patron of the arts.

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Archduke Maximilian Ernest of Austria

Maximilian Ernest of Austria (17 November 1583 – 18 February 1616), was a German prince member of the House of Habsburg and by birth Archduke of Austria.

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Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria

Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria (9 March 1561 – 22 September 1578), was a German prince and member of the House of Habsburg and since 1577 Grand Prior of the Order of Malta in Castile.

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Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcalá de Henares

The Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcalá de Henares (Spanish: Palacio Arzobispal de Alcalá de Henares) is a palace located in Alcalá de Henares, in the Community of Madrid, Spain.

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Armor of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

The Armor of Emperor Ferdinand I is a suit of plate armor created by the Nuremberg armorer Kunz Lochner in 1549 for the future Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Arnold von Bruck

Arnold von Bruck (also Arnold de Pruck, Arnoldus Brugensis, indicating his origin) (c. 1500 – 6 February 1554) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in several Habsburg courts.

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Aszaló

Aszaló is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.

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Augustin Hirschvogel

Augustin Hirschvogel (1503 – February 1553) was a German artist, mathematician, and cartographer known primarily for his etchings.

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Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

Augustus (August von Pfalz-Sulzbach; 2 October 1582 – 14 August 1632) was Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1614 until 1632.

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Augustus, Elector of Saxony

Augustus (31 July 152611 February 1586) was Elector of Saxony from 1553 to 1586.

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Aulic Council

The Aulic Council (Consilium Aulicum, Reichshofrat, literally meaning Court Council of the Empire) was one of the two supreme courts of the Holy Roman Empire, the other being the Imperial Chamber Court.

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Austria–Croatia relations

Austria–Croatia relations refer to the bilateral relationship between Croatia and Austria.

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Austria–Prussia rivalry

Austria and Prussia had a long-standing conflict and rivalry for supremacy in Central Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, termed Deutscher Dualismus (German dualism) in the German language area.

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Austrian Silesia

Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch-Schlesien (historically also Oesterreichisch-Schlesien, Oesterreichisch Schlesien, österreichisch Schlesien); Rakouské Slezsko; Śląsk Austriacki), officially the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Herzogtum Ober- und Niederschlesien (historically Herzogthum Ober- und Niederschlesien); Vévodství Horní a Dolní Slezsko), was an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Empire, from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

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Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88)

The Austrian–Hungarian War was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary under Mathias Corvinus and the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria under Frederick V (also Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III).

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Austrians of Croatia

Austrians of Croatia are officially recognized as a minority in the Republic of Croatia, and therefore have their own permanent seat in the Croatian Parliament.

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Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich, Kiegyezés) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

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Ákos Csányi

Ákos Csányi (Csányi Ákos; died between 1568 and 1575) was a Hungarian nobleman and soldier, who fought in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars.

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Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans

Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans (26 December 1646 - 17 March 1696), known as Isabelle d'Orléans, was the Duchess of Alençon and, during her husband's lifetime, Duchess of Angoulême.

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Ćići

Ćić (plural Ćići, Čiči, Tschitschen, Cicci, Chicchi, Ciccio, Cici), is an ethnonym and exonym in a broader sense for all the people who live in the mountainous Ćićarija area in Croatia and Slovenia.

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Šajkaši

Šajkaši (In sr, шајкаши, Tschaikisten) refers to the river flotilla troops guarding the Danube and Sava, and especially, the Port of Belgrade, against the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 19th century.

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Šumber

Šumber (Sumber, Sumberg, Casali Sumberesi) is a village and ruinous castle in the eastern part of Istria County, Croatia, in the municipality of Sveta Nedelja.

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Żagań

Żagań (French and Sagan, Zahań, Zaháň, Saganum) is a town on the Bóbr river in western Poland, with 26,253 inhabitants (2010).

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Babenberg

Babenberg was a noble dynasty of Austrian margraves and dukes.

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Bakar

Bakar (Buccari, Szádrév) is a town in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia.

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Bakić noble family

The Bakić (Бакић,; Bakics család) were a Serbian noble family that initially held estates in Šumadija (south of the Danube) under Ottoman occupation, then crossed the river and gave its service to the Kingdom of Hungary, becoming one of the leading Serbian noble family in the country, fighting the Ottoman Empire.

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Ballhausplatz

Ballhausplatz is a square in central Vienna containing the building (with the address Ballhausplatz 2) that for over two hundred years has been the official residence of the most senior Austrian Cabinet Minister, the State Chancellor, today the Chancellor of Austria (Prime Minister).

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Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias

Balthasar Charles (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer, Prince of Viana was heir apparent to all the kingdoms, states and dominions of the Spanish monarchy until his death.

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Balthasar Hubmaier

Balthasar Hubmaier, also Hubmair, Hubmayr, Hubmeier, Huebmör, Hubmör, Friedberger, Pacimontanus (c. 1480 in Friedberg, Duchy of Bavaria in the Holy Roman Empire 10 March, 1528 in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria in the Holy Roman Empire) was an influential German Anabaptist leader.

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Baltringer Haufen

The Baltringer Haufen (also spelled Baltringer Haufe, German for Baltringen Band, Baltringen Troop or Baltringen Mob) was prominent among several armed groups of peasants and craftsmen during the German Peasants' War of 1524–1525.

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Ban of Croatia

Ban of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatski ban; horvát bán) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102 viceroys of Croatia.

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Barbara Radziwiłł

Barbara Radziwiłł (Barbara Radziwiłłówna, Barbora Radvilaitė; 6 December 1520/23 – 8 May 1551) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania as consort of Sigismund II Augustus, the last male monarch of the Jagiellon dynasty.

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Battle of Gorjani

The Battle of Gorjani (Bitka kod Gorjana, Schlacht bei Gorjani) or Battle of Đakovo (Diakovári csata) was a battle fought on 9 October 1537 at Gorjani, a place in Slavonia (present-day eastern Croatia), between the towns of Đakovo and Valpovo, as part of the Little War in Hungary as well as the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War.

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Battle of Mühlberg

The Battle of Mühlberg was a large battle at Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, as part of the Schmalkaldic War.

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Battle of Mohács

The Battle of Mohács (Mohácsi csata, Mohaç Meydan Muharebesi) was one of the most consequential battles in Central European history.

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Battle of Szina

The Battle of Szina or Seňa took place near Szina in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Seňa, in Slovakia).

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Battle of Tarcal

The Battle of Tarcal or Battle of Tokaj (Tarcali csata) was a battle fought on 27 September 1527 near Tokaj between the Habsburg-German-Hungarian forces of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and an opposing Hungarian army under the command of John Zápolya.

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Bavarian Circle

The Bavarian Circle (Bayerischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Báthory family

The Báthory family (Batory) was a Hungarian noble family of the Gutkeled clan.

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Bellagio, Lombardy

Bellagio (Belàs in Lombard) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy.

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Benedikt Kuripečič

Benedikt Kuripečič or Benedikt Kuripešić (Benedict Curipeschitz von Obernburg, 1491–1531) was a 16th-century Slovene diplomat who recorded epic songs about Miloš Obilić.

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Bernardin Frankopan

Bernardin Frankopan (1453–1529) was a Croatian nobleman, diplomat, warrior and patron, a member of the Frankopan noble family, very powerful and influential in the Croatian Kingdom.

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Bernardo Clesio

Bernardo III Clesio (11 March 1484 – 30 July 1539) was an Italian cardinal, bishop, prince, diplomat, humanist and botanist.

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Bishopric of Brixen

The Prince-Bishopric of Brixen is a former ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire in the present-day Italian province of South Tyrol.

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Bishopric of Trent

The Prince-Bishopric of Trent or Bishopric of Trent for short is a former ecclesiastical principality roughly corresponding to the present-day Northern Italian autonomous province of Trentino.

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Bobrowice, Krosno Odrzańskie County

Bobrowice (Bobersberg) is a village in Krosno Odrzańskie County, in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Bocignolo

The Bocignolo was a Ragusan noble family.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.

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Bohemian Crown Jewels

The Bohemian Crown Jewels, sometimes called the Czech Crown Jewels (české korunovační klenoty), include the Crown of Saint Wenceslas (Svatováclavská koruna), the royal orb and sceptre, the coronation vestments of the Kings of Bohemia, the gold reliquary cross, and St. Wenceslas' sword.

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Bona Sforza

Bona Sforza (2 February 1494 – 19 November 1557) was a member of the powerful House of Sforza, which ruled the Duchy of Milan since 1447.

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Bratislava Castle

Bratislava Castle (Bratislavský hrad,, Pressburger Schloss, Pozsonyi Vár) is the main castle of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

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Brežice Castle

Brežice Castle (Grad Brežice, Schloss Rann) is a 16th-century castle in the town of Brežice, in southeastern Slovenia, at the street address Cesta prvih borcev 1.

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Burg Wiener Neustadt

Burg Wiener Neustadt is a castle in Wiener Neustadt, Lower Austria, Austria.

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Burgau

Burgau is a town in the district of Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria.

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Burgenland Croats

Burgenland Croats is the name for ethnic Croats in the Austrian state of Burgenland, along with Croats in neighboring Hungary and Slovakia.

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Burgruine Ortenburg

Ortenburg Castle is a ruined mediaeval castle located in Baldramsdorf, in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

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Burgundian Circle

The Burgundian Circle (Burgundischer Kreis, Bourgondische Kreits, Cercle de Bourgogne) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire created in 1512 and significantly enlarged in 1548.

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Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

This list contains all European emperors, kings and regent princes and their consorts as well as well-known crown princes since the Middle Ages, whereas the lists are starting with either the beginning of the monarchy or with a change of the dynasty (e.g. England with the Norman king William the Conqueror, Spain with the unification of Castile and Aragon, Sweden with the Vasa dynasty, etc.). In addition, it contains the still-existing principalities of Monaco and Liechtenstein and the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.

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Cantiones sacrae (Schütz)

Cantiones sacrae (Vocal sacred music, literally: Sacred chants), Op.

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Canton of Uri

The canton of Uri (German: Kanton) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland and a founding member of the Swiss Confederation.

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Capilla flamenca (Spain)

The Flemish chapel (Spanish: capilla flamenca) was one of two choirs employed by Philip II of Spain, the other being the Spanish chapel (or capilla española).

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Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)

The Capture of Peñón of Algiers was accomplished when the beylerbey of Algiers Hayreddin Barbarossa took a forteress (called Peñón of Algiers) in a small islet facing the Algerian city of Algiers from the Habsburg Spaniards and their Kabyles allies in 1529.

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Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria

Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (also known as Don Fernando de Austria, Cardenal-Infante Fernando de España and as Ferdinand von Österreich; May 1609 or 1610 – 9 November 1641) was Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Cardinal of the Holy Catholic Church, Infante of Spain, Infante of Portugal (until 1640), Archduke of Austria, Archbishop of Toledo (1619–41), and military commander during the Thirty Years' War.

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Carlos, rey emperador

Carlos, rey emperador (Charles, King Emperor) is a Spanish historical fiction television series, directed by Oriol Ferrer and produced by Diagonal TV for Televisión Española.

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Carniola

Carniola (Slovene, Kranjska; Krain; Carniola; Krajna) was a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia.

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Carolus Clusius

Charles de l'Écluse, L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius (Arras, February 19, 1526 – Leiden, April 4, 1609), seigneur de Watènes, was an Artois doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th-century scientific horticulturists.

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Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn

Casimir II of Cieszyn (Kazimierz II cieszyński, Kazimír II., Kasimir II.) (– 13 December 1528) was a Duke of Cieszyn since 1477, ruler over Koźle during 1479–1509, since 1493 ruler over Wołów, over Pszczyna during 1498–1517, from 1506 over Opava, Duke of Głogów since 1506 (for life).

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Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

Casimir (or Kasimir) of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 December 1481 – 21 September 1527) was Margrave of Bayreuth or Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach from 1515 to 1527.

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Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland

Catherine of Austria (Katarzyna Habsburżanka; Kotryna Habsburgaitė; 15 September 1533 – 28 February 1572) was one of the fifteen children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.

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Cecilia Renata of Austria

Archduchess Cecilia Renata of Austria (German: Cäcilia Renata; Polish: Cecylia Renata; 16 July 1611 – 24 March 1644) was Queen of Poland as the wife of King Władysław IV Vasa.

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Cetin Castle

The fortress of Cetin is situated south of Cetingrad above the village of Podcetin, in Croatia.

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Cetingrad

Cetingrad is a municipality in Karlovac County, Croatia near Croatia's border with Bosnia.

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Chancellor of Austria

The Chancellor of Austria, officially the Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Austria (Bundeskanzler der Republik Österreich, sometimes shortened to Kanzler) is the head of government of the Austrian Republic.

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Chancellor of Germany

The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany.

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Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy

Charles Emmanuel II (Carlo Emanuele II di Savoia); 20 June 1634 – 12 June 1675) was the Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675 and under regency of his mother Christine of France until 1648. He was also Marquis of Saluzzo, Count of Aosta, Geneva, Moriana and Nice, as well as claimant king of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia. At his death in 1675 his second wife Marie Jeanne of Savoy acted as Regent for their nine-year-old son.

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Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels

Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Charles I of Podebrady, Karel z Minstrberka, Karl I. von Münsterberg.; 2 or 4 May 1476, in Kladsko – 31 May 1536, in Frankenstein) was a member of the House of Poděbrady.

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Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans

Charles II of Orléans (22 January 1522 – 9 September 1545) was the third son of Francis I and Claude of France.

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Charles II, Archduke of Austria

Charles II Francis of Austria (Karl II.) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia) from 1564.

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Charles II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

Charles II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (German: Karl II, Graf von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) (1547 – 8 April 1606) became Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1576 and remained so until his death.

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Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach

Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (born July 24, 1529 in Pforzheim – died March 23, 1577 in Durlach), nicknamed Charles with the bag, governed the Margravate of Durlach from 1552 to 1577.

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Charles University

Charles University, known also as Charles University in Prague (Univerzita Karlova; Universitas Carolina; Karls-Universität) or historically as the University of Prague (Universitas Pragensis), is the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic. Founded in 1348, it was the first university in Central Europe. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe in continuous operation and ranks in the upper 1.5 percent of the world’s best universities. Its seal shows its protector Emperor Charles IV, with his coats of arms as King of the Romans and King of Bohemia, kneeling in front of St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. It is surrounded by the inscription, Sigillum Universitatis Scolarium Studii Pragensis (Seal of the Prague academia).

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

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Charles X Gustav of Sweden

Charles X Gustav, also Carl Gustav (Karl X Gustav; 8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death.

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Charles, 2nd Duke d'Ursel

Charles Elisabeth Conrard, 2nd Duke d'Ursel and of Hoboken, Prince of Arches and Charleville and Count of Grobbendoncq (1717–1775) was a Belgian Duke.

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Chief Justice of Hungary

The chief justiceFallenbüchl 1988, p. 147.

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Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach

Christian Augustus (German: Christian August) (26 July 1622 – 23 April 1708) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach from 1632 until 1708.

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Christian Hollander

Christian Hollander (c.1510-15 - 1589) was a Dutch composer.

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Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken

Countess Palatine Christina Magdalena of Kleeburg (27 May 1616– 14 August 1662) of the House of Wittelsbach, Margravine of Baden-Durlach.

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Christine of France

Christine Marie of France (10 February 1606 – 27 December 1663) was the sister of Louis XIII and the Duchess of Savoy by marriage.

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Christoph Frankopan

Christoph Frankopan (Krsto Frankopan Brinjski, Frangepán Kristóf; 1482 – 22 September 1527) was a Croatian count from the noble House of Frankopan.

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Christoph, Duke of Württemberg

Christoph of Württemberg, Duke of Württemberg (12 May 1515 – 28 December 1568) ruled as Duke of Württemberg from 1550 until his death in 1568.

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Christopher Báthory

Christopher Báthory (Báthory Kristóf; 1530 – 27 May 1581) was voivode of Transylvania from 1576 to 1581.

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Church of St. Dorothea, Wrocław

The Church of Sts.

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Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire

The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire (Klasik Çağ) concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).

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Claude Françoise de Lorraine

Claude of Lorraine (6 October 1612 – 2 August 1648) was a daughter of Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, and Margerita Gonzaga, her sister was Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine.

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Claudia Felicitas of Austria

Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria (30 May 1653 – 8 April 1676) was by birth an Archduchess of Austria and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the second wife of Leopold I. A member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic, she had a beautiful singing voice and composed music, and also was passionately fond of hunting.

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Clerical celibacy

Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.

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Coat of arms of Croatia

The coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (Grb Republike Hrvatske) consists of one main shield and five smaller shields which form a crown over the main shield.

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Coat of arms of Dalmatia

The coat of arms of Dalmatia is the heraldic symbol used for the historical region of Dalmatia on the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea.

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Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire

Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.

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Coin collecting

Coin collecting is the collecting of coins or other forms of minted legal tender.

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College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals, formerly styled the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.

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Cologne War

The Cologne War (1583–88) devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

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Confession of the Unity of the Bohemian Brethren of 1535

Confession of the Unity of the Bohemian Brethren of 1535 or Brethren's confession is doctrinal statement of the Unity of the Brethren.

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Conrad Haas

Conrad Haas (1509–1576) was an Austrian or Transylvanian Saxon military engineer for the Kingdom of Hungary and Principality of Transilvania.

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Constance of Austria

Constance of Austria (Konstanza; Konstancja; 24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631) was queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir.

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Contarini

Contarini is one of the founding families of Venicehttps://archive.org/details/teatroaraldicose02tett, Leone Tettoni.

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Cornelio Musso

Cornelio Musso (or Cornelius) (1511–1574) was an Italian Friar Minor Conventual, and Bishop of Bitonto, prominent at the Council of Trent.

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Cornelius de Schepper

Cornelius de Schepper (1503?-1555) was a Flemish counsellor and ambassador for the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Ferdinand I of Austria and Mary of Hungary, governor of the Netherlands.

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Coronation of the Bohemian monarch

The Coronation of the Bohemian monarch (in Czech: korunovace českého panovníka) was a ceremony in which the king (or queen-regnant) and queen-consort (if there was at time) was formally crowned, annoited and invested with regalia.

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Coronation of the Hungarian monarch

The Coronation of the Hungarian monarch was a ceremony in which the king or queen of the Kingdom of Hungary was formally crowned and invested with regalia.

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Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate (sixth) Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Count Mihály Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek (16th century)

Count Mihály Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek was a Hungarian nobleman and border castle hero in the 16th century.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).

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Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken

Eleonora Catherine of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken (17 May 1626 – 3 March 1692), was a cousin and foster sister of Queen Christina of Sweden and sister of King Charles X of Sweden.

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Counts of Flanders family tree

This is a family tree of the Counts of Flanders, from 864 to 1792, when the county of Flanders was annexed by France after the French Revolution.

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Counts of Ortenburg

The Counts of Ortenburg (Grafen von Ortenburg) were a comital family in the mediaeval Duchy of Carinthia.

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County of Kladsko

The County of Kladsko (Kladské hrabství, Grafschaft Glatz, Hrabstwo kłodzkie) was a historical administrative unit within Bohemia as a part of the Kingdom of Bohemia and later in the Kingdom of Prussia with its capital at Kłodzko (Kladsko) on the Nysa river.

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County of Tyrol

The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140.

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Court Church

The Hofkirche (Court Church) is a Gothic church located in the Altstadt (Old Town) section of Innsbruck, Austria.

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Crepović noble family (Transylvania)

The Crepović (Цреповић, Crepovići) were among the more notable Serb noble families in the mid-16th century in Hungary, with their head, Nikola Crepović (Никола Цреповић, Cserepovics Miklós, Cerepoviki).

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Cristóbal de Castillejo

Cristóbal de Castillejo (1491 – June 12, 1556) was a Spanish poet, a contemporary of Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán, who championed the use of traditional forms of Spanish poetry and criticized the use of Italianate forms such as the sonnet.

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Cristoforo Madruzzo

Portrait of Cristoforo Madruzzo by Titian (1552). Museu de Arte de São Paulo, São Paulo. Cristoforo Madruzzo (July 5, 1512 – July 5, 1578) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and statesman.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Croatia in union with Hungary

The Kingdom of Croatia (Regnum Croatiae; Hrvatsko kraljevstvo or Kraljevina Hrvatska) entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102, after a period of rule of kings from the Trpimirović and Svetoslavić dynasties and a succession crisis following the death of king Demetrius Zvonimir.

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Croatia–Hungary relations

Croatia–Hungary relations refer to the bilateral relationship between Croatia and Hungary.

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Croatian Littoral

Croatian Littoral (Hrvatsko primorje) is a historical name (period of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) littoral for the region of Croatia comprising mostly Kvarner coastal area between traditional Dalmatia to the south, Mountainous Croatia to the north and east, and Istria and the Kvarner Gulf of the Adriatic Sea to the west.

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Croatian Parliament

The Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) or the Sabor is the unicameral representative body of the citizens of the Republic of Croatia; it is Croatia's legislature.

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Croats

Croats (Hrvati) or Croatians are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715. The Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of (Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. "King of Castile" also remains part of the full title of Felipe VI of Spain, the current King of Spain according to the Spanish constitution of 1978, in the sense of titles, not of states.

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Cuius regio, eius religio

Cuius regio, eius religio is a Latin phrase which literally means "Whose realm, his religion", meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled.

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Czech Renaissance architecture

Czech Renaissance architecture refers to the architectural period of the early modern era in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, which then comprised the Crown of Bohemia and today constitute the Czech Republic.

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Daniel Brendel von Homburg

Daniel Brendel of Homburg (Daniel Brendel von Homburg) (22 March 1522 – 22 March 1582) was the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz from 1555 to 1582.

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Declaratio Ferdinandei

The Declaratio Ferdinandei (Declaration of Ferdinand) was a clause in the Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555 to end conflicts between Catholics and Protestants within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Della Torre

The Della Torre (or Torriani) were an Italian noble family who rose to prominence in Lombardy during the 12th-14th centuries, until they held the lordship of Milan before being ousted by the Visconti.

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Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II of Aragon's marriage to Isabella I of Castile produced many children, five of whom survived to adulthood.

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Despot (court title)

Despot or despotes (from δεσπότης, despótēs, "lord", "master") was a senior Byzantine court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initially denoted the heir-apparent.

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Deutsche Singmesse

The Deutsche Singmesse is a form of (Tridentine) Low Mass that developed in German-speaking countries.

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Diósgyőr

Diósgyőr is a historical town in Hungary, today it is a part of Miskolc.

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Diego Laynez

Several spellings of his names (James, Jacob; Laines, Laynez, Lainez) are in use and some of them can be found in other Wikipedia articles Diego Laynez, S.J. (sometimes spelled Laínez) (Spanish: Diego Laynez), born in 1512 (Almazán, Spain) and died on 19 January 1565 (Rome), was a Spanish Jesuit priest and theologian of Jewish descent, and the second Superior General of the Society of Jesus.

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Diego, Prince of Asturias

Diego Félix of Austria, Prince of Asturias and Portugal (August 15, 1575 – November 21, 1582) was the fourth son of Philip II of Spain, and also his third son by his fourth wife Anna of Austria.

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Diet of Augsburg

The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.

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Diet of Speyer (1526)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany.

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Diet of Speyer (1529)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).

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Dimitrije Ovčarević

Dimitrije Ovčarević (Димитрије Овчаревић; 1552–66) was a Habsburg Serb nobleman.

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Disputation

In the scholastic system of education of the Middle Ages, disputations (in Latin: disputationes, singular: disputatio) offered a formalized method of debate designed to uncover and establish truths in theology and in sciences.

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Dobříš

Dobříš (Doberschisch) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic with about 8,600 inhabitants.

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Dobrilugk Abbey

Dobrilugk Abbey (Kloster Dobrilugk) was a Cistercian monastery in Lower Lusatia in the territory of the present town of Doberlug-Kirchhain, Brandenburg, Germany.

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Dolní Počernice (château)

Dolní Počernice is an architectural monument located at 1 Národních hrdinů street in Dolní Počernice, near the dike Počernický fishpond and a local English park.

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Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg

Duchess Dorothea Sophia of Saxe-Altenburg (19 December 1587 – 10 February 1645) was Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg.

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Drégely Castle

Drégely Castle (Drégely vára) is a 13th-century hilltop castle in Nógrád County, Hungary.

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Ducat

The ducat was a gold or silver coin used as a trade coin in Europe from the later middle ages until as late as the 20th century.

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Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia

Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia (31 December 1586 – 12 February 1659) was an Electress of Saxony as the spouse of John George I, Elector of Saxony.

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Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony

Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (22 November 1610 – 24 October 1684) was duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp.

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Duchy of Żagań

The Duchy of Żagań (Księstwo Żagańskie, Zaháňské knížectví) or Duchy of Sagan (Herzogtum Sagan) was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts.

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Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria (German: Herzogtum Bayern) was, from the sixth through the eighth century, a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom.

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Duchy of Brzeg

The Duchy of Brzeg (Księstwo Brzeskie) or Duchy of Brieg (Herzogtum Brieg), (Knížectví Břežské) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, created in 1311 during the fragmentation of the Duchy of Wrocław.

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Duchy of Carinthia

The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten; Vojvodina Koroška) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia.

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Duchy of Carniola

The Duchy of Carniola (Vojvodina Kranjska, Herzogtum Krain, Krajna) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, established under Habsburg rule on the territory of the former East Frankish March of Carniola in 1364.

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Duchy of Głogów

The Duchy of Głogów (Księstwo głogowskie, Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian Piasts.

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Duchy of Krnov

The Duchy of Krnov (Ducatus Carnoviensis, Krnovské knížectví, Księstwo Karniowskie) or Duchy of Jägerndorf (Herzogtum Jägerndorf) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, which in 1377 emerged from the Duchy of Troppau (Opava), itself a fief of the Bohemian Crown.

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Duchy of Legnica

The Duchy of Legnica (Księstwo Legnickie, Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia.

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Duchy of Münsterberg

The Duchy of Münsterberg (Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Księstwo Ziębickie, Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice).

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Duchy of Opole

Duchy of Opole (Herzogtum Oppeln; Opolské knížectví) was one of the duchies of Silesia ruled by the Piast dynasty.

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Duchy of Opole and Racibórz

The Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Księstwo opolsko-raciborskie, Herzogtum Oppeln und Ratibor) was one of the numerous Duchies of Silesia ruled by the Silesian branch of the royal Polish Piast dynasty.

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Duchy of Pless

The Duchy of Pless (or the Duchy of Pszczyna,Julian Janczak, (An outline for the History of Cartography till the End of the 18th century), Opole: 1976, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw: Institute of History of Science, Education and Technology, 1993,. This contains sections in several European languages, including; Accessed 2008-13-01. ^ Tadeusz Walichnowski, (Przynaleznosc terytorialna archiwaliow Panstwa Polskiego w stosunkach miedzynarodowych), Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1977. Polish State Archives. ^Nagel's Encyclopedia Guide, Poland by Nagel Publishers, 1989, 399 pages,. Accessed 2008-13-01. Herzogtum Pleß, Księstwo Pszczyńskie) was a Duchy of Silesia, with its capital at Pless (present-day Pszczyna, Poland).

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Duchy of Styria

The Duchy of Styria (Herzogtum Steiermark; Vojvodina Štajerska; Stájer Hercegség) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia.

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Duchy of Württemberg

The Duchy of Württemberg (Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Duke of Opole

The following is a list of monarchs who used the title Duke of Opole and controlled the city and the surrounding area either directly or indirectly (see also Duchy of Opole).

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Early modern Europe

Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.

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Early modern France

The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch).

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Early Modern Romania

The Early Modern Times in Romania started after the death of Michael the Brave, who ruled in a personal union, Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldaviathree principalities in the lands that now form Romania for three months, in 1600.

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Eastern Hungarian Kingdom

The Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (in Hungarian: Keleti Magyar Királyság) is a modern term used by historians to designate the realm of John Zápolya and his son John Sigismund Zápolya, who contested the claims of the House of Habsburg to rule the Kingdom of Hungary from 1526 to 1570.

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Edict of Torda

The Edict of Torda (tordai ediktum) was a decree that authorized local communities to freely elect their preachers in the "eastern Hungarian Kingdom" of John Sigismund Zápolya.

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Edward Lee (bishop)

Edward Lee (c. 1482 – 13 September 1544) was Archbishop of York from 1531 until his death.

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El Cid: The Legend

El Cid: The Legend (Spanish: El Cid: La leyenda) is a Spanish animated film released on 19 December 2003, written by José Pozo, and based on the historical legend of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, also known as El Cid.

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Eleanor de' Medici

Eleonor de' Medici (28 February 1567 – 9 September 1611) was a Duchess of Mantua by marriage to Vincenzo I Gonzaga.

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Eleanor of Austria

Eleanor of Austria (15 November 1498 – 25 February 1558), also called Eleanor of Castile, was born an Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became Queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France (1530–1547).

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Election in Cetin

The election in Cetin (Cetinski sabor, meaning Parliament on Cetin or Parliament of Cetin) was an assembly of the Croatian Parliament in the Cetin Castle in 1527.

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Elective monarchy

An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.

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Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg

Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg (Eleonore Magdalene Therese; 6 January 1655 – 19 January 1720) was a Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess consort of Austria, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the third and last wife of Leopold I.Wheatcroft 1995, p. 201.

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Eleonora Gonzaga (1598–1655)

For other women of the same name, see Eleanor Gonzaga (disambiguation) Eleonora Gonzaga (23 September 1598 – 27 June 1655), was by birth Princess of Mantua as a member of the House of Gonzaga and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia.

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Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France

Elisabeth of Austria (5 July 1554 – 22 January 1592) was Queen of France from 1570 to 1574 as the wife of King Charles IX.

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Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)

Elisabeth of France (22 November 1602 – 6 October 1644) was Queen consort of Spain (1621 to 1644) and Portugal (1621 to 1640) as the first spouse of King Philip IV of Spain.

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Elisabeth of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken

Elisabeth of Hesse (4 March 1503 – 4 January 1563, Lauingen) was a Landgravine of Hesse by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken and later Countess Palatine of Simmern.

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Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)

Elizabeth of Austria (Elżbieta Habsburżanka; 9 July 1526 – 15 June 1545) was the eldest of fifteen children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his wife Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.

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Emperor Ferdinand

Emperor Ferdinand may refer to.

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Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort

"italic" ("Keep us, Lord, faithful to your word" or "Lord, keep us in Thy Word and Work") is a Lutheran hymn by Martin Luther with additional stanzas by Justus Jonas, first published in 1542.

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Ernest of Bavaria

Ernest of Bavaria (Ernst von Bayern) (17 December 1554 – 17 February 1612) was Prince-elector-archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne from 1583 to 1612 as successor of the expelled Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.

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Ernest of Bavaria (1500–1560)

Duke Ernest of Bavaria (born 13 June 1500 in Munich – died: 7 December 1560 in Glatz) was Administrator of the dioceses of Passau and Salzburg and pledge lord of Glatz.

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Ernuszt family

The House of Ernuszt (Ernusht; Ernušt) was a Hungarian noble family, descending from a rich Jewish family who came to medieval Hungary from Vienna, converted to Catholicism and also reached its peak in the Kingdom of Croatia during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus and his successors.

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Esteban Gabriel Merino

Esteban Gabriel Merino (died 1535) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Esztergom

Esztergom (Gran, Ostrihom, known by alternative names), is a city in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone.

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Europa regina

Europa regina, Latin for Queen Europe, is the map-like depiction of the European continent as a queen.

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European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged mainly in central and western, but also northern Europe (especially Ireland) in the 16th and 17th century.

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Ștefan VI Rareș

Ştefan Rareş (died 1 September 1552) was ruler of Moldavia in 1551 and 1552.

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Fabio Mignanelli

Fabio Mignanelli (died 10 August, 1557) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Faesch

Faesch, also spelled Fesch, is a prominent Swiss, French, Belgian, Corsican and Italian noble family, originally a patrician family of Basel.

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Family tree of the German monarchs

The following image is a family tree of every king, monarch, confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Charlemagne in 800 over Louis the German in 843 through to Wilhelm II in 1918.

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February 24

For superstitious reasons, when the Romans began to intercalate to bring their calendar into line with the solar year, they chose not to place their extra month of Mercedonius after February but within it.

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Fehring

Fehring is a municipality in the district of Südoststeiermark in Styria, Austria.

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Ferdinand

Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements frith "protection", frið "peace" (PIE pri to love, to make peace) or alternatively farð "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic *farthi, abstract noun from root *far- "to fare, travel" (PIE par "to lead, pass over"), and nanth "courage" or nand "ready, prepared" related to Old High German nendan "to risk, venture." The name was adopted in Romance languages from its use in the Visigothic Kingdom.

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Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria

Ferdinand Charles (17 May 1628 – 30 December 1662) was the Archduke of Further Austria, including Tyrol, from 1646 to 1662.

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Ferdinand I

Ferdinand I or Fernando I may refer to.

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Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria

Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria (Linz, 14 June 1529 – 24 January 1595, Innsbruck) was ruler of Further Austria including Tirol.

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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637).

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Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand III (13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria.

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Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans

Ferdinand IV (8 September 1633 – 9 July 1654) was made King of Bohemia in 1646, King of Hungary and Croatia in 1647, and King of the Romans on 31 May 1653.

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Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria

Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

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Ferdinand of Austria

Ferdinand of Austria may refer to.

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Ferdinand of Bavaria (bishop)

Ferdinand of Bavaria (Ferdinand von Bayern) (6 October 1577 – 13 September 1650) was Prince-elector archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne (Holy Roman Empire) from 1612 to 1650, as successor of Ernest of Bavaria.

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Ferdinand of Bavaria (soldier)

Ferdinand of Bavaria was born 20 January 1550, in Landshut, in the Duchy of Bavaria, and died 30 January 1608 in Munich, at the age of 58.

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Ferdinand of Habsburg

Ferdinand of Habsburg may refer to.

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Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias

Ferdinand of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 in Madrid – 18 October 1578 in Madrid), son of Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife Anna of Austria.

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Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat

Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (31 August 1652 – 5 July 1708) was the only child of Duke Charles II of Mantua and Montferrat, and the last ruler of the Duchy of Mantua of the House of Gonzaga.

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Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Ferdinand I Gonzaga (April 26, 1587 – October 29, 1626) was Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1612 until his death.

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Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670.

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Ferenc Batthyány

Ferenc Batthyány de Németújvár (németújvári Batthyány Ferenc, Franjo Baćan; 28 October 1497 – 28 November 1566) was a Hungarian magnate and general, member of the prestigious Batthyány family.

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Ferenc Révay

Ferenc Révay de Szklabina et Blatnicza, (1489 – 1 November 1553, Pozsony (today Bratislava, Slovakia)) was the Palatinal Governor (nádori helytartó) in the Kingdom of Hungary, thus was ranking third to the King.

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Ferlach

Ferlach (Borovlje) in the district of Klagenfurt-Land in Carinthia is the southernmost town in Austria.

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Festival book

Festival books (feestboeken, libros de festivos) are books, often illustrated, that commemorate a notable event such as a royal entry, coronation or wedding.

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Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus

Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus is a Latin phrase, meaning "Let justice be done, and let the world perish".

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First Congress of Vienna

The First Congress of Vienna was held in 1515, attended by the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, and the Jagiellonian brothers, Vladislaus II, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, and Sigismund I, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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First Silesian War

The First Silesian War was a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.

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First War of Kappel

The First War of Kappel (Erster Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1529 between the Protestant and the Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.

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Fortress of Klis

The Klis Fortress (Tvrđava Klis) is a medieval fortress situated above a village bearing the same name, near the city of Split, in central Dalmatia, Croatia. From its origin as a small stronghold built by the ancient Illyrian tribe Dalmatae, becoming a royal castle that was the seat of many Croatian kings, to its final development as a large fortress during the Ottoman wars in Europe, Klis Fortress has guarded the frontier, being lost and re-conquered several times throughout its more-than-two-thousand-year-long history. Due to its location on a pass that separates the mountains Mosor and Kozjak, the fortress served as a major source of defense in Dalmatia, especially against the Ottoman advance, and has been a key crossroad between the Mediterranean belt and the Balkan rear.

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Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans

Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans (13 October 1648 – 14 January 1664) was born a Princess of France and was the Duchess of Savoy as the first wife of Charles Emmanuel II.

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Francesco Chieregati

Francesco Chieregati (1479, Vicenza – 6 December 1539, Bologna) was a papal nuncio and bishop.

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Francesco de' Medici (1614–1634)

Francesco de' Medici (16 October 1614 – 25 July 1634) was the fourth son of Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany and his wife, Maria Maddalena of Austria.

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Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Francesco I (25 March 1541 – 19 October 1587) was the second Grand Duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 until his death in 1587, a member of the House of Medici.

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Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Francesco III Gonzaga (10 March 1533 – 22 February 1550) was Duke of Mantua and Marquess of Montferrat from 1540 until his death.

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Francesco IV Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Francesco IV Gonzaga (7 May 1586 – 22 December 1612), was Duke of Mantua and (as Francesco II) Duke of Montferrat between 9 February and 22 December 1612.

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Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro

Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was a member of the House of Medici.

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Francesco Sfondrati

Francesco Sfondrati (1493–1550) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal and the father of Pope Gregory XIV.

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Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy

Francis Hyacinth (Francesco Giacinto; 14 September 1632 – 4 October 1638) was the Duke of Savoy from 1637 to 1638 under regency of his mother Christine Marie.

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Franciscan Church, Bratislava

The Franciscan Church (Slovak: Františkánsky kostol or Kostol Zvestovania Pána) is the oldest existing religious (sacral) building in the Old Town of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia.

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Francisco de Quiñones

Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain.

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Francisco de Vargas y Mexia

Francisco de Vargas y Mexia (b. Madrid, date unknown; d. at the Hieronymite monastery of la Cisla in 1566) was a Spanish diplomat and ecclesiastical writer.

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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, O.F.M. (1436 – 8 November 1517), known as Ximenes de Cisneros in his own lifetime, and commonly referred to today as simply Cisneros, was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.

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Franco-Hungarian alliance

A Franco-Hungarian alliance was formed in October 1528 between Francis I of France and John Zápolya, king of Hungary.

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Franconia

Franconia (Franken, also called Frankenland) is a region in Germany, characterised by its culture and language, and may be roughly associated with the areas in which the East Franconian dialect group, locally referred to as fränkisch, is spoken.

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Frans Francken the Younger

Frans Francken the Younger (Antwerp, 1581 – Antwerp, 6 May 1642) was a Flemish painter and the best-known member of the large Francken family of artists.

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Frýdlant

Frýdlant, sometimes cited also as Frýdlant v Čechách (Friedland in Böhmen) is a town in the Liberec District of the Liberec Region in the Czech Republic.

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Frederic Nausea

Frederic Nausea, born Friedrich Grau about 1496 in Waischenfeld, Germany; † 6 February 1552 in Trient, was the Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Vienna.

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Frederick Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Landsberg

Frederick Casimir (Friedrich Kasimir) (10 June 1585 – 30 September 1645) was the Duke of Landsberg from 1604 until 1645.

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Frederick II of Legnica

Frederick II, Duke of Legnica (Fryderyk II Legnicki) (12 February 1480 – 17 September 1547), also known as the Great of Legnica (Legnicki Wielki), was a Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers), of Brzeg from 1521.

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Frederick II, Elector Palatine

Frederick II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (9 December 1482 – 26 February 1556), also Frederick the Wise, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Prince-elector of the Palatinate from 1544 to 1556.

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Friedrich Staphylus

Friedrich Staphylus (27 August 1512 – 5 March 1564) was a German theologian, at first a Protestant and then a Catholic convert.

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Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

Friedrich Wilhelm II (Weimar, 12 February 1603 – Altenburg, 22 April 1669), was a duke of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Further Austria

Further Austria, Outer Austria or Anterior Austria (Vorderösterreich, formerly die Vorlande (pl.)) was the collective name for the early (and later) possessions of the House of Habsburg in the former Swabian stem duchy of south-western Germany, including territories in the Alsace region west of the Rhine and in Vorarlberg.

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Gabriel von Salamanca-Ortenburg

Gabriel von Salamanca (1489 – 12 December 1539) was a Spanish nobleman who served as general treasurer and archchancellor of the Habsburg archduke (and future Emperor) Ferdinand I of Austria from 1521 to 1526.

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Gaston, Duke of Orléans

Gaston, Duke of Orléans (24 April 1608 – 2 February 1660), was the third son of King Henry IV of France and his wife Marie de' Medici.

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Genealogical tree of the monarchs of Portugal

See also: Portugal - History of Portugal - List of Portuguese monarchs.

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Georg Tannstetter

Georg Tannstetter (April 1482 – 26 March 1535), also called Georgius Collimitius, was a humanist teaching at the University of Vienna.

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Georg Wolf of Kotzau

Georg Wolf of Kotzau, nicknamed the rich (d. 1560) was an Imperial Knight and Amtmann and Governor.

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George Khevenhüller

Georg von Khevenhüller (also spelled as Gjuro or George Khevenhiller; 22 April 1533 – 9 September 1587) was a Carinthian nobleman of the Khevenhüller dynasty.

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George Martinuzzi

George Martinuzzi, O.S.P. (born Juraj Utješinović, also known as György Martinuzzi, Brother György, Georg Utiessenovicz-Martinuzzi or György Fráter Fráter György; 1482 – 16 December 1551), was a Croatian nobleman, Pauline monk and Hungarian statesman who supported King John Zápolya and his son, King John Sigismund Zápolya.

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George Szatmári

George Szatmári de Alsóborsa (alsóborsai Szatmári György; 1457 – 7 April 1524) was a prominent prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary.

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George, Duke of Saxony

George the Bearded, Duke of Saxony (Meissen, 27 August 1471 – Dresden, 17 April 1539), was Duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539 known for his opposition to the Reformation.

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George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach

George of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Georg or Jürgen der Fromme) (4 March 1484 – 27 December 1543), known as George the Pious, was a Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach from the House of Hohenzollern.

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German Peasants' War

The German Peasants' War, Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.

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Germany in the early modern period

The German-speaking states in the early modern period (1500–1800) were divided politically and religiously.

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Giancarlo de' Medici

Giancarlo de' Medici (24 July 1611 – 22 January 1663) was an Italian cardinal of the House of Medici.

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Giovanni Francesco Commendone

Giovanni Francesco Commendone (17 March 1523 – 26 December 1584) was an Italian Cardinal and papal nuncio.

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Giovanni Morone

Giovanni Morone (or Moroni) (25 January 1509 – 1 December 1580) was an Italian cardinal.

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Girolamo Verallo

Girolamo Verallo (1497–1555) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Giulio Alessandrini

Giulio Alessandrini (Latin Julius Alexandrinus or Julius Alexandrinus von Neustein; 1506 – 25 August 1590) was an Italian physician, author, and poet.

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Giuseppe Arcimboldo

Giuseppe Arcimboldo (also spelled Arcimboldi) (1526 or 1527 – July 11, 1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of objects such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish, and books.

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Giuseppe Molteni

Giuseppe Molteni (Affori, Milan, 1800 – Milan, 1867) was an Italian painter.

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Glurns

Glurns (Glorenza) is a comune (municipality) in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about northwest of Bolzano.

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Graben, Vienna

The Graben (Trench) is one of the most famous streets in Vienna's first district, the city centre.

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Grand Princesses of Tuscany

The Grand Princess of Tuscany was the spouse of the Grand Prince of Tuscany, heir to the Tuscan throne.

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Groenendael Priory

Groenendael Priory (Prieuré de Groenendael; priorij van Groenendaal; meaning, "green valley"; alternate, Gruenendale) is located in the Forest of Soignes in the municipality of Hoeilaart in the Flemish Brabant, about southeast of Brussels, Belgium.

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Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Guglielmo Gonzaga (24 April 1538 – 14 August 1587) was Duke of Mantua and Montferrat from 1550 to 1587.

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György Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek

György Cseszneky de Milvány et Csesznek was a Hungarian aristocrat in the 16th century.

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Győr

Győr (Raab, Ráb, names in other languages) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia region, and—halfway between Budapest and Vienna—situated on one of the important roads of Central Europe.

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Habsburg family tree

This is a family tree of the Habsburg family.

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Habsburg Monarchy

The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.

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Habsburg Netherlands

Habsburg Netherlands is the collective name of Holy Roman Empire fiefs in the Low Countries held by the House of Habsburg and later by the Spanish Empire, also known as the Spanish Netherlands.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).

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Habsburg–Persian alliance

A Habsburg–Persian alliance or Habsburg-Safavid alliance was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the Habsburg Empire and the Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire.

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Halže

Halže (Hals) is a village in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic.

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Hanns Lautensack

Hanns Lautensack (sometimes erroneously referred to as Hans Sebald Lautensack) (1524 – 1560) was a German etcher and draughtsman.

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Hans Daucher

Hans Daucher (1486, Augsburg – 1538, Stuttgart) was a German Renaissance wood carver, sculptor and medal designer.

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Hans Maler zu Schwaz

Hans Maler zu Schwaz (1480/1488–1526/1529) was a German painter born in Ulm and active as portraitist in the village of Schwaz, near Innsbruck.

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Hans von Ungnad

Hans von Ungnad (1493-1564) was 16th-century Habsburg nobleman who was best known as founder of the South Slavic Bible Institute established to publish Protestant books translated to South Slavic languages.

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Hédervár

Hédervár is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.

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Hősök tere

Hősök tere (Heroes' Square) is one of the major squares in Budapest, Hungary, noted for its iconic statue complex featuring the Seven Chieftains of the Magyars and other important Hungarian national leaders, as well as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

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Heinrich Finck

Heinrich Finck (1444 or 1445 – 9 June 1527) was a German composer.

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Heinrich Vogtherr

Heinrich Vogtherr (the Elder) (1490 in Dillingen an der Donau – 1556 in Vienna) was an artist, printer, poet and medical author of the Reformation period.

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Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France (Henriette Marie; 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the wife of King Charles I. She was mother of his two immediate successors, Charles II and James II/VII.

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Henrietta of England

Henrietta of England (16 June 1644 O.S. (26 June 1644 N.S.) – 30 June 1670) was the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and his wife, Henrietta Maria of France.

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Henry II of France

Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.

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Henry IV, Burgrave of Plauen

Henry IV of Plauen (1510, probably on 24 August, Hartenštejn Castle – 19 May 1554, Stadtsteinach, during the siege of the Plassenburg), was Colonel Chancellor of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Burgrave of Meissen, Lord of Plauen, Gera, Greiz, Schleiz and Bad Lobenstein, Lord of Toužim, Hartenštejn Castle, Andělská Hora Castle and Žlutice.

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Henry IV, Duke of Saxony

Henry IV the Pious, Duke of Saxony (Heinrich der Fromme) (Dresden, 16 March 1473 – Dresden, 18 August 1541) was a Duke of Saxony from the House of Wettin.

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Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley

Henry Parker, 10th Baron Morley (1476/1480/14813 December 1553/1556), (notes to Parliamentary records show this as 25 November 1556) was an English peer and translator, Lord of Morley, Hingham, Hockering, &c., in Norfolk.

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Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen

Henry V of Plauen (9 October 1533, Andělská Hora – 24 December 1568, Hof; buried in the Mountain Church in Schleiz) was Burgrave of Meissen and Lord of Plauen and Voigtsberg.

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Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen

Henry VI of Plauen (29 December 1536, Meissen – 22 January 1572 in Schleiz) was Burgrave of Meissen, Lord of Plauen and Lord of Schleiz and Lobenstein.

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Henry XI of Legnica

Henry XI of Legnica (Henryk XI Legnicki; Schloss Liegnitz, 23 February 1539 – Krakow, 3 March 1588), was a thrice Duke of Legnica: 1551-1556 (under regency), 1559–1576 and 1580-1581.

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Hertník

Hertník is a village and municipality in Bardejov District in the Prešov Region of north-east Slovakia.

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Hieronymus Łaski

Hieronymus Jarosław Laski, Lasky, Laszki, Laszky, Laskó, Jeromos, Jerome, Hieronym, Hieronim, (September 27, 1496 – December 22, 1542), was a Polish diplomat born of an illustrious Polish family.

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Hieronymus Rorarius

Hieronymus Rorarius (1485-1556) was Papal nuncio to the court of Ferdinand of Hungary.

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Hiltpoltstein Castle

Hiltpoltstein Castle (Burg Hiltpoltstein) was originally a high mediaeval aristocratic castle dating to the 11th or 12th century.

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Historical Merchants' Hall (Freiburg)

The Historical Merchants' Hall (Historisches Kaufhaus) is one of the most outstanding buildings in Freiburg im Breisgau.

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History of Austria

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state.

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History of Baden-Württemberg

The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.

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History of Bavaria

The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the modern Federal Republic of Germany.

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History of Christianity in Hungary

The history of Christianity in Hungary began in the Roman province of Pannonia where the presence of Christian communities is first attested in the 3rd century.

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History of Christianity in Slovakia

The beginnings of the history of Christianity in Slovakia can most probably be traced back to the period following the collapse of the Avar Empire at the end of the 8th century.

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History of Croatia

Croatia first appeared as a duchy in the late 7th century and then as a kingdom in the 10th century.

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History of Estonia

The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Franconia

Franconia (Franken) is a region that is not precisely defined, but which lies in the north of the Free State of Bavaria, parts of Baden-Württemberg and South Thuringia and Hesse in Germany.

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History of Hungary

Hungary is a country in Central Europe whose history under this name dates to the Early Middle Ages, when the Pannonian Basin was conquered by the Hungarians (Magyars), a semi-nomadic people who had migrated from Eastern Europe.

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History of Milan

The following is a history of Milan, Italy.

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History of Moravia

The history of Moravia, one of the Czech lands, is diverse and characterized by many periods of foreign governance.

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History of Oradea

Oradea is a city 12 km from the Hungarian border, dating back to a small 10th-century castle.

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History of Silesia

In the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. (late Bronze Age) Silesia belonged to the Lusatian culture.

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History of Speyer

The history of Speyer begins with the establishment of a Roman camp in 10 BCE, making it one of Germany's oldest cities.

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History of the Jews in Austria

The history of the Jews in Austria probably begins with the exodus of Jews from Judea under Roman occupation.

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History of the Jews in Hungary

Jews have a long history in the country now known as Hungary, with some records even predating the AD 895 Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin by over 600 years.

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History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)

Although the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margravate of Moravia were both under Habsburg rule, they followed different paths of development.

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History of the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I. As sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, the state grew into a mighty empire.

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History of the Romani people

The Romani people, also referred to depending on the sub-group as Roma, Sinti or Sindhi, or Kale are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, who live primarily in Europe.

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History of the Székely people

The history of the Székely people (a subgroup of the Hungarians in Romania) can be documented from the 12th century.

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History of Transylvania

Transylvania is a historical region in central and northwestern Romania.

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History of Uri

Uri is a Swiss Talschaft and canton in the upper Reuss valley.

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History of Vienna

The history of Vienna has been long and varied, beginning when the Roman Empire created a military camp in the area covered by Vienna's city centre.

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History of Wrocław

Wrocław (Vratislav, Breslau) has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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Hochosterwitz Castle

Hochosterwitz Castle (Burg Hochosterwitz, Grad Ostrovica) is a castle in Austria, considered one of Austria's most impressive medieval castles.

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Hofburg

The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace in the center of Vienna, Austria.

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Hofburg, Innsbruck

The Hofburg (Imperial Palace) is a former Habsburg palace in Innsbruck, Austria, and considered one of the three most significant cultural buildings in the country, along with the Hofburg Palace and Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna.

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Hofkriegsrat

The Hofkriegsrat (or Aulic War Council, sometimes Imperial War Council) established in 1556 was the central military administrative authority of the Habsburg Monarchy, the predecessor of the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War.

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Holy Crown of Hungary

The Holy Crown of Hungary (Szent Korona, also known as the Crown of Saint Stephen) was the coronation crown used by the Kingdom of Hungary for most of its existence; kings have been crowned with it since the twelfth century.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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Horšovský Týn

Horšovský Týn (Bischofteinitz) is a town in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of La Marck

La Marck, original German name von der Mar(c)k, was a noble family, which from about 1200 appeared as the Counts of Mark.

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House of Valois

The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.

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House of Wettin

The House of Wettin is a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.

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Hoyos family

The House of Hoyos is a Spanish and Austro-Hungarian noble family.

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Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.

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Humanist Library of Sélestat

The Humanist Library in Sélestat is one of the most important cultural treasures of Alsace, France.

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Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528

The Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 was launched by Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia against the Ottoman Turks.

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Hungarian Crown

The Hungarian Crown was a part of the Polish Crown Jewels.

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Hungarian nobility

The Hungarian nobility consisted of a privileged group of people, most of whom owned landed property, in the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Hurrem Sultan

Hurrem Sultan (خرم سلطان, Ḫurrem Sulṭān, Hürrem Sultan; 1502 – 15 April 1558), often called Roxelana, was the favourite and later the chief consort and legal wife of Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.

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Iacob Heraclid

Iacob Heraclid (or Eraclid; Ἰάκωβος Ἡρακλείδης; 1527 – November 5, 1563), born Basilicò and also known as Iacobus Heraclides, Heraclid Despotul, or Despot Vodă ("Despot the Voivode"), was a Greek Maltese soldier, adventurer and intellectual, who reigned as Prince of Moldavia from November 1561 to November 1563.

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Imperial Crypt

The Imperial Crypt (Kaisergruft), also called the Capuchin Crypt (Kapuzinergruft), is a burial chamber beneath the Capuchin Church and monastery in Vienna, Austria.

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Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)

The Imperial Diet (Dieta Imperii/Comitium Imperiale; Reichstag) was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial election, 1531

The imperial election of 1531 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial election, 1562

The imperial election of 1562 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial Government

The name imperial government (Reichsregiment) denotes two organs, created in 1500 and 1521 respectively, in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to enable a unified political leadership, with input from the Princes.

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Imperial Treasury, Vienna

The Imperial Treasury (Kaiserliche Schatzkammer) at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria contains a valuable collection of secular and ecclesiastical treasures covering over a thousand years of European history.

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Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)

Infante Carlos of Spain, also known as Infante Charles of Spain (15 September 1607 – 30 July 1632) was infante of Spain, the second son of Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria.

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Inner Austria

Inner Austria (Innerösterreich, Notranja Avstrija, Austria Interiore) was a term used from the late 14th to the early 17th century for the Habsburg hereditary lands south of the Semmering Pass, referring to the Imperial duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola and the lands of the Austrian Littoral.

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Innsbruck

Innsbruck is the capital city of Tyrol in western Austria and the fifth-largest city in Austria.

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Isabella Jagiellon

Isabella Jagiellon (Izabella királyné; Izabela Jagiellonka; 18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559) was the oldest child of Polish King Sigismund I the Old and his Italian wife Bona Sforza.

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István Dobó

Baron István Dobó de Ruszka (c. 1502 - Szerednye (today, Середнє (Szerednye / Serednie, Ukraine), mid-June 1572) was a Hungarian soldier, best known as the successful defender of Eger against the Ottomans in 1552. Dobó was a member of the Hungarian land-owning nobility, with holdings in northern Hungary. In the dynastic succession struggles after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Dobó was consistently on the side of the Habsburg King Ferdinand I rather than that of John Zápolya.

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Italian War of 1551–1559

The Italian War of 1551 (1551–1559), sometimes known as the Habsburg–Valois War and the Last Italian War, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis I to the throne, declared war against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.

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Italian Wars

The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.

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Jacob Hutter

Jakob (or Jacob in English) Hutter (also Huter or Hueter) (c. 1500 – 25 February 1536), was a Tyrolean Anabaptist leader and founder of the Hutterites.

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Jacob Kettler

Jacob Kettler (Jakob von Kettler) (28 October 1610 – 1 January 1682) was a Baltic German Duke of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1642–1682).

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Jacopo Strada

Jacopo Strada (Mantua, 1507 — Prague 1588) was an Italian polymath courtier of the 16th century, a painter, architect, goldsmith, inventor of machines, numismatist, linguist, collector and merchant of works of art.

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Jagiellonian dynasty

The Jagiellonian dynasty was a royal dynasty, founded by Jogaila (the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1386 was baptized as Władysław, married Queen regnant (also styled "King") Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. The dynasty reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia (1471–1526). The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (converted in 1569 with the Treaty of Lublin into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) is the reason for the common appellation "Poland–Lithuania" in discussions about the area from the Late Middle Ages onward. One Jagiellonian briefly ruled both Poland and Hungary (1440–44), and two others ruled both Bohemia and Hungary (1490–1526) and then continued in the distaff line as a branch of the House of Habsburg. The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.

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Jakob ben Chajim

Jakob ben Chajim (died 1574) was a rabbi in Worms, and appointed by Emperor Ferdinand I as Reichsrabbiner (Rabbi of the Empire) of the Holy Roman Empire in 1559.

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Jan Augusta

Jan Augusta (1500-1572) was a bishop of the Unitas Fratrum and a Protestant reformer.

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Jan II the Good

Jan II of Opole (Jan II Dobry) (– 27 March 1532) was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg (until 1481)-Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 (with his brothers as co-rulers during 1476), ruler over Gliwice (in 1494), Toszek (in 1495), Niemodlin (again, in 1497), Bytom (in 1498), Koźle (in 1509), and Racibórz (in 1521).

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Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski

Count Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski (1 January 1537 – 1 April 1567) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), Leliwa coat of arms.

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January 1

January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar.

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János Wass

János Wass, or "Prince" John, (16th century) was an illegitimate son of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia, the ill-fated king, who died young and in mysterious circumstances at the Battle of Mohács by a liaison with his mother, Anne of Foix-Candale's former lady's maid, Angelitha Wass.

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Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois

Jean Gaston d'Orléans, petit-fils de France, Duke of Valois (17 August 1650 – 10 August 1652) was a French Prince and Grandson of France.

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Jesenice

Jesenice (AsslingLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 144.) is a Slovenian town and the seat of the Municipality of Jesenice on the southern side of the Karawanks, bordering Austria to the north.

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Jiří Melantrich of Aventino

Jiří Melantrich of Aventino (Jiří Melantrich z Aventina; born Jiří Černý Rožďalovický; c.1511 in Rožďalovice – November 19, 1580 in Prague) was an important Czech Renaissance printer and publisher.

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Jihlava

Jihlava (Iglau, Igława) is a city in the Czech Republic.

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Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg

Joachim II (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 – 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1535–1571), the sixth member of the House of Hohenzollern.

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Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels

Joachim of Münsterberg (Jáchym z Minstrberka, Joachim von Münsterberg or Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels), also: Joachim of Poděbrady (German: Joachim von Podiebrad; Czech: Jáchym z Poděbrad, Joachim Podiebradowicz) (18 January 1503 – 27 December 1562), a member of the Podiebrad family, was Silesian duke of Münsterberg and Oels from 1536 to 1542.

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Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

Joanna of Austria (German Johanna von Österreich, Italian Giovanna d'Austria) (24 January 1547 – 11 April 1578) was born an Archduchess of Austria as the youngest daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.

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Joanna of Castile

Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), known historically as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was Queen of Castile from 1504, and of Aragon from 1516.

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Johann Faber

Johann Faber (1478 – May 21, 1541) was a Catholic theologian known for his writings opposing the Protestant Reformation and the growing Anabaptist movement.

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Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein

Johann Friedrich (23 August 1587 – 19 October 1644) was the Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein from 1614 until 1644.

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Johann Katzianer

Johann Katzianer (Ivan Kacijanar), or Hans Katzianer, Freiherr zu Katzenstein und Fledingen (1491, Begunje (Vigaun) – 27 October 1539, Hrvatska Kostajnica) was a Carniolan aristocrat and an Imperial Army commander.

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Johann Ludwig Brassicanus

Johann Ludwig Brassicanus (1509 – 3 June 1549) was an advisor to the Habsburg monarchy.

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Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg

Johann Philipp (Torgau, 25 January 1597 – Altenburg, 1 April 1639), was a duke of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Johannes Crato von Krafftheim

Johannes Crato von Krafftheim (originally: Johannes Krafft; also: Crato von Crafftheim; Johannis Cratonis; 22 November 1519 - 19 October 1585) was a German humanist and court physician to three Holy Roman emperors.

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John Albert Vasa

John Albert Vasa (Jan Albert Waza) (25 June 1612 – 29 December 1634) was a Polish cardinal, and a Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków.

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John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg

John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg (20 April 1589, Zweibrücken – 18 June 1652, Stegeborg Castle) was the son of John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and his wife, Duchess Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and was the founder of a branch of Wittelsbach Counts Palatine often called the Swedish line, because it gave rise to three subsequent kings of Sweden,Michel Huberty, Alain Giraud, F. and B. Magdelaine.

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John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

Johann Frederick I (Johann Friedrich I; 30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called Johann the Magnanimous, or St.

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John George II, Elector of Saxony

Johann George II (31 May 1613 – 22 August 1680) was the Elector of Saxony from 1656 to 1680.

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John II Casimir Vasa

John II Casimir (Jan II Kazimierz Waza; Johann II.; Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Opole in Upper Silesia, and titular King of Sweden 1648–1660.

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John II Ernuszt

John Ernuszt de Csáktornya, Jr. (csáktornyai Ernuszt János; 1465 – after 20 November 1528), also known as John Hampó, was a Hungarian baron, who served as Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia between 1508 and 1510.

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John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken

John II the Younger (Johann II.) (26 March 1584 – 9 August 1635) was the Duke of Zweibrücken from 1604 until 1635.

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John III of Pernstein

John of Pernstein (also known as John of Helfenstein and Pernstein or John the Rich; Jan z Pernštejna or Jan z Pernštejna a na Helfštejně or Jan Bohatý; Johann von Pernstein or Hans von Pernstein auf Helfenstein; born: 14 November 1487 in Moravský Krumlov; died: 8 September 1548 in Židlochovice) was High Treasurer of Moravia from 1506 and 1516 and Landeshauptmann of Moravia from 1515 to 1519 and from 1526 to 1528 and Governor of Moravia from 1530 to 1532.

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John III, Duke of Cleves

John III the Peaceful, Duke of Cleves and Count of Mark (John III, Duke of Cleves; John I, Duke of Jülich-Berg; Johann III der Friedfertige, Herzog von Jülich-Kleve-Berg; 10 November 1490 – 6 February 1538 or 1539) was a son of John II, Duke of Cleves and Mathilde of Hesse, daughter of Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse.

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John of Austria the Younger

John of Austria (the Younger) or John Joseph of Austria (Don Juan José de Austria) (7 April 162917 September 1679) was a Spanish general and political figure.

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John Sigismund Vasa

John Sigismund Vasa (January 6, 1652, Warsaw - February 20, 1652, Warsaw) - Polish prince, the son of John II Casimir and Marie Louise Gonzaga.

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John Sigismund Zápolya

John Sigismund Zápolya or Szapolyai (Szapolyai János Zsigmond; 7 July 1540 – 14 March 1571) was King of Hungary as John II from 1540 to 1551, and from 1556 to 1570, and the first Prince of Transylvania from 1570 to his death.

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John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Johann Wilhelm of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (Johann Wilhelm, Herzog zu Kleve, Jülich und Berg) (28 May 1562 – 25 March 1609) was a Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.

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John Zápolya

John Zápolya, or John Szapolyai (Ivan Zapolja, Szapolyai János or Zápolya János, Ioan Zápolya, Ján Zápoľský, Jovan Zapolja/Јован Запоља; 1490 or 1491 – 22 July 1540), was King of Hungary (as John I) from 1526 to 1540.

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John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin

John of Brandenburg-Küstrin (Johann von Brandenburg-Küstrin, or Hans von Küstrin; 3 August 1513 – 13 January 1571), was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and a Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin.

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José de la Guerra y Noriega

José Antonio de la Guerra y Noriega (March 6, 1779 – February 18, 1858) was a soldier and early settler of California.

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Josef Max

Josef Calanza Max (16 January 1804, Janov, near Sloup v Čechách - 18 June 1855, Prague) was a German-Czech sculptor.

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Josel of Rosheim

Josel of Rosheim (alternatively: Joselin, Joselmann, Yoselmann, Josel von Rosheim, יוסף בן גרשון מרוסהים Joseph ben Gershon mi-Rosheim, or Joseph ben Gershon Loanz; c. 1480 – March, 1554) was the great advocate ("shtadlan") of the German and Polish Jews during the reigns of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Charles V. Maximilian I appointed him as governor of all Jews of Germany, a position which was confirmed after his death by his grandson, Charles V. His stature among the Jews, and the protected status he gained for himself and for the Jews within the Holy Roman Empire, rested in part on his skills as an advocate and in part from the Jewish role in financing the expenses of the emperor.

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Josse Ravesteyn

Josse Ravesteyn, also spelled Ravestein (ca. 1506–1570), was a Flemish Roman Catholic theologian.

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Jovan Nenad

Jovan Nenad (Јован Ненад; ca. 1492 – 26 July 1527), known as the Black was a Serb military commander in the service of the Kingdom of Hungary who took advantage of a Hungarian military defeat at Mohács and subsequent struggle over the Hungarian throne to carve out his own state in the southern Pannonian Plain.

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Judge royal

The judge royal, also justiciar, chief justiceSegeš 2002, p. 202.

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July 25

No description.

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Juraj Drašković

Juraj II Drašković (George II Drashkovich, Juraj II., Draskovics II.), 5 February 1525 – 31 January 1587) was a Croatian nobleman, statesman and Catholic bishop and cardinal, very powerful and influential in the Croatian Kingdom. He was a member of the Drašković noble family and elected by Sabor – the Parliament of Croatia – as Ban (viceroy) of Croatia to rule the country between 1567 and 1578.

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Justus Velsius

Justus Velsius, Haganus, or Joost Welsens in Dutch (c. 1510, The Hague, Low Countries – after 1581 at an unknown location), was a Dutch humanist, physician, and mathematician.

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Kadaň

Kadaň (Kaaden), is a city in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic.

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Kamenica, Sabinov District

Kamenica (Tarkő, (earlier) Tarkeő, Kamenyica) is a village and municipality in Sabinov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia.

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Kamenz

Kamenz (Kamjenc) is a town (Große Kreisstadt) in the district of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany.

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Kapellmeister

Kapellmeister is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making.

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Karl Christoph, Duke of Münsterberg

Charles Christopher, Duke of Münsterberg (also Charles Christopher of Poděbrady, Karel Krištof z Poděbrad or Karel Krištof z Minstrberka; 22 May 1545, Oleśnica – 17 March 1569, Oleśnica) was duke of Münsterberg from 1565 until his death.

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Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Charles Frederick of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (28 April 1555 in Cleves – 9 February 1575 in Rome), was Hereditary Prince of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and the counties of Mark and Ravensberg.

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Karl II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels

Charles II of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Charles II of Poděbrady; Karel II.; 15 April 1545, Oleśnica – 28 January 1617, Oleśnica) was Duke of Oels from 1565 to 1617 and Duke of Bernstadt from 1604 to 1617.

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Karl V

Karl V. is an opera, described as a Bühnenwerk mit Musik (stage work with music) by Ernst Krenek, his opus 73.

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Karol Ferdynand Vasa

Prince Charles Ferdinand Vasa (Karol Ferdynand Waza; October 13, 1613 in Warsaw – May 9, 1655 in Wyszków), was a Polish nobleman, prince, priest, Bishop of Wrocław from 1625, bishop of Płock from 1640 and Duke of Opole from 1648 to 1655.

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Kaspar Ursinus Velius

Kaspar Ursinus Velius (c. 1493 – 5 March 1539) was a German humanist scholar, poet and historian.

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Kłodzko Land

Kłodzko Land (Kladsko; Glatzer Land; Ziemia kłodzka) is a historical region in southwestern Poland.

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Khust

Khust (Ukrainian: Хуст, Chust, Huszt) is a city located on the Khustets River in Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine.

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Kieselstein Castle

Kieselstein Castle, also known as Khislstein, (Grad Kieselstein / Khislstein) is a 13th-century castle in the city of Kranj, in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

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King of Hungary

The King of Hungary (magyar király) was the ruling head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001) to 1918.

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King of the Romans

King of the Romans (Rex Romanorum; König der Römer) was a title used by Syagrius, then by the German king following his election by the princes from the time of Emperor Henry II (1014–1024) onward.

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Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes in English literature referred to as the Czech Kingdom (České království; Königreich Böhmen; Regnum Bohemiae, sometimes Regnum Czechorum), was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, the predecessor of the modern Czech Republic.

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Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

The Kingdom of Croatia (Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska; Regnum Croatiae Horvát Királyság Königreich Kroatien) was part of the Habsburg Monarchy that existed between 1527 and 1868 (also known between 1804 and 1867 as the Austrian Empire), as well as a part of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years.

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Kingdom of Galicia

The Kingdom of Galicia (Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Reino de Galicia; Reino da Galiza; Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).

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Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)

In the Late Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary, a country in Central Europe, experienced a period of interregnum in the early 14th century.

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Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 was, while outside the Holy Roman Empire, part of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, that became the Empire of Austria in 1804.

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Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

The Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum, Italian: Regno d'Italia) was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kings of Bohemia family tree

This family tree of the kings of Bohemia includes only monarchs of the Kingdom of Bohemia and their descendants who are relevant to the succession lineage.

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Kings of Hungary family tree

This family tree of the Kings of Hungary includes only kings of Hungary and their descendants who are relevant to the succession.

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Kings of Naples family tree

This is a complete family tree of the Kings of Naples.

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Kings of Poland family tree

This is a family tree of the Kings of Poland.

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Kings of Sicily family tree

The first Sicilian monarch was Roger I, Count of Sicily.

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Kittsee

Kittsee (Kopčany, Köpcsény, Gijeca) is an Austrian municipality in the District of Neusiedl am See, Burgenland.

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Klemens Janicki

Klemens Janicki (Janiciusz, Januszkowski, from Januszkowo) ('Clemens Ianicius') (1516–1543) was one of the most outstanding Latin poets of the 16th century.

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Košice

Košice is the largest city in eastern Slovakia and in 2013 was the European Capital of Culture (together with Marseille, France).

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Komárno

Komárno (Komárom, colloquially Révkomárom, Öregkomárom, Észak-Komárom, Komorn, Komoran/Коморан) is a town in Slovakia at the confluence of the Danube and the Váh rivers.

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Krosno Odrzańskie

Krosno Odrzańskie (Crossen an der Oder) is a city on the east bank of Oder River, at the confluence with the Bóbr.

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Kunz Lochner

Kunz (Konrad also Conrad or Conrath) Lochner (1510 in Nuremberg – buried 19. August 1567) was an eminent master plate armourer, blacksmith and silversmith from Nuremberg, Germany, Holy Roman Empire.

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Kutná Hora

Kutná Hora (medieval Czech: Hory Kutné; Kuttenberg) is a city situated in the Central Bohemian Region of Bohemia, which is now part of the Czech Republic.

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Lainzer Tiergarten

The Lainzer Tiergarten is a 24.50 km² (6,054-acre) wildlife preserve in the southwest corner of Vienna, Austria, 80% of it being covered in woodland.

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Lamoral, Count of Egmont

Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Prince of Gavere (November 18, 1522 – June 5, 1568) was a general and statesman in the Spanish Netherlands just before the start of the Eighty Years' War, whose execution helped spark the national uprising that eventually led to the independence of the Netherlands.

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Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown, sometimes called Czech lands in modern times, were a number of incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods connected by feudal relations under the Bohemian kings.

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Landskron Castle (Carinthia)

Landskron Castle (Burg Landskron, Grad Vajškra) is a medieval hill castle northeast of Villach in the state of Carinthia, Austria.

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Lőrinc Wathay

Lőrinc Wathay (? - 1573) was a Hungarian nobleman and castellan of Csesznek.

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Le Quesnoy

Le Quesnoy is a commune and small town in the east of the Nord department of northern France, accordingly its historic province is French Hainaut.

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Leonard Stöckel

Leonard Stöckel (also spelled as Stöckl or Stöckelius, Stöckel Lénárd; 1510–1560) was a Lutheran teacher, theologian, writer, humanist and an influential reformer.

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Leonhard Fronsperger

Leonhard Fronsperger (c. 1520–1575) was a Bavarian German soldier and author.

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Leonhard Thurneysser

Leonard Thurneysser (22 July 1531 – 1595 or 1596; also known as Leonard Thurneisser zum Thurn) was a scholar and miracle doctor at the court of Elector John George of Brandenburg.

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Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold I (name in full: Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician; I.; 9 June 1640 – 5 May 1705) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia.

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Leopold V, Archduke of Austria

Leopold V, Archduke of Further Austria (October 9, 1586 – September 13, 1632) was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria, and the younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand II, father of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria.

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Leopoldo de' Medici

Leopoldo de' Medici (6 November 1617 – 10 November 1675) was an Italian cardinal, scholar, patron of the arts and Governor of Siena.

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Letohrádek Hvězda

Letohrádek Hvězda (translating into English as "Star Villa" or "Star Summer Palace") is a Renaissance villa situated in a game reserve of the same name (Obora Hvězda) in Liboc, Prague 6, 7 kilometres west of Prague city centre.

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Libochovice Chateau

Libochovice Chateau is situated in the centre of Libochovice town, Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic.

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Lipica, Sežana

Lipica (Lipizza) is a village in the Municipality of Sežana in the Littoral region of Slovenia, close to the border with Italy.

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List of ambassadors of Turkey to Austria

The Turkish Ambassador to Austria has his residence in Vienna.

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List of Austrian consorts

This is a list of the Austrian empresses, archduchesses, duchesses and margravines, wives of the rulers of Austria.

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List of Bavarian consorts

There have been three kinds of Bavarian consorts in history, Duchesses, Electresses and Queens.

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List of Bohemian consorts

This is a list of the royal consorts of the rulers of Bohemia.

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List of Bohemian monarchs

This is a list of Bohemian monarchs now also referred to as list of Czech monarchs who ruled as Dukes and Kings of Bohemia.

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List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent

The imperial campaignsZürcher (1999), p. 38.

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List of coin collectors

The first coin collector is said to have been Augustus.

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List of consorts of Berg

No description.

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List of consorts of Cleves

No description.

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List of consorts of Montferrat

The Marchioness and Duchesses of Montferrat were the consorts of the rulers of a territory in Piedmont south of the Po and east of Turin called Montferrat.

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List of consorts of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was founded in 1569.

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List of coupled cousins

This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin.

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List of Croatian soldiers

This is a list of Croatian soldiers, and it includes all kinds of military personnel.

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List of Ferrarese consorts

No description.

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List of German monarchs

This is a list of monarchs who ruled over the German territories of central Europe from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 (by which a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom was created), until the collapse of the German Empire in 1918.

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List of German queens

German queen is the informal title used when referring to the wife of the ruler of the Kingdom of Germany.

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List of harpists

This is a list of people who are notable as harpists.

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List of historical opera characters

This is a list of historical figures who have been characters in opera or operetta.

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List of honorary British knights and dames

This is an incomplete list of people who have been created honorary Knights or Dames by the British crown, as well as those who have been raised to the two comparable Orders of Chivalry (Order of Merit and Order of the Companions of Honour) and the Royal Victorian Chain, which do not carry pre-nominal styles.

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List of Hungarian consorts

This is a list of the queens consorts of Hungary, the consorts of the kings of Hungary.

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List of Hungarian monarchs

This is a List of Hungarian monarchs, which includes the grand princes (895–1000) and the kings and ruling queens of Hungary (1000–1918).

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List of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire

The following is a list, imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire.

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List of Italian queens

Queen of Italy (regina Italiae in Latin and regina d'Italia in Italian) is a title adopted by many spouses of the rulers of the Italian peninsula after the fall of the Roman Empire.

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List of Knights and Ladies of the Garter

The Most Noble Order of the Garter was founded by Edward III of England in 1348.

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List of Knights of the Golden Fleece

This page contains a list of Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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List of Latin legal terms

A number of Latin terms are used in legal terminology and legal maxims.

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List of Latin phrases (F)

Additional sources.

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List of Lithuanian consorts

The consort (or spouse) of the royal rulers of Lithuania and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in all cases a woman and nearly all took the title of Grand Duchess.

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List of Mantuan consorts

No description.

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List of Modenese consorts

No description.

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List of monarchs who abdicated

This is a list of monarchs who have abdicated.

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List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 16th century

This is a list of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 16th century. This list currently holds 27 countries.

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List of palatines of Hungary

This is a list of palatines of Hungary.

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List of Polish consorts

The Polish royal consorts were the spouses of the reigning monarchs of the Kingdom of Poland.

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List of rulers of Austria

Austria was ruled by the House of Babenberg until 1246 and by the House of Habsburg from 1282 to 1918.

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List of rulers of Croatia

The details of the arrival of the Croats are scarcely documented: c.626, Croats migrate from White Croatia (around what is now Galicia) at the invitation of Eastern Roman Emperor Heraclius.

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List of state leaders in 1527

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List of state leaders in 1528

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List of state leaders in 1529

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List of state leaders in 1530

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List of state leaders in 1531

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List of state leaders in 1532

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List of state leaders in 1533

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List of state leaders in 1534

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List of state leaders in 1536

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List of state leaders in 1537

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List of state leaders in 1538

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List of state leaders in 1539

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List of state leaders in 1540

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List of state leaders in 1541

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List of state leaders in 1542

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List of state leaders in 1543

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List of state leaders in 1544

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List of state leaders in 1545

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List of state leaders in 1546

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List of state leaders in 1547

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List of state leaders in 1548

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List of state leaders in 1549

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List of state leaders in 1550

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List of state leaders in 1551

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List of state leaders in 1552

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List of state leaders in 1553

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List of state leaders in 1554

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List of state leaders in 1555

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List of state leaders in 1556

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List of state leaders in 1557

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List of state leaders in 1558

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List of state leaders in 1559

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List of state leaders in 1560

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List of state leaders in 1561

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List of state leaders in 1562

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List of state leaders in 1563

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List of state leaders in 1564

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List of state leaders in 1565

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List of state leaders in the 16th century

;State leaders in the 15th century – State leaders in the 17th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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Livonia

Livonia (Līvõmō, Liivimaa, German and Scandinavian languages: Livland, Latvian and Livonija, Inflanty, archaic English Livland, Liwlandia; Liflyandiya) is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

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Livonian War

The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

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Lodovico Dolce

Lodovico Dolce (1508/10–1568) was an Italian man of letters and theorist of painting.

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Loket Castle

Loket Castle (Hrad Loket, Burg Elbogen) is a 12th-century Gothic style castle about from Karlovy Vary on a massive rock in the town of Loket, Karlovarský kraj, Czech Republic.

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Lorber

Lorber or Lorbeer is a surname with German roots (Lorbeer means Laurel in German).

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Louis II of Hungary

Louis II (Ludvík, Ludovik, Lajos, 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.

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Louis III, Count of Löwenstein

Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (17 February 1530 in Vaihingen † 13 March 1611 in Wertheim) was the ruling Count of Löwenstein-Wertheim from 1571 until his death.

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Louis X, Duke of Bavaria

Louis X (German: Ludwig X, Herzog von Bayern), (Grünwald, 18 September 1495 – 22 April 1545 in Landshut) was Duke of Bavaria (1516–1545), together with his older brother William IV, Duke of Bavaria.

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Louis XIII of France

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown.

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Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis, Count of Stolberg

Count Louis of Stolberg (12 January 1505 in Stolberg – 1 September 1574 in Wertheim) was a German nobleman.

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Lubusz Land

Lubusz Land (Ziemia Lubuska, Lubusz; Land Lebus) is a historical region and cultural landscape in Poland and Germany on both sides of the Oder river.

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Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 58 BC)

Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (c. 100 BC – 43 BC) was a Roman senator and the father-in-law of Julius Caesar through his daughter Calpurnia.

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Lusatian League

The Lusatian League (Oberlausitzer Sechsstädtebund; Šestiměstí; Związek Sześciu Miast) was a historical alliance of six towns in the Bohemian (1346–1635), later Saxon (1635–1815) region of Upper Lusatia, that existed from 1346 until 1815.

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Luther (2003 film)

Luther is a 2003 American-German epic historical drama film loosely based on the life of Martin Luther starring Joseph Fiennes.

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Lysá nad Labem

Lysá nad Labem (Lissa an der Elbe) is a town in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic, situated on the Labe (Elbe) river.

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Magdalene of Bavaria

Magdalene of Bavaria (4 July 1587 – 25 September 1628) was a princess member of the House of Wittelsbach by birth and Countess Palatine of Neuburg and Duchess of Jülich-Berg by marriage.

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Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Duchess Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (2 November 1553 – 30 August 1633) was the fifth child of Duke William "the rich" of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and Maria of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I. She married in 1579 with Count Palatine John I ''the lame'' of Zweibrücken.

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March 10

No description.

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Marcin Kromer

Marcin Kromer (Latin: Martinus Cromerus; 11 November 1512 – 23 March 1589) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland), a Polish cartographer, diplomat and historian in the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain

Margaret of Austria (25 December 1584 – 3 October 1611) was Queen consort of Spain and Portugal by her marriage to King Philip III and II.

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Margaret Paleologa

Margaret Palaeologa (Margherita Paleologa; 11 August 1510 in Casale Monferrato – 28 December 1566 in Mantua), was an Italian ruler; ruling Marchioness of Montferrat in 1533 - 1536.

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Margaret Theresa of Spain

Margaret Theresa of Spain (Margarita Teresa, Margarete Theresia; 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673) was, by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia.

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Margherita de' Medici

Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma.

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Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Ferrara

Margherita Gonzaga d'Este, Duchess of Ferrara (27 May 1564 – 6 January 1618) was an Italian noblewoman, the daughter of William I, Duke of Mantua (Guglielmo Gonzaga) and Eleonora of Austria, and the sister of Vincent I, Duke of Mantua and Anna Caterina Gonzaga.

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Margherita Gonzaga, Duchess of Lorraine

Margherita Gonzaga (2 October 1591 – 7 February 1632) was Duchess of Lorraine from 1606 until her husband's death in 1624.

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Margraviate of Moravia

The Margraviate of Moravia (Markrabství moravské; Markgrafschaft Mähren) or March of Moravia was a marcher state existing from 1182 to 1918 and one of the lands of the Bohemian Crown.

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Marguerite Louise d'Orléans

Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721), a Princess of France who became Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici.

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Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)

Maria Anna of Bavaria (21 March 1551, Munich – 29 April 1608, Graz) was a politically active Archduchess of Austria by marriage to Archduke Charles II of Austria.

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Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616)

Maria Anna of Bavaria (18 December 1574 – 8 March 1616), was German princess member of the House of Wittelsbach by birth and Archduchess of Inner Austria by marriage.

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Maria Anna of Spain

Infanta Maria Anna of Spain (18 August 1606 – 13 May 1646),.

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Maria Anna Vasa

Maria Anna Theresa Vasa (1 July 1650 - 1 August 1651), was a Polish princess and a member of the House of Vasa.

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Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania

Maria Christina of Austria (10 November 1574 – 6 April 1621), was a Princess of Transylvania by marriage to Sigismund Báthory, and for a period in 1598 elected sovereign Princess regnant of Transylvania.

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Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg

Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655) was a German princess and queen consort of Sweden.

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Maria Euphrosyne of Zweibrücken

Maria Euphrosyne of Zweibrücken (14 February 1625, Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland – 24 October 1687, Höjentorp Castle, Västergötland), was a countess palatine, a cousin and foster-sibling of Queen Christina of Sweden, and a and sister of King Charles X of Sweden.

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Maria Leopoldine of Austria

Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Tyrol (6 April 1632 – 7 August 1649),.

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Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

Archduchess Maria of Austria (15 May 1531 – 11 December 1581) was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I from the House of Habsburg and Anna Jagiello.

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Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress

Archduchess Maria of Austria (21 June 1528 – 26 February 1603) was Holy Roman Empress and queen consort of Bohemia and Hungary as the spouse of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia and Hungary.

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Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain (María Teresa de Austria; Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

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Mariahilf

Mariahilf is the 6th municipal district of Vienna, Austria (German: 6. Bezirk).

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Mariana of Austria

Mariana of Austria or Maria Anna was Queen of Spain from 1649 until her husband Philip IV died in 1665.

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Marie Anne d'Orléans

Marie Anne d'Orléans, petite-fille de France (Marie Anne; 9 November 1652 – 17 August 1656) was a French Princess and youngest daughter of Gaston d'Orléans.

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Marie de' Medici

Marie de' Medici (Marie de Médicis, Maria de' Medici; 26 April 1575 – 3 July 1642) was Queen of France as the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon.

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Marie Eleonore of Cleves

Duchess Marie Eleonore of Cleves (16 June 1550 – 1 June 1608) was a Duchess consort of Prussia by marriage to Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia.

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Marie Elisabeth of France

Marie Elisabeth of France (27 October 1572 – 2 April 1578), was a French princess and member of the House of Valois.

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Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps

Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps (1533–1595) was a German Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Marktbreit

Marktbreit am Main is a town in the district of Kitzingen in the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken in Bavaria, Germany.

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Marriage of state

A marriage of state is a diplomatic marriage or union between two members of different nation-states or internally, between two power blocs, usually in authoritarian societies and is a practice which dates back into pre-history, as far back as early Grecian cultures in western society, and of similar antiquity in other civilizations.

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Martin Eisengrein

Martin Eisengrein (28 December 1535 – 4 May 1578) was a German Catholic theologian, university professor and polemical writer.

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Martino Rota

Martino Rota, also Martin Rota and Martin Rota Kolunić (c. 1520–1583) was an artist, now mainly known for his printmaking, from Dalmatia.

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Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)

Mary of Austria (15 September 1505 – 18 October 1558), also known as Mary of Hungary, was queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of King Louis II, and was later Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands.

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Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

Mary, Princess Royal (Mary Henrietta; 4 November 1631 – 24 December 1660) was Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau by marriage to Prince William II, and co-regent for her son during his minority as Sovereign Prince of Orange from 1651 to 1660.

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Master of the doorkeepers

The Master of the doorkeepers (királyi (fő)ajtónállómester, Janitourm regalium magister, Königlicher Oberst-Türhüter) was a high-ranking official in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1945.

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Matthäus Schwarz

Matthäus Schwarz (19 February 1497 - c.1574) was a German accountant, best known for compiling his Klaidungsbüchlein or Trachtenbuch (usually translated as "Book of Clothes"), a book cataloguing the clothing that he wore between 1520 and 1560.

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Matthias Dévay

Mátyás Biró, also known as Matthias Dévay (b. Déva n.d.; d. Debrecen 1547), was a Protestant Reformer who has been called the "Luther of Hungary." Le sir Dévay was born in Déva, Hunyad County, Transylvania in the late 15th century or early 16th century.

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Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Matthias (24 February 1557 – 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 (as Matthias II) and King of Bohemia from 1611.

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Mattias de' Medici

Mattias de' Medici (9 May 1613 – 11 October 1667) was the third son of Grand Duke Cosimo II de' Medici of Tuscany and Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria.

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Maurice Gond

Colonel Maurice Roch Gond (31 May 1884 – 11 May 1964) was a World War I flying ace who played a much more important role in his nation's affairs than six aerial victories might suggest.

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Maurice, Elector of Saxony

Maurice (21 March 1521 – 9 July 1553) was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony.

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Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian I (17 April 157327 September 1651), occasionally called "the Great", a member of the House of Wittelsbach, ruled as Duke of Bavaria from 1597.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky.

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Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576), a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death.

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Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria

Maximilian III of Austria, also known as Maximilian the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (12 October 1558 – 2 November 1618) was the Archduke of Further Austria from 1612 until his death.

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Međimurje County

Međimurje County (Međimurska županija) is a triangle-shaped county in the northernmost part of Croatia, roughly corresponding to the historical and geographical region of Međimurje.

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Medici family tree

No description.

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Melchior Lorck

Melchior Lorck (or: Lorichs or: Lorich or: Lorch) (1526/27after 1583 in Copenhagen) was a renaissance painter, draughtsman, and printmaker of Danish-German origin.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the United States.

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Michael Gaismair

Michael Gaismair, (1490, Sterzing, County of Tyrol – 15 April 1532, Padua, Republic of Venice) was the son of a mining entrepreneur,Aldo Stella, Il Bauernführer, Michael Gaismair e l'utopia di un repubblicanesimo popolare, il Mulino, 1999 which became secretary of the powerful bishop of Brixen.

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Michael Helding

Michael Helding (1506 – 30 September 1561) was a Roman Catholic bishop, scholar, writer and humanist.

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Michael Sattler

Michael Sattler (1490 – 20 May 1527) was a monk who left the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation to become one of the early leaders of the Anabaptist movement.

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Michael Weiße

Michael Weiße or Weisse (– 19 March 1534) was a German theologian, Protestant reformer and hymn writer.

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Mihailo Ovčarević

Mihailo Ovčarević (Михаило Овчаревић; 1550–79) was a Habsburg Serb vojvoda (commander) of the Šajkaši (river flotilla).

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Mihály Csáky

Mihály Csáky de Mihály (Csáki; c. 1492 – May 1572) was a Hungarian noble in the Principality of Transylvania, who served as the first Chancellor of Transylvania from 1556 to 1571.

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Mihály Imreffy

Mihály Imreffy de Szerdahely (c. 1458-60 – 1536) was a Hungarian soldier and noble from the Imreffy family, who served as master of the horse (lovászmester), which was one of the high dignitaries in the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Mihály Mérey

Baron Mihály Mérey de Kaposmére (Mérei; 1500 – 26 February 1572) was a Hungarian jurist and noble, who served as Palatinal Governor (nádori helytartó) in the Kingdom of Hungary, between 1562 and 1572.

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Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł

Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (4 February 1515 – 28 May 1565), nicknamed The Black (Lithuanian: Juodasis), was a Polish-Lithuanian noble who held several administrative positions within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Voivode of Vilnius, Grand Lithuanian Chancellor, and Grand Hetman of Lithuania.

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Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł

Prince Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł (Mikalojus Kristupas Radvila Našlaitėlis) (2 Augustus 1549 – 28 February 1616) and nicknamed "the Orphan" (Sierotka, Našlaitėlis), was a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic), Ordynat of Nieśwież from 1586, Court Marshal of Lithuania from 1569, Grand Marshal of Lithuania from 1579, castellan of Trakai from 1586, voivode of Trakai Voivodeship from 1590, voivode of Vilnius Voivodeship from 1604 and governor of Šiauliai.

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Mikulov

Mikulov (Nikolsburg; ניקאלשבורג, Nikolshburg) is a town in the Moravia, South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Milan

Milan (Milano; Milan) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome, with the city proper having a population of 1,380,873 while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,235,000.

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Military Frontier

The Military Frontier was a province straddling the southern borderland of the Habsburg Monarchy and later the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Ministry of Finance (Austria)

The Ministry of Finance (Bundesministerium für Finanzen, abbreviated BMF or Finanzministerium) is the cabinet-level finance ministry of the Austrian Federal Government.

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Moise of Wallachia

Moise (died 29 August 1530) was a Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from January or March 1529 to June 1530, son of Vladislav III.

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Monarchs of Spain family tree

The following is the family tree of the Spanish monarchs starting from Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon till the present day.

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Monastery of Yuste

The Monastery of Yuste is a monastery in the small village now called Cuacos de Yuste (in older works San Yuste or San Just) in the province of Cáceres in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain.

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Monumentum Ancyranum

The Monumentum Ancyranum (Latin 'Monument of Ancyra') or Temple of Augustus and Rome in Ancyra is an Augusteum in Ankara (ancient Ancyra), Turkey.

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Moravia

Moravia (Morava;; Morawy; Moravia) is a historical country in the Czech Republic (forming its eastern part) and one of the historical Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.

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Mordecai Meisel

Mordecai Marcus Meisel (Mordechaj Marek or Miška Marek Meisel (Majzel) in Czech) (1528, Prague–March 13, 1601, Prague) was a philanthropist and communal leader in Prague; his father was Samuel Meisel.

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Mordecai Yoffe

Mordecai ben Avraham Yoffe (or Jaffe or Joffe) (1530 – 7 March 1612; Hebrew: מרדכי בן אברהם יפה) was a Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva and posek.

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Moses of Mardin

Moses of Mardin (Latin: Moses Mardenus) was a Syriac Orthodox priest and bishop who played a significant role in printing the first Syriac bible and served as perhaps the first Syriac teacher/scholar in Europe.

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Mosonmagyaróvár

Mosonmagyaróvár (Wieselburg-Ungarisch Altenburg; Ad Flexum) is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron county in northwestern Hungary.

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Museum of Military History, Vienna

The Museum of Military History – Military History Institute (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum – Militärhistorisches Institut) in Vienna is the leading museum of the Austrian Armed Forces.

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Music history of Hungary

Little is known about Hungarian music prior to the 11th century, when the first Kings of Hungary were Christianized and Gregorian chant was introduced.

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My Last Duchess

"My Last Duchess" is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue.

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Neapolitan sums

The Neapolitan sums (Sumy neapolitańskie) refers to a loan made in 1557 by Bona Sforza, dowager Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania, to Philip II of Spain.

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Nelahozeves

Nelahozeves is a village on left bank of the Vltava river, 35 km north of Prague, Czech Republic.

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Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans

The Duke of Orléans (April 16, 1607 – November 17, 1611) was the second son and fourth child of Henry IV of France and his Italian queen Marie de' Medici.

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Nicolaus Olahus

Nicolaus Olahus (Latin for Nicholas, the Vlach; Oláh Miklós; Nicolae Valahul); 10 January 1493 – 15 January 1568) was the Archbishop of Esztergom, Primate of Hungary, and a distinguished Roman Catholic prelate.

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Nicole, Duchess of Lorraine

Nicole de Lorraine (3 October 1608 – 2 February 1657) was Duchess of Lorraine and Bar from 1 August 1624 to 21 November 1625, and Duchess consort in 1625–1634.

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Nikola Šubić Zrinski

Nikola Šubić Zrinski or Zrínyi Miklós (1508 – 7 September 1566) was a Croatian nobleman and general in the service of the Habsburg, ban of Croatia from 1542-56, and member of the Zrinski noble family.

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Nikola III Zrinski

Nikola III Zrinski (Nicholas III Zrinski), (1488 or 1489(?) – 1534 in Zrin), was a Croatian nobleman, a member of the Zrinski noble family, influential in the Kingdom of Croatia.

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Nikola Jurišić

Baron Nikola Jurišić (Miklós Jurisics; c. 1490 – 1545) was a Croatian nobleman, soldier, and diplomat.

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Northern Seven Years' War

The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the Nordic Seven Years' War, the First Northern War or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Lübeck and Poland between 1563 and 1570.

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Nowa Sól

Nowa Sól (Neusalz an der Oder) is a town on the Oder River in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland.

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Oberdrauburg

Oberdrauburg is a market town in the district of Spittal an der Drau at the western rim of the Austrian state of Carinthia.

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Obernai

Obernai (Alsatian: Owernah; Oberehnheim) commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

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Obora Hvězda

Obora Hvězda (Star Game Reserve) is a forest park (formerly a royal game reserve) in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic which is now protected as natural monument.

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Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 in Comines – 28 October 1592; Latin: Augerius Gislenius Busbequius; sometimes Augier Ghislain de Busbecq) was a 16th-century Flemish writer, herbalist and diplomat in the employ of three generations of Austrian monarchs.

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Opole

Opole (Oppeln, Silesian German: Uppeln, Uopole, Opolí) is a city located in southern Poland on the Oder River and the historical capital of Upper Silesia.

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Oradea

Oradea (Großwardein, Nagyvárad, Hungarian pronunciation:, colloquially also Várad, former Varat, גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn) the capital city of Bihor County and Crișana region, is one of the important centers of economic, social and cultural development in the western part of Romania, retaining these characteristics throughout history.

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Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg)

The Order of Saint George (Ordo militaris Sancti Georgii; St.) is an Austrian chivalric order founded by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II in 1469.

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Ornamental bulbous plant

Ornamental bulbous plants, often called ornamental bulbs or just bulbs in gardening and horticulture, are herbaceous perennials grown for ornamental purposes, which have underground or near ground storage organs.

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Ottensheim

Ottensheim is a municipality in the district of Urfahr-Umgebung in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

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Otto Heinrich Fugger, Count of Kirchberg

Otto Heinrich Fugger, Count of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn (1592–1644) was promoted to be a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1628.

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Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg

Otto II of Brunswick-Harburg, nicknamed the Younger, or the Famous (25 September 1528, in Celle – 26 October 1603, in Harburg) was from 1549 until his death of Duke of Brunswick-Harburg.

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Otto Truchsess von Waldburg

Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (26 February 1514 – 2 April 1573) was Prince-Bishop of Augsburg from 1543 until his death and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Otto von Pack

Otto von Pack (c. 1480 – 8 February 1537), German conspirator.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Hungary

Ottoman Hungary was the territory of southern Medieval Hungary which was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1541 to 1699.

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Ottoman–Habsburg wars

The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg (later Austrian) Empire, which was at times supported by the Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Hungary, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Habsburg Spain.

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Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)

The Habsburgs and their allies and the Ottoman Empire engaged in a series of military campaigns against one another in Hungary between 1526 and 1568.

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Pacta conventa (Croatia)

Pacta conventa (Lat. agreed accords) was an alleged agreement concluded between King Coloman of Hungary and the Croatian nobility in 1102 or afterwards, defining the status of Croatia in the union with Hungary.

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Pajštún Castle

Pajštún Castle or Pajštún (Pajštúnsky hrad, Peilenstein) is a ruined medieval castle in the municipality of Borinka in the Bratislava region of Slovakia.

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Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania

The Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai Vilniaus žemutinėje pilyje; Zamek Dolny w Wilnie) is a palace in Vilnius, Lithuania.

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Palestrina (opera)

Palestrina is an opera by the German composer Hans Pfitzner, first performed in 1917.

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Papal conclave, 1559

The papal conclave of 1559 (5 September – 25 December) was convened on the death of Pope Paul IV and elected Pope Pius IV as his successor.

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Passau

Passau (') is a town in Lower Bavaria, Germany, also known as the Dreiflüssestadt ("City of Three Rivers") because the Danube is joined there by the Inn from the south and the Ilz from the north.

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Paternion

Paternion (Špaterjan) is a market town in the district of Villach-Land in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

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Paul Laymann

Paul Laymann (1574 – 13 November 1635 or 1632) was an Austrian Jesuit and important moralist.

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Pavle Bakić

Pavle Bakić (Павле Бакић, Bakith Pál; ca. 1525 - 20 September 1537) was the last Despot of Serbia, he ruled a large territory under the Hungarian crown until his death in 1537.

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Pécs

Pécs (known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city of Hungary, located on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the south-west of the country, close to its border with Croatia.

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Péter Petrovics

Péter Petrovics (Petrovics Péter; Петар Петровић/Petar Petrović; c. 1486 – October 1557) was a Hungarian noble of Serb ethnicity from Banat, who was active in the 16th-century Transylvania.

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Přemyslid dynasty

The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemyslid (Přemyslovci, Premysliden, Przemyślidzi) was a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century–1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary, and Austria.

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Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (the predecessor of Ferdinand I) and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg.

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Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt

The Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt was a treaty between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire.

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Personal union

A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Petar Keglević

Petar Keglević of Bužim (died in 1554 or 1555) was the ban of Croatia and Slavonia from 1537 to 1542.

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Petar Kružić

Petar Kružić (died 1537) was a Croatian knez, captain, soldier and defender of Klis, and the captain of Senj.

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Petar Ovčarević

Petar Ovčarević (Петар Овчаревић; 1521–41) was an Ottoman and then Hungarian river flotilla commander, who during his Ottoman service spied and informed the Christian army on the intentions and movements of the Ottoman army.

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Peter Agricola

Peter Agricola (June 29, 1525 – July 5 or 7, 1585) was a German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar and theologian, diplomat and statesman, disciple of Martin Luther, friend and collaborator of Philipp Melanchthon.

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Peter Canisius

Peter Canisius, S.J. (Pieter Kanis, 8 May 1521 – 21 December 1597) was a renowned Dutch Jesuit Catholic priest.

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Petru Rareș

Petru Rareș, sometimes known as Peter IV (Petru IV; ca. 1487 – 3 September 1546) was twice voievod of Moldavia: 20 January 1527 to 18 September 1538 and 19 February 1541 to 3 September 1546.

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Philip de' Medici

Philip de' Medici (May 20, 1577 – March 29, 1582) was the youngest child of Francesco I de' Medici and Joanna of Austria.

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Philip I of Castile

Philip I (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506) called the Handsome or the Fair, was the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile.

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Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige ("the magnanimous"), was a leading champion of the Protestant Reformation and one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.

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Philip IV of Spain

Philip IV of Spain (Felipe IV; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain (as Philip IV in Castille and Philip III in Aragon) and Portugal as Philip III (Filipe III).

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Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias

Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (Felipe Próspero José Francisco Domingo Ignacio Antonio Buenaventura Diego Miguel Luis Alfonso Isidro Ramón Víctor; 28 November 1657 1 November 1661) was the first son of Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria to survive infancy.

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Philip William, Elector Palatine

Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine (Philipp Wilhelm) (24 November 1615 – 2 September 1690) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690.

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Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg

Philipp III of Hanau-Lichtenberg (18 October 1482 – 15 May 1538, Bouxwiller (Buchsweiler)) was the third Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

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Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

Count Phillip III of Hanau-Münzenberg (30 November 1526 – 14 November 1561) ruled the County of Hanau-Münzenberg from 1529 until his death.

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Philipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

Philipp Ludwig I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – 4 February 1580) succeeded his father in the government of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg in 1561.

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Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

Philippe, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the younger son of Louis XIII of France and his wife, Anne of Austria.

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Pier Paolo Vergerio

Pier (also: Pietro) Paolo Vergerio (1498 – October 4, 1565) (Vergerius, Peter Pavel Vergerius mlajši, also spelled Vergerij), the Younger, was an Italian Protestant reformer.

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Pierre Van Der Worst

Pierre Van Der Vorst (died 1549) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Acqui (1535–1549).

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Pieve Vergonte

Pieve Vergonte is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Piedmont region of Italy.

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Plitvice Lakes National Park

Plitvice Lakes National Park (Nacionalni park Plitvička jezera, colloquial Plitvice) is one of the oldest and the largest national parks in Croatia.

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Poděbrady Castle

The Poděbrady Castle (Zámek Poděbrady) is a castle in the town of Poděbrady, in the Czech Republic.

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Podmanitzky family

The Podmanitzky family was an influential noble family from Upper Hungary, in the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Polička

Polička (Politschka) is a town on the Bohemia-Moravia borderline in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic.

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Polish Reformed Church

The Polish Reformed Church, officially called the Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland (Polish: Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP) is a historic Reformed Protestant church in Poland established in the 16th century, still in existence today.

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Pompeo Colonna

Pompeo Colonna (12 May 1479 – 28 June 1532) was an Italian condottiero, politician, and cardinal.

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Pope Adrian VI

Pope Adrian VI (Hadrianus VI), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary

The postal history of Hungary is strongly linked to the history of Hungary.

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Považská Bystrica

Považská Bystrica (Waagbistritz; Vágbeszterce) is a town in northwestern Slovakia.

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Považský hrad

Považský hrad (other names: Hrad Bystrica, Bystrický hrad, Beszterce, Bistrizza, Bestruche castrum) is a ruin of medieval castle on the right side of the river Váh, near Považská Bystrica in Slovakia.

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Prague

Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.

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Prague Castle

Prague Castle (Pražský hrad) is a castle complex in Prague, Czech Republic, dating from the 9th century.

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Prague groschen

The Prague groschen (pražský groš, grossi pragenses, Prager Groschen, grosz praski) was a groschen-type silver coin that was issued by Wenceslaus II of Bohemia since 1300 in the Kingdom of Bohemia and became very common throughout Medieval Central Europe.

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Prešov

Prešov (Eperjes, Eperies, Preschau, Пряшів) is a city in Eastern Slovakia.

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Prince Ferdinand

Prince Ferdinand may refer to.

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Prince of Transylvania

The Prince of Transylvania (Fürst von Siebenbürgen,Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. erdélyi fejedelem, princeps Transsylvaniae. principele Transilvaniei) was the head of state of the Principality of Transylvania from the last decades of the 16th century until the middle of the 18th century.

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Prince-abbot

A Prince-Abbot (Fürstabt) is a title for a cleric who is a Prince of the Church (like a Prince-Bishop), in the sense of an ex officio temporal lord of a feudal entity, notably a State of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy

Catherine Beatrice of Savoy (6 November 1636, Turin, Piedmont – 27 August 1637) was a Princess of Savoy by birth.

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Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy

Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (Enrichetta Adelaide Maria; 6 November 1636 – 13 June 1676), was Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria.

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Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy

Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy (27 July 1629 – 12 May 1692) was a Princess of Savoy by birth and the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy.

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Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy

Margaret Yolande of Savoy (15 November 1635 – 29 April 1663) was Princess of Savoy from birth and later Duchess consort of Parma.

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Prospero Santacroce

Prospero Pubblicola Santacroce (24 September 1514 – 2 October 1589) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Protestation at Speyer

On April 19, 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban against Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.

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Racibórz

Racibórz (Ratibor, Ratiboř, Raćibůrz) is a town in Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland.

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Radič Božić

Radič Božić (Радич Божић; fl. 1502 - September 1528) was the Despot of Serbia in 1527 until his death in September 1528.

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Radu Paisie

Radu VII Paisie, also known as Radu vodă Măjescul, Radu vodă Călugărul, Petru I, and Petru de la Argeș (ca. 1500 – ?), was Prince of Wallachia almost continuously from June 1535 to February 1545.

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Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma

Ranuccio II Farnese (17 September 1630 – 11 December 1694) was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later and Duke of Castro from 1646 until 1649.

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Raymund Fugger

Raymund or Raimund Fugger (24 October 1489 in Augsburg – 3 December 1535 in Mickhausen) was a German businessman, Imperial Count and art collector of the 'of the Lily' (von der Lilie) branch of the Fugger family.

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Révay family

The Révay family was a Hungarian noble family, who owned estates in Turóc county, the Kingdom of Hungary (Turiec region in today's Slovakia) until the early 20th century.

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Reformation in Switzerland

The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate (Mark Reust) and population of Zürich in the 1520s.

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Reichsadler

The Reichsadler ("Imperial Eagle") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945).

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Reichsmünzordnung

The Reichsmünzordnung ("imperial minting ordinance") was an attempt to unify the numerous disparate coins in use in the various states of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century.

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Reign (season 1)

The first season of Reign, an American historical fantasy romance television series, consists of 22 episodes that aired on The CW between October 17, 2013, and May 15, 2014.

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Renata of Lorraine

Renata of Lorraine (20 April 1544 – 22 May 1602), was by birth a member of the House of Lorraine and by marriage Duchess of Bavaria.

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René de Birague

René de Birague (original name: Renato Birago; 2 February 1506 – 24 November 1583) was an Italian patrician who became a French cardinal and chancellor.

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Reservatum ecclesiasticum

The reservatum ecclesiasticum (ecclesiastical reservation) was a measure inserted into the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 to balance the principal proviso of cuius regio, eius religio in ecclesiastical lands.

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Revolt of the Comuneros

The Revolt of the Comuneros (Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla, "War of the Communities of Castile") was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles V and his administration between 1520 and 1521.

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Richard Wingfield

Sir Richard Wingfield KG of Kimbolton Castle (c. 1469 – 22 July 1525) was an influential courtier and diplomat in the early years of the Tudor dynasty of England.

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Roberto Cofresí

Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano (June 17, 1791 – March 29, 1825), better known as El Pirata Cofresí, was a pirate from Puerto Rico.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gurk-Klagenfurt (Diözese Gurk-Klagenfurt, Krška škofija) is a Catholic diocese covering the Austrian state of Carinthia.

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Roman, Romania

Roman (Romesmark, Románvásár) is a city with the title of municipality located in the central part of Moldavia, a traditional region of Romania.

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Romania in the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241–1242.

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Royal entry

The Royal Entry, also known by various names, including Triumphal Entry, Joyous Entry, consisted of the ceremonies and festivities accompanying a formal entry by a ruler or his representative into a city in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period in Europe.

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Royal Garden of Prague Castle

The Royal Garden (Královská zahrada) is an Italian Renaissance garden, situated in Prague Castle, and created around 1540 based on the project by Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg.

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Royal treasurer (Kingdom of Hungary)

The royal treasurer, or simply treasurer, also royal purse-bearer (kincstartó; thesaurarius), was an official in the Hungarian royal court, existed around from the 1320s to the 16th century.

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Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

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Runkelstein Castle

Runkelstein Castle (Schloss Runkelstein; Castel Roncolo) is a medieval fortification on a rocky spur in the territory of Ritten, near the city of Bolzano in South Tyrol, Italy.

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Saint Nicholas Monastery (Mukachevo)

The Saint Nicholas Monastery is a Eastern Orthodox monastery located on Chernecha Hora (monk's hill) in Mukachevo, Ukraine.

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Søren Norby

Søren Norby, selfstyled as Severin Norbi (died 1530) was a Danish leading naval officer in the fleets of Danish kings Hans I and Christian II.

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Scharffenberg family

The Scharffenberg family were a family of sixteenth-century printers, bookdealers, and publishers, who lived in the Kingdom of Poland.

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Schloss Neuwaldegg

Schloss Neuwaldegg is a Baroque palace with an English garden in the Hernals borough of Vienna, Austria.

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Schloss Porcia

Schloss Porcia (Porcia Castle) is a castle in Spittal an der Drau, in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

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Schmalkaldic War

The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Schwabmünchen

Schwabmünchen (Swabian: Mingkchinga) is a town in Bavaria in the administrative region of Swabia south of Augsburg in the Augsburg district.

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Scipione Lancelotti

Scipione Lancelotti (1527–1598) was an Italian who became a cardinal within the Roman Catholic Church.

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Scuola Militare Teulié

The Scuola Militare "Teulié" (Military School Teulié) is a highly selective military school of the Italian Army and, founded in 1802, is one of the oldest military academies in the world.

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Seňa

Seňa (Abaújszina) (1249 Schena, 1251 Scyna, Zyna, 1255 Scynna, 1402 Czena) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.

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Second Schmalkaldic War

The Second Schmalkaldic War, also known as the Princes' Revolt (German: Fürstenaufstand, Fürstenkrieg or Fürstenverschwörung), was an uprising of German Protestant princes led by elector Maurice of Saxony against the Catholic emperor Charles V that broke out in 1552.

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Serbs of Croatia

The Serbs of Croatia (Srbi u Hrvatskoj, Срби у Хрватској) or Croatian Serbs (Хрватски Срби/Hrvatski Srbi) constitute the largest national minority in Croatia.

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Seventeen Provinces

The Seventeen Provinces were the Imperial states of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 16th century.

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Severinus of Saxony

Severinus of Saxony (Severinus von Sachsen; 28 August 1522, Freiberg – 10 October 1533, Innsbruck) was a Saxon prince of the Albertine line of the House of Wettin.

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Siege of Bihać (1592)

The Siege of Bihać (Opsada Bihaća) was the besieging and capture of the city of Bihać, The Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia, by the Ottoman Empire in June 1592.

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Siege of Buda (1541)

The Siege of Buda (4 May to 21 August 1541) ended with the capture of the city of Buda, Hungary by the Ottoman Empire, leading to 150 years of Ottoman control of Hungary.

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Siege of Esztergom (1543)

The Siege of Esztergom occurred between 25 July and 10 August 1543, when the Ottoman army, led by emperor Suleyman the Magnificent, besieged the city of Esztergom in modern Hungary.

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Siege of Güns

The Siege of Güns or Siege of Kőszeg (Güns Kuşatması) was a siege of Kőszeg (Güns)During Ottoman–Habsburg wars, the small border fort was called Güns since it was under Habsburg jurisdiction, today as a part of Hungary it is known as Kőszeg.

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Siege of Gvozdansko

The Siege of Gvozdansko (Opsada Gvozdanskog) was a siege of Gvozdansko Castle in the Kingdom of Croatia within Habsburg Monarchy.

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Siege of Klis

The Siege of Klis or Battle of Klis (Opsada Klisa, Bitka kod Klisa, Klise Kuşatması) was a siege of Klis Fortress in the Kingdom of Croatia within Habsburg Monarchy.

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Siege of Nagykanizsa

During the Siege of Naģykanizsa (Kanije Savunması) in 1601, a small Ottoman force held the fortress of Naģykanizsa in western Hungary against a much larger coalition army of the Habsburg Monarchy, while inflicting heavy losses on its besiegers.

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Siege of Pest

The Siege of Pest (modern city of Budapest, Hungary) occurred in 1542, when Ferdinand of Austria attempted to recover the cities of Buda and Pest in 1542 from the Ottoman Empire.

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Siege of Szigetvár

The Siege of Szigetvár or Battle of Szigeth (pronunciation: Szigetvár ostroma, Bitka kod Sigeta; Sigetska bitka, Zigetvar Kuşatması) was a siege of the fortress of Szigetvár, Kingdom of Hungary, that blocked Suleiman's line of advance towards Vienna in 1566 AD.

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Siege of Temesvár (1552)

The siege of Temesvár was a military conflict between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in 1552.

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Siege of Vienna

The Siege of Vienna in 1529 was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria.

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Sighetu Marmației

Sighetu Marmației (also spelled Sighetul Marmației; Marmaroschsiget or Siget; Máramarossziget,; Sihoť; Сигіт Syhit; סיגעט Siget), until 1964 Sighet, is a city (municipality) in Maramureș County near the Iza River, in northwestern Romania.

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Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria

Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria (27 November 1630 – 25 June 1665) was the ruler of Further Austria including Tyrol from 1662 to 1665.

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Sigismund II Augustus

Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt II August, Ruthenian: Żygimont II Awgust, Žygimantas II Augustas, Sigismund II.) (1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.

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Sigismund of Brandenburg

Sigismund of Brandenburg (1538–1566) was Prince-Archbishop of Magdeburg and Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt.

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Sigmaringen Castle

Sigmaringen Castle (German: Schloss Sigmaringen) was the princely castle and seat of government for the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Silesian Wars

The Silesian Wars (Schlesische Kriege) were a series of three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of Silesia, all three of which ended in Prussian victory.

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Simon Vigor

Simon Vigor (b. at Evreux, Normandy, about 1515; d. at Carcassonne, 1 November 1575) was a French Catholic bishop and controversialist.

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Slavonia

Slavonia (Slavonija) is, with Dalmatia, Croatia proper and Istria, one of the four historical regions of Croatia.

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Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (سوکلو محمد پاشا, Sokollu Mehmet Paşa in modern Turkish; Мехмед-паша Соколовић, Arebica: مەحمەد-پاشا سۉقۉلۉوٖىݘ,; 1506 – 11 October 1579) was an Ottoman statesman.

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Sophia Eleonore of Saxony

Sophia Eleonore of Saxony (23 November 1609 – 2 June 1671) was a Duchess (Herzogin) of Saxony by birth and the Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1627 to 1661 through her marriage to Landgrave George II.

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Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.

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Spanish Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols, Spanische Niederlande) was the collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown (also called Habsburg Spain) from 1556 to 1714.

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Spittal an der Drau

Spittal an der Drau is a town in the western part of the Austrian federal state of Carinthia.

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St Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava

The St Martin's Cathedral (Katedrála svätého Martina, Szent Márton-dóm or Koronázó templom, Kathedrale des Heiligen Martin) is a church in Bratislava, Slovakia, and the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bratislava.

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St. Andrew's Abbey (Bruges)

St.

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St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg

Saint Mary's Cathedral in Hamburg (Sankt Mariendom, also Mariendom, or simply Dom or Domkirche, or Hamburger Dom) was the cathedral of the ancient Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg (not to be confused with Hamburg's modern Archdiocese, est. 1994), which was merged in personal union with the Diocese of Bremen in 847, and later in real union to form the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, as of 1027.

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St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca

The St. Michael's Church (Biserica Sfântul Mihail, Szent Mihály-templom) is a Gothic-style Roman Catholic church in Cluj-Napoca.

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St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna

St.

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Stanislav I Thurzo

Stanislav I Thurzo was a 15th-century Bishop of the Czech Diocese of Olomouc.

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Stars of Eger (1968 film)

Stars of Eger (Hungarian:Egri csillagok) is a 1968 Hungarian historical film directed by Zoltán Várkonyi and starring Imre Sinkovits, György Bárdy and István Kovács.

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State country

State country (Freie Standesherrschaft; stavovské panství; państwo stanowe) was a unit of administrative and territorial division in the Bohemian crown lands of Silesia and Upper Lusatia, existing from 15th to 18th centuries.

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Stříbrná Skalice

Stříbrná Skalice (Silberskalitz) is a village in Prague-East District, Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic.

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Stříbro

Stříbro (Mies) is a town in the Pilsen Region of the Czech Republic.

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Stefan Štiljanović

Stefan Štiljanović (Стефан Штиљановић; fl. 1498 – 1543) was the last prominent Serbian nobleman of the period of Ottoman subjugation of Serbia, and according to folklore, he was the last Despot of Serbia.

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Stefan Berislavić

Stefan Berislavić (Beriszló István, d. 1535) was a Hungarian magnate who served as the Despot of Rascia between 1520 and 1526.

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Stephen Báthory

Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).

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Stephen Bocskai

Stephen Bocskai or Bocskay (Bocskai István; 1 January 155729 December 1606) was Prince of Transylvania and Hungary from 1605 to 1606.

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Stephen VII Báthory

Stephen VII Báthory (Báthory István; died 3 May 1530) was a Hungarian nobleman and commander.

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Stod (Czech Republic)

Stod (Staab) is a town in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic.

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Storkow, Brandenburg

Storkow (Mark) is a town in Oder-Spree district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Sudeten Germans

German Bohemians, later known as the Sudeten Germans, were ethnic Germans living in the lands of the Bohemian Crown, which later became an integral part of the state of Czechoslovakia.

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Suleiman Bridge

The Suleiman Bridge (Most Sulejmana I.) was a bridge in Osijek, over the Drava River in Slavonia, eastern Croatia.

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Suleiman I's campaign of 1529

The Suleiman I's campaign of 1529 was launched by the Ottoman Empire to take the Austrian capital Vienna and thereby strike a decisive blow, allowing the Ottomans to consolidate their hold on Hungary.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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Swabian Circle

The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (Schwäbischer Reichskreis, also Schwäbischer Kreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia.

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Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War

The Swedish invasion of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War is a historically accepted division of the Thirty Years' War.

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Symbols of Europe

A number of symbols of Europe have emerged since antiquity, notably the mythological figure of Europa herself.

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Szolnok

Szolnok is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary.

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Szolnok Castle

Szolnok Castle was an important military fort for many centuries due to its prime location at the confluence of the Tisza and Zagyva rivers, in the middle of the Great Hungarian Plain.

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Tadeáš Hájek

Tadeáš Hájek z Hájku (1 December 1525 in Prague – 1 September 1600 in Prague), also known as Tadeáš Hájek of Hájek, Thaddaeus Hagecius ab Hayek or Thaddeus Nemicus, was a Czech naturalist, personal physician of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II and an astronomer in the Kingdom of Bohemia.

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Tahmasp I

Tahmasp I (شاه تهماسب یکم) (22 February 1514 – 14 May 1576) was an influential Shah of Iran, who enjoyed the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty.

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The Librarian (painting)

The Librarian is an oil on canvas painting by Giuseppe Arcimboldo in the collection of Skokloster Castle in Sweden.

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The Peasant War in Germany

The Peasant War in Germany (German: Der deutsche Bauernkrieg) by Friedrich Engels is a short account of the early 16th-century uprisings known as the German Peasants' War (1524–25).

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Thomas Chaloner (statesman)

Sir Thomas Chaloner (1521 – 14 October 1565) was an English statesman and poet.

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Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley

Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, KG (c. 1508 – 20 March 1549) was the brother of the English queen Jane Seymour who was the third wife of King Henry VIII and mother of King Edward VI.

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Thomas Wriothesley

Sir Thomas Wriothesley (died 24 November 1534) was a long serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London.

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Three Bishoprics

The Three Bishoprics (les Trois-Évêchés) constituted a province of pre-revolutionary France consisting of the dioceses of Metz, Verdun, and Toul within the Lorraine region.

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Timeline of Aachen

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Aachen, Germany.

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Timeline of antisemitism

This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the facts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group.

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Timeline of Croatian history

This is a timeline of Croatian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Croatia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of historical geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world.

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Timeline of Serbian history

This is a timeline of Serbian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Serbia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Turkish history

See History of Turkey.

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Timeline of Vienna

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Vienna, Austria.

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Toszek

Toszek (Tost) is a town in Poland, in Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, with 4,000 inhabitants.

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Transylvanian Diet

The Transylvanian Diet (Siebenbürgischer Landtag; Erdélyi Dieta; Dieta Transilvaniei) was an important legislative, administrative and judicial body of the Principality (from 1765 Grand Principality) of Transylvania between 1570 and 1867. The general assemblies of the Transylvanian noblemen and the joint assemblies of the representatives of the "Three Nations of Transylvania"the noblemen, Székelys and Saxonsgave rise to its development. After the disintegration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in 1541, delegates from the counties of the eastern and northeastern territories of Hungary proper (or Partium) also attained the Transylvanian Diet, transforming it into a legal successor of the medieval Diets of Hungary. The diet sessions at Vásárhely (now Târgu Mureş) (20 January 1542) and at Torda (now Turda) (2 March 1542) laid the basis for the political and administrative organization of Transylvania. The diet decided on juridical, military and economic matters. It ceased to exist following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

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Treaty of Chambord

The Treaty of Chambord was an agreement signed on 15 January 1552 at the Château de Chambord between the Catholic King Henry II of France and three Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Elector Maurice of Saxony.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1533)

The Treaty of Constantinople' (İstanbul antlaşması) was signed on 22 July 1533 in Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria.

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Treaty of Eger

The Treaty of Eger (Vertrag von Eger), also called Main Compromise of Eger (Hauptvergleich von Eger) or Peace of Eger (Chebský mír) was concluded on 25 April 1459 in the Imperial City of Eger (Cheb), administrative seat of the immediate pawn of Egerland (Reichspfandschaft Eger).

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Treaty of Gyalu

The Treaty of Gyalu was an agreement between Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and Isabella Jagiellon the queen dowager of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the widow of John Zápolya, signed in Gyalu (today Gilău, Romania) by Gáspár Serédy captain of Upper Hungary and János Statileo bishop of Transylvania on December 29, 1541.

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Treaty of Nagyvárad

The Treaty of Nagyvárad (or Treaty of Grosswardein) was a secret peace agreement between Emperor Ferdinand I and John Zápolya, rival claimants to the Kingdom of Hungary, signed in Grosswardein / Várad (modern-day Oradea, Romania) on February 24, 1538.

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Treaty of Trentschin

The Treaty of Trentschin was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King Casimir III of Poland and King John of Bohemia as well as his son Margrave Charles IV.

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Treaty of Weissenburg

The Treaty of Weissenburg (Vertrag von Weißenburg or Weißenburger Vertrag) declared Archduke Ferdinand of Austria the ruler of Royal Hungary and Transylvania.

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Triumphal Arch (woodcut)

The Triumphal Arch (also known as the Arch of Maximilian I, Ehrenpforte Maximilians I.) is a 16th-century monumental woodcut print, commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The composite image was printed on 36 large sheets of paper from 195 separate wood blocks.

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Triumphal Procession

The Triumphal Procession (in German, Triumphzug) or Triumphs of Maximilian is a monumental 16th-century series of woodcut prints by several artists, commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The composite image was printed from over 130 separate wood blocks; a total of 139 are known.

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Trnava

Trnava (also known by other alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia, to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river.

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Truce of Adrianople (1547)

The Truce of Adrianople in 1547, named after the Ottoman city of Adrianople (present-day Edirne), was signed between Charles V and Suleiman the Magnificent.

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Tulip

Tulips (Tulipa) form a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs).

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Ujazd, Zgorzelec

Ujazd (Moys, Mojiš) is a district in the town of Zgorzelec, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of Poland.

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Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg

Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (8 February 14876 November 1550) succeeded his kinsman Eberhard II as Duke of Württemberg in 1498.

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University of Jena

Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, shortened form Uni Jena) is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.

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University of Vienna

The University of Vienna (Universität Wien) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria.

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Upper Lusatia

Upper Lusatia (Oberlausitz; Hornja Łužica; Górna Łužyca; Łużyce Górne or Milsko; Horní Lužice) is a historical region in Germany and Poland.

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Uskoks

The Uskoks (Uskoci,; singular: Uskok; names in other languages) were irregular soldiers in Habsburg Croatia that inhabited areas on the eastern Adriatic coast and surrounding territories during the Ottoman wars in Europe.

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Varaždin Generalate

The Varaždin Generalate (Warasdiner Generalat, Varaždinski generalat), also known as the Windische Grenze ("Wendian/Wendish Border") in German, was a Habsburg Monarchy Military Frontier province centred in Warasdin (Varaždin), Kingdom of Croatia within Habsburg Monarchy, that existed between 1531 and the 18th century.

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Velišovští z Velišova

Velišovští z Velišova is a Czech noble family.

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Verenahof

Verenahof (also known as Büttenharter Hof or Verenahöfe) was a German exclave in Switzerland, administratively part of the German town of (which is now part of the town of Tengen).

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Vienna Dioscurides

The Vienna Dioscurides or Vienna Dioscorides is an early 6th-century Byzantine Greek illuminated manuscript of De Materia Medica (Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς in the original Greek) by Dioscorides in uncial script.

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Vimperk

Vimperk (Winterberg) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Vincenzo Ι Gonzaga (21 September 1562 – 9 February 1612) was ruler of the Duchy of Mantua and the Duchy of Montferrat from 1587 to 1612.

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Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Vincenzo II Gonzaga (7 January 1594 – 25 December 1627) was Duke of Mantua and Duke of Montferrat from 1626 until his death.

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Vito of Dornberg

Vito, Baron of Dornberg or Vid von Dornberg (Italian: Dorimbergo) (?.1529 – April 5th, 1591) was born in Gorz, now Gorizia in Italy, the last son of Erasmo of Dornberg and Beatrice Loser, a south Tyrolean woman.

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Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vlachs in Bosnia and Herzegovina are a Balkan tribe who descend from Romanized Illyrians and Thraco-Romans, and other pre-Slavic Romance-speaking peoples.

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Vlachs in the history of Croatia

The term Vlachs (Vlasi) was initially used in medieval Croatian and Venetian history for a Romance-speaking pastoralist community, called "Vlachs" and "Morlachs", inhabiting the mountains and lands of the Croatian Kingdom and the Republic of Venice (Venetian Dalmatia) from the early 14th century.

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Vladislaus II of Hungary

Vladislaus II, also known as Vladislav II, Władysław II or Wladislas II (1 March 1456 – 13 March 1516; Vladislav Jagellonský; II.; Władysław II Jagiellończyk; Vladislav II.; Vladislav II.), was King of Bohemia from 1471 to 1516, and King of Hungary and Croatia from 1490 to 1516.

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Vogtland

The Vogtland (Fojtsko) is a region reaching across the German free states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia and into the Czech Republic (north-western Bohemia).

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Vogtlandkreis

The Vogtlandkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, at the borders to Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic.

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Voivode of Transylvania

The Voivode of Transylvania (Vojwode von Siebenbürgen;Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77. erdélyi vajda;Zsoldos 2011, p. 36. voivoda Transsylvaniae; voievodul Transilvaniei) was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century.

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Vojtěch I of Pernstein

Vojtěch I of Pernstein (also known as Adalbert I of Pernstein, Vojtěch z Pernštejna; 4 April 1490 at Moravský Krumlov Castle – 17 March 1534 in Prague) was a Bohemian nobleman.

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Votivkirche, Vienna

The Votivkirche (Votive Church) is a neo-Gothic church located on the Ringstraße in Vienna, Austria.

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Wappenbüchlein

A Wappenbüchlein ("little armorial", libellus scutorum) was published by Virgil Solis in 1555, printed in Nuremberg.

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Władysław IV Vasa

Władysław IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza; Vladislovas Vaza; r; Vladislaus IV Vasa or Ladislaus IV Vasa; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648) was a Polish prince from the Royal House of Vasa.

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Weisskunig

Der Weisskunig or The White King is a chivalric novel and thinly disguised biography of the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, (1486–1519) written in German by Maximilian and his secretary between 1505 and 1516.

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Welser

Welser was a German banking and merchant family, originally a patrician family from Augsburg, that rose to great prominence in international high finance in the 16th century as financiers of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

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Wenceslaus Hajek

Wenceslaus Hajek of Libočan (Václav Hájek z Libočan; Wenzeslaus Hagek von Libotschan; Wenceslai Hagecii, Wenceslai Hagek a Liboczan; died 18 March 1553) was a Bohemian chronicler, author of the Annales Bohemorum (Kronyka Czeská or Kronika Česká in modern Czech).

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Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn

Wenceslaus III Adam of Cieszyn (Václav III., Wenzel III., Wacław III Adam; December 1524 – 4 November 1579) was a Duke of Cieszyn from 1528 until his death.

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Wenzel Jamnitzer

Wenzel Jamnitzer (sometimes Jamitzer, or Wenzel Gemniczer) (1507/1508 – 19 December 1585) was a Northern Mannerist goldsmith, artist, and printmaker in etching, who worked in Nuremberg.

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Wilhelm von Roggendorf

Wilhelm Freiherr von Roggendorf (1481–1541) was an Austrian military commander and Hofmeister.

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William de Croÿ

William II de Croÿ, Lord of Chièvres (1458 – 28 May 1521) (also known as: Guillaume II de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres in French; Guillermo II de Croÿ, señor de Chièvres, Xevres or Xebres in Spanish; Willem II van Croÿ, heer van Chièvres in Dutch) (later Duke of Sora and Arce, Baron of Roccaguglielma (all three in Kingdom of Naples, now in Frosinone province), 1st count of Beaumont, 1st Marquess of Aarschot, Lord of Temse) was the chief tutor and First Chamberlain to Charles V. William was the second son of Philippe de Croÿ, Lord of Aarschot and Jacoba of Luxembourg.

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William IV, Duke of Bavaria

William IV (Wilhelm IV; 13 November 1493 – 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from 1508 to 1550, until 1545 together with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria.

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William of Rosenberg

William of Rosenberg (Vilém z Rožmberka.; 10 March 1535 – 1592), was a Bohemian nobleman.

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William Rosewell

William Rosewell (c. 1520–1566) was the Solicitor-General to Queen Elizabeth between 1559 and 1566.

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William Scrots

William (or Guillim) Scrots (or Scrotes or Stretes) (active 1537–1553) was a painter of the Tudor court and an exponent of the Mannerist style of painting in the Netherlands.

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William V, Duke of Bavaria

William V (29 September 1548 – 7 February 1626), called the Pious, (German: Wilhelm V., der Fromme, Herzog von Bayern) was Duke of Bavaria from 1579 to 1597.

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William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

William of Jülich-Cleves-Berge (William I of Cleves, William V of Jülich-Berg) (Wilhelm der Reiche; 28 July 1516 – 5 January 1592) was a Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1539–1592).

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Wolfgang Lazius

Wolfgang Laz, better known by his Latinized name Wolfgang Lazius (October 31, 1514 – June 19, 1565), was an Austrian humanist who worked as a cartographer, historian, and physician.

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Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg

Wolfgang Wilhelm (4 November 1578 in Neuburg an der Donau – 14 September 1653 in Düsseldorf) was a German Prince.

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Youth of Magdalensberg

The Youth of Magdalensberg was an ancient Roman bronze statue dating to the first century B.C., missing since approximately 1810 and now presumed lost, that was discovered in 1502 at the Carinthian mountain Magdalensberg, once a major late Celtic and early Roman city of Noricum.

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Zaccaria Delfino

Zaccaria Delfino (1527–1584) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

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Zápolya family

The Szapolyai or Zápolya family was a noble family in the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 15th century and in the early 16th century.

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Zdeněk Lev of Rožmitál

Zdeněk Lev of Rožmitál (Zdeněk Lev z Rožmitálu, Zdeniek Lev von Rosental; – 14 July 1535) was a Bohemian nobleman.

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Zrenjanin

Zrenjanin (Зрењанин,; Nagybecskerek; Zreňanin) is a city and the administrative center of the Central Banat District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.

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1503

Year 1503 (MDIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1515

Year 1515 (MDXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1526

Year 1526 (MDXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1527

Year 1527 (MDXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1533

Year 1533 (MDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1538

Year 1538 (MDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1550–1600 in Western European fashion

Fashion in the period 1550–1600 in Western European clothing was characterized by increased opulence.

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1555

Year 1555 (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1562

Year 1562 (MDLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1564

Year 1564 (MDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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18th-century history of Germany

Germany in the era 1680s to 1789 comprised many small territories enclosed in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

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Redirects here:

Emperor Ferdinand I, Ferdinand I (HRR), Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire), Ferdinand I Habsburg, Ferdinand I of Bohemia, Ferdinand I of Germany, Ferdinand I of Habsburg, Ferdinand I of Hungary, Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I, King Ferdinand I, The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand I.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

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