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670 relations: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, Aciduliprofundum boonei, Acoustic theory, Active transport, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Adjoint state method, Adler (locomotive), Aharonov–Bohm effect, Aircraft warning lights, Alb (High Rhine), Alpha beta filter, Alternatives to general relativity, Ambiguous image, American flamingo, Andromeda II, Anelastic attenuation factor, Anisotropic diffusion, Anti-submarine warfare, Apance, Area of a circle, Arsenic, Artificial heart valve, Artificial neural network, Atan2, Atomic diffusion, ATP synthase, ATS-4, Automatic differentiation, Autostereogram, Average with limited data validity, Averaged Lagrangian, Avonmouth Bridge, Avulsion (river), Axial fan design, Éric Barone, Background-oriented schlieren technique, Backpropagation, Backpropagation through structure, Backpropagation through time, Baggeridge Country Park, Balanced flow, Bank Road, Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation, Bealach na Bà, Bernoulli's principle, Binocular neurons, Biogeography-based optimization, Biot number, Bivector, Blainsburg, Pennsylvania, ..., Bochner identity, Bochner's formula, Boltzmann equation, Born–Oppenheimer approximation, Bottom water, Bounded variation, Braided river, Broomhouse Tunnel, Broyden's method, Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm, Caballo Mountains, Caccioppoli set, Capillary electrophoresis, Cartesian tensor, Cauchy momentum equation, Cauchy–Riemann equations, Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul, Centimetre–gram–second system of units, Central force, Centrifugation, Chaotic mixing, Chapman–Jouguet condition, Charge density, Chemical reactor, Chemorepulsion, Chemotaxis, Chengdu Metro, Chester General rail crash, Chickahominy River, Class A airfield, Classical field theory, Classical mechanics, Clausius–Duhem inequality, Clebsch representation, Climatic regions of Argentina, Closed and exact differential forms, Cloud physics, Clyde Tunnel, Coandă effect, COBYLA, Cognitive map, Cold foil 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Expand index (620 more) »
A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" is a paper by James Clerk Maxwell on electromagnetism, published in 1865.
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Aciduliprofundum boonei
Aciduliprofundum boonei is an obligate thermoacidophilic archaea belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota.
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Acoustic theory
Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves.
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Active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a medical condition occurring in critically ill or critically wounded patients characterized by widespread inflammation in the lungs.
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Adjoint state method
The adjoint state method is a numerical method for efficiently computing the gradient of a function or operator in a numerical optimization problem.
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Adler (locomotive)
The Adler (German for "Eagle") was the first locomotive that was successfully used commercially for the rail transport of passengers and goods in Germany.
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Aharonov–Bohm effect
The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic potential (V, A), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero.
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Aircraft warning lights
Aircraft warning lights are high-intensity lighting devices that are attached to tall structures and are used as collision avoidance measures.
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Alb (High Rhine)
The Alb (also: Hauensteiner Alb) is a river in the Black Forest.
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Alpha beta filter
An alpha beta filter (also called alpha-beta filter, f-g filter or g-h filterEli Brookner: Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy. Wiley-Interscience, 1st edition, 4 1998.) is a simplified form of observer for estimation, data smoothing and control applications.
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Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives to general relativity are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomenon of gravitation in competition to Einstein's theory of general relativity.
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Ambiguous image
Ambiguous images or reversible figures are optical illusion images which exploit graphical similarities and other properties of visual system interpretation between two or more distinct image forms.
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American flamingo
The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo.
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Andromeda II
Andromeda II (And II) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.22 Mly away in the constellation Andromeda.
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Anelastic attenuation factor
In reflection seismology, the anelastic attenuation factor, often expressed as seismic quality factor or Q (which is inversely proportional to attenuation factor), quantifies the effects of anelastic attenuation on the seismic wavelet caused by fluid movement and grain boundary friction.
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Anisotropic diffusion
In image processing and computer vision, anisotropic diffusion, also called Perona–Malik diffusion, is a technique aiming at reducing image noise without removing significant parts of the image content, typically edges, lines or other details that are important for the interpretation of the image.
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Anti-submarine warfare
Anti-submarine warfare (ASW, or in older form A/S) is a branch of underwater warfare that uses surface warships, aircraft, or other submarines to find, track and deter, damage, or destroy enemy submarines.
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Apance
The Apance is a river in the East of France.
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Area of a circle
In geometry, the area enclosed by a circle of radius is.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Artificial heart valve
An artificial heart valve is a device implanted in the heart of a patient with valvular heart disease.
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Artificial neural network
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.
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Atan2
The function \operatorname (y,x) or \operatorname (y,x) is defined as the angle in the Euclidean plane, given in rad, between the positive x-axis and the ray to the Points in the upper half-plane deliver values in points with.
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Atomic diffusion
Vacancy diffusion is a diffusion process whereby the random thermally-activated movement of atoms in a solid results in the net transport of atoms.
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ATP synthase
ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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ATS-4
ATS-4 (Applications Technology Satellite) was a communications satellite launched by NASA on August 10, 1968 from Cape Canaveral through an Atlas-Agena D rocket.
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Automatic differentiation
In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (AD), also called algorithmic differentiation or computational differentiation, is a set of techniques to numerically evaluate the derivative of a function specified by a computer program.
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Autostereogram
An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the visual illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene from a two-dimensional image.
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Average with limited data validity
In image analysis, the average with limited data validity is an image filter for feature-preserving noise removal, consisting in a smoothing filter that only involves pixels satisfying some validity criterion.
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Averaged Lagrangian
In continuum mechanics, Whitham's averaged Lagrangian method – or in short Whitham's method – is used to study the Lagrangian dynamics of slowly-varying wave trains in an inhomogeneous (moving) medium.
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Avonmouth Bridge
The Avonmouth Bridge is a road bridge that carries the M5 motorway over the River Avon into Somerset near Bristol, England.
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Avulsion (river)
In sedimentary geology and fluvial geomorphology, avulsion is the rapid abandonment of a river channel and the formation of a new river channel.
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Axial fan design
An axial fan is a type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial direction, parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate.
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Éric Barone
Éric Barone (born 4 November 1960 in Oyonnax, France) is a French sportsman.
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Background-oriented schlieren technique
Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) is a novel technique for flow visualization of density gradients in fluids using the Gladstone–Dale relation between density and refractive index of the fluid.
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Backpropagation
Backpropagation is a method used in artificial neural networks to calculate a gradient that is needed in the calculation of the weights to be used in the network.
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Backpropagation through structure
Backpropagation Through Structure (BPTS) is a gradient-based technique for training recursive neural nets (a superset of recurrent neural nets) and is extensively described in a 1996 paper written by Christoph Goller and Andreas Küchler.
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Backpropagation through time
Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is a gradient-based technique for training certain types of recurrent neural networks.
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Baggeridge Country Park
Baggeridge Country Park is located within the South Staffordshire district of Staffordshire, England.
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Balanced flow
In atmospheric science, balanced flow is an idealisation of atmospheric motion.
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Bank Road
Bank Road is a road in Matlock, Derbyshire which runs from Crown Square up Matlock Bank, a steep hill which gives the road its name, to Wellington Street.
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Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation
In fluid dynamics, the Basset–Boussinesq–Oseen equation (BBO equation) describes the motion of – and forces on – a small particle in unsteady flow at low Reynolds numbers.
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Bealach na Bà
Bealach na Bà is a winding, single track road through the mountains of the Applecross peninsula, in Wester Ross in the Scottish Highlands.
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Bernoulli's principle
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
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Binocular neurons
Binocular neurons are neurons in the visual system that assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity.
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Biogeography-based optimization
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes a function by stochastically and iteratively improving candidate solutions with regard to a given measure of quality, or fitness function.
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Biot number
The Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless quantity used in heat transfer calculations.
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Bivector
In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors.
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Blainsburg, Pennsylvania
Blainsburg or Blainsburg, West Brownsville, PA is an unincorporated outlier community of West Brownsville, PA; by tradition a hamlet sized neighborhood with more actual housing acreage than W. Brownsville proper in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States.
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Bochner identity
In mathematics — specifically, differential geometry — the Bochner identity is an identity concerning harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds.
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Bochner's formula
In mathematics, Bochner's formula is a statement relating harmonic functions on a Riemannian manifold (M, g) to the Ricci curvature.
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Boltzmann equation
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
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Born–Oppenheimer approximation
In quantum chemistry and molecular physics, the Born–Oppenheimer (BO) approximation is the assumption that the motion of atomic nuclei and electrons in a molecule can be separated.
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Bottom water
Bottom water is the lowermost water mass in a water body, by its bottom, with distinct characteristics, in terms of physics, chemistry, and ecology.
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Bounded variation
In mathematical analysis, a function of bounded variation, also known as function, is a real-valued function whose total variation is bounded (finite): the graph of a function having this property is well behaved in a precise sense.
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Braided river
A braided river, or braided channel, consists of a network of river channels separated by small, and often temporary, islands called braid bars or, in British usage, aits or eyots.
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Broomhouse Tunnel
Broomhouse Tunnel was on the Midland Main Line between Chesterfield and Sheffield.
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Broyden's method
In numerical analysis, Broyden's method is a quasi-Newton method for finding roots in variables.
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Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm
In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems.
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Caballo Mountains
The Caballo Mountains, (Spanish: "horse") are a mountain range located in Sierra and Doña Ana Counties, New Mexico, United States.
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Caccioppoli set
In mathematics, a Caccioppoli set is a set whose boundary is measurable and has a (at least locally) finite measure.
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Capillary electrophoresis
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a family of electrokinetic separation methods performed in submillimeter diameter capillaries and in micro- and nanofluidic channels.
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Cartesian tensor
In geometry and linear algebra, a Cartesian tensor uses an orthonormal basis to represent a tensor in a Euclidean space in the form of components.
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Cauchy momentum equation
The Cauchy momentum equation is a vector partial differential equation put forth by Cauchy that describes the non-relativistic momentum transport in any continuum.
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Cauchy–Riemann equations
In the field of complex analysis in mathematics, the Cauchy–Riemann equations, named after Augustin Cauchy and Bernhard Riemann, consist of a system of two partial differential equations which, together with certain continuity and differentiability criteria, form a necessary and sufficient condition for a complex function to be complex differentiable, that is, holomorphic.
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Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul
The Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul (Saint Vincent de Paul Catholic Cemetery) is a cemetery in the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico.
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Centimetre–gram–second system of units
The centimetre–gram–second system of units (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time.
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Central force
In classical mechanics, a central force on an object is a force that is directed along the line joining the object and the origin: where \scriptstyle \vec is the force, F is a vector valued force function, F is a scalar valued force function, r is the position vector, ||r|| is its length, and \scriptstyle \hat.
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Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
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Chaotic mixing
In chaos theory and fluid dynamics, chaotic mixing is a process by which flow tracers develop into complex fractals under the action of a fluid flow.
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Chapman–Jouguet condition
The Chapman–Jouguet condition holds approximately in detonation waves in high explosives.
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Charge density
In electromagnetism, charge density is a measure of the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume.
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Chemical reactor
A chemical reactor is an enclosed volume in which a chemical reaction takes place.
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Chemorepulsion
Chemorepulsion is the directional movement of a cell away from a substance.
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
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Chengdu Metro
Chengdu Metro is the rapid transit system of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, China.
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Chester General rail crash
The Chester General rail crash occurred on 8 May 1972 at Chester railway station (traditionally known as Chester General station) in northwest England.
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Chickahominy River
The Chickahominy is an U.S. Geological Survey.
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Class A airfield
Class A airfields were World War II military installations constructed to specifications laid down by the British Air Ministry Directorate-General of Works (AMDGW).
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Classical field theory
A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations.
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Classical mechanics
Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
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Clausius–Duhem inequality
The Clausius–Duhem inequality is a way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics that is used in continuum mechanics.
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Clebsch representation
In physics and mathematics, the Clebsch representation of an arbitrary three-dimensional vector field \boldsymbol(\boldsymbol) is: where the scalar fields \varphi(\boldsymbol), \psi(\boldsymbol) and \chi(\boldsymbol) are known as Clebsch potentials or Monge potentials, named after Alfred Clebsch (1833–1872) and Gaspard Monge (1746–1818), and \boldsymbol is the gradient operator.
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Climatic regions of Argentina
Due to its vast size and range of altitudes, Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions, ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south.
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Closed and exact differential forms
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα.
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Cloud physics
Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds.
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Clyde Tunnel
The Clyde Tunnel is a crossing beneath the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland.
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Coandă effect
The Coandă effect is the tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a convex surface.
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COBYLA
Constrained optimization by linear approximation (COBYLA) is a numerical optimization method for constrained problems where the derivative of the objective function is not known, invented by Michael J. D. Powell.
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Cognitive map
A cognitive map (sometimes called a mental map or mental model) is a type of mental representation which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.
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Cold foil printing
Cold foil printing, also known as cold foil stamping, is a modern method of printing metallic foil on a substrate in order to enhance the aesthetic of the final product.
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Colour banding
Colour banding, or Color banding (American English) is a problem of inaccurate colour presentation in computer graphics.
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Compact Linear Collider
The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier.
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Complex lamellar vector field
In vector calculus, a complex lamellar vector field is a vector field in three dimensions which is orthogonal to its own curl.
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Compressed sensing
Compressed sensing (also known as compressive sensing, compressive sampling, or sparse sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal, by finding solutions to underdetermined linear systems.
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Conductor marking lights
Conductor marking lights are a particular type of aircraft warning lights designed for overhead power lines.
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Cone of depression
A cone of depression occurs in an aquifer when groundwater is pumped from a well.
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Conformastatic spacetimes
Conformastatic spacetimes refer to a special class of static solutions to Einstein's equation in general relativity.
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Conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time.
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Conservative force
A conservative force is a force with the property that the total work done in moving a particle between two points is independent of the taken path.
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Conservative vector field
In vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function, known in this context as a scalar potential.
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Constitutive equation
In physics and engineering, a constitutive equation or constitutive relation is a relation between two physical quantities (especially kinetic quantities as related to kinematic quantities) that is specific to a material or substance, and approximates the response of that material to external stimuli, usually as applied fields or forces.
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Contour line
A contour line (also isocline, isopleth, isarithm, or equipotential curve) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value.
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Control volume
In continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, a control volume is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes.
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ControlTrac
ControlTrac four-wheel drive is the brand name of a selectable automatic full-time four-wheel drive system offered by Ford Motor Company.
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Convection zone
A convection zone, convective zone or convective region of a star is a layer which is unstable to convection.
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Convection–diffusion equation
The convection–diffusion equation is a combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations, and describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection.
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Coronary perfusion pressure
Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), also known as simply perfusion pressure, refers to the pressure gradient that drives coronary blood pressure, meaning the difference between the diastolic aortic pressure and the left ventricular end diastolic pressure.
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Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
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Covariance and contravariance of vectors
In multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis.
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Cowan rail accident
The Cowan rail accident occurred at 7:20pm on 6 May 1990 when the 3801 Limited special steam passenger train returning from the Morpeth Jazz Festival was struck in the rear by the following CityRail inter-urban passenger service.
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Craigieburn railway line
The Craigieburn railway line is the suburban electric railway inner section of the main North East railway line serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.
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Craik–Leibovich vortex force
In fluid dynamics, the Craik–Leibovich (CL) vortex force describes a forcing of the mean flow through wave–current interaction, specifically between the Stokes drift velocity and the mean-flow vorticity.
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Critical point (mathematics)
In mathematics, a critical point or stationary point of a differentiable function of a real or complex variable is any value in its domain where its derivative is 0.
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Cross product
In mathematics and vector algebra, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product to emphasize the geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space \left(\mathbb^3\right) and is denoted by the symbol \times.
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Cuckoo Railway
The Cuckoo Railway (Kuckucksbähnel, literally "Little Cuckoo Railway"), in its early days the Elmstein Valley Railway (Elmsteiner Talbahn), is a 12.97 kilometre long branch line in the central Palatine Forest, which runs through the region of Neustadt/Kaiserslautern from Lambrecht to Elmstein.
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Culture of microalgae in hatcheries
Microalgae or microscopic algae grow in either marine or freshwater systems.
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Curl (mathematics)
In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
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Curvilinear coordinates
In geometry, curvilinear coordinates are a coordinate system for Euclidean space in which the coordinate lines may be curved.
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Cut locus (Riemannian manifold)
In Riemannian geometry, the cut locus of a point p in a manifold is roughly the set of all other points for which there are multiple minimizing geodesics connecting them from p, but it may contain additional points where the minimizing geodesic is unique, under certain circumstances.
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CyberGraphX
CyberGraphX (pronounced "cybergraphics"), is the standard ReTargetable Graphics API available for the Amiga and compatible systems.
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Cyclone
In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure.
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Cylindrical coordinate system
A cylindrical coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis, the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction, and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis.
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D'Alembert's paradox
In fluid dynamics, d'Alembert's paradox (or the hydrodynamic paradox) is a contradiction reached in 1752 by French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
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Danskin's theorem
In convex analysis, Danskin's theorem is a theorem which provides information about the derivatives of a function of the form The theorem has applications in optimization, where it sometimes is used to solve minimax problems.
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Darcy's law for multiphase flow
Morris Muskat et al.
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Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula
The Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula (or DFP; named after William C. Davidon, Roger Fletcher, and Michael J. D. Powell) finds the solution to the secant equation that is closest to the current estimate and satisfies the curvature condition (see below).
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De Broglie–Bohm theory
The de Broglie–Bohm theory, also known as the pilot wave theory, Bohmian mechanics, Bohm's interpretation, and the causal interpretation, is an interpretation of quantum mechanics.
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Deep ocean water
Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans.
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Del
Del, or nabla, is an operator used in mathematics, in particular in vector calculus, as a vector differential operator, usually represented by the nabla symbol ∇.
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Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
This is a list of some vector calculus formulae for working with common curvilinear coordinate systems.
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Delta method
In statistics, the delta method is a result concerning the approximate probability distribution for a function of an asymptotically normal statistical estimator from knowledge of the limiting variance of that estimator.
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Demagnetizing field
The demagnetizing field, also called the stray field (outside the magnet), is the magnetic field (H-field) generated by the magnetization in a magnet.
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Denistone railway station
Denistone railway station is located on the Main Northern line, serving the Sydney suburb of Denistone.
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Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
The intent of this article is to highlight the important points of the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as its application and formulation for different families of fluids.
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Derivative
The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value).
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Detrended correspondence analysis
Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) is a multivariate statistical technique widely used by ecologists to find the main factors or gradients in large, species-rich but usually sparse data matrices that typify ecological community data.
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Different types of boundary conditions in fluid dynamics
The most integral part of any Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problem is the definition of its boundary conditions.
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Differentiable manifold
In mathematics, a differentiable manifold (also differential manifold) is a type of manifold that is locally similar enough to a linear space to allow one to do calculus.
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Differential calculus
In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities change.
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Differential evolution
In evolutionary computation, differential evolution (DE) is a method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality.
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Differential operator
In mathematics, a differential operator is an operator defined as a function of the differentiation operator.
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.
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Diffusion MRI
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the resulting data, that uses the diffusion of water molecules to generate contrast in MR images.
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Dimensional reduction
Dimensional reduction is the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero.
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Dipole
In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles.
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Dirac delta function
In mathematics, the Dirac delta function (function) is a generalized function or distribution introduced by the physicist Paul Dirac.
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Direct2D
Direct2D is a 2D vector graphics application programming interface (API) designed by Microsoft and implemented in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, and also Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 (with Platform Update installed).
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Directional derivative
In mathematics, the directional derivative of a multivariate differentiable function along a given vector v at a given point x intuitively represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function, moving through x with a velocity specified by v. It therefore generalizes the notion of a partial derivative, in which the rate of change is taken along one of the curvilinear coordinate curves, all other coordinates being constant.
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Dirichlet energy
In mathematics, the Dirichlet energy is a measure of how variable a function is.
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Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) and inhibit gastric acid secretion.
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Distance fog
Distance fog is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to enhance the perception of distance by shading distant objects differently.
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Divergence
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that produces a scalar field, giving the quantity of a vector field's source at each point.
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Document mosaicing
Document mosaicing is a process that stitches multiple, overlapping snapshot images of a document together in order to produce one large, high resolution composite.
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Domain Tunnel
The Domain Tunnel is a road tunnel located in Melbourne, Australia, which carries traffic westbound from the Monash Freeway to the West Gate Freeway, running under the Yarra River and Kings Domain.
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Double layer (plasma physics)
A double layer is a structure in a plasma consisting of two parallel layers of opposite electrical charge.
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Drift current
In condensed matter physics and electrochemistry, drift current is the electric current, or movement of charge carriers, which is due to the applied electric field, often stated as the electromotive force over a given distance.
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Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together.
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Dye-sensitized solar cell
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells.
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Earthquake rotational loading
Earthquake rotational loading indicates the excitation of structures due to the torsional and rocking components of seismic actions.
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Ecotone
An ecotone is a transition area between two biomes.
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Edward Woods (engineer)
Edward Woods (28 April 1814 – 14 June 1903) was a British civil engineer.
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Effective potential
The effective potential (also known as effective potential energy) combines multiple, perhaps opposing, effects into a single potential.
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Eikonal equation
The eikonal equation (from German Eikonal, which is from Greek εἰκών, image) is a non-linear partial differential equation encountered in problems of wave propagation, when the wave equation is approximated using the WKB theory.
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Electric potential
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing any acceleration.
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Electric-field integral equation
The electric-field integral equation is a relationship that allows the calculation of an electric field (E) generated by an electric current distribution (J).
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Electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.
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Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
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Electrodiffusiophoresis
Electrodiffusiophoresis is a motion of particles dispersed in liquid induced by external homogeneous electric field, which makes it similar to electrophoresis.
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Electrodynamic droplet deformation
Electrohydrodynamic droplet deformation is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid droplets suspended in a second immiscible liquid are exposed to an oscillating electric field.
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Electrodynamic suspension
Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) is a form of magnetic levitation in which there are conductors which are exposed to time-varying magnetic fields.
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Electrokinetic phenomena
Electrokinetic phenomena are a family of several different effects that occur in heterogeneous fluids, or in porous bodies filled with fluid, or in a fast flow over a flat surface.
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Electrostatic induction
Electrostatic induction, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America, is a redistribution of electrical charge in an object, caused by the influence of nearby charges.
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest.
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Endless (comics)
The Endless (Destiny, Death, Dream, Destruction, Desire, Despair, and Delirium) are a group of fictional beings appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics imprint Vertigo.
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Ensemble Kalman filter
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a recursive filter suitable for problems with a large number of variables, such as discretizations of partial differential equations in geophysical models.
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Envelope (mathematics)
In geometry, an envelope of a family of curves in the plane is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point, and these points of tangency together form the whole envelope.
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Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer layer of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
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Equipotential
Equipotential or isopotential in mathematics and physics refers to a region in space where every point in it is at the same potential.
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Equivalent circuit
In electrical engineering and science, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit.
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Eschborn–Frankfurt
Eschborn–Frankfurt, previously Rund um den Henninger Turm Frankfurt, is an annual semi classic cycling race in Germany, starting in Eschborn and finishing in Frankfurt.
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Eternity
Eternity in common parlance is an infinitely long period of time.
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Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric or spatial vector, or—as here—simply a vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction.
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Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
In fluid dynamics, the Euler equations are a set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow.
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Explorer 29
Explorer 29 (also called GEOS 1 or GEOS A, acronym to Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) was an American satellite launched as part of the Explorers program, being the first of the two satellites GEOS.
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Explorer 38
Explorer 38 (also called as Radio Astronomy Explorer A, RAE-A and RAE-1) was the first satellite to studies in radioastronomy.
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Exterior derivative
On a differentiable manifold, the exterior derivative extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree.
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External ray
An external ray is a curve that runs from infinity toward a Julia or Mandelbrot set.
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Extratropical cyclone
Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.
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Fall line (topography)
In mountain biking and skiing, a fall line refers to the line down a mountain or hill which is most directly downhill.
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Fancy rat
The fancy rat is the most common breed of domesticated or pet rat (Rattus norvegicus).
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Feature detection (computer vision)
In computer vision and image processing feature detection includes methods for computing abstractions of image information and making local decisions at every image point whether there is an image feature of a given type at that point or not.
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Feldberg Pass
The Feldberg Pass (el. 1231 m.) is a high mountain pass in the Black Forest in the state of Baden-Württemberg and the second highest in Germany.
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Fermionic field
In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics.
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Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were derived by Adolf Fick in 1855.
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Field (physics)
In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.
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Field emission gun
A field emission gun is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type emitter is held at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause field electron emission.
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Finite element method
The finite element method (FEM), is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics.
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Finite element method in structural mechanics
The finite element method (FEM) is a powerful technique originally developed for numerical solution of complex problems in structural mechanics, and it remains the method of choice for complex systems.
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First break picking
In seismology, first-break picking is the detecting or picking the onset arrivals of refracted signals from all the signals received by receiver arrays and produced by a particular source signal generation.
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Flandrau State Park
Flandrau State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, on the Cottonwood River adjacent to the city of New Ulm.
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Flat design
Flat design is a minimalist user interface (UI) design genre, or design language, commonly used in graphical user interfaces (such as web applications and mobile apps), especially in such graphical materials as posters, arts, guide documents, publishing products.
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Floer homology
In mathematics, Floer homology is a tool for studying symplectic geometry and low-dimensional topology.
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Fluid dynamics
In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.
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Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them.
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Fluidized bed reactor
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
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Flux
Flux describes the quantity which passes through a surface or substance.
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Fluxion
The fluxion of a "fluent" (a time-varying quantity, or function) is its instantaneous rate of change, or gradient, at a given point.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Force between magnets
Magnets exert forces and torques on each other due to the rules of electromagnetism.
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Force density
In fluid mechanics, the force density is the negative gradient of pressure.
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Force-free magnetic field
A force-free magnetic field is a magnetic field that arises when the plasma pressure is so small, relative to the magnetic pressure, that the plasma pressure may be ignored, and so only the magnetic pressure is considered.
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Forces on sails
Forces on sails result from movement of air that interacts with sails and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land vehicles.
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Ford Expedition
The Ford Expedition is a full-size SUV that is made by Ford Motor Company.
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Four-gradient
In differential geometry, the four-gradient (or 4-gradient) \mathbf is the four-vector analogue of the gradient \vec from Gibbs–Heaviside vector calculus.
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Four-vector
In special relativity, a four-vector (also known as a 4-vector) is an object with four components, which transform in a specific way under Lorentz transformation.
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Fractionation
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.
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Frankley Water Treatment Works
Severn Trent Water's Frankley Water Treatment Works at Frankley, Birmingham, England, supplies drinking water to Birmingham and the surrounding area.
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Gal (unit)
The gal (symbol: Gal), sometimes called galileo after Galileo Galilei, is a unit of acceleration used extensively in the science of gravimetry.
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Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.
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Gauss's law for gravity
In physics, Gauss's law for gravity, also known as Gauss's flux theorem for gravity, is a law of physics that is essentially equivalent to Newton's law of universal gravitation.
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Gauss–Newton algorithm
The Gauss–Newton algorithm is used to solve non-linear least squares problems.
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Gaussian free field
In probability theory and statistical mechanics, the Gaussian free field (GFF) is a Gaussian random field, a central model of random surfaces (random height functions).
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General relativity
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
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Generalised Hough transform
The generalized Hough transform (GHT), introduced by Dana H. Ballard in 1981, is the modification of the Hough transform using the principle of template matching.
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Generalizations of the derivative
In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, and geometry.
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GENERIC formalism
In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, GENERIC is an acronym for General Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling.
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Geography of Atlanta
The Geography of Atlanta encompasses, of which is land and is water.
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Geology of the Yosemite area
The exposed geology of the Yosemite area includes primarily granitic rocks with some older metamorphic rock.
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Geometric calculus
In mathematics, geometric calculus extends the geometric algebra to include differentiation and integration.
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Geopotential
Geopotential is the potential of the Earth's gravity field.
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Geopotential function
Geopotential function is a function that at each point is equal to a constant minus the energy that would be acquired by a unit mass in falling from rest at infinity to the point in question.
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Geopotential model
In geophysics, a geopotential model is the theoretical analysis of measuring and calculating the effects of Earth's gravitational field.
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Ghost note
In music, a ghost note is a musical note with a rhythmic value, but no discernible pitch when played.
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Global atmospheric electrical circuit
The global atmospheric electrical circuit describes the continuous movement of atmospheric electricity between the ionosphere and the Earth.
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Glossary of calculus
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Gotthard railway
The Gotthard railway (Gotthardbahn; Ferrovia del Gottardo) is the Swiss trans-alpine railway line from northern Switzerland to the canton of Ticino.
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Grad
Grad may refer to.
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Grade
Grade may refer to.
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Gradient (disambiguation)
Gradient in vector calculus is a vector field representing the maximum rate of increase of a scalar field or a multivariate function and the direction of this maximal rate.
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Gradient conjecture
In mathematics, the gradient conjecture, due to René Thom (1989), was proved in 2000 by three Polish mathematicians, Krzysztof Kurdyka (University of Savoie, France), Tadeusz Mostowski (Warsaw University, Poland) and Adam Parusiński (University of Angers, France).
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Gradient descent
Gradient descent is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm for finding the minimum of a function.
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Gradient method
In optimization, gradient method is an algorithm to solve problems of the form with the search directions defined by the gradient of the function at the current point.
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Gradient multilayer nanofilm
Gradient multilayer (GML) nanofilm is an assembly of quantum dot layers with a built-in gradient of nanoparticle size, composition or density.
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Gradient noise
Gradient noise is a type of noise commonly used as a procedural texture primitive in computer graphics.
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Gradient pattern analysis
Gradient pattern analysis (GPA)Rosa, R.R., Pontes, J., Christov, C.I., Ramos, F.M., Rodrigues Neto, C., Rempel, E.L., Walgraef, D. Physica A 283, 156 (2000).
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Gradient theorem
The gradient theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals, says that a line integral through a gradient field can be evaluated by evaluating the original scalar field at the endpoints of the curve.
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Gradient-enhanced kriging
Gradient-Enhanced Kriging (GEK) is a surrogate modeling technique used in engineering.
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Gradient-like vector field
In differential topology, a mathematical discipline, and more specifically in Morse theory, a gradient-like vector field is a generalization of gradient vector field.
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Gradient-related
Gradient-related is a term used in multivariable calculus to describe a direction.
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Gradiometer
A gradiometer measures the gradient (numerical rate of change) of a physical quantity, such as a magnetic field or gravity.
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Grand Crimean Central Railway
The Grand Crimean Central Railway was a military railway built in 1855 during the Crimean War by Great Britain.
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Gravitational field
In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body.
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Gravitational lensing formalism
In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter b~ by an angle approximately equal to \hat.
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Gravitational potential
In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential at a location is equal to the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move the object from a fixed reference location to the location of the object.
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Gravity anomaly
A gravity anomaly is the difference between the observed acceleration of free fall, or gravity, on a planet's surface, and the corresponding value predicted from a model of the planet's gravity field.
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Great Flat Lode
The Great Flat Lode is a mineral-bearing body of rock under the southern granite slopes of Carn Brea south of Camborne in west Cornwall, England, UK.
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Group velocity
The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave—propagates through space.
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Hagen–Poiseuille equation
In nonideal fluid dynamics, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, also known as the Hagen–Poiseuille law, Poiseuille law or Poiseuille equation, is a physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section.
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Halocline
In oceanography, a halocline (from Greek hals, halo- ‘salt’ and klinein ‘to slope’) is a subtype of chemocline caused by a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water.
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Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation
The Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation is a partial differential equation which is central to optimal control theory.
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Hamiltonian mechanics
Hamiltonian mechanics is a theory developed as a reformulation of classical mechanics and predicts the same outcomes as non-Hamiltonian classical mechanics.
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Hans-Paul Schwefel
Hans-Paul Schwefel (born December 4, 1940 in Berlin) is a German computer scientist and professor emeritus at University of Dortmund (now Dortmund University of Technology), where he held the chair of systems analysis from 1985 until 2006.
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Haptotaxis
Haptotaxis (from Greek ἅπτω (hapto, "touch, fasten") and τάξις (taxis, "arrangement, order")) is the directional motility or outgrowth of cells, e.g. in the case of axonal outgrowth, usually up a gradient of cellular adhesion sites or substrate-bound chemoattractants (the gradient of the chemoattractant being expressed or bound on a surface, in contrast to the classical model of chemotaxis, in which the gradient develops in a soluble fluid.). These gradients are naturally present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the body during processes such as angiogenesis or artificially present in biomaterials where gradients are established by altering the concentration of adhesion sites on a polymer substrate.
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Harmonic morphism
In mathematics, a harmonic morphism is a (smooth) map \phi:(M^m,g)\to (N^n,h) between Riemannian manifolds that pulls back real-valued harmonic functions on the codomain to harmonic functions on the domain.
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Helicopter height–velocity diagram
The height–velocity diagram or H/V curve is a graph charting the safe/unsafe flight profiles relevant to a specific helicopter.
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Helios (spacecraft)
Helios-A and Helios-B (also known as and), are a pair of probes launched into heliocentric orbit for the purpose of studying solar processes.
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Hepatopulmonary syndrome
In medicine, hepatopulmonary syndrome is a syndrome of shortness of breath and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood of the arteries) caused by vasodilation (broadening of the blood vessels) in the lungs of patients with liver disease.
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Hessian matrix
In mathematics, the Hessian matrix or Hessian is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field.
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High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.
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Hilbert's nineteenth problem
Hilbert's nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems, set out in a list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert.
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Hodge star operator
In mathematics, the Hodge isomorphism or Hodge star operator is an important linear map introduced in general by W. V. D. Hodge.
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Horizontal plane
In geometry, physics, astronomy, geography, and related sciences, a plane is said to be horizontal at a given point if it is perpendicular to the gradient of the gravity field at that point – in other words, if apparent gravity makes a plumb bob hang perpendicular to the plane at that point.
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Hot spring
A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater that rises from the Earth's crust.
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Hough transform
The Hough transform is a feature extraction technique used in image analysis, computer vision, and digital image processing.
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Hydraulic head
Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a geodetic datum.
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Ice formation on aircraft
"Ice Formation on Aircraft" was the first issue in the Aerology Series produced by the Bureau of Aeronautics Training Division, Navy Department, Washington D.C..
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Image gradient
An image gradient is a directional change in the intensity or color in an image.
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Impeller
An impeller (also written as impellor or impellar) is a rotor used to increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid.
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Implicit surface
In mathematics an implicit surface is a surface in Euclidean space defined by an equation An implicit surface is the set of zeros of a function of three variables.
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Index of biochemistry articles
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
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Index of biology articles
Biology is the study of life and its processes.
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Index of genetics articles
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.
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Index of physics articles (G)
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
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Indexed color
In computing, indexed color is a technique to manage digital images' colors in a limited fashion, in order to save computer memory and file storage, while speeding up display refresh and file transfers.
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Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes)
In mathematics — specifically, in stochastic analysis — the infinitesimal generator of a stochastic process is a partial differential operator that encodes a great deal of information about the process.
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Information matrix test
In econometrics, the information matrix test is used to determine whether a regression model is misspecified.
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Infrared open-path detector
Infrared open-path gas detectors send out a beam of infrared light, detecting gas anywhere along the path of the beam.
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Integral
In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.
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Integrated circuit design
Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits, or ICs.
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Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods) are a certain class of algorithms that solve linear and nonlinear convex optimization problems.
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Interpolation inequality
In the field of mathematical analysis, an interpolation inequality is an inequality of the form \| u_ \|_ \leq C \| u_ \|_^ \| u_ \|_^ \dots \| u_ \|_^, \quad n \geq 2, valid for all u0,..., un in some (subsets of) vector spaces X0,..., Xn equipped with norms ‖·‖0, ‖·‖1,..., ‖·‖n, and where C is a constant independent of u0,..., un and α1,..., αn are some real powers.
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Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity
The mathematics of general relativity is complex.
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Invariant differential operator
In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant differential operator is a kind of mathematical map from some objects to an object of similar type.
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Inverse-variance weighting
In statistics, inverse-variance weighting is a method of aggregating two or more random variables to minimize the variance of the weighted average.
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Ionic strength
The concept of ionic strength was first introduced by Lewis and Randall in 1921 while describing the activity coefficients of strong electrolytes.
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Iridescence
Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change colour as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes.
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Itô diffusion
In mathematics — specifically, in stochastic analysis — an Itô diffusion is a solution to a specific type of stochastic differential equation.
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Itô's lemma
In mathematics, Itô's lemma is an identity used in Itô calculus to find the differential of a time-dependent function of a stochastic process.
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Jacobi set
In Morse theory, a mathematical discipline, Jacobi sets provide a method of studying the relationship between two or more Morse functions.
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Jacobian matrix and determinant
In vector calculus, the Jacobian matrix is the matrix of all first-order partial derivatives of a vector-valued function.
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Jean-Pierre Petit
Jean-Pierre Petit (born 5 April 1937, Choisy-le-Roi) is a French scientist, senior researcher at National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) as an astrophysicist in Marseille Observatory, now retired.
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Jet stream
Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow, meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets, including Earth.
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John Titor
John Titor is a name used on several bulletin boards during 2000 and 2001 by a poster claiming to be an American military time traveler from 2036.
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Justo Gonzalo
Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal (March 2, 1910 – September 28, 1986) was a Spanish neuroscientist, who described and interpreted what he called "central syndrome of the cortex" which is a multisensory disorder with bilateral symmetry, due to a unilateral parieto-occipital cortical lesion.
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K-epsilon turbulence model
K-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model is the most common model used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate mean flow characteristics for turbulent flow conditions.
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Köterberg
The Köterberg, at above sea level, is the highest hill in the Lippe Uplands and lies on the state border between North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony in North Germany.
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Kinney Run
Kinney Run, also known as Kinney's Run, is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Scott Township and Bloomsburg, Columbia County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
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Korn's inequality
In mathematical analysis, Korn's inequality is an inequality concerning the gradient of a vector field that generalizes the following classical theorem: if the gradient of a vector field is skew-symmetric at every point, then the gradient must be equal to a constant skew-symmetric matrix.
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Lagrange multiplier
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers (named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange) is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables).
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Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field
In classical field theory the Lagrangian specification of the field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time.
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Lagrangian mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics is a reformulation of classical mechanics, introduced by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788.
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Lake Poopó
Lake Poopó (Lago Poopó) is a large saline lake located in a shallow depression in the Altiplano Mountains in Oruro Department, Bolivia, at an altitude of approximately.
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Lanczos algorithm
The Lanczos algorithm is a direct algorithm devised by Cornelius Lanczos that is an adaptation of power methods to find the m most useful eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an n \times n Hermitian matrix, where m is often but not necessarily much smaller than n. Although computationally efficient in principle, the method as initially formulated was not useful, due to its numerical instability.
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Land transport
Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another on land.
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Land use capability map
Land use capability maps are maps created to represent the potential uses of a "unit" of land.
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Land value tax
A land/location value tax (LVT), also called a site valuation tax, split rate tax, or site-value rating, is an ad valorem levy on the unimproved value of land.
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Landrücken Tunnel
The Landrücken Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line.
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Landweber iteration
The Landweber iteration or Landweber algorithm is an algorithm to solve ill-posed linear inverse problems, and it has been extended to solve non-linear problems that involve constraints.
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Laplace operator
In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a function on Euclidean space.
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Laplace's equation
In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a second-order partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon Laplace who first studied its properties.
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Laplace–Beltrami operator
In differential geometry, the Laplace operator, named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, can be generalized to operate on functions defined on surfaces in Euclidean space and, more generally, on Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.
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Laser beam profiler
A laser beam profiler captures, displays, and records the spatial intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular plane transverse to the beam propagation path.
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Laser rangefinder
A laser rangefinder is a rangefinder that uses a laser beam to determine the distance to an object.
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Latin letters used in mathematics
Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, physical entities.
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Lattice diffusion coefficient
Lattice diffusion (also called bulk or volume diffusion) refers to atomic diffusion within a crystalline lattice.
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Layers (digital image editing)
Layers are used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image.
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Leading-edge slat
Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings of fixed-wing aircraft which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack.
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Lealt Valley Diatomite Railway
| The Lealt Valley Diatomite Railway was a narrow gauge tramway on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, which ran parallel with the River Lealt.
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Least mean squares filter
Least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive filter used to mimic a desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean square of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal).
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Least squares
The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to approximate the solution of overdetermined systems, i.e., sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns.
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Legendre transformation
In mathematics and physics, the Legendre transformation, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is an involutive transformation on the real-valued convex functions of one real variable.
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Lehr (glassmaking)
A lehr is a temperature-controlled kiln for annealing objects made of glass.
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Lev Bulat
'Lev Petrovich Bulat (In Russian: Лев Петрович Булат), a Russian physicist, was born on April 11, 1947, Chernovtsy, Ukraine.
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Level set
In mathematics, a level set of a real-valued function ''f'' of ''n'' real variables is a set of the form that is, a set where the function takes on a given constant value c. When the number of variables is two, a level set is generically a curve, called a level curve, contour line, or isoline.
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Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm
In mathematics and computing, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA or just LM), also known as the damped least-squares (DLS) method, is used to solve non-linear least squares problems.
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Levi-Civita symbol
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, tensor analysis, and differential geometry, the Levi-Civita symbol represents a collection of numbers; defined from the sign of a permutation of the natural numbers, for some positive integer.
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LG G2
The LG G2 is an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics.
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Lickey Hills
The Lickey Hills (known locally as simply The Lickeys) are a range of hills in Worcestershire, England, to the south-west of the centre of Birmingham near the villages of Lickey, Cofton Hackett and Barnt Green.
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Lickey Incline
The Lickey Incline, south of Birmingham, is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain.
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Lieb–Oxford inequality
In quantum chemistry and physics, the Lieb–Oxford inequality provides a lower bound for the indirect part of the Coulomb energy of a quantum mechanical system.
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Lift (force)
A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a force on it.
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Line chart
A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments.
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Line integral
In mathematics, a line integral is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve.
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Line of greatest slope
In topography, the line of greatest slope is a curve following the steepest slope.
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Linearity
Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship or function which means that it can be graphically represented as a straight line.
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List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
A glossary of abbreviations used in relation to aviation, in alphabetical order.
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List of eponymous laws
This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, principles, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person.
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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/G
Category:Lists of words.
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List of Latin words with English derivatives
This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).
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List of letters used in mathematics and science
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
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List of mathematical abbreviations
This article is a listing of abbreviated names of mathematical functions, function-like operators and other mathematical terminology.
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List of mathematical symbols
This is a list of symbols used in all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to represent a constant.
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List of mathematical symbols by subject
This list of mathematical symbols by subject shows a selection of the most common symbols that are used in modern mathematical notation within formulas, grouped by mathematical topic.
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List of multivariable calculus topics
This is a list of multivariable calculus topics.
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List of words having different meanings in American and British English (A–L)
This is the List of words having different meanings in British and American English: A–L.
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LOBPCG
Locally Optimal Block Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (LOBPCG) is a matrix-free method for finding the largest (or smallest) eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of a symmetric positive definite generalized eigenvalue problem for a given pair (A, B) of complex Hermitian or real symmetric matrices, where the matrix B is also assumed positive-definite.
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Lossless JPEG
Lossless JPEG is a 1993 addition to JPEG standard by the Joint Photographic Experts Group to enable lossless compression.
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Love number
The Love numbers h, k, and l are dimensionless parameters that measure the rigidity of a planetary body and the susceptibility of its shape to change in response to a tidal potential.
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Luke's variational principle
In fluid dynamics, Luke's variational principle is a Lagrangian variational description of the motion of surface waves on a fluid with a free surface, under the action of gravity.
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Lumped element model
The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions.
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Luneburg lens
A Luneburg lens (originally Lüneburg lens, often incorrectly spelled Luneberg lens) is a spherically symmetric gradient-index lens.
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Luus–Jaakola
In computational engineering, Luus–Jaakola (LJ) denotes a heuristic for global optimization of a real-valued function.
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LView
LView Pro (LVP) is a bitmap graphics editor for computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system developed by Leonardo H. Loureiro, who owns the copyright to the software and the LView registered trademark.
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Madison Symmetric Torus
The Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) is a reversed field pinch (RFP) physics experiment with applications to both fusion energy research and astrophysical plasmas located at University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Magic: The Gathering
Magic: The Gathering is a both a trading card and digital collectible card game created by Richard Garfield.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Magnetic moment
The magnetic moment is a quantity that represents the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a magnetic field.
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Magnetic resonance microscopy
Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM, µMRI) is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a microscopic level down to the scale of microns.
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Magnetic tweezers
Magnetic tweezers (MT) are scientific instruments for the manipulation and characterization of biomolecules or polymers.
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Magnetization
In classical electromagnetism, magnetization or magnetic polarization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material.
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Magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also magneto-fluid dynamics or hydro­magnetics) is the study of the magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids.
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Magnetometer
A magnetometer is an instrument that measures magnetism—either the magnetization of a magnetic material like a ferromagnet, or the direction, strength, or relative change of a magnetic field at a particular location.
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Magnetorquer
A magnetorquer or magnetic torquer (also known as torque rod) is a satellite system for attitude control, detumbling, and stabilization built from electromagnetic coils.
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Mammatus cloud
Mammatus (mamma or mammatocumulus), meaning "mammary cloud", is a cellular pattern of pouches hanging underneath the base of a cloud, typically cumulonimbus rainclouds, although they may be attached to other classes of parent clouds.
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Marangoni effect
The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two fluids due to a gradient of the surface tension.
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Marching cubes
Marching cubes is a computer graphics algorithm, published in the 1987 SIGGRAPH proceedings by Lorensen and Cline, for extracting a polygonal mesh of an isosurface from a three-dimensional discrete scalar field (sometimes called a voxel).
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Mass fraction (chemistry)
In chemistry, the mass fraction w_i is the ratio of one substance with mass m_i to the mass of the total mixture m_\text, defined as The symbol Y_i is also used to denote mass fraction.
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Material derivative
In continuum mechanics, the material derivative describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field variations of that physical quantity.
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Mathematical optimization
In mathematics, computer science and operations research, mathematical optimization or mathematical programming, alternatively spelled optimisation, is the selection of a best element (with regard to some criterion) from some set of available alternatives.
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Matlock, Derbyshire
Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England.
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Matrix calculus
In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.
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Maxwell–Stefan diffusion
The Maxwell–Stefan diffusion (or Stefan–Maxwell diffusion) is a model for describing diffusion in multicomponent systems.
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Mean value theorem
In mathematics, the mean value theorem states, roughly, that for a given planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the secant through its endpoints.
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Measuring instrument
A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.
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Mechanical equilibrium
In classical mechanics, a particle is in mechanical equilibrium if the net force on that particle is zero.
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Mechanically gradient polymers
Polymer gradient materials (PGM) are a class of polymers with gradually changing mechanical properties along a defined direction creating an anisotropic material.
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Membrane potential
The term "membrane potential" may refer to one of three kinds of membrane potential.
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Membrane technology
Membrane technology covers all engineering approaches for the transport of substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes.
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Membrane transport
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them.
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Memory consolidation
Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
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Mesklin
Mesklin is a fictional supergiant planet created by Hal Clement and used in a number of his hard science fiction stories.
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Metric tensor (general relativity)
In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study.
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Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm
In computational statistics, the Metropolis-adjusted Langevin algorithm (MALA) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for obtaining random samples – sequences of random observations – from a probability distribution for which direct sampling is difficult.
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Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), is a chromatography technique, used in analytical chemistry.
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Microphone
A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
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Microwave chemistry
Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions.
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Mild-slope equation
In fluid dynamics, the mild-slope equation describes the combined effects of diffraction and refraction for water waves propagating over bathymetry and due to lateral boundaries—like breakwaters and coastlines.
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Minimum Population Search
In evolutionary computation, Minimum Population Search (MPS) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a set of candidate solutions with regard to a given measure of quality.
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Mixed layer
The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths.
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Mixing length model
In fluid dynamics, the mixing length model is a method attempting to describe momentum transfer by turbulence Reynolds stresses within a Newtonian fluid boundary layer by means of an eddy viscosity.
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Modified pressure
Some systems in fluid dynamics involve a fluid being subject to conservative body forces.
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Modified Richardson iteration
Modified Richardson iteration is an iterative method for solving a system of linear equations.
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Mole fraction
In chemistry, the mole fraction or molar fraction (xi) is defined as the amount of a constituent (expressed in moles), ni, divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture (also expressed in moles), ntot: The sum of all the mole fractions is equal to 1: The same concept expressed with a denominator of 100 is the mole percent or molar percentage or molar proportion (mol%).
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Mom and Pop Art
"Mom and Pop Art" is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons tenth season.
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Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum (pl. momenta) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
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Momentum operator
In quantum mechanics, the momentum operator is an operator which maps the wave function in a Hilbert space representing a quantum state to another function.
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Morse homology
In mathematics, specifically in the field of differential topology, Morse homology is a homology theory defined for any smooth manifold.
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Morse theory
"Morse function" redirects here.
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Mountain chain
A mountain chain is a row of high mountain summits, a linear sequence of interconnected or related mountains, or a contiguous ridge of mountains within a larger mountain range.
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Mountain river
Mountain river is a river that runs usually in mountains, in narrow, deep valley with steep banks, rocky stream bed, and accumulated rock debris.
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Mountain stream
A mountain stream is a brook or stream, usually with a steep gradient, flowing down a mountainside, its swift flow rate transporting large quantities of rock, gravel, soil, wood or even entire logs with it.
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Moving particle semi-implicit method
The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is a computational method for the simulation of incompressible free surface flows.
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Mpofu Nature Reserve
Mpofu Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in the Amatole district of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa that is managed by Eastern Cape Parks.
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Multidisciplinary design optimization
Multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a field of engineering that uses optimization methods to solve design problems incorporating a number of disciplines.
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Multimode manual transmission
Multimode Manual Transmission (MMT or M/M, also Multimode Transmission) is a type of sequential manual transmission offered by Toyota.
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Multisymplectic integrator
In mathematics, a multisymplectic integrator is a numerical method for the solution of a certain class of partial differential equations, that are said to be multisymplectic.
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Multivariable calculus
Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving multiple variables, rather than just one.
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Mycelial cord
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae.
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MythBusters (2006 season)
The cast of the television series MythBusters perform experiments to verify or debunk urban legends, old wives' tales, and the like.
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Nabla symbol
∇ The nabla symbol The nabla is a triangular symbol like an inverted Greek delta:Indeed, it is called anadelta (ανάδελτα) in Modern Greek.
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Naked cuticle
Naked cuticle (Nkd) is a conserved family of intracellular proteins encoded in most animal genomes.
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Natural exponential family
In probability and statistics, a natural exponential family (NEF) is a class of probability distributions that is a special case of an exponential family (EF).
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Navier–Stokes equations
In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations, named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes, describe the motion of viscous fluid substances.
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Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, one of the pillars of fluid mechanics (such as with turbulence).
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Navigation function
Navigation function usually refers to a function of position, velocity, acceleration and time which is used to plan robot trajectories through the environment.
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Neighbourhood components analysis
Neighbourhood components analysis is a supervised learning method for classifying multivariate data into distinct classes according to a given distance metric over the data.
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Neumann boundary condition
In mathematics, the Neumann (or second-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition, named after Carl Neumann.
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Neumann–Poincaré operator
In mathematics, the Neumann–Poincaré operator or Poincaré–Neumann operator, named after Carl Neumann and Henri Poincaré, is a non-self-adjoint compact operator introduced by Poincaré to solve boundary value problems for the Laplacian on bounded domains in Euclidean space.
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New Holland Agriculture
New Holland is a global brand of agricultural machinery produced by CNH Industrial.
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Newton's law of cooling
Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its surroundings provided the temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains same. As such, it is equivalent to a statement that the heat transfer coefficient, which mediates between heat losses and temperature differences, is a constant.
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Newton's method in optimization
In calculus, Newton's method is an iterative method for finding the roots of a differentiable function (i.e. solutions to the equation). In optimization, Newton's method is applied to the derivative of a twice-differentiable function to find the roots of the derivative (solutions to), also known as the stationary points of.
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Newtonian fluid
In continuum mechanics, a Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate—the rate of change of its deformation over time.
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Niger River
The Niger River is the principal river of West Africa, extending about.
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Non-linear least squares
Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters (m > n).
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Nonlinear conjugate gradient method
In numerical optimization, the nonlinear conjugate gradient method generalizes the conjugate gradient method to nonlinear optimization.
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Nordström's theory of gravitation
In theoretical physics, Nordström's theory of gravitation was a predecessor of general relativity.
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Normal (geometry)
In geometry, a normal is an object such as a line or vector that is perpendicular to a given object.
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Normal coordinates
In differential geometry, normal coordinates at a point p in a differentiable manifold equipped with a symmetric affine connection are a local coordinate system in a neighborhood of p obtained by applying the exponential map to the tangent space at p. In a normal coordinate system, the Christoffel symbols of the connection vanish at the point p, thus often simplifying local calculations.
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North African climate cycles
North African climate cycles have a unique history that can be traced back millions of years.
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Notation for differentiation
In differential calculus, there is no single uniform notation for differentiation.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Operator (mathematics)
In mathematics, an operator is generally a mapping that acts on the elements of a space to produce other elements of the same space.
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Optical aberration
Aberration in optics refers to a defect in a lens such that light is not focused to a point, but is spread out over some region of space, and hence an image formed by a lens with aberration is blurred or distorted, with the nature of the distortion depending on the type of aberration.
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OptiX
Nvidia OptiX (OptiX Application Acceleration Engine) is a general purpose ray tracing API for rendering, baking, collision detection, A.I. queries, etc.
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Oral rehydration therapy
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially that due to diarrhea.
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Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator
In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator is a generalization of the Laplace operator to an infinite-dimensional setting.
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Orthogonal coordinates
In mathematics, orthogonal coordinates are defined as a set of d coordinates q.
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Oseen equations
In fluid dynamics, the Oseen equations (or Oseen flow) describe the flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid at small Reynolds numbers, as formulated by Carl Wilhelm Oseen in 1910.
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Overhead power line
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large distances.
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Packhorse
A packhorse or pack horse refers to a horse, mule, donkey, or pony used to carry goods on its back, usually in sidebags or panniers.
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Papagayo Jet
The Papagayo jet, also referred to as the Papagayo Wind or the Papagayo Wind Jet, are strong intermittent winds that blow approximately 70 km north of the Gulf of Papagayo, after which they are named.
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Parabolic cylindrical coordinates
In mathematics, parabolic cylindrical coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system that results from projecting the two-dimensional parabolic coordinate system in the perpendicular z-direction.
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Parallel (geometry)
In geometry, parallel lines are lines in a plane which do not meet; that is, two lines in a plane that do not intersect or touch each other at any point are said to be parallel.
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Partial derivative
In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary).
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Particle swarm optimization
In computer science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality.
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Patch dynamics (physics)
Patch dynamics is a term used in physics to bridge, using algorithms, the models describing macroscale behavior and to predict large-scale patterns in fluid flow.
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Pattern search (optimization)
Pattern search (also known as direct search, derivative-free search, or black-box search) is a family of numerical optimization methods that does not require a gradient.
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Pen yr Ole Wen
Pen yr Ole Wen is the seventh highest mountain in Snowdonia and in Wales.
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Perfect mixing
Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors.
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Perlin noise
Perlin noise is a type of gradient noise developed by Ken Perlin in 1983 as a result of his frustration with the "machine-like" look of computer graphics at the time.
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Phase-contrast X-ray imaging
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images.
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Phyllotaxis
In botany, phyllotaxis or phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem (from Ancient Greek phýllon "leaf" and táxis "arrangement").
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Physical quantity
A physical quantity is a physical property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be quantified by measurement.or we can say that quantities which we come across during our scientific studies are called as the physical quantities...
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Pi
The number is a mathematical constant.
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Plasma propulsion engine
A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma.
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Plot (graphics)
A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables.
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Poinsot's ellipsoid
In classical mechanics, Poinsot's construction (after Louis Poinsot) is a geometrical method for visualizing the torque-free motion of a rotating rigid body, that is, the motion of a rigid body on which no external forces are acting.
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Poisson's equation
In mathematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation of elliptic type with broad utility in mechanical engineering and theoretical physics.
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Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures.
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Pont du Gard
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France.
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Positive-definite matrix
In linear algebra, a symmetric real matrix M is said to be positive definite if the scalar z^Mz is strictly positive for every non-zero column vector z of n real numbers.
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Potential energy
In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
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Potential energy surface
A potential energy surface (PES) describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms.
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Potential flow
In fluid dynamics, potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential.
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Potential gradient
In physics, chemistry and biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient.
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Potential vorticity
Potential vorticity (PV) is seen as one of the important theoretical successes of modern meteorology.
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Power (physics)
In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.
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Power-law fluid
A power-law fluid, or the Ostwald–de Waele relationship, is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid for which the shear stress, τ, is given by where.
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Preconditioner
In mathematics, preconditioning is the application of a transformation, called the preconditioner, that conditions a given problem into a form that is more suitable for numerical solving methods.
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Pressure
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.
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Pressure gradient
In atmospheric science (meteorology, climatology and related fields), the pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure increases the most rapidly around a particular location.
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Prewitt operator
The Prewitt operator is used in image processing, particularly within edge detection algorithms.
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Probability current
In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability in terms of probability per unit time per unit area.
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Product rule
In calculus, the product rule is a formula used to find the derivatives of products of two or more functions.
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Protein purification
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.
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Proteorhodopsin
Proteorhodopsin (also known as pRhodopsin) is a family of over 50 photoactive retinylidene proteins, a larger family of transmembrane proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light-mediated functionality, in this case, a proton pump.
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Proton pump
A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.
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Proximal gradient methods for learning
Proximal gradient (forward backward splitting) methods for learning is an area of research in optimization and statistical learning theory which studies algorithms for a general class of convex regularization problems where the regularization penalty may not be differentiable.
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Pseudoconvex function
In convex analysis and the calculus of variations, branches of mathematics, a pseudoconvex function is a function that behaves like a convex function with respect to finding its local minima, but need not actually be convex.
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Pycnocline
A pycnocline is the cline or layer where the density gradient is greatest within a body of water.
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Quantum vortex
In physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity.
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Quantum-mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions
In the natural sciences, an intermolecular force is an attraction between two molecules or atoms.
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Quasi-Newton method
Quasi-Newton methods are methods used to either find zeroes or local maxima and minima of functions, as an alternative to Newton's method.
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QUICK scheme
In computational fluid dynamics QUICK, which stands for Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics, is a higher-order differencing scheme that considers a three-point upstream weighted quadratic interpolation for the cell face values.
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Quickprop
Quickprop is an iterative method for determining the minimum of the loss function of an artificial neural network, following an algorithm inspired by the Newton's method.
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Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro
The Quinta classification of Port vineyards in the Douro is a system that grades the terroir and quality potential of vineyards in the Douro wine region to produce grapes suitable for the production of Port wine.
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Rail yard
A rail yard, railway yard or railroad yard is a complex series of railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading and unloading, railroad cars and locomotives.
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Railroad Tycoon 3
Railroad Tycoon 3 is a video game, part of the Railroad Tycoon series, released in 2003.
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Random optimization
Random optimization (RO) is a family of numerical optimization methods that do not require the gradient of the problem to be optimized and RO can hence be used on functions that are not continuous or differentiable.
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Rate (mathematics)
In mathematics, a rate is the ratio between two related quantities.
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Raurimu Spiral
The Raurimu Spiral is a single-track railway spiral, starting with a horseshoe curve, overcoming a height difference, in the central North Island of New Zealand, on the North Island Main Trunk Railway.
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Rayleigh–Taylor instability
The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid.
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Reconstruction from Projections
The problem of reconstructing a multidimensional signal from its projection is uniquely multidimensional, having no 1-D counterpart.
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Rede Globo
Rede Globo (Globe Network), or simply Globo, is a Brazilian free-to-air television network, launched by media proprietor Roberto Marinho on 26 April 1965.
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Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviourist psychology, concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward.
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Resistive touchscreen
In electrical engineering, a resistive touchscreen is a touch-sensitive computer display composed of two flexible sheets coated with a resistive material and separated by an air gap or microdots.
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Retina bipolar cell
As a part of the retina, bipolar cells exist between photoreceptors (rod cells and cone cells) and ganglion cells.
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Reversible diffusion
In mathematics, a reversible diffusion is a specific example of a reversible stochastic process.
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Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall, England.
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Riemannian manifold
In differential geometry, a (smooth) Riemannian manifold or (smooth) Riemannian space (M,g) is a real, smooth manifold M equipped with an inner product g_p on the tangent space T_pM at each point p that varies smoothly from point to point in the sense that if X and Y are differentiable vector fields on M, then p \mapsto g_p(X(p),Y(p)) is a smooth function.
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Rigidity matroid
In the mathematics of structural rigidity, a rigidity matroid is a matroid that describes the number of degrees of freedom of an undirected graph with rigid edges of fixed lengths, embedded into Euclidean space.
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River delta
A river delta is a landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.
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River Out of Eden
River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life is a 1995 popular science book by Richard Dawkins.
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RMMV HX range of tactical trucks
The HX family are a range of purpose-designed tactical military trucks manufactured by Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles (RMMV). The HX range was disclosed in 2003, and the first order was placed in 2004. The HX range replaced the earlier FX and LX ranges in production. The HX2 range, which currently complements the original HX range, was announced in 2012. The first HX2 range trucks were delivered in April 2016. The HX and HX2 ranges complement the SX range.
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Road texture
Road surface textures are deviations from a planar and smooth surface, affecting the vehicle/tyre interaction.
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Roberts cross
The Roberts cross operator is used in image processing and computer vision for edge detection.
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Robotic sperm
Robotic Sperm (also called spermbots) are biohybrid microrobots consisting of sperm cells and artificial microstructures.
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Rothaarsteig
The Rothaarsteig is a 154.80 km long hiking trail along the crest of the Rothaargebirge mountain range in Germany in the border region between the states of North Rhine-Westphalia (NW) and Hesse (HE).
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Safety of magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is in general a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.
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Sailing
Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails, wingsails or kites—to propel a craft on the surface of the water (sailing ship, sailboat, windsurfer, or kitesurfer), on ice (iceboat) or on land (land yacht) over a chosen course, which is often part of a larger plan of navigation.
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Sand forest
A sand forest is a type of rare subtropical forest region, distinctive due to its unique combination of plant (often rare plant) and animal species, and their restriction to ancient coastal dunes.
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Sap
Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.
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Saturn's hexagon
Saturn's hexagon is a persisting hexagonal cloud pattern around the north pole of Saturn, located at about 78°N.
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Scalar field
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field associates a scalar value to every point in a space – possibly physical space.
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Scalar potential
Scalar potential, simply stated, describes the situation where the difference in the potential energies of an object in two different positions depends only on the positions, not upon the path taken by the object in traveling from one position to the other.
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Schrödinger equation
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes over time of a physical system in which quantum effects, such as wave–particle duality, are significant.
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Score (statistics)
In statistics, the score, score function, efficient score or informant indicates how sensitive a likelihood function \mathcal L(\theta; X) is to its parameter \theta.
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Seattle Tower
The Seattle Tower, originally known as the Northern Life Tower, is a 27-story skyscraper in downtown Seattle, Washington.
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Second derivative
In calculus, the second derivative, or the second order derivative, of a function is the derivative of the derivative of.
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Sedimentation potential
Sedimentation potential occurs when dispersed particles move under the influence of either gravity or centrifugation in a medium.
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Self-assembly
Self-assembly is a process in which a disordered system of pre-existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a consequence of specific, local interactions among the components themselves, without external direction.
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Self-diffusion
According to IUPAC definition, self-diffusion coefficient is the diffusion coefficient D_i^* of species i when the chemical potential gradient equals zero.
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Semi-differentiability
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the notions of one-sided differentiability and semi-differentiability of a real-valued function f of a real variable are weaker than differentiability.
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She Don't
"She Don't" is a R&B song written by Walter Milsap and Candice Nelson for LeToya Luckett's self-titled debut album LeToya (2006).
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Shear rate
Shear rate is the rate at which a progressive shearing deformation is applied to some material.
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Shear stress
A shear stress, often denoted by (Greek: tau), is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section.
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Sheepbridge railway station
Sheepbridge railway station was a station in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England.
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Signed distance function
In mathematics and its applications, the signed distance function (or oriented distance function) of a set Ω in a metric space determines the distance of a given point x from the boundary of Ω, with the sign determined by whether x is in Ω. The function has positive values at points x inside Ω, it decreases in value as x approaches the boundary of Ω where the signed distance function is zero, and it takes negative values outside of Ω. However, the alternative convention is also sometimes taken instead (i.e., negative inside Ω and positive outside).
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Similarities between Wiener and LMS
The Least mean squares filter solution converges to the Wiener filter solution, assuming that the unknown system is LTI and the noise is stationary.
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Simple shear
Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.
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Simplex noise
Simplex noise is a method for constructing an n-dimensional noise function comparable to Perlin noise ("classic" noise) but with fewer directional artifacts and, in higher dimensions, a lower computational overhead.
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Simplified sewerage
Simplified sewerage, also called small-bore sewerage, is a sewer system that collects all household wastewater (blackwater and greywater) in small-diameter pipes laid at fairly flat gradients.
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Skew coordinates
A system of skew coordinates is a curvilinear coordinate system where the coordinate surfaces are not orthogonal, in contrast to orthogonal coordinates.
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Skew gradient
In mathematics, a skew gradient of a harmonic function over a simply connected domain with two real dimensions is a vector field that is everywhere orthogonal to the gradient of the function and that has the same magnitude as the gradient.
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Slope
In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line.
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Soil
Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.
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Solar eclipse of March 20, 2015
A total solar eclipse occurred on March 20, 2015.
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Solar pond
A solar pond is a large scale solar thermal collector with an integrated arrangement for storage of heated water.
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Solomon Mikhlin
Solomon Grigor'evich Mikhlin (Соломо́н Григо́рьевич Ми́хлин, real name Zalman Girshevich Mikhlin) (the family name is also transliterated as Mihlin or Michlin) (23 April 1908 – 29 August 1990) was a Soviet mathematician of who worked in the fields of linear elasticity, singular integrals and numerical analysis: he is best known for the introduction of the concept of "symbol of a singular integral operator", which eventually led to the foundation and development of the theory of pseudodifferential operators.
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Son River
Son River (also spelt Sone); of central India is the second largest of the Ganges' southern tributaries after Yamuna River.
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South Nation River
The South Nation River is a river in Eastern Ontario, Canada.
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Spatial analysis
Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.
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Spatial ecology
Spatial ecology represents the ultimate distributional or spatial unit occupied by a species.
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Spatial gradient
A spatial gradient is a gradient whose components are spatial derivatives, i.e., rate of change of a given scalar physical quantity with respect to the position coordinates.
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Spectral shape analysis
Spectral shape analysis relies on the spectrum (eigenvalues and/or eigenfunctions) of the Laplace–Beltrami operator to compare and analyze geometric shapes.
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Sperm chemotaxis
Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance, in which sperm cells (spermatozoa) follow a concentration gradient of a chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte and thereby reach the oocyte.
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Sperm guidance
Sperm guidance is the process by which sperm cells (spermatozoa) are directed to the oocyte (egg) for the aim of fertilization.
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Sperm thermotaxis
Sperm thermotaxis is a form of sperm guidance, in which sperm cells (spermatozoa) actively change their swimming direction according to a temperature gradient, swimming up the gradient.
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Spherical coordinate system
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane.
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Spherical harmonics
In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere.
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Spike directivity
Spike directivity is a vector that quantifies changes in transient charge density during action potential propagation.
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Spinodal decomposition
Spinodal decomposition is a mechanism for the rapid unmixing of a mixture of liquids or solids,. from one thermodynamic phase to form two coexisting phases.
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Spring (device)
A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy.
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Star
A star is type of astronomical object consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its own gravity.
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Stationary point
In mathematics, particularly in calculus, a stationary point or critical point of a differentiable function of one variable is a point on the graph of the function where the function's derivative is zero.
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Steered-Response Power Phase Transform
Steered-Response Power Phase Transform (SRP-PHAT) is a popular algorithm for acoustic source localization, well-known for its robust performance in adverse acoustic environments.
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Stirling engine
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
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Stokes boundary layer
In fluid dynamics, the Stokes boundary layer, or oscillatory boundary layer, refers to the boundary layer close to a solid wall in oscillatory flow of a viscous fluid.
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Stokes stream function
In fluid dynamics, the Stokes stream function is used to describe the streamlines and flow velocity in a three-dimensional incompressible flow with axisymmetry.
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Stokes wave
In fluid dynamics, a Stokes wave is a non-linear and periodic surface wave on an inviscid fluid layer of constant mean depth.
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Strain rate
Strain rate is the change in strain (deformation) of a material with respect to time.
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Strain rate tensor
In continuum mechanics, the strain rate tensor is a physical quantity that describes the rate of change of the deformation of a material in the neighborhood of a certain point, at a certain moment of time.
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Strand Underpass
The Strand Underpass is a one-way vehicle tunnel in central London connecting Waterloo Bridge to Kingsway near Holborn.
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Stress (mechanics)
In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.
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Stroke in China
Recent epidemiologic studies confirm that stroke is the most frequent cause of death in the People's Republic of China, with an incidence more than fivefold that of myocardial infarction.
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Structure tensor
In mathematics, the structure tensor, also referred to as the second-moment matrix, is a matrix derived from the gradient of a function.
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Superconvergence
In numerical analysis, a superconvergent or supraconvergent method is one which converges faster than generally expected (superconvergence or supraconvergence).
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Surface (mathematics)
In mathematics, a surface is a generalization of a plane which needs not be flat, that is, the curvature is not necessarily zero.
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Surface (topology)
In topology and differential geometry, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold, and, as such, may be an "abstract surface" not embedded in any Euclidean space.
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Surface gradient
In vector calculus, the surface gradient is a vector differential operator that is similar to the conventional gradient.
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Surface layer
The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface.
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Surface wave
In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media.
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Swakopmund–Windhoek line
The Swakopmund–Windhoek line was a main narrow-gauge railway line in Namibia.
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Symmetric rank-one
The Symmetric Rank 1 (SR1) method is a quasi-Newton method to update the second derivative (Hessian) based on the derivatives (gradients) calculated at two points.
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Symmetry in quantum mechanics
Symmetries in quantum mechanics describe features of spacetime and particles which are unchanged under some transformation, in the context of quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and with applications in the mathematical formulation of the standard model and condensed matter physics.
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Symmetry of second derivatives
In mathematics, the symmetry of second derivatives (also called the equality of mixed partials) refers to the possibility under certain conditions (see below) of interchanging the order of taking partial derivatives of a function of n variables.
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Synfig
Synfig Studio (also known as Synfig) is a free and open source 2D vector graphics and timeline-based computer animation program created by Robert Quattlebaum with additional contributions by Adrian Bentley.
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Synoptic scale meteorology
The synoptic scale in meteorology (also known as large scale or cyclonic scale) is a horizontal length scale of the order of 1000 kilometers (about 620 miles) or more.
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Taylor series
In mathematics, a Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.
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TD-Gammon
TD-Gammon is a computer backgammon program developed in 1992 by Gerald Tesauro at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
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Temperature gradient
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location.
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Tensor
In mathematics, tensors are geometric objects that describe linear relations between geometric vectors, scalars, and other tensors.
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Tensor derivative (continuum mechanics)
The derivatives of scalars, vectors, and second-order tensors with respect to second-order tensors are of considerable use in continuum mechanics.
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Tensors in curvilinear coordinates
Curvilinear coordinates can be formulated in tensor calculus, with important applications in physics and engineering, particularly for describing transportation of physical quantities and deformation of matter in fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics.
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Thal Ghat
Thal Ghat (also called as Thul Ghat or Kasara Ghat) is a ghat section (mountain incline or slope) in the Western Ghats near the town of Kasara in Maharashtra.
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The Glen, Cork
The Glen is a predominantly residential area in the northeast of Cork City, Ireland.
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Thermal conduction
Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body.
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Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity (often denoted k, λ, or κ) is the property of a material to conduct heat.
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Thermal management (electronics)
All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure.
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Thermal shock
Thermal shock occurs when a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different amounts.
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Thermocouple
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures.
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Thermoelectric effect
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple.
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Thermomechanical analysis
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
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Third jersey
A third jersey, alternate jersey, third kit or alternate uniform is a jersey or uniform that a sports team wear in games instead of its home outfit or its away outfit, often when the colors of two competing teams' other uniforms are too similar to play easily.
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Thiviers-Payzac Unit
The Thiviers-Payzac Unit is a metasedimentary succession of late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian age outcropping in the southern Limousin in France.
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Thoburnia rhothoeca
Thoburnia rhothoeca (common name Torrent Sucker) is a species of fish native to Virginia and West Virginia.
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Three Peaks Cyclo-Cross
The Three Peaks Cyclo-Cross is an annual cyclo-cross event over the Yorkshire three peaks of Ingleborough, Whernside and Pen-y-ghent, in Yorkshire, England.
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Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
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Thue–Morse sequence
In mathematics, the Thue–Morse sequence, or Prouhet–Thue–Morse sequence, is the binary sequence (an infinite sequence of 0s and 1s) obtained by starting with 0 and successively appending the Boolean complement of the sequence obtained thus far.
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Tidal force
The tidal force is an apparent force that stretches a body towards the center of mass of another body due to a gradient (difference in strength) in gravitational field from the other body; it is responsible for the diverse phenomena, including tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation of ring systems within Roche limit, and in extreme cases, spaghettification of objects.
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Tidal locking
Tidal locking (also called gravitational locking or captured rotation) occurs when the long-term interaction between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies drives the rotation rate of at least one of them into the state where there is no more net transfer of angular momentum between this body (e.g. a planet) and its orbit around the second body (e.g. a star); this condition of "no net transfer" must be satisfied over the course of one orbit around the second body.
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Tide
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.
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Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.
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Total variation denoising
In signal processing, total variation denoising, also known as total variation regularization, is a process, most often used in digital image processing, that has applications in noise removal.
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Traffic congestion reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory
Vehicular traffic can be either free or congested.
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Trajectory
A trajectory or flight path is the path that a massive object in motion follows through space as a function of time.
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Translation operator (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, a translation operator is defined as an operator which shifts particles and fields by a certain amount in a certain direction.
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Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.
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Transportation planning
Transportation planning is the process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations.
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Trimeric autotransporter adhesin
In molecular biology, trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs), are proteins found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Triple product
In vector algebra, a branch of mathematics, the triple product is a product of three 3-dimensional vectors, usually Euclidean vectors.
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Two-dimensional space
Two-dimensional space or bi-dimensional space is a geometric setting in which two values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).
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Ultimate fate of the universe
The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated.
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Ultracentrifuge
The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as (approx.). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.
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UNC (biology)
UNC is a set of proteins first identified through a set of screening tests in Caenorhabditis elegans, looking for roundworms with movement problems.
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UNC-5
UNC-5 is a receptor for netrins including UNC-6.
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Underwater glider
An underwater glider is a type of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) that uses small changes in its buoyancy in order to move up and down in the ocean like a profiling float.
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Unstone railway station
Unstone railway station was a station in Derbyshire, England.
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Vector (mathematics and physics)
When used without any further description, vector usually refers either to.
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Vector calculus
Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space \mathbb^3.
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Vector calculus identities
The following identities are important in vector calculus.
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Vector field
In vector calculus and physics, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of space.
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Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
NOTE: This page uses common physics notation for spherical coordinates, in which \theta is the angle between the z axis and the radius vector connecting the origin to the point in question, while \phi is the angle between the projection of the radius vector onto the x-y plane and the x axis.
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Vector Laplacian
In mathematics and physics, the vector Laplace operator, denoted by \nabla^2, named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, is a differential operator defined over a vector field.
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Vector operator
A vector operator is a differential operator used in vector calculus.
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Vector potential
In vector calculus, a vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field.
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Vectorscope
A vectorscope is a special type of oscilloscope used in both audio and video applications.
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Velocity potential
A velocity potential is a scalar potential used in potential flow theory.
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Venous ulcer
Venous ulcers (venous insufficiency ulceration, stasis ulcers, stasis dermatitis, varicose ulcers, or ulcus cruris) are wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs (hence leg ulcers).
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Vertical deflection
The vertical deflection (deflection of the plumb line, astro-geodetic deflection) at a point on the Earth is a measure of how far the direction of the local gravity field has been shifted by local anomalies such as nearby mountains.
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Videoball
Videoball is a minimalist sports video game by Action Button Entertainment.
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Vindobona
Vindobona (from Gaulish windo- "white" and bona "base/bottom") was a Roman military camp on the site of the modern city of Vienna in Austria.
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Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
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Viscous stress tensor
The viscous stress tensor is a tensor used in continuum mechanics to model the part of the stress at a point within some material that can be attributed to the strain rate, the rate at which it is deforming around that point.
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Volume ray casting
Volume ray casting, sometimes called volumetric ray casting, volumetric ray tracing, or volume ray marching, is an image-based volume rendering technique.
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Vortex
In fluid dynamics, a vortex (plural vortices/vortexes) is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved.
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Wave function
A wave function in quantum physics is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system.
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Wave propagation
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel.
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Weber electrodynamics
Weber electrodynamics is an alternative to Maxwell electrodynamics developed by Wilhelm Eduard Weber.
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Well-formedness
Well-formedness is the quality of a clause, word, or other linguistic element that conforms to the grammar of the language of which it is a part.
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Westerlies
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.
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Wet floor effect
Wet floor effect is a graphic effects technique popular in conjunction Web 2.0 style pages, particularly in logos.
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Weyl metrics
In general relativity, the Weyl metrics (named after the German-American mathematician Hermann Weyl) are a class of static and axisymmetric solutions to Einstein's field equation.
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Wildfire modeling
In computational science, wildfire modeling is concerned with numerical simulation of wildland fires in order to understand and predict fire behavior.
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William Rowan Hamilton
Sir William Rowan Hamilton MRIA (4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish mathematician who made important contributions to classical mechanics, optics, and algebra.
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Wind gradient
In common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient or wind velocity gradient, or alternatively shear wind, is the vertical gradient of the mean horizontal wind speed in the lower atmosphere.
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Window film
Window film is a thin laminate film that can be installed to the interior or exterior of glass surfaces in automobiles and boats and also to the interior or exterior of glass in homes and buildings.
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Wood drying
Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) reduces the moisture content of wood before its use.
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WORHP
WORHP ("warp"), also referred to as eNLP (European NLP solver) by ESA, is a mathematical software library for solving continuous large scale nonlinear optimization problems numerically.
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Work (physics)
In physics, a force is said to do work if, when acting, there is a displacement of the point of application in the direction of the force.
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X-ray laser
An X-ray laser is a device that uses stimulated emission to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually on the order of several of tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.
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Xbox One controller
Xbox One Wireless Controller is the primary controller for the Microsoft Xbox One console.
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Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, phloem being the other.
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Yodha Ela
Yoda Ela (Giant Canal) or Jaya Ganga, an long single banking water canal carrying excess water from Kala Wewa reservoir to Thissa Wewa reservoir in Anuradhapura, is a construction dependent on remarkable instrumentation precision.
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Yongphulla Airport
Yongphulla Airport (also known as Yonphula Airport) is a domestic airport in Bhutan, one of only four airports in the country.
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Yosemite National Park
Yosemite National Park is an American national park lying in the western Sierra Nevada of California.
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2016 Tour of the Basque Country
The 2016 Tour of the Basque Country (Vuelta al Pais Vasco, Euskal Herriko itzulia) was a road cycling stage race that took place in the Basque Country between 4 and 9 April 2016.
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4-8-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels.
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Redirects here:
Grad operator, Gradient (calculus), Gradient Operator, Gradient of a scalar, Gradient vector, Gradients.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient
