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591 relations: Aachen, Aachen Forest, Aalen, Abbey of Saint Gall, Abraham Ortelius, Abwurfdach, Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein), Achalm Castle, Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, Albert I of Germany, Albrecht Altdorfer, Alsace, Altstadt (Königsberg), Altstadt, Hamburg, Amberg, Ambrosius Blarer, Ambrosius Holbein, Amsinck family, Ancien Régime, Ansbach (district), Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, Antipope John XXIII, Apothecaries' system, April 19, Archbishopric of Bremen, Army of Sambre and Meuse, Army of the Rhine and Moselle, Augsburg, Augsburg Town Hall, Austrian Empire, Automaton, Überlingen, Bad Buchau, Bad Wimpfen, Baden-Württemberg, Balgheim, Baltringer Haufen, Barbarossa city, Bardejov, Battle of Fürth, Battle of Hausbergen, Battle of Kehl (1796), Battle of Laupen, Battle of Ostrach, Battle of Rastatt (1796), Battle of Schosshalde, Battle of Worringen, Bavarian Circle, Bavarian War (1459–63), Berenberg family, ..., Bern, Bernard of Menthon, Bernhard of 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Aachen
Aachen or Bad Aachen, French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle, is a spa and border city.
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Aachen Forest
Aachen Forest (Aachener Wald, Aachen dialect Öcher Bösch, Akenerbos) lies about 3.7 km south of the city centre of Aachen and has an area of 2,357 ha.
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Aalen
Aalen is a former Free Imperial City located in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, about east of Stuttgart and north of Ulm.
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Abbey of Saint Gall
The Abbey of Saint Gall (Abtei St.) is a dissolved abbey (747–1805) in a Roman Catholic religious complex in the city of St. Gallen in Switzerland.
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Abraham Ortelius
Abraham Ortelius (also Ortels, Orthellius, Wortels; 14 April 1527 – 28 June 1598) was a Brabantian cartographer and geographer, conventionally recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theatre of the World).
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Abwurfdach
An Abwurfdach (German for "removable roof"; plural: Abwurfdächer) was an easily dismantled construction that protected the curtain walls, cavaliers and bastions of several early modern fortresses.
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Accession of Hamburg to the German Customs Union (Zollverein)
The accession of the city state of Hamburg to the Customs Union in 1888 (along with Bremen) was the culmination of a project for the economic and monetary union of Germany, stretching back to 1819.
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Achalm Castle
Achalm Castle is a ruined castle located above the towns of Reutlingen and Pfullingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben
Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben (1551–1637) was Countess of Mansfeld and the daughter of Johann (Hans) Georg I, of Mansfeld Eisleben.
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Albert I of Germany
Albert I of Habsburg (Albrecht I.) (July 12551 May 1308), the eldest son of King Rudolf I of Germany and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenburg, was a Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 and King of Germany from 1298 until his assassination.
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Albrecht Altdorfer
Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480 – February 12, 1538) was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg.
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Alsace
Alsace (Alsatian: ’s Elsass; German: Elsass; Alsatia) is a cultural and historical region in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland.
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Altstadt (Königsberg)
Altstadt's marketplace Coat of arms of Altstadt Altstadt (Senamiestis; Stare Miasto) was a quarter of central Königsberg, Germany.
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Altstadt, Hamburg
Altstadt (literally: "Old town"), more precisely Hamburg-Altstadt – as not to be mistaken with Hamburg-Altona-Altstadt – is one of the inner-city districts of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Germany.
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Amberg
Amberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany.
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Ambrosius Blarer
Ambrosius Blarer (sometimes Ambrosius Blaurer; April 4, 1492 – December 6, 1564) was an influential Protestant reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland.
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Ambrosius Holbein
Ambrosius Holbein (c. 1494 – c. 1519) was a German and Swiss artist in painting, drawing and printmaking.
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Amsinck family
Amsinck is a Dutch-origined patrician family whose members were prominent merchants in multiple countries including the Netherlands, Hamburg, Portugal, England, France, Hanover, Holstein, Denmark, Suriname and India.
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Ancien Régime
The Ancien Régime (French for "old regime") was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (circa 15th century) until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of French nobility were abolished by the.
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Ansbach (district)
Ansbach is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in Bavaria, Germany.
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Anselm Salomon von Rothschild
Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron (29 January 1803 – 27 July 1874) was an Austrian banker, founder of the Creditanstalt, and a member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family.
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Antipope John XXIII
Baldassarre Cossa (c. 1370 – 22 December 1419) was Pisan antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism.
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Apothecaries' system
The apothecaries' system or apothecaries' weights and measures is a historical system of mass and volume units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical recipes, and also sometimes by scientists.
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April 19
No description.
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Archbishopric of Bremen
The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) is a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Army of Sambre and Meuse
The Army of Sambre and Meuse (Armée de Sambre-et-Meuse) was one of the armies of the French Revolution.
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Army of the Rhine and Moselle
The Army of the Rhine and Moselle (Armée de Rhin-et-Moselle) was one of the field units of the French Revolutionary Army.
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Augsburg
Augsburg (Augschburg) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.
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Augsburg Town Hall
The Town Hall of Augsburg (German: Augsburger Rathaus) is the administrative centre of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, and one of the most significant secular buildings of the Renaissance style north of the Alps.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
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Automaton
An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.
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Überlingen
Überlingen is a German city on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee).
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Bad Buchau
Bad Buchau (formerly Buchau) is a small town in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany with about 4,000 inhabitants.
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Bad Wimpfen
is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern Germany.
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Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is a state in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the border with France.
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Balgheim
Balgheim is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
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Baltringer Haufen
The Baltringer Haufen (also spelled Baltringer Haufe, German for Baltringen Band, Baltringen Troop or Baltringen Mob) was prominent among several armed groups of peasants and craftsmen during the German Peasants' War of 1524–1525.
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Barbarossa city
"Barbarossa city" (Barbarossastadt) is a nickname for five German cities that the Staufer Emperor Frederick Barbarossa stayed in or near for some time.
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Bardejov
Bardejov (Bartfeld, Bártfa, Бардеёв, Бардіїв, Bardejów) is a town in North-Eastern Slovakia.
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Battle of Fürth
The Battle of Fürth was fought on September 3, 1632 between the Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and the Protestant forces of King Gustavus II (Gustav Adolph) of Sweden during the period of Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years War.
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Battle of Hausbergen
The Battle of Hausbergen took place on 8 March 1262 and marks the freeing of the city of Strasbourg from episcopal authority.
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Battle of Kehl (1796)
During the Battle of Kehl (23–24 June 1796), a Republican French force under the direction of Jean Charles Abbatucci mounted an amphibious crossing of the Rhine River against a defending force of soldiers from the Swabian Circle.
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Battle of Laupen
The Battle of Laupen was fought on June 21, 1339 between Bern and its allies on one side, and Freiburg together with feudal landholders from the County of Burgundy and Habsburg territories on the other.
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Battle of Ostrach
The Battle of Ostrach, also called the Battle by Ostrach, occurred on 20–21 March 1799.
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Battle of Rastatt (1796)
The Battle of Rastatt (5 July 1796) saw part of a Republican French army under Jean Victor Marie Moreau clash with elements of a Habsburg Austrian army under Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour which were defending the line of the Murg River.
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Battle of Schosshalde
The battle of Schosshalde was fought between the imperial city of Bern and the House of Habsburg on 27 April 1289 just outside Bern (between Bern and Ostermundigen).
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Battle of Worringen
The Battle of Worringen was fought on June 5, 1288, near the town of Worringen (also spelled Woeringen), which is now the northernmost borough of Cologne.
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Bavarian Circle
The Bavarian Circle (Bayerischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Bavarian War (1459–63)
The Bavarian War from 1459 to 1463, also known as the Princes War, was a result of the expansionist ambitions of the two warring Principalities, pitting Margrave, later Elector, Albert Achilles from the House of Hohenzollern, which by this time had already annexed the principalities of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and Brandenburg-Ansbach, against Duke Louis "the Rich" of Bavaria-Landshut from the House of Wittelsbach.
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Berenberg family
The Berenberg family (Dutch for "bear mountain") was a Flemish-origined Hanseatic family of merchants, bankers and senators in Hamburg, with branches in London, Livorno and other European cities.
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Bern
Bern or Berne (Bern, Bärn, Berne, Berna, Berna) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".
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Bernard of Menthon
Saint Bernard of Menthon, C.R.S.A., (or Bernard of Montjoux) was the founder of the famed hospice and monastery which has served travelers for nearly a millennium as a refuge in the most dangerous part of the Swiss Alps.
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Bernhard of Prambach
Bistumswappen of Passau.Bernard von Prambach, also known as Wernhard (around 1220 - 27 July 1313) was the 42nd Bishop of Passau from 1285 to 1313.
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Bernhard, Count of Anhalt
Bernhard (– 2 February 1212), a member of the House of Ascania, was Count of Anhalt and Ballenstedt, and Lord of Bernburg through his paternal inheritance.
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Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
Berthold V (1160 – 18 February 1218 in Freiburg im Breisgau), also known as Bertold V or Berchtold V, was Duke of Zähringen until his death, succeeding his father Berthold IV in 1186.
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Biberach an der Riss
Biberach is a town in the south of Germany.
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Bildungsbürgertum
Bildungsbürgertum is a social class that initially emerged in mid-18th century Germany as an educated class of the bourgeoisie with an educational ideal based on idealistic values and classical antiquity, inspired by the scholar-official class of China.
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Bishopric of Lübeck
The Bishopric of Lübeck was a Roman-Catholic and, later, Protestant diocese, as well as a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Bishopric of Metz
The Bishopric of Metz was a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Bishopric of Regensburg
The Bishopric of Regensburg (Bistum Regensburg) was a small prince-bishopric (Hochstift) of the Holy Roman Empire, located in what is now southern Germany.
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Bishopric of Speyer
The Bishopric of Speyer, or Prince-Bishopric of Speyer (formerly known as Spires in English), was an ecclesiastical principality in what are today the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg.
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Bishops of Regensburg
The Bishops of Regensburg (Ratisbon) are bishops of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany.
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Boppard
Boppard, formerly also spelled Boppart, is a town and municipality (since the 1976 inclusion of 9 neighbouring villages, Ortsbezirken) in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, lying in the Rhine Gorge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Braith-Mali-Museum
The Braith-Mali-Museum is a museum with several sections in Biberach an der Riss in Upper Swabia.
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Bremen
The City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (also called just "Bremen" for short), a federal state of Germany.
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Bremen (state)
The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states.
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Bremen Cathedral
Bremen Cathedral (Bremer Dom or St.), dedicated to St. Peter, is a church situated in the market square in the center of Bremen, in northern Germany.
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Bremen-Verden
Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of the Archdiocese of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden. In 1648, both prince-bishoprics were secularised, meaning that they were transformed into hereditary monarchies by constitution, and from then on both the Duchy of Bremen and the Duchy of Verden were always ruled in personal union, initially by the royal houses of Sweden, the House of Vasa and the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, and later by the House of Hanover. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bremen-Verden's status as fiefs of imperial immediacy became void; as they had been in personal union with the neighbouring Kingdom of Hanover, they were incorporated into that state.
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Burgau
Burgau is a town in the district of Günzburg in Swabia, Bavaria.
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Burgomaster
Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, literally master of the town, master of the borough, master of the fortress, or master of the citizens) is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or chairman of the executive council, usually of a sub-national level of administration such as a city or a similar entity.
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Canton of Basel
Basel was a canton of Switzerland that was in existence between 1501 and 1833, when it was split into the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.
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Canton of Bern
The canton of Bern (Bern, canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population.
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Canton of Linth
Linth was a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of Glarus and its subject County of Werdenberg, the Höfe and March districts of Schwyz and the Züricher subject Lordship of Sax, along with a handful of shared territories.
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Canton of Säntis
Säntis was the name of a canton of the Helvetic Republic from 1798 to 1803, consisting of the territory of St. Gallen, Appenzell, and Rheintal.
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Catholic League (German)
The Catholic League (Liga Catholica, Katholische Liga) was a coalition of Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire formed 10 July 1609.
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Central Black Forest
The Central Black Forest (Mittlerer Schwarzwald), also called the Middle Black Forest, is a natural or cultural division (see: Black Forest) that generally refers to a region of deeply incised valleys from the Rench valley and southern foothills of the Kniebis in the north to the area of Freiburg im Breisgau and Donaueschingen in the south.
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Charles I of Anjou
Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou.
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Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV (Karel IV., Karl IV., Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F-K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), born Wenceslaus, was a King of Bohemia and the first King of Bohemia to also become Holy Roman Emperor.
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Charles, Margrave of Burgau
Charles, Margrave of Burgau, also known as Charles of Austria, (22 November 1560 at Křivoklát Castle in Bohemia – 30 October 1618 in Überlingen), was the son of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria and his first morganatic marriage to Philippine Welser.
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Charter city
In the United States, a charter city is a city in which the governing system is defined by the city's own charter document rather than by general law.
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Cheb
Cheb (Eger) is a town in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, with about 33,000 inhabitants.
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Chemnitz
Chemnitz, known from 1953 to 1990 as Karl-Marx-Stadt, is the third-largest city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
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Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4
Christ lag in Todes Banden (also spelled Todesbanden) ("Christ lay in death's bonds" or "Christ lay in the snares of death"),, is a cantata for Easter by German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, one of his earliest church cantatas.
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Christoph Martin Wieland
Christoph Martin Wieland (5 September 1733 – 20 January 1813) was a German poet and writer.
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Christoph Weigel the Elder
Johann Christoph Weigel, known as Christoph Weigel the Elder (9 November 1654 – 5 February 1725), was a German engraver, art dealer and publisher.
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Christophoruskirche, Schierstein
The Christophoruskirche is a Protestant church in the borough of Schierstein, Wiesbaden, Germany.
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Chur
Chur or Coire (or; Cuira or; Coira; Coire)Others: CVRIA, CVRIA RHAETORVM and CVRIA RAETORVM is the capital and largest town of the Swiss canton of Grisons and lies in the Grisonian Rhine Valley, where the Rhine turns towards the north, in the northern part of the canton.
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City
A city is a large human settlement.
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City-state
A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.
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Climate change in Germany
Climate change in Germany describes the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on Germany.
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Coat of arms of Hamburg
The coat of arms of the German state and city of Hamburg is a kind of a national emblem.
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Colmar
Colmar (Alsatian: Colmer; German during 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is the third-largest commune of the Alsace region in north-eastern France.
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Cologne
Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).
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Cologne Carnival
The Cologne Carnival (Kölner Karneval) is a carnival that takes place every year in Cologne, Germany.
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Cologne City Hall
The City Hall (Rathaus) is a historical building in Cologne, western Germany.
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Cologne High Military and Escort Road
The Cologne High Military and Escort Road (Cölnische Hohe Heer- und Geleitstraße, also called the Hohe Straße) is a historical trading route that ran from the city of Cologne via the imperial cities of Wetzlar and Friedberg to Frankfurt within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Cologne War
The Cologne War (1583–88) devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.
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Confessing Church
The Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) was a movement within German Protestantism during Nazi Germany that arose in opposition to government-sponsored efforts to unify all Protestant churches into a single pro-Nazi Protestant Reich Church.
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Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
On 24 April 1748 a congress assembled at the Imperial Free City of Aachen, in the west of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Conrad III of Dhaun
Conrad of Dhaun (1434) was a German nobleman.
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Conrad III of Germany
Conrad III (1093 – 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
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Conrad Malte-Brun
Conrad Malte-Brun (12 August 177514 December 1826), born Malthe Conrad Bruun, and sometimes referred to simply as Malte-Brun, was a Dano-French geographer and journalist.
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Corpus separatum (Fiume)
Corpus separatum, a Latin term meaning "separated body", refers to the status of the City of Fiume (modern Rijeka, Croatia) while given a special legal and political status different from its environment under the rule of the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Counts of Falkenstein (Rhineland-Palatinate)
The Grafen von Falkenstein was a dynasty of German nobility descending from the Ministeriales of Bolanden, who held land and a castle at Falkenstein in the Palatinate region.
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County corporate
A county corporate or corporate county was a type of subnational division used for local government in England, Ireland, and Wales.
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County of Metz
The County of Metz originated from the frankish Metzgau.
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Crailsheim
Crailsheim is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Daniel Reintzel
Daniel Reintzel (November 3, 1755November 18, 1828) was an American merchant who served three terms as mayor of the town of Georgetown, both when it was part of Maryland and when it was part of the District of Columbia.
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Danzig law
Danzig law (Danziger Willkür; in Polish: Gdański Wilkierz) was the official set of records of the laws of city of Danzig (Gdańsk).
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Décapole
The Décapole (Dekapolis or Zehnstädtebund) was an alliance formed in 1354 by ten Imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the Alsace region to maintain their rights.
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Düren
Düren is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between Aachen and Cologne on the river Rur.
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Defensive wall
A defensive wall is a fortification usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors.
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Demographics of Cologne
Cologne (Köln) is Germany's fourth-largest city and the largest city in the Rhineland.
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Departments of France
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.
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Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
("The Master-Singers of Nuremberg") is a music drama (or opera) in three acts, written and composed by Richard Wagner.
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Diet of Augsburg
The Diet of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.
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Diet of Metz (1356/57)
The Diet of Metz (Metzer Hoftag) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the imperial city of Metz from 17 November 1356 to 7 January 1357, with Emperor Charles IV presiding.
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Diet of Speyer (1526)
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany.
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Diet of Speyer (1529)
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).
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Diet of Speyer (1570)
The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer V) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire which took place in 1570 in the Imperial City of Speyer (also known as Spires, in present-day Germany).
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Diet of Worms
The Diet of Worms 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at the Heylshof Garden in Worms, then an Imperial Free City of the Empire.
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Diet of Worms (1495)
At the Diet of Worms (Reichstag zu Worms) in 1495, the foundation stone was laid for a comprehensive reform (Reichsreform) of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Diether von Isenburg
Höchst Diether of Isenburg (German: Diether von Isenburg; sometimes also anglicized as Theodoric of Isenburg; c. 1412 – 7 May 1482) was Elector and Archbishop of Mainz from 1459 until 1461, and again from 1475 until 1482.
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Dinkelsbühl
Dinkelsbühl is a historic town in Central Franconia, a region of Germany that is now part of the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany.
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Districts of Cologne
Since the last administrative reform in 1975, the City of Cologne is made up of nine Stadtbezirke and 86 Stadtteile.
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Dithmarschen
Dithmarschen (Low Saxon pronunciation:, archaic English: Ditmarsh, Ditmarsken, Medieval Latin: Tedmarsgo) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
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Dominican Monastery (Frankfurt am Main)
The Dominican Monastery (Dominikanerkloster) is a former Christian monastery in Frankfurt am Main.
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Domsheide
Domsheide is a major square in the city of Bremen, Germany.
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Domshof
The Domshof (Cathedral Court) is a town square in Bremen, north of the cathedral and the Marktplatz.
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Dortmund
Dortmund (Düörpm:; Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Duchy of Limburg
The Duchy of Limburg or Limbourg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Duchy of Mantua
The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy, Northern Italy, subject to the Holy Roman Empire.
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Duchy of Thuringia
The Duchy of Thuringia was an eastern frontier march of the Merovingian kingdom of Austrasia, established about 631 by King Dagobert I after his troops had been defeated by the forces of the Slavic confederation of Samo at the Battle of Wogastisburg.
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Duisburg
Duisburg (locally) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Early clashes in the Rhine campaign of 1796
In the Rhine Campaign of 1796 (June 1796 to February 1797), two First Coalition armies under the overall command of Archduke Charles outmaneuvered and defeated two Republican French armies.
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Early history of Switzerland
The early history of Switzerland begins with the earliest settlements up to the beginning of Habsburg rule, which in 1291 gave rise to the independence movement in the central cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden and the Late Medieval growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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Early modern period
The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era.
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Early Modern Switzerland
The early modern history of the Old Swiss Confederacy (Eidgenossenschaft, also known as the "Swiss Republic" or Republica Helvetiorum) and its constituent Thirteen Cantons encompasses the time of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) until the French invasion of 1798.
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Eberbach (Baden)
Eberbach (South Franconian: Ewwerbach) is a town in Germany, in northern Baden-Württemberg, located 33 km east of Heidelberg.
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Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg
Eberhard II, called "der Greiner" (the Jarrer) (after 1315 – 15 March 1392, Stuttgart), Count of Württemberg from 1344 until 1392.
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Economic history of Germany
Germany before 1800 was heavily rural, with some urban trade centers.
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Economy of the Pskov Republic
Pskov has always played a special role in Russian trade with the West.
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Egerland
The Egerland (Chebsko; Egerland; Egerland German dialect: Eghalånd) is a historical region in the far north west of Bohemia in the Czech Republic at the border with Germany.
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Eichsfeld
The Eichsfeld (English: Oaksfield) is a historical region in the southeast of Lower Saxony (which is called "Untereichsfeld".
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Eisbach (Rhine)
The Eisbach, locally known as die Eis, is a long river and left or western tributary of the Rhine in the northeastern Palatinate and southeastern Rhenish Hesse, in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
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Eisenach
Eisenach is a town in Thuringia, Germany with 42,000 inhabitants, located west of Erfurt, southeast of Kassel and northeast of Frankfurt.
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Elchingen Abbey
Elchingen Abbey (Kloster Elchingen, Reichsabtei Elchingen) was a Benedictine monastery in Oberelchingen (in Elchingen) in Bavaria, Germany, in the diocese of Augsburg.
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Electorate of Bavaria
The Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern) was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria.
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Electorate of Cologne
The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century.
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Electorate of Mainz
The Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz, Electoratus Moguntinus), also known in English by its French name, Mayence, was among most prestigious and the most influential states of the Holy Roman Empire from its creation to the dissolution of the HRE in the early years of the 19th century.
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Electorate of Württemberg
The Electorate of Württemberg was a short-lived State of the Holy Roman Empire on the right bank of the Rhine river.
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Elferrat
The Elferrat (German for "council of eleven") is the council of a kingdom of fools in a carnival.
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Emden Revolution
The Emden Revolution of 18 March 1595 marked the beginning of the status of Emden as a quasi-autonomous city-state.
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Endingen am Kaiserstuhl
Endingen is a small German town located in southwest Germany, at the border with France.
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Eschenheimer Turm
Eschenheimer Turm (Eschenheim Tower) was a city gate, part of the late-medieval fortifications of Frankfurt am Main, and is a landmark of the city.
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Essen
Essen (Latin: Assindia) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Essen Abbey
Essen Abbey (Stift Essen) was a monastery of secular canonesses for women of high nobility in Essen, Germany.
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Essen Minster
Essen Minster (German), since 1958 also Essen Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Essen, the "Diocese of the Ruhr", founded in 1958.
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Esslingen am Neckar
Esslingen am Neckar is a city in the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany, seat of the District of Esslingen as well as the largest city in the district.
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Estates of the realm
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the medieval period to early modern Europe.
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European wars of religion
The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged mainly in central and western, but also northern Europe (especially Ireland) in the 16th and 17th century.
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Eutin
Eutin is the district capital of Eastern Holstein county located in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
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Feuchtwangen
Feuchtwangen is a city in Ansbach district in the administrative region of Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany.
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First War of Kappel
The First War of Kappel (Erster Kappelerkrieg) was an armed conflict in 1529 between the Protestant and the Catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.
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Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland
Each of the 26 modern cantons of Switzerland has an official flag and a coat of arms.
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Flags of the Holy Roman Empire
The Flag of the Holy Roman Empire was not a national flag, but rather an imperial banner used by the Holy Roman Emperor; black and gold were used as the colours of the imperial banner, a black eagle on a golden background.
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Fortifications of Zürich
Zürich was an independent (reichsfrei) city or city-state from 1218 to 1798.
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Fouchy
Fouchy is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
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François Rabelais
François Rabelais (between 1483 and 1494 – 9 April 1553) was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar.
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Franconia
Franconia (Franken, also called Frankenland) is a region in Germany, characterised by its culture and language, and may be roughly associated with the areas in which the East Franconian dialect group, locally referred to as fränkisch, is spoken.
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Franconian Circle
The Franconian Circle (Fränkischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.
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Frankfurt Parliament
The Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848).
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Frankfurter Judengasse
The Frankfurter Judengasse (from German: “Jews' Alley”) was the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt and one of the earliest ghettos in Germany.
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Franz Joseph Spiegler
Franz Joseph Spiegler (5 April 1691 – 15 April 1757) was a German Baroque painter.
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Frederick I of Württemberg
Frederick I (Friedrich Wilhelm Karl; 6 November 1754 – 30 October 1816) was the last Duke of Würtemberg, then briefly Elector of Württemberg, and was later elevated to the status of King of Württemberg, by Napoleon I. He was known for his size: at and about.
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Frederick II, Duke of Austria
Frederick II (Friedrich II.; 25 April 1211 – 15 June 1246), known as Frederick the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare), was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 until his death.
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Frederick X, Count of Hohenzollern
Friedrich X, Count of Hohenzollern (died 21 June 1412), nicknamed Friedrich the Younger or the Black Count was a German nobleman.
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Frederick XII, Count of Hohenzollern
Friedrich XII, Count of Hohenzollern, nickname Friedrich the Oettinger (before 1401 – 1443) was a German nobleman.
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Free city
Free city may refer to.
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Free city (classical antiquity)
A free city (civitas libera, urbs liberae condicionis; ἐλευθέρα καὶ αὐτόνομος πόλις) was a self-governed city during the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial eras.
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Free City of Besançon
The City of Besançon was a self-governing city surrounded by Franche-Comté.
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Free City of Frankfurt
For almost five centuries, the German city of Frankfurt was a city-state within two major Germanic entities.
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Free City of Lübeck
The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Free Imperial City of Aachen
The Free Imperial City of Aachen, known in English by its French name of Aix-la-Chapelle, was a Free Imperial City and spa of the Holy Roman Empire west of Cologne and southeast of the Low Countries, in the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle.
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Free Imperial City of Besançon
The Free Imperial City of Besançon was a self-governing city that was part of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Free Imperial City of Kempten
The Free Imperial City of Kempten was a Free Imperial City in the Swabian Circle.
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Free Imperial City of Nuremberg
The Imperial City of Nuremberg (Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city — independent city-state — within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Free Imperial City of Ulm
The Free Imperial City of Ulm was a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Free state (government)
Free state is a term that has been occasionally used in the official titles of some states.
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Fribourg
Fribourg (Fribôrg or Friboua) or Freiburg (German, or Freiburg im Üechtland, Swiss German pronunciation:; Friborgo or Friburgo; Friburg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district La Sarine.
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Friedberg, Hesse
Friedberg (Friedberg in der Wetterau) is a town and the capital of the Wetteraukreis district, in Hessen, Germany.
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Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hotze (20 April 1739 – 25 September 1799), was a Swiss-born general in the Austrian army during the French Revolutionary Wars, campaigned in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition and in Switzerland in the War of the Second Coalition, notably at Battle of Winterthur in late May 1799, and the First Battle of Zurich in early June 1799.
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Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf
Friedrich Joseph of Nauendorf, a general in Habsburg service during the French Revolutionary Wars, was noted for his intrepid and daring raids.
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Fugger
Fugger is a German family that was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mercantile patriciate of Augsburg, international mercantile bankers, and venture capitalists.
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Further Austria
Further Austria, Outer Austria or Anterior Austria (Vorderösterreich, formerly die Vorlande (pl.)) was the collective name for the early (and later) possessions of the House of Habsburg in the former Swabian stem duchy of south-western Germany, including territories in the Alsace region west of the Rhine and in Vorarlberg.
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Galgeninsel
The Galgeninsel is a peninsula on the shore of Lake Constance near Lindau in the Bay of Reutin in Germany.
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Ganerbenburg
A Ganerbenburg is a castle occupied and managed by several families or family lines at the same time.
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Göttingen
Göttingen (Low German: Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Gelnhausen
Gelnhausen is a town and the capital of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany.
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Gengenbach
Gengenbach is a town in the district of Ortenau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany and a popular tourist destination on the western edge of the Black Forest with about 11,000 inhabitants.
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Gengenbach Abbey
Gengenbach Abbey (Kloster Gengenbach) was a Benedictine monastery in Gengenbach in the district of Ortenau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Gentry
The gentry (genterie; Old French gentil: "high-born") are the "well-born, genteel, and well-bred people" of the social class below the nobility of a society.
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Georg Philipp Rugendas
Georg Philipp Rugendas (27 November 1666 – 1742) was a battle and military genre painter and engraver born in the Free Imperial City of Augsburg in what is now Bavaria, Germany.
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Georg Zacharias Platner
Georg Zacharias Platner (27 July 1781 - 8 July 1862) was a German manufacturer-entrepreneur and an astute businessman who later also became a politician.
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George Lloyd Hodges
George Lloyd Hodges (1790–1862) was a British soldier and diplomat.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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German mediatization
German mediatization (deutsche Mediatisierung) was the major territorial restructuring that took place between 1802 and 1814 in Germany and the surrounding region by means of the mass mediatization and secularization of a large number of Imperial Estates.
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German Peasants' War
The German Peasants' War, Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.
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German town law
The German town law (Deutsches Stadtrecht) or German municipal concerns (Deutsches Städtewesen) was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I. The Magdeburg Law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Giengen
Giengen (full name: Giengen an der Brenz) is a former Free Imperial City in eastern Baden-Württemberg near the border with Bavaria in southern Germany.
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Glückstadt
Glückstadt (Lykstad) is a town in the Steinburg district of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
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Golden Charter of Bern
The Golden Charter of Bern (also: Golden Bull, in German: Goldene Handfeste or Berner Handfeste) is a medieval charter purporting to have been issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.
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Golden Madonna of Essen
The Golden Madonna of Essen is a sculpture of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus.
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Goslar
Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Goslar Cathedral
The church known as Goslar Cathedral (Goslarer Dom) was a collegiate church dedicated to St.
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Gossler family
The Gossler family (also spelled Goßler, historically also Gosler), including the Berenberg-Gossler branch, is a Hanseatic and partially noble banking family from Hamburg.
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Gott ist mein König, BWV 71
Gott ist mein König (God is my King),, is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach written in Mühlhausen when the composer was 23 years old.
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Grand Burgher
Grand Burgher or Grand Burgheress (from German: Großbürger, Großbürgerin) is a specific conferred or inherited title of medieval German origin and legally defined preeminent status granting exclusive constitutional privileges and legal rights (German: Großbürgerrecht),Titel: Lehrbuch des teutschen Privatrechts; Landrecht und Lehnrecht enthaltend.
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Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt was a German satellite state of Napoleonic creation.
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Great Northern War plague outbreak
During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), many towns and areas of the Circum-Baltic and East-Central Europe suffered from a severe outbreak of the plague with a peak from 1708 to 1712.
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Greater Hamburg Act
The Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), in full the Law Regarding Greater Hamburg and Other Territorial Readjustments (Gesetz über Groß-Hamburg und andere Gebietsbereinigungen), was passed by the government of Nazi Germany on 26 January 1937, and mandated the exchange of territories between Hamburg and the Free State of Prussia.
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Große Kreisstadt
Große Kreisstadt ("major district town") is a term in the municipal law (Gemeindeordnung) of several German states.
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Großhansdorf
Großhansdorf is a municipality in the district of Stormarn, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
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Guillaume de Berghes
Guillaume de Berghes or of Glymes(1551–1609), baron of Grimbergen, was bishop of Antwerp from 1597 to 1601 and archbishop of Cambrai from 1601 until his death.
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Gustav Ferdinand Hertz
Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (born August 2, 1827 as David Gustav Hertz in Hamburg, died September 8, 1914) was a German lawyer and senator of the Free Imperial City of Hamburg.
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Haguenau
Haguenau (Haguenau,; Alsatian: Hàwenau or Hàjenöi; and historically in English: Hagenaw) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of France, of which it is a sub-prefecture.
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Hamburg
Hamburg (locally), Hamborg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),Constitution of Hamburg), is the second-largest city of Germany as well as one of the country's 16 constituent states, with a population of roughly 1.8 million people. The city lies at the core of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which spreads across four German federal states and is home to more than five million people. The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919 it formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. The city has repeatedly been beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, exceptional coastal flooding and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids. Historians remark that the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Situated on the river Elbe, Hamburg is home to Europe's second-largest port and a broad corporate base. In media, the major regional broadcasting firm NDR, the printing and publishing firm italic and the newspapers italic and italic are based in the city. Hamburg remains an important financial center, the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, italic, italic, italic, and Unilever. The city is a forum for and has specialists in world economics and international law with such consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. In recent years, the city has played host to multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German Chancellor italic, who governed Germany for eight years, and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, come from Hamburg. The city is a major international and domestic tourist destination. It ranked 18th in the world for livability in 2016. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. Among its most notable cultural venues are the italic and italic concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's italic is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
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Hans Holbein the Elder
Hans Holbein the Elder (c. 1460 – 1524) was a German painter.
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Hans Holbein the Younger
Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere) (– between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.
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Hanseaten (class)
The Hanseaten (Hanseatics) is a collective term for the hierarchy group (so called First Families) consisting of elite individuals and families of prestigious rank who constituted the ruling class of the free imperial city of Hamburg, conjointly with the equal First Families of the free imperial cities Bremen and Lübeck.
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.
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Harly Forest
The Harly Forest (Harly-Wald, also Harlywald or just Harly) is a hill range up to above NN in the district of Goslar in southeastern Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Harman Grube
Harman Grube (August 6, 1807 - ?) was an American farmer from Emmet, Dodge County, Wisconsin who spent a single term as a Reform Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
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Hausbergen
Hausbergen is a natural region and historic territory in Alsace now divided between three communes of Greater Strasbourg intercommunal structure.
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Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg
Hedwig of Saxony (31 October 1445 – 13 June 1511) was Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg from 1458 until her death.
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Heggbach Abbey
Heggbach Abbey (Reichsabtei Heggbach) was a Cistercian nunnery in Heggbach, now part of the municipality of Maselheim in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Heilbronn
Heilbronn is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Heilbronn-Franken
Heilbronn-Franken is a region in northeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in the Stuttgart subdivision (Regierungsbezirk).
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Heinrich Parler
Heinrich Parler the Elder (also Heinrich of Gmünd, Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere; c. 1310 – c. 1370), was a German architect and sculptor.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes
Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes (July 27, 1777 – May 17, 1834) was a German physicist, meteorologist, and astronomer.
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Hellweg
In the Middle Ages, Hellweg was the official and common name given to main travelling routes in Germany.
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Henry (VII) of Germany
Henry (VII) (1211 – 12 February ? 1242), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Sicily from 1212 until 1217 and King of Germany (formally Rex Romanorum) from 1220 until 1235, as son and co-ruler of Emperor Frederick II.
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Henry Boyle, 5th Earl of Shannon
Henry Bentinck Boyle, 5th Earl of Shannon (22 November 1833 in London – 8 February 1890 in Castlemartyr) was an Honorary Colonel of the 2nd Brigade, South Irish Division, Royal Artillery.
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Henry IV, Count of Waldeck
Henry IV, Count of Waldeck (– 1 May 1348) was the ruling Count of Waldeck from 1305 to 1344.
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Henry Suso
Henry Suso, O.P. (also called Amandus, a name adopted in his writings, and Heinrich Seuse in German), was a German Dominican friar and the most popular vernacular writer of the fourteenth century (when considering the number of surviving manuscripts).
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Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, the duchies of which he held until 1180.
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Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Henricus; 10 November 1489 – 11 June 1568), called the Younger, (Heinrich der Jüngere), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death.
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Hergensweiler
Hergensweiler is a municipality in the district of Lindau in Bavaria in Germany.
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Hieronymus Brunschwig
Hieronymus Brunschwig or Hieronymus Brunschwygk (c. 1450c. 1512) was a German surgeon ("wund artzot"), alchemist and botanist.
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History of Alsace
The History of Alsace begins when the area was inhabited by nomadic hunters in antiquity, and includes several changes in political control of the area between Germany and France.
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History of Baden-Württemberg
The history of Baden-Württemberg covers the area included in the historical state of Baden, the former Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, part of the region of Swabia since the 9th century.
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History of Bavaria
The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the modern Federal Republic of Germany.
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History of Bern
The city of Bern, founded in 1191 and first mentioned in a document in 1208, grew to become the biggest aristocratic city-state north of the Alps and a major power in the Old Swiss Confederacy.
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History of Cologne
The German city of Cologne was founded in the 1st century as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium.
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History of Franconia
Franconia (Franken) is a region that is not precisely defined, but which lies in the north of the Free State of Bavaria, parts of Baden-Württemberg and South Thuringia and Hesse in Germany.
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History of Frankfurt am Main
The history of the city of Frankfurt am Main started on a hill at a ford in the Main River.
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History of Freiburg
The History of Freiburg im Breisgau can be traced back almost 900 years.
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History of Germany
The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.
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History of Hamburg
The history of Hamburg begins with its foundation in the 9th century as a mission settlement to convert the Saxons.
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History of Latvia
The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.
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History of Metz
Metz, the capital and the prefecture of both the Lorraine region and the Moselle department in France, has a recorded history dating back over 3,000 years.
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History of Riga
The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River.
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History of Rijeka
Rijeka, formerly known as Fiume, is a city located in the northern tip of the Kvarner Gulf in the northern Adriatic.
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History of Slovenia
The history of Slovenia chronicles the period of the Slovene territory from the 5th century BC to the present.
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History of Speyer
The history of Speyer begins with the establishment of a Roman camp in 10 BCE, making it one of Germany's oldest cities.
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History of Strasbourg
The following is a history of Strasbourg, France.
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History of the Jews in Germany
Jewish settlers founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE).
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History of the Jews in Laupheim
The history of the Jews in Laupheim began in the first half of the 18th century.
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History of the Ruhr
The actual boundaries of the Ruhr vary slightly depending on the source, but a good working definition is to define the Lippe and Ruhr as its northern and southern boundaries respectively, the Rhine as its western boundary, and the town of Hamm as the eastern limit.
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History of Zürich
Zürich has been continuously inhabited since Roman times.
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Hochstift
In the Holy Roman Empire the German term Hochstift (plural: Hochstifte or, in some regions, Hochstifter) was often used to denote the territory of secular authority held by bishops ruling a prince-bishopric as their temporalities.
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Hoftag
A Hoftag (pl. Hoftage) was the name given to an informal and irregular assembly convened by the King of the Romans, the Holy Roman Emperor or one of the Princes of the Empire, with selected chief princes within the empire.
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Hohengeroldseck
Hohengeroldseck was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Hohenstaufen
The Staufer, also known as the House of Staufen, or of Hohenstaufen, were a dynasty of German kings (1138–1254) during the Middle Ages.
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Hohenzollern Castle
Hohenzollern Castle (German) is the ancestral seat of the imperial House of Hohenzollern.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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Holzhausenschlösschen
The Holzhausenschlösschen (Little Holzhausen palace) is a moated former country house built by the patrician Holzhausen family on their farm, then just north of Frankfurt and now in the city's Nordend.
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House of Helfenstein
Helfenstein was a German noble family during the High and Late Middle Ages. The family was named after the family castle, Castle Helfenstein, located above Geislingen an der Steige in the Swabian Alb region of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The family held the rank of Graf or Count and was very significant in the 13th and 14th Centuries, but fell into financial difficulties and the family died out by 1627.
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House of Oettingen-Wallerstein
Oettingen-Wallerstein is a noble family related to a former County in modern-day eastern Baden-Württemberg and western Bavaria, Germany.
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House of Zähringen
Zähringen is an old German noble family in Swabia, which founded a large number of cities in the area that is today Switzerland and the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Hugues Doneau
Hugues Doneau, commonly referred also by the Latin form Hugo Donellus (23 December 1527, Chalon-sur-Saône – 4 May 1591, Altdorf bei Nürnberg), was a French law professor and one of the leading representatives of French legal humanism (mos Gallicus).
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Illkirch-Graffenstaden
Illkirch-Graffenstaden is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
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Imperial Abbey of Kempten
The Imperial Abbey of Kempten or Princely Abbey of Kempten (Fürststift Kempten or Fürstabtei Kempten) was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries until it was annexed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization in 1803.
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Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)
The Imperial Army (Kaiserliche Armee), Imperial Troops (Kaiserliche Truppen), Exercitus Imperatoris Romani, or Imperialists (Kaiserliche) for short, was a name used for several centuries, especially to describe soldiers recruited for the Holy Roman Emperor during the Early Modern Period.
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Imperial City
Imperial City may refer to.
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Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)
The Imperial Diet (Dieta Imperii/Comitium Imperiale; Reichstag) was the deliberative body of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Imperial Estate
An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
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Imperial Free City of Trieste
The Imperial Free City of Trieste and its Suburbs was a Habsburg possession from the 14th century to 1918, called in German as Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest und ihr Gebiet and in Italian as Città Imperiale di Trieste e Dintorni.
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Imperial Government
The name imperial government (Reichsregiment) denotes two organs, created in 1500 and 1521 respectively, in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation to enable a unified political leadership, with input from the Princes.
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Imperial immediacy
Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit) was a privileged constitutional and political status rooted in German feudal law under which the Imperial estates of the Holy Roman Empire such as Imperial cities, prince-bishoprics and secular principalities, and individuals such as the Imperial knights, were declared free from the authority of any local lord and placed under the direct ("immediate", in the sense of "without an intermediary") authority of the Emperor, and later of the institutions of the Empire such as the Diet (Reichstag), the Imperial Chamber of Justice and the Aulic Council.
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Imperial Knight
The Free Imperial knights (Reichsritter Eques imperii) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, whose direct overlord was the Emperor.
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Imperial Reform
Imperial Reform (Reformatio imperii, Reichsreform) is the name given to repeated attempts in the 15th and 16th centuries to adapt the structure and the constitutional order (Verfassungsordnung) of the Holy Roman Empire to the requirements of the early modern state and to give it a unified government under either the Imperial Estates or the emperor's supremacy.
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Imperial road
In medieval times, imperial roads (Reichsstraße) were designated routes in the Holy Roman Empire that afforded protection to travellers in return for tolls collected for the emperor.
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Independent city
An independent city or independent town is a city or town that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity (such as a county).
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Isny im Allgäu
Isny im Allgäu is a town in south-eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Israelitisches Familienblatt
Israelitisches Familienblatt (literally: Israelite Family Paper; originally: Israelitisches Familienblatt für Hamburg, Altona und Wandsbek) was a rather impartial Jewish weekly newspaper, which directed at Jewish readers of all alignments.
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Jacob Christoph Le Blon
Jacob Christoph Le Blon, or Jakob Christoffel Le Blon, (2 May 1667 – 16 May 1741) was a painter and engraver from Frankfurt who invented the system of three- and four-colour printing, using an RYBK color model similar to the modern CMYK system.
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Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus
Jacobus Theodorus (Jacob Diether), called Tabernaemontanus (1525 – August 1590) was a physician and an early botanist and herbalist, the "father of "German botany" whose illustrated Neuw Kreuterbuch (1588) or Eicones Plantarum (Frankfurt, 1590) was the result of a lifetime's botanizing and medical practice.
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Jakob Fugger
Jakob Fugger of the Lily (Jakob Fugger von der Lilie) (6 March 1459 – 30 December 1525), also known as Jakob Fugger the Rich or sometimes Jakob II, was a major German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker.
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Jauch family
The Jauch family of Germany is a Hanseatic family which can be traced back till the Late Middle Ages.
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Joachim Meyer
Joachim Meÿer (ca. 1537–1571) was a self described Freifechter (literally, Free Fencer) living in the then Free Imperial City of Strasbourg in the 16th century and the author of a fechtbuch Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (in English, Thorough Descriptions of the Art of Fencing) first published in 1570.
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Joannes Susenbrotus
Joannes Susenbrotus (also spelled Susembrotus, also known as Johannes or Hans Susenbrot, 1484/1485–1542/1543) was a German humanist, teacher of Latin, and author of textbooks.
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Johann Adolph Hass
Johann Adolph Rudolph Hass (baptised 12 March 1713, buried 29 May 1771), usually known as Johann Adolph Hass, was a German maker of clavichords, harpsichords and possibly organs.
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Johann Carolus
Johann Carolus (1575−1634) was a German publisher of the first newspaper, called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Account of all distinguished and commemorable news).
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Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve
Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve was a German diplomat.
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Johann Just Winckelmann
Johann Just Winckelmann (19 August 1620 – 3 July 1699) was a German writer and historian.
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Johann Moritz Rugendas
Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas, in the first half of the 19th century.
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Johann Smidt
Johann Smidt (November 5, 1773 – May 7, 1857) was an important Bremen politician, theologian, and founder of Bremerhaven.
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Johann von Klenau
Johann von Klenau (13 April 1758 – 6 October 1819), also called Johann Josef Cajetan von Klenau und Janowitz, was a field marshal in the Habsburg army.
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman.
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Johannes Engel
Johannes Engel (2 March 1453 – 29 September 1512), also known as Johannes Angelus, was a doctor, astronomer and astrologer from Aichach, near Augsburg, which at that time was a Free Imperial City within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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John Calvin
John Calvin (Jean Calvin; born Jehan Cauvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
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John of Austria
John of Austria (Juan, Johann; 24 February 1547 – 1 October 1578) was an illegitimate son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He became a military leader in the service of his half-brother, King Philip II of Spain, and is best known for his role as the admiral of the Holy Alliance fleet at the Battle of Lepanto.
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John of Denmark (1518–1532)
John of Denmark (Hans; 21 February 151811 August 1532) was the eldest child and first of four sons born to the King and Queen of Denmark and Norway, Christian II and Isabella of Austria.
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Justin Heinrich Knecht
Justinus or Justin Heinrich Knecht (30 September 1752 – 1 December 1817) was a German composer, organist, and music theorist.
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Kaiserliche Reichspost
Kaiserliche Reichspost (Imperial Mail) was the name of the country-wide postal service of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Kaltenburg Castle
Kaltenburg Castle is a ruined castle, located in the Lonetal (Lone River Valley) between the cities of Giengen and Niederstotzingen in the district of Heidenheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander.
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Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg
Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg (8 February 1744 – 10 February 1817) was Prince-Archbishop of Regensburg, Arch-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, Bishop of Constance and Worms, Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand Duke of Frankfurt.
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Kehl
Kehl is a town in southwestern Germany in the Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg.
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Kessenich
Kessenich is a village in the Belgian province Limburg.
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Kiel–Lübeck railway
The Kiel–Lübeck railway is a non-electrified, mostly single-track railway line in eastern Schleswig-Holstein in north Germany.
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King of the Romans
King of the Romans (Rex Romanorum; König der Römer) was a title used by Syagrius, then by the German king following his election by the princes from the time of Emperor Henry II (1014–1024) onward.
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Klein-Venedig
Klein-Venedig (Little Venice) was the most significant territory of the German colonization of the Americas, from 1528 to 1546, in which the Welser banking family of the Free Imperial City of Augsburg obtained colonial rights in the Province of Venezuela in return for debts owed by Charles I of Spain (counted Charles V as Emperor).
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Konrad Peutinger
Conrad Peutinger (14 October 1465 – 28 December 1547) was a German humanist, jurist, diplomat, politician, and economist.
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Konstanz
Konstanz (locally; formerly English: Constance, Czech: Kostnice, Latin: Constantia) is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany, bordering Switzerland.
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Landau
Landau, or Landau in der Pfalz, is an autonomous (kreisfrei) town surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route") district of southern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
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Landeskirche
In Germany and Switzerland, a Landeskirche (plural: Landeskirchen) is the church of a region.
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Landtag
A Landtag (State Diet) is a representative assembly (parliament) in German-speaking countries with legislative authority and competence over a federated state (Land).
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Lübeck
Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.
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Lübeck law
The Lübeck law (Lübisches (Stadt)Recht) was the constitution of a municipal form of government developed at Lübeck, now in Schleswig-Holstein, after it was made a free city in 1226.
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Lüneburg
Lüneburg (officially the Hanseatic City of Lüneburg, German: Hansestadt Lüneburg,, Low German Lümborg, Latin Luneburgum or Lunaburgum, Old High German Luneburc, Old Saxon Hliuni, Polabian Glain), also called Lunenburg in English, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony.
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Leipheim
Leipheim is a town in the district of Günzburg, in Bavaria, Germany.
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Leutkirch im Allgäu
Leutkirch im Allgäu is a former Free Imperial Town located in south-eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Lex familiae
In the Holy Roman Empire, the lex familiae or ius curiae (German Hofrecht) during the Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries) was the legislation concerning the relation between the free owner of an estate with both his free workers and his unfree serfs, as well as the legal relations among those employed at an estate.
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Lichtenstein Castle (Greifenstein)
Lichtenstein Castle (Burg Lichtenstein) is a levelled spur castle on the hill of Burgberg Lichtenstein,, near the Greifenstein village of Holzhausen on the old military High Road, that ran from Frankfurt via Wetzlar to Cologne.
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Lichtenstein Castle (Württemberg)
Lichtenstein Castle (Schloss Lichtenstein) is a privately owned tourist attraction built in Gothic Revival style and located in the Swabian Jura of southern Germany.
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Lindenholzhausen
Lindenholzhausen (in local dialect "Hollesse") has been a district of the Town of Limburg an der Lahn since 1972.
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List of battles involving France in the Ancien Régime
This is a chronological list of the battles involving France in the Ancien Régime.
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List of bishops, prince-bishops, and administrators of Verden
This list records the bishops of the Roman Catholic diocese of Verden (Bistum Verden), a suffragan of the Archbishopric of Mentz, who were simultaneously rulers of princely rank (prince-bishop) in the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (Hochstift Verden; est. 1180 and secularised in 1648), a state of imperial immediacy within the Holy Roman Empire.
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List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg
List of consular and (until 1918) diplomatic missions in Hamburg.
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List of free imperial cities
There were 51 Free Imperial Cities in the Holy Roman Empire as of 1792.
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List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)
The Holy Roman Empire was a highly decentralized state for most of its history, composed of hundreds of smaller states, most of which operated with some degree of independent sovereignty.
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List of mayors of Hamburg
The following is a chronological list of mayors of Hamburg, a city-state in Germany.
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List of participants in the Synod of Dort
Official participation in the Synod of Dort, held in 1618–9 in Dordrecht in the Netherlands, consisted of different groups: Dutch ministers, church elders, and theologians; representatives of churches outside the Dutch Republic; and Dutch lay politicians.
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List of people from Metz
Notable people born in or near Metz (sorted by category): Activism and politics.
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List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
This list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordship, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs.
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List of town and city fires
This is a list of town and city conflagrations.
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Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor
Lothair II or Lothair III (before 9 June 1075 – 4 December 1137), known as Lothair of Supplinburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death.
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Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
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Lower Alsace
Lower Alsace (northern Alsace) was a landgraviate of the Holy Roman Empire held ex officio by the Bishop of Strasbourg.
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Lower League
The Lower League (Niedere Vereinigung, inferiores confederati) was a union of the four imperial cities Strasbourg, Basel, Colmar and Sélestat, formed in 1473, joined by the bishops of Basel and Strasbourg, Sigismund of Habsburg and by the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1474.
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Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle
The Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Lower Saxon Circle
The Lower Saxon Circle (Niedersächsischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Luchesius Modestini
Luchesius Modestini, T.O.S.F. (also Luchesio, Lucchese, Lucesio, Lucio, or Luchesius of Poggibonsi) (1180 - 1260) is honored by tradition within the Franciscan Order as being, along with his wife, Buonadonna de' Segni, the first members of the Franciscan Order of Penance, most commonly referred to as the Third Order of St. Francis.
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Mantua
Mantua (Mantova; Emilian and Latin: Mantua) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.
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Manuel Chrysoloras
Manuel (or Emmanuel) Chrysoloras (Μανουὴλ Χρυσολωρᾶς; c. 1355 – 15 April 1415) was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.
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March 9
No description.
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March of the Nordgau
The March of the Nordgau (Markgrafschaft Nordgau) or Bavarian Nordgau (Bayerischer Nordgau) was a medieval administrative unit (Gau) on the frontier of the German Duchy of Bavaria.
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Marienkirche, Dortmund
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Markgröningen
Markgröningen is a town in the district (Kreis) of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Martin Bucer
Martin Bucer (early German: Martin Butzer; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices.
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Maximilian, Count of Merveldt
Maximilian, Count von Merveldt (29 June 1764 – 5 July 1815), among the most famous of an illustrious old Westphalian family, entered Austrian military service, rose to the rank of General of Cavalry, served as Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to Russia, and became special envoy extraordinaire to the Court of St. James's (Great Britain).
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Mögglingen
Mögglingen is a municipality in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, in Ostalbkreis district.
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Mühlhausen
Mühlhausen is a city in the north-west of Thuringia, Germany, north of Niederdorla, the country's geographical centre, north-west of Erfurt, east of Kassel and south-east of Göttingen.
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Müllenheim
Müllenheim (also Mullenheim or Mùlnheim) is the name of an old Strasbourg noble family.
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Medieval commune
Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city.
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Meersburg Castle
Meersburg Castle (Burg Meersburg), also known as the Alte Burg (English: Old Castle), in Meersburg on Lake Constance in Baden-Württemberg, Germany is the oldest inhabited castle in Germany.
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Melchior Heßler
Melchior Heßler (ca. 1619 – 18 April 1690) was a German engineer and master builder (architect and builder).
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Memmingen
Memmingen is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.
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Merklingen
Merklingen is a municipality in the district of Alb-Donau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
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Metz
Metz (Lorraine Franconian pronunciation) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
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Mosbach
Mosbach is the capital of the Neckar-Odenwald district in the north of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about 58 km east of Heidelberg.
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Mozart's nationality
This article discusses the nationality of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791).
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Mulhouse
Mulhouse (Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse,;; i.e. mill house) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders.
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Municipal charter
A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town.
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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin.
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National colours of Germany
The national colours of the Federal Republic of Germany are officially black, red, and gold, defined with the adoption of the West German flag as a tricolour with these colours in 1949.
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Nördlingen
Nördlingen is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of approximately 19,190.
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Newspaper
A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events.
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Niedereschach
Niedereschach is a town, with 6000 inhabitants, in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
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Nordhausen
Nordhausen is a city in Thuringia, Germany.
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Novara
Novara (Nuàra in the local Lombard dialect) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan.
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Novi Sad
Novi Sad (Нови Сад,; Újvidék; Nový Sad; see below for other names) is the second largest city of Serbia, the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina and the administrative center of the South Bačka District.
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Nuremberg
Nuremberg (Nürnberg) is a city on the river Pegnitz and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia, about north of Munich.
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Nuremberg Castle
Nuremberg Castle (Nürnberger Burg) is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge dominating the historical center of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany.
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Oberwesel
Oberwesel is a town on the Middle Rhine in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
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Obrigheim, Rhineland-Palatinate
Obrigheim (Pfalz) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
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Offenburg
Offenburg ("open borough" - coat of arms showing open gates; Fr. Offenbourg) is a city located in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Old Swiss Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: Alte Eidgenossenschaft; historically Eidgenossenschaft, after the Reformation also République des Suisses, Res publica Helvetiorum "Republic of the Swiss") was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German or) within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Old Württemberg
Old Württemberg (Altwürttemberg) refers to the princely territory of Württemberg prior to the imperial treaty or Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 as opposed to the New Württemberg which followed and which acquired a large number of additional territories - especially to the east and south of Old Württemberg.
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Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the only federal decoration of Germany.
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Ortenaukreis
Ortenaukreis (Arrondissement de l'Ortenau) is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in the west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Ostalbkreis
The Ostalbkreis is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in the east of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on the border to Bavaria.
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Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen-Hornberg
Otto Heinrich von Gemmingen zu Hornberg (5 November 1755 - 3 March 1836) was a member of the aristocratic Gemmingen family.
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Otto Truchsess von Waldburg
Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (26 February 1514 – 2 April 1573) was Prince-Bishop of Augsburg from 1543 until his death and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.
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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.
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Otto von Guericke
Otto von Guericke (originally spelled Gericke,; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician.
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Palatinate (region)
The Palatinate (die Pfalz, Pfälzer dialect: Palz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz), is a region in southwestern Germany.
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Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
Patricianship, the quality of belonging to a patriciate, began in the ancient world, where cities such as Ancient Rome had a class of patrician families whose members were the only people allowed to exercise many political functions.
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Paul Philidor
Phylidor (17??– 7 March 1829), also spelled "Phylidoor" or "Philidor", also known as "Paul Filidort" and probably the same as Paul de Philipsthal, was a magician and a pioneer of phantasmagoria shows.
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Perlachturm
The 70-metre-tall Perlachturm is a tower in the central district of Augsburg, Germany.
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Peter Parler
Peter Parler (Peter von Gemünd, Petr Parléř, Petrus de Gemunden in Suevia; 1333 – 13 July 1399) was a German-Bohemian architect and sculptor from the Parler family of master builders.
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Pfeddersheim
The former free imperial city Pfeddersheim is a borough of Worms since 1969.
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Pfullingen
Pfullingen is a town in the district of Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Philipp Knipschildt
Philipp Knipschildt (1595 – September 29, 1657) was a jurist and legal historian.
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Pleissnerland
Pleissnerland, Pleissenland or the Imperial Territory of Pleissenland (Reichsterritorium Pleißenland; Terra Plisensis) was a Reichsgut of the Holy Roman Empire, which meant that it was directly possessed by the respective elected King of the Romans or Emperor.
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Primus inter pares
Primus inter pares (Πρῶτος μεταξὺ ἴσων) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals.
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Prince primate
Prince-Primate (Fürstprimas, hercegprímás) is a rare princely title held by individual (prince-)archbishops of specific sees in a presiding capacity in an august assembly of mainly secular princes, notably the following.
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Prince-bishop
A prince-bishop is a bishop who is also the civil ruler of some secular principality and sovereignty.
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Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg
The Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg was one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, and belonged to the Swabian Circle.
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Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
The Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück (Hochstift Osnabrück) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1225 until 1803.
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Prince-Bishopric of Worms
The Bishopric of Worms, or Prince-Bishopric of Worms, was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Prince-elector
The prince-electors (or simply electors) of the Holy Roman Empire (Kurfürst, pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca; Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca; Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska) was a crown land of the Habsburg dynasty within the Austrian Littoral on the Adriatic Sea, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia.
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Principality of Calenberg
The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432.
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Principality of Göttingen
The Principality of Göttingen (Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital.
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Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
Nassau-Orange-Fulda was a short-lived principality of the Holy Roman Empire, which was created for the son and heir of the Prince of Orange and Prince of Orange-Nassau and existed only from 1803 to 1806.
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Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
The Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine (Église protestante de la Confession d’Augsbourg d’Alsace et de Lorraine, EPCAAL; Protestantische Kirche Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses von Elsass und Lothringen, Kirche A.B. von Elsass und Lothringen) is a Lutheran church of public-law corporation status (établissement public du culte) in France.
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Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine
The Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (Église protestante réformée d'Alsace et de Lorraine; EPRAL) is a Reformed denomination in Alsace and Northeastern Lorraine (Département Moselle), France.
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Protestant Union
The Protestant Union (Protestantische Union), also known as the Evangelical Union, Union of Auhausen, German Union or as the Protestant Action Party, was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed on May 14th, 1608 by Calvinist Frederick IV, Elector Palatine in order to defend the rights, lands and person of each member.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Protestation at Speyer
On April 19, 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban against Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.
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Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
The Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (Provinz Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1815–22.
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Provinces of France
The Kingdom of France was organized into provinces until March 4, 1790, when the establishment of the department (French: département) system superseded provinces.
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Raitz von Frentz
Raitz von Frentz is the name of a baronial (freiherrlichen) family, that belongs to the German ancient nobility (Uradel).
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Rammelsberg
The Rammelsberg is a mountain, high, on the northern edge of the Harz range, south of the historic town of Goslar in the North German state of Lower Saxony.
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Ravensburg
Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in Southern Germany, capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg.
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Reallocation of votes in the Imperial Diet (1803)
The Imperial Diet was the primary legislative body in the Holy Roman Empire after 1648.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Regensburg
Regensburg (Castra-Regina;; Řezno; Ratisbonne; older English: Ratisbon; Bavarian: Rengschburg or Rengschburch) is a city in south-east Germany, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers.
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Regensburg Synagogue
The original Regensburg Synagogue, erected between 1210 and 1227, was an edifice in Old Romanesque style in Regensburg, southern Germany, on the site of the former Jewish hospital, in the center of the ghetto, where the present Neue Pfarre stands.
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Reichsadler
The Reichsadler ("Imperial Eagle") is the heraldic eagle, derived from the Roman eagle standard, used by the Holy Roman Emperors and in modern coats of arms of Germany, including those of the Second German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (Nazi Germany, 1933–1945).
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Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (formally the Hauptschluss der außerordentlichen Reichsdeputation, or "Principal Conclusion of the Extraordinary Imperial Delegation"), sometimes referred to in English as the Final Recess or the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire on 24 March 1803.
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Reichsexekution
In German history, a Reichsexekution (sometimes "Reich execution" in English) was an imperial or federal intervention against a member state, using military force if necessary.
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Reichskrieg (1311–1312)
The Reichskrieg was a war fought in 1311 and 1312 by the imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire against Eberhard I, Count of Württemberg, known as 'Eberhard the Illustrious Highness'.
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Reichstadt
Reichstadt may refer to.
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Reichsvogt
Reichsvogt (Imperial Advocate) was the term for the office of a Vogt that was nominated by the king of the Holy Roman Empire as his representative.
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Republic
A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.
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Reus
Reus is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain.
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Reutlingen
Reutlingen is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Reutlingen (district)
Reutlingen, nicknamed "The Gate to the Swabian Alb" ("Das Tor zur Schwäbischen Alb"), is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Rheinfelden
Rheinfelden (Rhyfälde) is a municipality in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland, seat of the district of Rheinfelden.
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Rhine Campaign of 1796
In the Rhine Campaign of 1796 (June 1796 to February 1797), two First Coalition armies under the overall command of Archduke Charles outmaneuvered and defeated two French Republican armies.
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Rhine-Neckar
The Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region (Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar), often referred to as Rhein-Neckar-Triangle is a polycentric metropolitan region located in south western Germany, between the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region to the North and the Stuttgart Region to the South-East.
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Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland, Rhénanie) is the name used for a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
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Riga
Riga (Rīga) is the capital and largest city of Latvia.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai (Archdiocesis Cameracensis; French: Archidiocèse de Cambrai) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France, comprising the arrondissements of Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Cambrai, Douai, and Valenciennes within the département of Nord, in the region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais.
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Rosheim
Rosheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
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Rothenberg Fortress
Rothenberg Fortress (Festung Rothenberg) is a fortress on the eponymous hill,, near Schnaittach in the Franconian Jura.
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Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Rothenburg ob der Tauber is a town in the district of Ansbach of Mittelfranken (Middle Franconia), the Franconia region of Bavaria, Germany.
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Rottenmünster Abbey
Rottenmünster Abbey, also the Imperial Nunnery of Rottenmünster (Kloster Rottenmünster), was a Cistercian abbey located near Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg.
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Rottweil
Rottweil (Swabian: Rautweil) is a town in southwest Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Roundel (fortification)
The roundel is a strong artillery fortification with a rounded or circular plan of a similar height to the adjacent defensive walls.
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Royal free city
Royal free city or free royal city was the official term for the most important cities in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th century until the early 20th century.
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Royal Prussia
Royal Prussia (Prusy Królewskie; Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils, Królewsczé Prësë) or Polish PrussiaAnton Friedrich Büsching, Patrick Murdoch.
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Ruhr
The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Rupert II, Elector Palatine
Rupert II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (12 May 1325, Amberg – 6 January 1398, Amberg).
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Saint Emmeram's Abbey
St.
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Samuel Frisching (II)
Samuel Frisching (27 June 1638 – 23 October 1721) was a Bernese soldier and politician.
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Sélestat
Sélestat (Alsatian: Schlettstàdt; German: Schlettstadt) is a commune in the northeast region of France.
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Söflingen Abbey
Söflingen Abbey was a nunnery of the Order of Poor Ladies, also known as the Poor Clares, the Poor Clare Sisters, the Clarisse, the Minoresses, or the Second Order of St.
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Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen (Schafuuse; Schaffhouse; Sciaffusa; Schaffusa; Shaffhouse) is a town with historic roots, a municipality in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 36,000.
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Schemmerhofen
Schemmerhofen is a municipality ("Gemeinde") in the district ("Landkreis") of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Schiltach
Schiltach is a town in the district of Rottweil, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Schmalkaldic League
The Schmalkaldic League; was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.
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Schmalkaldic War
The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Schwäbisch Gmünd
Schwäbisch Gmünd (until 1934: Gmünd) is a town in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Schwäbisch Hall
Schwäbisch Hall, or Hall for short is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg and capital of the district of Schwäbisch Hall.
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Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt (in German literally 'swine ford') is a city in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria in Germany on the right bank of the navigable Main River, which is spanned by several bridges here, 27 km northeast of Würzburg.
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Seerhein
The Seerhein ("Lake Rhine") is a river about four kilometres long, in the basin of Lake Constance.
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Seligenstadt
Seligenstadt is a town in the Offenbach district in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany.
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Seltz
Seltz is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of the Grand Est region in north-eastern France.
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Siege of Aachen (1614)
The Siege of Aachen took place in late August 1614, when the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, marched from Maastricht to Germany to support Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, during the War of the Jülich Succession.
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Siege of Hüningen (1796–97)
In the Siege of Hüningen (27 November 1796 – 1 February 1797), the Austrians captured the city from the French.
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Siege of Kehl (1796–97)
The Siege of Kehl lasted from October 1796 to 9 January 1797. Habsburg and Württemberg regulars numbering 40,000, under the command of Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour, besieged and captured the French-controlled fortifications at the village of Kehl in the German state of Baden-Durlach. The fortifications at Kehl represented important bridgehead crossing the Rhine to Strasbourg, an Alsatian city, a French Revolutionary stronghold. This battle was part of the Rhine Campaign of 1796, in the French Revolutionary War of the First Coalition. In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross, in some places more than four or more times wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternate submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. At Kehl and the city of Strasbourg lay a complex of bridges, gates, fortifications and barrage dams. These had been constructed by the fortress architect Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in 1703 during the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1733 during the War of the Polish Succession, and earlier in 1796, when the French crossed into the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success was the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at Hüningen, near the Swiss city of Basel, and the crossing at Kehl, gave them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal. Throughout the summer of 1796, the French and the Austrians had chased each other back and forth across the south German states. By October, the Austrian force, under the command of Archduke Charles, had pushed the French back to the Rhine. With the conclusion of the Battle of Schliengen on 24 October, the French army withdrew south and west toward the Rhine. The French commander, Jean Victor Marie Moreau, offered an armistice that the Archduke was inclined to accept. The Achduke wanted to secure the Rhine crossings so he could send troops to northern Italy to relieve Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser at besieged Mantua; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that. However, his brother, Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused such an armistice, forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Hüningen and Kehl. These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter. On 18 September 1796, the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the têtes-de-ponts (bridgeheads) joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat. The situation remained in status quo until late October. Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen, while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen, Count Baillet Latour moved north to Kehl to begin the siege. On 22 November, the French defenders at Kehl, under Louis Desaix and the overall commander of the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle, Jean-Victor-Marie Moreau, almost ended the siege when they executed a sortie that nearly captured the Austrian artillery park. In early December, though, the Austrians expanded the siege, connecting a grand parallel with a series of batteries in a semi-circle around the village and the bridges. By late December, the completed Austrian batteries connected with the captured French fortification called Bonnet de Prêtre; from these positions, the Austrians bombarded the French defenses with enfilade fire. After the defenses were thoroughly riddled by heavy bombardment from the besiegers, the French defenders capitulated and withdrew on 9 January 1797.
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Siege of Landau (1702)
The Siege of Landau (16 June – 12 September 1702) saw an army from the Holy Roman Empire led by Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden lay siege to the fortress city of Landau which was held for the Kingdom of France.
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Siege of Metz (1552)
The Siege of Metz during the Italian War of 1551–59 lasted from October 1552 to January (1-5), 1553.
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Siege of Neuss
The Siege of Neuss, from 1474–75, was linked to the Cologne Diocesan Feud and part of the Burgundian Wars.
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Siege of Nuremberg
The Siege of Nuremberg or Siege of Nürnberg was a battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the Thirty Years' War.
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Siemens family
Siemens is the name of a family of German technology and telecommunications industrialists, founders and to the present day largest shareholders of Siemens AG.
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Sion, Switzerland
Sion (Sitten; Seduno; Sedunum) is a Swiss town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion.
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SMS Basilisk (1862)
SMS Basilisk was a of the Prussian Navy (later the Imperial German Navy) that was launched in 1862.
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SMS Blitz (1862)
SMS Blitz was a of the Prussian Navy (later the Imperial German Navy) that was launched in 1862.
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SMS Camäleon (1860)
SMS Camäleon was the lead ship of the of steam-powered gunboats of the Prussian Navy (later the Imperial German Navy) that was launched in 1860.
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Soest Feud
The Soest Feud (Soester Fehde), or Feud of Soest, was a feud that took place from 1444 to 1449 in which the town of Soest claimed its freedom from Archbishop Dietrich of Cologne (1414–1463), who tried to restore his rule.
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Soest, Germany
Soest (as if it were 'Sohst'; Westphalian: Saust) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Solothurn
Solothurn (Solothurn; Soleure; Soletta; Soloturn) is a town, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
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Speyer
Speyer (older spelling Speier, known as Spire in French and formerly as Spires in English) is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.
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St. George's Abbey, Isny
St.
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St. Mary's Cathedral, Hamburg
Saint Mary's Cathedral in Hamburg (Sankt Mariendom, also Mariendom, or simply Dom or Domkirche, or Hamburger Dom) was the cathedral of the ancient Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg (not to be confused with Hamburg's modern Archdiocese, est. 1994), which was merged in personal union with the Diocese of Bremen in 847, and later in real union to form the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, as of 1027.
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St. Mary's Church, Lübeck
St.
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Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg
The Staatsarchiv Ludwigsburg (Ludwigsburg State Archives), located in Ludwigsburg, Germany, is a public institutional repository for roughly 680 state authorities within the District of Stuttgart, Germany.
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Stadtarchiv Speyer
The Stadtarchiv Speyer is the oldest municipal archive of the Palatinate.
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Stapelburg
Stapelburg is a village and a former municipality in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
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State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Civitas Ordinis Theutonici), also called Deutschordensstaat or Ordensstaat in German, was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.
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Stefanie von Schnurbein
Baroness Stefanie Anna Hildegard von Schnurbein (born 24 June 1961 in Augsburg) is a German literary scholar, and Professor of Modern Scandinavian Literature at the Humboldt University of Berlin.
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Stift
The term Stift (sticht) is derived from the verb stiften (to donate) and originally meant a donation.
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Stone Tower (Dortmund)
The Stone Tower (Steinerne Turm) is a protected monument and historic watchtower in the city of Dortmund, Germany, not far from the Westfalenhallen.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (Alsatian: Strossburi; Straßburg) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament.
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Strasbourg astronomical clock
The Strasbourg astronomical clock is located in the Cathédrale Notre-Dame of Strasbourg, Alsace, France.
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Strasbourg Bishops' War
The Strasbourg Bishops' War (Bischöflichen Krieg, Guerre des Evêques) (1592–1604) was a conflict between Protestants and Catholics for control of the Bishopric of Strasbourg.
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Strasbourg Cathedral
Strasbourg Cathedral or the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, or Cathédrale de Strasbourg, Liebfrauenmünster zu Straßburg or Straßburger Münster), also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, Alsace, France.
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Stubenberg family
Stubenberg is a noble family from Austria documented since about 1160, with its ancestral seat at Stubenberg, Styria.
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Stuttgart
Stuttgart (Swabian: italics,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Sudice (Opava District)
Sudice formerly Zauditz also CzauditzMartin Helwig Map of Silesia 1561 - first woodcut map of Silesia made on the basis of surveys and data collected from local inhabitants, Published 1561.
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Sudmerberg
Sudmerberg is a suburb of Goslar in Lower Saxony, Germany, named after a prominent -metre-high hill to the east.
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Swabia
Swabia (Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; in English also archaic Suabia or Svebia) is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.
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Swabian Circle
The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (Schwäbischer Reichskreis, also Schwäbischer Kreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia.
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Swabian cuisine
In comparison to the more French-influenced Baden cuisine, Swabian cuisine is rather simple and down-to-earth.
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Swabian League of Cities
The Swabian League of Cities (German: Schwäbischer Städtebund) was a primarily military alliance between a number of free imperial cities in and around the area now defined as south-western Germany.
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Swedish Wars on Bremen
The Swedish Wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666.
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Tägermoos
The Tägermoos is an area of 1.54 km² in Thurgau, Switzerland, wedged between the outskirts of the German city of Constance and the core village the Swiss municipality Tägerwilen.
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Terra Mariana
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (Alt-Livland, Vana-Liivimaa, Livonija), which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia.
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The Battle of Alexander at Issus
The Battle of Alexander at Issus (German: Alexanderschlacht) is a 1529 oil painting by the German artist Albrecht Altdorfer (c. 1480–1538), a pioneer of landscape art and a founding member of the Danube school.
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Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.
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Thomas Bodley
Sir Thomas Bodley (2 March 1545 – 28 January 1613) was an English diplomat and scholar who founded the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
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Three Bishoprics
The Three Bishoprics (les Trois-Évêchés) constituted a province of pre-revolutionary France consisting of the dioceses of Metz, Verdun, and Toul within the Lorraine region.
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Thuringian Basin
The Thuringian Basin (Thüringer Becken) is a depression in the central and northwest part of Thuringia in Germany which is crossed by several rivers, the longest of which is the Unstrut.
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Timeline of Augsburg
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany.
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Timeline of Bern
The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Bern, Switzerland.
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Timeline of Dortmund
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Dortmund, Germany.
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Timeline of Frankfurt
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Timeline of German history
This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.
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Timeline of Hamburg
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hamburg, Germany.
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Timeline of Lübeck
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
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Timeline of Metz
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Metz, France.
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Timeline of Mulhouse
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mulhouse, France.
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Timeline of Zürich
The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Toul
Toul is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.
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Town privileges
Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium.
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Transport in Hamburg
Transport in Hamburg comprises an extensive, rail system, subway system, airports and maritime services for the more than 1.8 million inhabitants of the city of Hamburg and 5.3 million people in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.
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Treaty of Bärwalde
The Treaty of Bärwalde (Traité de Barwalde; Fördraget i Bärwalde; Vertrag von Bärwalde) of 23 January 1631 was a treaty concluding an alliance between the Swedish Empire and the Kingdom of France during the Thirty Years' War,Parker (1997), p.121 shortly after Sweden had invaded Northern Germany then occupied by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor's forces.
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Treaty of Drohiczyn
The Treaty of Drohiczyn was concluded on 14 January 1581, during the Livonian War, between the city of Riga and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Treaty of Eger
The Treaty of Eger (Vertrag von Eger), also called Main Compromise of Eger (Hauptvergleich von Eger) or Peace of Eger (Chebský mír) was concluded on 25 April 1459 in the Imperial City of Eger (Cheb), administrative seat of the immediate pawn of Egerland (Reichspfandschaft Eger).
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Treaty of Rheinfelden
The Treaty of Rheinfelden was the first Habsburg order of succession concluded on 1 June 1283 at the Imperial City of Rheinfelden.
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Treaty of Vilnius (1561)
The Treaty of Vilnius or Vilna was concluded on 28 November 1561, during the Livonian War, between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at Vilnius (Vilna, Wilna, Wilno).
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Triberg Gallows
The Triberg Gallows (Triberger Galgen) is a double gallows on the heights known as Hochgericht on the K 5728 county road that runs from Schönwald to Villingen, and in the county of Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Trieste
Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.
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Troubles at Frankfurt
The Troubles at Frankfurt was a name given retrospectively to internal quarrels of the Marian exiles in Frankfurt am Main in the mid-1550s, involving also the Scottish reformer John Knox.
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Ulm
Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube.
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Ulman Stromer
Ulman Stromer (6 January 1329 – 3 April 1407) was a German long-distance trader, factory owner and councillor of Nuremberg, then a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Unification of Germany
The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
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University of Strasbourg
The University of Strasbourg (Université de Strasbourg, Unistra or UDS) in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is the second largest university in France (after Aix-Marseille University), with about 46,000 students and over 4,000 researchers.
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Upper Palatinate
The Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) is one of the seven administrative districts of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria.
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Upper Rhenish Circle
The Upper Rhenish Circle (Oberrheinischer Reichskreis) was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former Duchy of Upper Lorraine and large parts of Rhenish Franconia including the Swabian Alsace region and the Burgundian duchy of Savoy.
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Upper Swabia
Upper Swabia (Oberschwaben or Schwäbisches Oberland) is a region in Germany in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
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Upper Swabian Baroque Route
The Upper Swabian Baroque Route (Oberschwäbische Barockstraße) is a tourist theme route through Upper Swabia, following the themes of "nature, culture, baroque".
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Urbicide
Urbicide is a term which literally translates (Latin: urbs: city + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) as "violence against the city." The term was first coined by the author Michael Moorcock in 1963 and later used by critics of 1960s urban restructuring in the United States.
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Veit Stoss
Veit Stoss (also: Veit Stoß; Wit Stwosz; before 1450 – about 20 September 1533) was a leading German sculptor, mostly in wood, whose career covered the transition between the late Gothic and the Northern Renaissance.
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Verden an der Aller
Verden an der Aller, also called Verden (Aller) or simply Verden, is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Aller.
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Verdun
Verdun (official name before 1970 Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a small city in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
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Veste Oberhaus
Veste Oberhaus is a fortress that was founded in 1219 and, for most of its time, served as the stronghold of the Bishop of Passau, Germany.
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Via Imperii
Via Imperii (Imperial Road) was one of the most important of a class of roads known collectively as imperial roads (Reichsstraßen) of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Viking raids in the Rhineland
The Viking raids in the Rhineland were part of a series of invasions of Francia by the Vikings that took place during the final decades of the 9th century.
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Visby
Visby is a locality and the seat of Gotland Municipality in Gotland County, on the island of Gotland, Sweden with 24,330 inhabitants,.
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Vogt
A Vogt (from the Old High German, also Voigt or Fauth; plural Vögte; Dutch (land-) voogd; Danish foged; Norwegian fogd; Swedish fogde; wójt; Finnish vouti; Romanian voit; ultimately from Latin vocatus) in the Holy Roman Empire was a title of a reeve or advocate, an overlord (mostly of nobility) exerting guardianship or military protection as well as secular justice (Blutgericht) over a certain territory (Landgericht).
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Waldenburg, Baden-Württemberg
Waldenburg is a hilltop town in south central Germany, eastwards of Heilbronn in the Hohenlohe (district) of Baden-Württemberg.
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Wangen im Allgäu
Wangen im Allgäu is a historic city in southeast Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Wappenbüchlein
A Wappenbüchlein ("little armorial", libellus scutorum) was published by Virgil Solis in 1555, printed in Nuremberg.
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War of the Cities (1387–1389)
The War of the Cities (Städtekrieg) began as a war between the Swabian League of Cities and the Bavarian dukes 1387−1389.
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Würzburg
Würzburg (Main-Franconian: Wörtzburch) is a city in the region of Franconia, northern Bavaria, Germany.
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Weißenburg in Bayern
Weißenburg in Bayern (formerly also Weißenburg im Nordgau) is a town in Middle Franconia, Germany.
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Weil der Stadt
Weil der Stadt is a small town of about 19,000 inhabitants, located in the Stuttgart Region of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
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Weingarten, Württemberg
(German for "wine garden") is a town with a population of 24,000 in Württemberg, in the District of Ravensburg, in the valley of the Schussen River.
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Weinsberg
Weinsberg is a town in the north of the German state Baden-Württemberg.
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Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia
Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas; Václav IV.; Wenzel, nicknamed der Faule ("the Idle"); 26 February 1361 – 16 August 1419) was, by inheritance, King of Bohemia (as Wenceslaus IV) from 1363 and by election, German King (formally King of the Romans) from 1376.
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Wenzel Parler
Wenzel Parler (Václav Parléř, c. 1360 – 1404) was an architect and sculptor from the Parler family of German-Bohemian master builders and son of Peter Parler.
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Wernigerode Armorial
The Wernigerode Armorial (Bavarian State Library Cod.icon. 308 n, known in German as Wernigeroder Wappenbuch or Schaffhausensches Wappenbuch) is an armorial compiled in southern Germany (possibly near Nördlingen) in the late 15th century (between 1486–1492).
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Wetzlar
Wetzlar is a city located in the state of Hesse, Germany.
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Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the federal state of Hesse.
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Wiesbaden City Palace
Wiesbaden City Palace (Stadtschloss Wiesbaden or Wiesbadener Stadtschloss) is a neo-classical building in the center of Wiesbaden, Germany.
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William Tyndale
William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; &ndash) was an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution.
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Wirtemberg Castle
Wirtemberg Castle, a ruined hilltop castle is the second family seat of the House of Württemberg, whose ancestors had abandoned Beutelsbach Castle (also known as "Kappelberg Castle").
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Wissembourg
Wissembourg (South Franconian: Weisseburch, pronounced; German) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
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Worms, Germany
Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt-am-Main.
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Zürich
Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.
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Zell am Harmersbach
Zell am Harmersbach is a small town and a historic “Reichsstadt” in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Zollverein
The Zollverein or German Customs Union was a coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.
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Zwinger (Goslar)
The Zwinger in Goslar is a battery tower that is part of the fortifications of the old imperial city of Goslar, Germany.
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1260s
The 1260s is the decade starting January 1, 1260 and ending December 31, 1269.
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1262
Year 1262 (MCCLXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1270s
The 1270s is the decade starting January 1, 1270, and ending December 31, 1279.
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1276
Year 1276 (MCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1346
Year 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1529
Year 1529 (MDXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg
The 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg was a mass sighting of celestial phenomena or unidentified flying objects (UFO) above Nuremberg, Germany.
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1681
No description.
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Redirects here:
Free Cities of Germany, Free Imperial Cities, Free Imperial City, Free Imperial Town, Free Imperial city, Free and Imperial City, Free imperial cities, Free imperial town, Imperial Cities, Imperial Free Cities, Imperial Free City, Imperial Free Town, Imperial cities, Imperial city, Imperial free cities, Imperial free city, Imperial town, Reichsstadt.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city
