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Gluon

Index Gluon

A gluon is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks. [1]

223 relations: 't Hooft operator, A Brief History of Time, Ab initio methods (nuclear physics), Acoplanarity, Action at a distance (computer programming), AdS/CFT correspondence, ALICE experiment, Annihilation, Asymptotic freedom, Atom, Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay, Baryon number, Bethe–Salpeter equation, Binding energy, Bjørn Wiik, Black body, Bootstrap model, Boson, Carlo Rubbia, Center vortex, Chiral color, Chiral perturbation theory, Chirality (physics), Christine Sutton, Christopher Sachrajda, Color charge, Color confinement, Color superconductivity, Color-glass condensate, Color–flavor locking, Compact Muon Solenoid, Continuity equation, Deconfinement, Deductive-nomological model, Deep inelastic scattering, DESY, Direct photon, Down quark, Dual superconductor model, Electromagnetic field, Elementary particle, EMC effect, EPCC, Event generator, Exchange force, Exchange interaction, Exotic baryon, Exotic hadron, Exotic meson, Field (physics), ..., Field propulsion, Force, Force carrier, Form factor (quantum field theory), Fundamental interaction, Fuzzball (string theory), G (disambiguation), Gauge boson, Gauge theory, Gaugino, Gavin Salam, Glossary of civil engineering, Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics, Glossary of engineering, Glossary of physics, Glossary of string theory, Glossary of structural engineering, Glueball, GlueX, Gluino, Gluon field, Gluon field strength tensor, Graham Ross (physicist), Graviton, H1 (particle detector), Hadron, Hadron spectroscopy, Hadronization, Heavy quark effective theory, Henry Way Kendall, HERMES experiment, Higgs boson, Higher-dimensional supergravity, History of subatomic physics, Hot spot effect in subatomic physics, Hypercolor (physics), Hypothetical star, Identical particles, Index of physics articles (A), Index of physics articles (G), Inflaton, International Linear Collider, JADE (particle detector), Jeff Forshaw, Jet (particle physics), Jet quenching, John Ellis (physicist), Jon Butterworth, Lattice QCD, Light front holography, Light front quantization, List of accelerators in particle physics, List of Feynman diagrams, List of particles, List of states of matter, List of unsolved problems in physics, Local symmetry, Luigi Di Lella, Lund string model, M-theory, Massless particle, Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model, Matter, Micro black hole, Millennium Prize Problems, Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, Nathan Isgur, Neutral current, Neutron, Neutron magnetic moment, NNPDF, Non-topological soliton, Noncommutative standard model, Nuclear force, Nucleon, Nucleon spin structure, OZI rule, Particle, Particle accelerator, Particle physics, Parton (particle physics), Paul Söding, Pentaquark, Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics), Perturbative QCD, Photon, Photon structure function, Physics, Physics beyond the Standard Model, Pierre Darriulat, Planck's law, PLUTO detector, Point particle, Polarized target, Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator, Preon, Primer (film), Projective unitary group, Proton, Proton magnetic moment, Proton spin crisis, Proton-to-electron mass ratio, QCD matter, QCD vacuum, Quality (philosophy), Quantum chromodynamics, Quantum chromodynamics binding energy, Quantum field theory, Quantum hadrodynamics, Quantum mechanics, Quantum vacuum thruster, Quark, Quark model, Quark–gluon plasma, R-hadron, Radiative process, Reinhard Oehme, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, Richard E. Taylor, Richard Feynman, Sackler Prize, Sanvein, Sau Lan Wu, Scientific terminology, Search for the Higgs boson, Seiberg duality, Self-energy, Soft-collinear effective theory, Speed of gravity, Spin (physics), Spin network, Standard Model, Stanley Brodsky, STAR detector, State of matter, Stavros Katsanevas, Strangeness production, String (physics), String-net liquid, Strong interaction, Subatomic particle, Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron, Super QCD, Supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems, Symmetry in quantum mechanics, TASSO, The Gods Themselves, Three-body force, Three-jet event, Timeline of particle discoveries, Timeline of particle physics, Timeline of physical chemistry, Timeline of quantum mechanics, Top quark, Unified field theory, Universe, Up quark, Vacuum polarization, Vector boson, Vernon W. Hughes, Victor J. Stenger, Virtual particle, W and Z bosons, Weak isospin, Weinberg–Witten theorem, XYZ particle, Y(4260), Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, Yuri Kovchegov, Zero-point energy, 1/N expansion, 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, 750 GeV diphoton excess. Expand index (173 more) »

't Hooft operator

In theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper "On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement", is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential A is replaced by its electromagnetic dual Amag, where the exterior derivative of A is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of Amag.

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A Brief History of Time

A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a popular-science book on cosmology (the study of the universe) by British physicist Stephen Hawking.

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Ab initio methods (nuclear physics)

In nuclear physics, ab initio methods seek to describe the atomic nucleus from the ground up by solving the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation for all constituent nucleons and the forces between them.

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Acoplanarity

In particle physics, the acoplanarity of a scattering experiment measures the degree to which the paths of the scattered particles deviate from being coplanar.

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Action at a distance (computer programming)

Action at a distance is an anti-pattern (a recognized common error) in computer science in which behavior in one part of a program varies wildly based on difficult or impossible to identify operations in another part of the program.

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AdS/CFT correspondence

In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories.

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ALICE experiment

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is one of seven detector experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

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Annihilation

In particle physics, annihilation is the process that occurs when a subatomic particle collides with its respective antiparticle to produce other particles, such as an electron colliding with a positron to produce two photons.

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Asymptotic freedom

In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay

The automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay is part of the computational particle physics branch.

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Baryon number

In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system.

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Bethe–Salpeter equation

The Bethe–Salpeter equation (named after Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter) describes the bound states of a two-body (particles) quantum field theoretical system in a relativistically covariant formalism.

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Binding energy

Binding energy (also called separation energy) is the minimum energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts.

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Bjørn Wiik

Bjørn Håvard Wiik (born 17 February 1937 in Bruvik, Norway; died 26 February 1999 in Hamburg, Germany) was a Norwegian elementary particle physicist, noted for his role on the experiment that produced the first experimental evidence for gluons and for his influential role on later accelerator projects.

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Black body

A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.

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Bootstrap model

The term "bootstrap model" is used for a class of theories that use very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles.

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Boson

In quantum mechanics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.

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Carlo Rubbia

Carlo Rubbia, (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.

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Center vortex

Center vortices are line-like topological defects that exist in the vacuum of Yang–Mills theory and QCD.

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Chiral color

In particle physics phenomenology, chiral color is a speculative model which extends quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the generally accepted theory for the strong interactions of quarks.

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Chiral perturbation theory

Chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) is an effective field theory constructed with a Lagrangian consistent with the (approximate) chiral symmetry of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), as well as the other symmetries of parity and charge conjugation.

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Chirality (physics)

A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality).

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Christine Sutton

Christine Sutton is a particle physicist who has edited the CERN Courier since 2003.

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Christopher Sachrajda

Christopher Tadeusz Czeslaw Sachrajda (born 15 November 1949) is a British physicist.

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Color charge

Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

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Color confinement

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the phenomenon that color charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated, and therefore cannot be directly observed in normal conditions below the Hagedorn temperature of approximately 2 trillion kelvin (corresponding to energies of approximately 130–140 MeV per particle).

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Color superconductivity

Color superconductivity is a phenomenon predicted to occur in quark matter if the baryon density is sufficiently high (well above nuclear density) and the temperature is not too high (well below 1012 kelvin).

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Color-glass condensate

Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light.

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Color–flavor locking

Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter.

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Compact Muon Solenoid

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment is one of two large general-purpose particle physics detectors built on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland and France.

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Continuity equation

A continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity.

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Deconfinement

In physics, deconfinement (in contrast to confinement) is the property of a phase in which certain particles are allowed to exist as free excitations, rather than only within bound states.

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Deductive-nomological model

The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".

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Deep inelastic scattering

Deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos.

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DESY

The Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (English German Electron Synchrotron) commonly referred to by the abbreviation DESY, is a national research center in Germany that operates particle accelerators used to investigate the structure of matter.

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Direct photon

Produced in hadronic collisions, a direct photon is any real photon which originates directly from an electromagnetic vertex in a quark-quark, quark-gluon or gluon-gluon scattering subprocess (as opposed to "indirect" photons which arise from the decays of fragmentation products).

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Down quark

The down quark or d quark (symbol: d) is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.

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Dual superconductor model

In the theory of quantum chromodynamics, dual superconductor models attempt to explain confinement of quarks in terms of an electromagnetic dual theory of superconductivity.

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Electromagnetic field

An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.

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Elementary particle

In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle with no substructure, thus not composed of other particles.

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EMC effect

The EMC effect is the surprising observation that the cross section for deep inelastic scattering from an atomic nucleus is different from that of the same number of free protons and neutrons (collectively referred to as nucleons).

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EPCC

EPCC, formerly the Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre, is a supercomputing centre based at the University of Edinburgh.

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Event generator

Event generators are software libraries that generate simulated high-energy particle physics events.

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Exchange force

In physics the term exchange force has been used to describe two distinct concepts which should not be confused.

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Exchange interaction

In physics, the exchange interaction (with an exchange energy, and exchange term) is a quantum mechanical effect that only occurs between identical particles.

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Exotic baryon

Exotic baryons are a type of hadron (bound states of quarks and gluons) with half-integer spin, but have a quark content different to the three quarks (qqq) present in conventional baryons.

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Exotic hadron

Exotic hadrons are subatomic particles composed of quarks and gluons, but which do not have the same quark content as ordinary hadrons: exotic baryons differ from the three-quark (qqq) content of ordinary baryons, and exotic mesons differ from the quark-antiquark (q) content of ordinary mesons.

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Exotic meson

Non-quark model mesons include.

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Field (physics)

In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.

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Field propulsion

Field propulsion is the concept of spacecraft propulsion where no propellant is necessary but instead momentum of the spacecraft is changed by an interaction of the spacecraft with external force fields, such as gravitational and magnetic fields from stars and planets.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Force carrier

In particle physics, force carriers or messenger particles or intermediate particles are particles that give rise to forces between other particles.

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Form factor (quantum field theory)

In elementary particle physics and mathematical physics, in particular in effective field theory, a form factor is a function that encapsulates the properties of a certain particle interaction without including all of the underlying physics, but instead, providing the momentum dependence of suitable matrix elements.

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Fundamental interaction

In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.

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Fuzzball (string theory)

Fuzzballs are theorized by some superstring theory scientists to be the true quantum description of black holes.

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G (disambiguation)

G is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet.

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Gauge boson

In particle physics, a gauge boson is a force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces.

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Gauge theory

In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.

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Gaugino

In supersymmetry theories of particle physics, a gaugino is the hypothetical fermionic supersymmetric field quantum (superpartner) of a gauge field, as predicted by gauge theory combined with supersymmetry.

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Gavin Salam

Gavin Phillip Salam, is a theoretical particle physicist and a senior member of staff at CERN in Geneva where his research investigates the strong interaction of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of quarks and gluons.

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Glossary of civil engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics

This is a glossary for the terminology often encountered in undergraduate quantum mechanics courses.

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Glossary of engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of physics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of string theory

This page is a glossary of terms in string theory, including related areas such as supergravity, supersymmetry, and high energy physics.

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Glossary of structural engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glueball

In particle physics, a glueball (also gluonium, gluon-ball) is a hypothetical composite particle.

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GlueX

GlueX is a particle physics experiment located at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) accelerator.

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Gluino

In supersymmetry, a gluino (symbol) is the hypothetical supersymmetric partner of a gluon.

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Gluon field

In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field is a four vector field characterizing the propagation of gluons in the strong interaction between quarks.

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Gluon field strength tensor

In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks.

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Graham Ross (physicist)

Graham Garland Ross FRS is a British theoretical physicist, currently Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College.

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Graviton

In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravity.

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H1 (particle detector)

H1 was a particle detector that operated at HERA (Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage) in DESY, Hamburg.

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Hadron

In particle physics, a hadron (ἁδρός, hadrós, "stout, thick") is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force in a similar way as molecules are held together by the electromagnetic force.

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Hadron spectroscopy

Hadron spectroscopy is the subfield of particle physics that studies the masses and decays of hadrons.

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Hadronization

In particle physics, hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons.

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Heavy quark effective theory

In quantum chromodynamics, heavy quark effective theory (HQET) is an effective field theory describing the physics of heavy (that is, of mass far greater than the QCD scale) quarks.

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Henry Way Kendall

Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics.".

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HERMES experiment

HERMES was an experiment conducted using the HERA particle accelerator located at DESY in Hamburg.

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Higgs boson

The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics.

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Higher-dimensional supergravity

Higher-dimensional supergravity is the supersymmetric generalization of general relativity in higher dimensions.

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History of subatomic physics

The idea that matter consists of smaller particles and that there exists a limited number of sorts of primary, smallest particles in nature has existed in natural philosophy at least since the 6th century BC.

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Hot spot effect in subatomic physics

Hot spots in subatomic physics are regions of high energy density or temperature in hadronic or nuclear matter.

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Hypercolor (physics)

In particle physics, hypercolor is a hypothetical attractive force that binds prequarks together by the exchange of hypergluons, analogous to the exchange of gluons by the color force, which binds quarks together.

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Hypothetical star

A hypothetical star is a star, or type of star, that is speculated to exist but has yet to be definitively observed.

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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.

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Index of physics articles (A)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Index of physics articles (G)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Inflaton

The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field that is theorized to drive cosmic inflation in the very early universe.

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International Linear Collider

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed linear particle accelerator.

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JADE (particle detector)

JADE was a particle detector at the particle accelerator PETRA at DESY, Hamburg.

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Jeff Forshaw

Jeffrey Robert Forshaw (born 1968) is a British particle physicist with a special interest in quantum chromodynamics (QCD): the study of the behaviour of subatomic particles, using data from the HERA particle accelerator, Tevatron particle accelerator and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.

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Jet (particle physics)

A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of a quark or gluon in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment.

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Jet quenching

In high-energy physics, jet quenching is a phenomenon that can occur in the collision of ultra-high-energy particles.

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John Ellis (physicist)

Jonathan Richard Ellis (born 1 July 1946) is a British theoretical physicist who is currently Clerk Maxwell Professor of Theoretical Physics at King's College London.

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Jon Butterworth

Jonathan Mark Butterworth is a Professor of Physics at University College London (UCL) working on the ATLAS experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

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Lattice QCD

Lattice QCD is a well-established non-perturbative approach to solving the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) theory of quarks and gluons.

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Light front holography

In strong interaction physics, light front holography or light front holographic QCD is an approximate version of the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which results from mapping the gauge theory of QCD to a higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdS) inspired by the AdS/CFT correspondence (gauge/gravity duality) proposed for string theory.

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Light front quantization

The light-front quantization of quantum field theories provides a useful alternative to ordinary equal-time quantization.

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List of accelerators in particle physics

A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments.

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List of Feynman diagrams

This is a list of common Feynman diagrams.

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List of particles

This article includes a list of the different types of atomic- and sub-atomic particles found or hypothesized to exist in the whole of the universe categorized by type.

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List of states of matter

Classically, states of matter are distinguished by changes in specific heat capacity, pressure, and temperature.

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List of unsolved problems in physics

Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.

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Local symmetry

In physics, a local symmetry is symmetry of some physical quantity, which smoothly depends on the point of the base manifold.

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Luigi Di Lella

Luigi Di Lella (born in Naples, 7 December 1937) is an Italian experimental particle physicist.

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Lund string model

In particle physics, the Lund string model is a phenomenological model of hadronization.

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M-theory

M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory.

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Massless particle

In particle physics, a massless particle is an elementary particle whose invariant mass is zero.

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Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model

This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group.

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Matter

In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

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Micro black hole

Micro black holes, also called quantum mechanical black holes or mini black holes, are hypothetical tiny black holes, for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role.

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Millennium Prize Problems

The Millennium Prize Problems are seven problems in mathematics that were stated by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000.

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Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry.

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Nathan Isgur

Nathan Isgur (May 25, 1947 – July 24, 2001) was a theoretical physicist from the U.S. and Canada.

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Neutral current

Weak neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Neutron magnetic moment

The neutron magnetic moment is the intrinsic magnetic dipole moment of the neutron, symbol μn.

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NNPDF

NNPDF is the acronym used to identify the parton distribution functions from the NNPDF Collaboration.

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Non-topological soliton

In quantum field theory, a non-topological soliton (NTS) is a field configuration possessing, contrary to a topological one, a conserved Noether charge and stable against transformation into usual particles of this field for the following reason.

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Noncommutative standard model

In theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model, mainly due to the French mathematician Alain Connes, uses his noncommutative geometry to devise an extension of the Standard Model to include a modified form of general relativity.

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Nuclear force

The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is a force that acts between the protons and neutrons of atoms.

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Nucleon

In chemistry and physics, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.

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Nucleon spin structure

Nucleon spin structure describes the partonic structure of nucleon (proton and neutron) intrinsic angular momentum (spin).

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OZI rule

The OZI rule is a consequence of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that explains why certain decay modes appear less frequently than otherwise might be expected.

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Particle

In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object to which can be ascribed several physical or chemical properties such as volume, density or mass.

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Particle accelerator

A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams.

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Particle physics

Particle physics (also high energy physics) is the branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation.

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Parton (particle physics)

In particle physics, the parton model is a model of hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, proposed by Richard Feynman.

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Paul Söding

Paul Söding (born 20 February 1933 in Dresden, Germany) is a German physicist.

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Pentaquark

A pentaquark is a subatomic particle consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together.

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Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)

In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one.

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Perturbative QCD

Perturbative QCD is a subfield of particle physics in which the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is studied by using the fact that the strong coupling constant \alpha_s is small in high energy or short distance interactions, thus allowing perturbation theory techniques to be applied.

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Photon

The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).

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Photon structure function

The photon structure function, in quantum field theory, describes the quark content of the photon.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Physics beyond the Standard Model

Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the origin of mass, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy.

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Pierre Darriulat

Pierre Darriulat (born 17 February 1938) is a French experimental particle physicist.

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Planck's law

Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900.

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PLUTO detector

PLUTO, constructed at DESY laboratories in Hamburg in 1973-1974 and substantially upgraded in 1977-1978, was an experimental detector for high energy particle physics.

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Point particle

A point particle (ideal particle or point-like particle, often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.

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Polarized target

The polarized targets are used as fixed targets in scattering experiments.

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Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator

The Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator (PETRA) is one of the particle accelerators at DESY in Hamburg, Germany.

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Preon

In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as subcomponents of quarks and leptons.

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Primer (film)

Primer is a 2004 American independent science fiction film about the accidental discovery of time travel.

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Projective unitary group

In mathematics, the projective unitary group is the quotient of the unitary group by the right multiplication of its center,, embedded as scalars.

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Proton

| magnetic_moment.

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Proton magnetic moment

The proton magnetic moment is the magnetic dipole moment of the proton, symbol μp.

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Proton spin crisis

The proton spin crisis (sometimes called the "proton spin puzzle") is a theoretical crisis precipitated by an experiment in 1987 which tried to determine the spin configuration of the proton.

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Proton-to-electron mass ratio

In physics, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, μ or β, is simply the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron.

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QCD matter

Quark matter or QCD matter refers to any of a number of theorized phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons.

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QCD vacuum

Th Quantum Chromodynamic Vacuum or QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

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Quality (philosophy)

In philosophy, a quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object.

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Quantum chromodynamics

In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion.

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Quantum chromodynamics binding energy

The quantum chromodynamics binding energy (QCD binding energy), gluon binding energy or chromodynamic binding energy is the energy binding quarks together into hadrons.

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Quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is the theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.

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Quantum hadrodynamics

Quantum hadrodynamics is an effective field theory pertaining to interactions between hadrons, that is, hadron-hadron interactions or the inter-hadron force.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.

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Quantum vacuum thruster

A quantum vacuum thruster (QVT or Q-thruster) is a theoretical system that uses the same principles and equations of motion that a conventional plasma thruster would use, namely magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), to make predictions about the behavior of the propellant.

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Quark

A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.

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Quark model

In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons.

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Quark–gluon plasma

A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density.

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R-hadron

R-hadrons are hypothetical particles composed of a Supersymmetric particle and at least one quark.

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Radiative process

In particle physics, a radiative process refers to one elementary particle emitting another and continuing to exist.

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Reinhard Oehme

Reinhard Oehme (born 26 January 1928, Wiesbaden; died sometime between 29 September and 4 October 2010, Hyde Park) was a German-American physicist known for the discovery of C (charge conjugation) non-conservation in the presence of P (parity) violation, the formulation and proof of hadron dispersion relations, the "Edge of the Wedge Theorem" in the function theory of several complex variables, the Goldberger-Miyazawa-Oehme sum rule, reduction of quantum field theories, Oehme-Zimmermann superconvergence relations for gauge field correlation functions, and many other contributions.

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Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the first and one of only two operating heavy-ion colliders, and the only spin-polarized proton collider ever built.

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Richard E. Taylor

Richard Edward Taylor, (2 November 1929 – 22 February 2018), was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor.

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Richard Feynman

Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.

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Sackler Prize

The Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize is a $40,000 prize in the disciplines of either physics or chemistry awarded by Tel Aviv University each year for young scientists who have made outstanding and fundamental contributions in their fields.

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Sanvein

is a top-down, multidirectional shooter developed by Success in 2000.

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Sau Lan Wu

Sau Lan Wu (Chinese: 吳秀蘭) is a Chinese American particle physicist and the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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Scientific terminology

Scientific terminology is the part of the language that is used by scientists in the context of their professional activities.

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Search for the Higgs boson

The search for the Higgs boson was a 40-year effort by physicists to prove the existence or non-existence of the Higgs boson, first theorised in the 1960s.

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Seiberg duality

In quantum field theory, Seiberg duality, conjectured by Nathan Seiberg, is an S-duality relating two different supersymmetric QCDs.

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Self-energy

In most theoretical physics such as quantum field theory, the energy that a particle has as a result of changes that it itself causes in its environment defines self-energy \Sigma, and represents the contribution to the particle's energy, or effective mass, due to interactions between the particle and its system.

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Soft-collinear effective theory

In quantum field theory, soft-collinear effective theory (or SCET) is a theoretical framework for doing calculations that involve interacting particles carrying widely different energies.

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Speed of gravity

In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate.

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Spin (physics)

In quantum mechanics and particle physics, spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.

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Spin network

In physics, a spin network is a type of diagram which can be used to represent states and interactions between particles and fields in quantum mechanics.

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Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles.

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Stanley Brodsky

Stanley J. Brodsky (born January 9, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist and professor at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University.

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STAR detector

The STAR detector (for Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC) is one of the four experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States.

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State of matter

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.

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Stavros Katsanevas

Stavros Katsanevas is professor (Exceptional Class) at the Université Paris VII Denis Diderot, director of the AstroParticle and Cosmology (APC) laboratory and chairman of the Astroparticle Physics European Consortium (APPEC).

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Strangeness production

Strangeness production is a signature and a diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (or QGP) formation and properties.

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String (physics)

In physics, a string is a physical phenomenon that appears in string theory and related subjects.

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String-net liquid

In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen.

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Strong interaction

In particle physics, the strong interaction is the mechanism responsible for the strong nuclear force (also called the strong force or nuclear strong force), and is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and gravitation.

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Subatomic particle

In the physical sciences, subatomic particles are particles much smaller than atoms.

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Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron

The Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron (or SpS, also known as the Proton–Antiproton Collider) was a particle accelerator that operated at CERN from 1981 to 1991.

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Super QCD

In theoretical physics, super QCD is a supersymmetric gauge theory which resembles quantum chromodynamics (QCD) but contains additional particles and interactions which render it supersymmetric.

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Supersymmetry nonrenormalization theorems

In theoretical physics a nonrenormalization theorem is a limitation on how a certain quantity in the classical description of a quantum field theory may be modified by renormalization in the full quantum theory.

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Symmetry in quantum mechanics

Symmetries in quantum mechanics describe features of spacetime and particles which are unchanged under some transformation, in the context of quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and with applications in the mathematical formulation of the standard model and condensed matter physics.

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TASSO

The TASSO collaboration refers to the group of people working on the TASSO detector, at PETRA, at DESY.

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The Gods Themselves

The Gods Themselves is a 1972 science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov.

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Three-body force

A three-body force is a force that does not exist in a system of two objects but appears in a three-body system.

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Three-jet event

In particle physics, a three-jet event is an event with many particles in final state that appear to be clustered in three jets.

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Timeline of particle discoveries

This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence.

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Timeline of particle physics

The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order.

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Timeline of physical chemistry

The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.

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Timeline of quantum mechanics

This timeline of quantum mechanics shows the key steps, precursors and contributors to the development of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.

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Top quark

The top quark, also known as the t quark (symbol: t) or truth quark, is the most massive of all observed elementary particles.

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Unified field theory

In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields.

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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Up quark

The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter.

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Vacuum polarization

In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field.

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Vector boson

In particle physics, a vector boson is a boson with the spin equal to 1.

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Vernon W. Hughes

Vernon Willard Hughes (May 28, 1921, Kankakee, Illinois – March 25, 2003) was an American physicist specializing in research of subatomic particles.

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Victor J. Stenger

Victor John Stenger (January 29, 1935 – August 25, 2014) was an American particle physicist, philosopher, author, and religious skeptic.

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Virtual particle

In physics, a virtual particle is a transient fluctuation that exhibits some of the characteristics of an ordinary particle, but whose existence is limited by the uncertainty principle.

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W and Z bosons

The W and Z bosons are together known as the weak or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are,, and.

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Weak isospin

In particle physics, weak isospin is a quantum number relating to the weak interaction, and parallels the idea of isospin under the strong interaction.

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Weinberg–Witten theorem

In theoretical physics, the Weinberg–Witten (WW) theorem, proved by Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten, states that massless particles (either composite or elementary) with spin j > 1/2 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant current, while massless particles with spin j > 1 cannot carry a Lorentz-covariant stress-energy.

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XYZ particle

XYZ particles are recently discovered subatomic particles whose properties do not appear to fit the Standard Model of particle physics.

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Y(4260)

The Y(4260) is an anomalous particle with an energy of 4260 MeV which does not appear to fit into the quark model.

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Yang–Mills existence and mass gap

In mathematical physics, the Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to the one who solves it.

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Yuri Kovchegov

Yuri Kovchegov (born 1973) is a Russian and American physicist.

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Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy (ZPE) or ground state energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have.

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1/N expansion

In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, the 1/N expansion (also known as the "large N" expansion) is a particular perturbative analysis of quantum field theories with an internal symmetry group such as SO(N) or SU(N).

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1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers

The 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers were written by three teams who proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories.

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750 GeV diphoton excess

The 750 GeV diphoton excess in particle physics was an anomaly in data collected at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2015, which could have been an indication of a new particle or resonance.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

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