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Great power

Index Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. [1]

801 relations: A Very Secret Service, Abedin Dino, Ad hoc Divans, Admiralty in the 18th century, Adolphe Deschamps, Aftermath of the Korean War, Aftermath of World War II, Akrotiri, Crete, Albania, Albania during the Balkan Wars, Albania during World War I, Albanian Congress of Trieste, Albanian Declaration of Independence, Albanian nationalism (Albania), Alexander Bogoridi, Alexandra of Denmark, Alexandros Karapanos, Alexandros Koumoundouros, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Alexis Nour, Alfred Biliotti, Alfred Taylor Dale, Allies of World War I, American imperialism, Analysis, Anastasie Fătu, Ancient warfare, Andreas Miaoulis, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Anglo-Austrian Alliance, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731), Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, Aoki Shūzō, Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen, Ardennes, Armenian Genocide, Armenian national awakening, Armenian nationalism, Armenian Question, Armenian reform program, Arms industry, Aromanians, Arthur Cassini, Aryan race, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Assyrian independence movement, Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg, Australia–Russia relations, ..., Austria, Austria-Hungary, Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Prussian War, Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë, Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993), Background of the Greek War of Independence, Balkan League, Balkan Wars, Ballistite, Baroque architecture, Basileus, Battle for Caen, Battle for the Lira, Battle of annihilation, Battle of Öland, Battle of Domokos, Battle of Kolašin, Battle of Konya, Battle of Kumanovo, Battle of Mouzaki, Battle of Navarino, Battle of Panium, Battle of Poltava, Battle of Shanghai, Battle of Ulcinj (1880), Bavarian Auxiliary Corps, Belgian Revolution, Big Four (Western Europe), Black Sea Raid, Black Society for Salvation, Blue Streak (missile), Book of Ezra, Bosnian crisis, Bosporus, Bramble-class gunboat (1898), Brandenburg-Prussia, Brazil, Brazil–Canada relations, Brazil–France relations, British Armed Forces, British Army, British Embassy, Tokyo, British hydrogen bomb programme, British post offices in Crete, Britons in Mexico, Budapest, Buffer state, Bulgaria during World War I, Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88), Bulgarian Declaration of Independence, Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church, Bulgarian Millet, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years, Canada–NATO relations, CANZUK, Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia, Carl Olof Cronstedt, Catherine the Great, Causes of World War I, Century of humiliation, Chania, Charilaos Trikoupis, Charles Evans Hughes, Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, Charles Pictet de Rochemont, China, China Relief Expedition, Chinese Century, Chinese cruiser Hai Tien, Chios expedition, Chola dynasty, Chola Navy, Christian IX of Denmark, Christodoulos of Athens, Civil war, Civilization VI, Cold War (1962–1979), Collective security, Colombian economy and politics 1929–58, Colonial empire, Commissions of the Danube River, Concert of Europe, Congo Free State propaganda war, Congress of Berlin, Congress of Vienna, Congress Poland, Constantinople Conference, Constitution of the Cretan State, Contact Group (Balkans), Convention of Constantinople (1881), Count of Merenberg, Cretan State, Criticism of United States foreign policy, Croatian-Venetian wars, Crown of Aragon, Culture of the United Kingdom, Curious Notions, Cyberwarfare, Cyberwarfare in Iran, Cycle of violence, Damascus Protocol, Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro, Danish Defence, Danube River Conference of 1948, Danubian Principalities, Datu, Debates over Americanization, Declaration of the Four Nations, Decolonization, Definitions of terrorism, Deligrad Event, Demographic history of Macedonia, Despot Badžović, Destro, Deterrence theory, Dimitar Obshti, Dimitrios Doulis, Diplomacy (game), Diplomatic rank, Disabled Iranian veterans, Disarmament, Disraeli (1916 film), Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Diversionary foreign policy, Dobruja, Dora West, Dutch Baroque architecture, Early Greek parties, Early modern warfare, East Germany jokes, Eastern Question, Eastern Rumelia, Edict of Gülhane, Edward Carson, Eight Articles of London, Eight-Nation Alliance, Electorate of Hesse, Eleftherios Venizelos, Embassy of Greece, Washington, D.C., Embassy of the United States, Seoul, Emerging power, Emperor Meiji, Empire of Japan, Empires in Arms, Empires: Dawn of the Modern World, English Party, English people, English school of international relations theory, Enlargement of NATO, Entente (type of alliance), Erik Colban, Erik Scavenius, Ernst Anrich, Essad Pasha Toptani, Europa regina, Europe, European balance of power, Fast battleship, Fiat BR.20, Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion, Finlandization, Finnish Civil War, Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948, First Balkan War, First Melillan campaign, First Punic War, First Silesian War, For Freedom and Truth, Foreign Affairs, Foreign policy of the Russian Empire, Foreign relations of Brazil, Foreign relations of China, Foreign relations of Germany, Foreign relations of Italy, Foreign relations of Japan, Foreign relations of Singapore, Foreign relations of Sri Lanka, Foreign relations of the Arab League, Foreign relations of the United Kingdom, Fortress America (board game), Four Policemen, Fourteen Points, Fourth-generation warfare, France, France–United Kingdom relations, Francs-tireurs, Frederick the Great, Free Officers Movement (Egypt), French invasion of Russia, French Party, French submarine Redoutable (Q136), G20, Gavriil Marinakis, Geopolitics, George Berovich, George I of Greece, George Mallaby (public servant), Georges Bonnet, Georgian era, Geostrategy, Geostrategy in Central Asia, Gerhard Schröder, German Confederation, German Empire, German North Polar Expedition, German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, Germany, Germany and the United Nations, Getting Real (short story), Giovanni Arrighi, Gotse Delchev, Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile, Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, Greco-Turkish War (1897), Greece, Greece–Japan relations, Greek Army uniforms, Greek genocide, Greek head of state referendum, 1862, Greek royal family, Greek War of Independence, Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913, Group of Eight, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Heavy industry, Hedley Bull, Hegemony, Hellenoturkism, High Explosive Research, Hirohito, History of Albania, History of Austria, History of Bulgaria, History of Bulgaria (1878–1946), History of Christianity in Romania, History of copper currency in Sweden, History of Crete, History of Europe, History of France, History of Islam, History of Italy, History of Japan, History of liberalism, History of Pennsylvania, History of Portugal, History of Romania, History of Samos, History of Sarajevo, History of Schleswig-Holstein, History of Sweden, History of Sweden (1523–1611), History of terrorism, History of the British Isles, History of the Duwamish tribe, History of the European Union, History of the Jews in Greece, History of the Macedonians (ethnic group), History of the Netherlands, History of the Royal Navy, History of the Russo-Turkish wars, History of the United States (1789–1849), History of Western civilization, Hjalmar Schacht, HMS Barfleur (1892), HMS Calliope (1884), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Holy Alliance, Homefront (video game), House of Glücksburg, House of Habsburg, House of Hohenzollern, House of Vasa, House of Wied-Neuwied, House of Wittelsbach, Hu Jintao, Human rights in Israel, Hundred Days, Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Hymn Before Action, Ibrahim Temo, Igor Zevelev, Imperial and Royal Majesty, Imperial election, 1636, Imperial German Navy, Imperial Wireless Chain, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, In the Fourth Year, Independent Albania, Index of China-related articles (0–L), Index of politics articles, India as an emerging superpower, India–United States relations, Insurgency, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, International African Association, International city, International Control Commission (Albania), International Gendarmerie, International relations, International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898), Ioannis A. Miaoulis, Isa Boletini, Islam in Albania (1913–1944), Islandia (novel), Isma'il Pasha, Ismail Qemali, István Tisza, Italian cruiser Calatafimi, Italian cruiser Folgore, Italian ironclad Lepanto, Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria, Italy, Italy–Japan relations, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Jan Gotlib Bloch, Japan, Japan during World War I, Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, Japanese Communist Party, Japanese militarism, Japanese nationalism, Japanese philosophy, Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque, Jeung San Do, John Ikenberry, Juan Pedro Aladro Kastriota, Karel Kramář, Karl Lueger, Killer7, King, King of Albania, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943), Kingdom of Montenegro, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Valencia, Kleinstaaterei, Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha, Konstantinos Raktivan, Kronan (ship), Krste Misirkov, Kruger telegram, Latin America–UK relations, Latino, Laza Kostić, Lazaros Tsamis, League of Nations, League of Nations Union, League of Non-Aligned Worlds, Least of the Great Powers, Lehigh Gorge State Park, Leo Amery, Leo Panitch, Leopold I of Belgium, Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, Liar's Poker: The Great Powers, Yugoslavia and the Wars of the Future, Li–Lobanov Treaty, Light-water reactor, Line of succession to the former throne of Baden, List of ambassadors of Russia to Austria, List of ancient great powers, List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats, List of battleships of Austria-Hungary, List of battleships of Germany, List of companies of China, List of companies of Italy, List of countries with overseas military bases, List of diplomatic missions of the United States, List of films set in Berlin, List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients, List of heads of state of Greece, List of historical blockades, List of kings of Greece, List of Major League Baseball players from Europe, List of medieval great powers, List of modern great powers, List of Presidents of China, List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China, List of Prime Ministers of Greece, List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients, List of states with nuclear weapons, List of torpedo cruisers of Italy, Ljiljana Smajlović, London Conference of 1867, London Conference of 1912–13, London Protocol (1828), London Protocol (1829), London Protocol (1830), London Protocol (1877), London Straits Convention, Long Depression, Long Peace, Lord of the World, Louise of Hesse-Kassel, Luxembourg Crisis, Lykourgos Logothetis, Maastricht, Macedonian nationalism, Maniots, Mao Zedong, March on the Drina, Maritime power, Martens Clause, Massacre of Phocaea, Megali Idea, Menduh Zavalani, Mexico–United Kingdom relations, Middle power, Militarisation of space, Military budget, Military colours, standards and guidons, Military globalization, Military history of Europe, Military history of Italy, Military history of Italy during World War II, Military history of the Russian Empire, Military history of the United Kingdom, Military of Austria-Hungary, Military of the Swedish Empire, Military power, Milovan Milovanović, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania), Mitteleuropa, Mobilization, Modern history, Moldavia, Monarchies in Europe, Monarchy of Denmark, Montenegro, Morganatic marriage, Muhammad Ali dynasty, Napoleonic Wars, Nassau Agreement, Natalia Lopukhina, National awakening of Romania, National Missile Defence in Canada, National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel, National symbols of England, NATO Quint, Netherlands–United Kingdom relations, Neutral Socialist Conferences during the First World War, New Imperialism, New Order (Nazism), New People's Association, New Sweden, New World Order (conspiracy theory), New world order (politics), Non-aggression pact, Non-Aligned Movement, Novara-class cruiser, Offshore balancing, Olaus Rudbeck, Old Serbia, Operation Grapple, Operation Hurricane, Otto of Greece, Otto Witte, Ottoman Caliphate, Ottoman Crete, Ottoman entry into World War I, Ottoman ironclad Mukaddeme-i Hayir, Outline of World War I, P5+1, Pacific blockade, Pacifism, Pact Ribbentrop - Beck, Panayis Athanase Vagliano, Panoutsos Notaras, Papal conclave, 1700, Paraguayan War, Pariah state, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Partitions of Luxembourg, Patriottentijd, Paul Kennedy, Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Pax Americana, Pax Hispanica, Peace movement, Peace of Lund, Peasant Revolt in Albania, People's Liberation Army, Perry Expedition, Peter I of Serbia, Peter Navarro, Phase line (cartography), Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Plagues of Egypt, Plav, Montenegro, Plombières Agreement, Polaris (UK nuclear programme), Polaris Sales Agreement, Polarity (international relations), Polish material losses during World War II, Polish question, Political debates about United States military bands, Political views of Adolf Hitler, Politics, Polygon (film), Port of Djibouti, Potential superpowers, Powder keg of Europe, Power (international relations), Power transition theory, Presidency of Abraham Lincoln, Presidency of Barack Obama, Presidency of Chester A. Arthur, Presidency of Ronald Reagan, Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, Presidency of William Howard Taft, Pride of Nations, Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine, Prince George of Greece and Denmark, Prince Gong, Prince Louis of Battenberg, Princess Thyra of Denmark, Principality of Albania, Principality of Bulgaria, Principality of Montenegro, Proclamation of the German Empire, Prodan Rupar, Project E, Project Emily, Propylaea (Munich), Protectorate, Protocol of Corfu, Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization, Prussia, Prussia and the American Civil War, Prussian invasion of Holland, Quadruple Alliance (1815), Railway troops, Redoutable-class submarine (1931), Reform of the United Nations Security Council, Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war, Regime theory, Regional hegemony, Regional power, Reinhold Svento, Renewalism, Republic of Central Albania, Republic of Macedonia–Russia relations, Rescue of the Danish Jews, Resistance movement, Revolution, Revolutionary wave, Romania, Romantic nationalism, Românul, Royal Albanian Gendarmerie, Royal Italian Army during World War II, Royal Mint, Rozafa Castle, Russia, Russia–NATO relations, Russian Empire–United States relations, Russian Navy, Russian Party, Russo-Japanese War, Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki, Sailors' Mosque, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868, Sam Gindin, Samos, Samuda Brothers, San Francisco System, Sanjak of Karasi, Sanjak of Scutari, Satasupe, Satō Nobuhiro, Satire boom, Saudade, Second Silesian War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Second Superpower, Secularization of monastic estates in Romania, September 11, Serbia, Serbian Chetnik Organization, Serbo-Bulgarian War, Seven Years' War, Seventh-day Adventist eschatology, Sick man of Asia, Sidney Reilly, Siege of Scutari (1912–13), Siege of the International Legations, Siege of Tsingtao, Silesian Wars, Silistra, Sino-Indian War, Social democracy, Social science, Soft power, Solution Unsatisfactory, Sophia of Prussia, Southern Europe, Sovereign state, Space: 1889, Spanish assault on French Florida, Special Relationship, Sphere of influence, Splendid isolation, State capitalism, State continuity of the Baltic states, Stately quadrille, States and Social Revolutions, Stepa Stepanović, Stjepan Radić, Stockholm, Strategic bombing, Sudan, Sultan of Egypt, Superclass (book), Superpower, Suzhou, Sweden, Swedes, Swedish Air Force, Swedish Customs Service, Swedish Empire, Swedish literature, Symbols of Europe, Tegetthoff-class battleship, Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, 2010, Temporal power (papal), Ten Days' Campaign, Ten Year Rule, Tero Varjoranta, Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire, Tewodros II, The Bridge on the Drina, The Coming China Wars, The Decline of the West, The Great War: American Front, The Guns of August, The Imperial Presidency, The Neutral Ally, The New Republic, The Outline of History, The Parliament of Man, The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, The Rise of the Great Powers, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, The Washington Quarterly, Theodoros Diligiannis, Theophilos Kairis, Theriso revolt, Third Silesian War, Thirty Years' War, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Thyatis, Timeline of Swedish history, Torpedo cruiser, Treaty of Athens, Treaty of Berlin (1742), Treaty of Constantinople (1832), Treaty of Constantinople (1897), Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom, Treaty of Hubertusburg, Treaty of Livadia, Treaty of London (1867), Treaty of London (1913), Treaty of Paris (1856), Treaty of San Stefano, Treaty of Schönbrunn, Tribulation Force, Trident (UK nuclear programme), Trieste, Triple Alliance (1882), Triumph of the Will, Tsarigrad Peak, Turkish Straits, Ulama, Ulrich Schiefer, Unification of Germany, United Kingdom, United Kingdom general elections overview, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands, United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1961, United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1976, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council veto power, United Principalities, United States, United States of Europe, Unlawful combatant, Ural Mountains in Nazi planning, USS Bainbridge (DD-1), V bomber, Vasa (ship), Vasil Levski, Vasile Pogor, Velika attacks (1879), Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victoria II, Victorian era, Vietnamization, Vincent, Count Benedetti, Volk ohne Raum, Waldemar Becker, Wang Jingwei regime, War in Darfur, Washington Naval Conference, Waterloo Campaign: Peace negotiations, Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Western imperialism in Asia, When William Came, White Swan Hotel, William Morgan Shuster, William Woodville Rockhill, William, Prince of Albania, Women in government, World government, World of Ghost in the Shell, World War I, World War II, Xoybûn, Yangtze, Zheng Yongnian, Zilan massacre, 1830s, 1831 in Belgium, 1839, 1839 in the United Kingdom, 1867, 1867 in the United Kingdom, 1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion, 1890s, 1894 Sasun rebellion, 18th-century history of Germany, 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, 1914 (film), 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement, 2000s in economics, 2012 in Iran, 4th of August Regime. Expand index (751 more) »

A Very Secret Service

A Very Secret Service (Au service de la France) is a French comedy-drama series created by Jean-François Halin and produced by Gilles de Verdière.

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Abedin Dino

Abedin bej Dino (Prevezeli Abeddin Bey Dino), also Abedin Pasha (Prevezeli Abidin Paşa; April 5, 1843, in Preveza – May 9, 1906, in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire) was an Albanian patriot, politician, ideologue and diplomat.

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Ad hoc Divans

The two Ad hoc Divans were legislative and consultative assemblies of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

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Admiralty in the 18th century

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe, and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century.

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Adolphe Deschamps

Adolphe Deschamps (also Dechamps; 17 June 1807 – 19 July 1875) was a Belgian statesman and publisher, the brother of Cardinal Victor-Auguste-Isidor Deschamps.

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Aftermath of the Korean War

The aftermath of the Korean War set the tone for Cold War tension between all the superpowers.

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Aftermath of World War II

The Aftermath of World War II was the beginning of an era defined by the decline of all great powers except for the Soviet Union and the United States, and the simultaneous rise of two superpowers: the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA).

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Akrotiri, Crete

Akrotiri (Ακρωτήρι, literally "promontory") is a peninsula and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.

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Albania during the Balkan Wars

Independent Albania was proclaimed on 28 November 1912.

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Albania during World War I

Albania during World War I was an independent state, having gained independence from the Ottoman Empire on November 28, 1912, recognized by the Great Powers in 1913.

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Albanian Congress of Trieste

The Albanian Congress of Trieste (Kongresi Shqipëtar i Triestës) was a congress of Albanians held in Trieste, Austria-Hungary in period 27 February – 6 March 1913, and organized by Faik Konitza and Sotir Kolea with strong support of Austrian authorities.

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Albanian Declaration of Independence

The Albanian Declaration of Independence (Albanian: Shpallja e Pavarësisë, or Deklarata e Pavarësisë) is the declaration of independence of Albania from the Ottoman Empire.

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Albanian nationalism (Albania)

Albanian nationalism emerged in Albania during the 19th century.

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Alexander Bogoridi

Prince (Knyaz) Alexander Stefanov Bogoridi (княз Александър (Алеко) Стефанов Богориди; Turkish: Aleko Pasha; Αλέξανδρος Βογορίδης) (1822 – July 17, 1910) was an Ottoman statesman of Bulgarian origin.

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Alexandra of Denmark

Alexandra of Denmark (Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia; 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India as the wife of King Edward VII.

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Alexandros Karapanos

Alexandros Karapanos (Αλέξανδρος Καραπάνος, 1873–1946) was a Greek politician and diplomat.

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Alexandros Koumoundouros

Alexandros Koumoundouros (Αλέξανδρος Κουμουνδούρος, 1817 – 26 February 1883) was a Greek politician.

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Alexandru Ioan Cuza (or Alexandru Ioan I, also anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was Prince of Moldavia, Prince of Wallachia, and later Domnitor (Ruler) of the Romanian Principalities.

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Alexis Nour

Alexis Nour (born Alexei Vasile Nour,Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, Necropola Capitalei, Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest, 1972, p.203 also known as Alexe Nour, Alexie Nour, As. Nr.;, National Library of Moldova, Chișinău, 2008, p.455 Алексе́й Ноур, Aleksey Nour; 1877–1940) was a Bessarabian-born Romanian journalist, activist and essayist, known for his advocacy of Romanian-Bessarabian union and his critique of the Russian Empire, but also for controversial political dealings.

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Alfred Biliotti

Sir Alfred Biliotti (1833–1915) was a levantine Italian who joined the British Foreign Service and eventually rose to become one of its most distinguished consular officers in the late 19th century.

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Alfred Taylor Dale

Admiral Alfred Taylor Dale (26 September 1840 – 14 November 1925) was a British Royal Navy admiral.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.

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American imperialism

American imperialism is a policy aimed at extending the political, economic, and cultural control of the United States government over areas beyond its boundaries.

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Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

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Anastasie Fătu

Anastasie Fătu (originally Năstase Fêtu or Fĕtu, also known as Anastasius Fétul, Anastasie Fĕtul or Anastase Fătul; January 2, 1816 – March 15, 1886) was a Moldavian and Romanian physician, naturalist, philanthropist and political figure, a titular member of the Romanian Academy and founder of Iași's Botanical Garden.

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Ancient warfare

Ancient warfare is war as conducted from the beginnings of recorded history to the end of the ancient period.

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Andreas Miaoulis

Andreas Vokos, nicknamed Miaoulis (Ανδρέας "Μιαούλης" Βώκος; May 20, 1769 – June 24, 1835), was an admiral and politician who commanded Greek naval forces during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829).

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Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry was a joint British and American committee assembled in Washington on 4 January 1946.

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Anglo-Austrian Alliance

The Anglo-Austrian Alliance connected the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 18th century.

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Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (السودان الإنجليزي المصري) was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt in the eastern Sudan region of northern Africa between 1899 and 1956, but in practice the structure of the condominium ensured full British control over the Sudan.

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Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)

The Anglo-French Alliance is the name for the alliance between Great Britain and France between 1716 and 1731.

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Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean

In 1886, the British Empire and the German Empire made two declarations about their spheres of interest in the Western Pacific Ocean.

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Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, also known as Anglo-Soviet invasion of Persia, was the invasion of the Imperial State of Iran during the Second World War by Soviet, British and other Commonwealth armed forces.

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Aoki Shūzō

was a diplomat and Foreign Minister in Meiji period Japan.

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Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen

Archduke Albrecht Friedrich Rudolf Dominik of Austria, Duke of Teschen (3 August 1817 – 18 February 1895) was an Austrian Habsburg general.

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Ardennes

The Ardennes (L'Ardenne; Ardennen; L'Årdene; Ardennen; also known as the Ardennes Forest or Forest of Ardennes) is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges formed by the geological features of the Ardennes mountain range and the Moselle and Meuse River basins.

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Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire.

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Armenian national awakening

Armenian national awakening is similar to other non-Turkish ethnic groups during the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire in development of ideas of nationalism, salvation and independence in Armenia, as the Ottoman Empire tried to cover the social needs by creating the Tanzimat era, the development of Ottomanism and First Constitutional Era.

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Armenian nationalism

Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823) and generally defined as the creation of a free, independent and united Armenia formulated as the Armenian Cause (Դատ, or Hye Dat).

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Armenian Question

The term "Armenian Question", as used in European history, became commonplace among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

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Armenian reform program

The Armenian Reform Program of May 11, 1895 was a set of reforms proposed by the European Powers.

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Arms industry

The arms industry, also known as the defense industry or the arms trade, is a global industry responsible for the manufacturing and sales of weapons and military technology.

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Aromanians

The Aromanians (Rrãmãnj, Armãnj; Aromâni) are a Latin European ethnic group native to the Balkans, traditionally living in northern and central Greece, central and southern Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo and south-western Bulgaria.

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Arthur Cassini

Arturo Paul Nicholas Cassini, Marquis de Capuzzuchi de Bologna, Count de Cassini (1836–1919),New York Times, "Count Cassini Dead", May 9th 1919.

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Aryan race

The Aryan race was a racial grouping used in the period of the late 19th century and mid-20th century to describe people of European and Western Asian heritage.

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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip.

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Assyrian independence movement

The Assyrian independence movement is a movement guided by the Assyrian people for independence in the Assyrian homeland, notably in Northern Iraq.

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Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg

Auguste Charles Eugène Napoléon, Duke of Leuchtenberg (9 December 1810 – 28 March 1835) was the first prince consort of Maria II of Portugal.

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Australia–Russia relations

Australia–Russia relations (Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when the Russian warship ''Neva'' arrived in Sydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878

The campaign to establish Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina lasted from 29 July to 20 October 1878 against the local resistance fighters supported by the Ottoman Empire.

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Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina fell under Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878 when the Congress of Berlin approved the occupation of the Bosnia Vilayet, which officially remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

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Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks' War (also known as the Unification War, the War of 1866, or the Fraternal War, in Germany as the German War, and also by a variety of other names) was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.

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Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë

The Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë (Republika Autonome Shqipëtare e Korçës) was an autonomous state established in 1916, by the local French forces, after the city of Korçë fell under their control, during World War I and lasted till 1920.

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Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus

The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (translit) was a short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars on February 28, 1914 by Greeks living in southern Albania (Northern Epirotes).

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Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)

The Azerbaijan Communist Party (Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası (ACP); Азəрбаjҹан Коммунист Партиjасы (АКП)) is a communist party in Azerbaijan.

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Background of the Greek War of Independence

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Eastern Roman Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty.

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Balkan League

The Balkan League was an alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Balkan kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of the Balkan peninsula.

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Balkan Wars

The Balkan Wars (Balkan Savaşları, literally "the Balkan Wars" or Balkan Faciası, meaning "the Balkan Tragedy") consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913.

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Ballistite

Ballistite is a smokeless propellant made from two high explosives, nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.

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Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.

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Basileus

Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history.

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Battle for Caen

The Battle for Caen (June to August 1944) is the name for the fighting between the British Second Army and German Panzergruppe West in the Second World War for control of the city of Caen and vicinity, during the Battle of Normandy.

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Battle for the Lira

The Battle for the Lira was an economic policy undertaken by the Fascists in Italy during the 1920s as an attempt to raise the claims of Italy becoming a great power.

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Battle of annihilation

A battle of annihilation is a military strategy in which an attacking army seeks to destroy the military capacity of the opposing army in a single planned pivotal battle.

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Battle of Öland

The Battle of Öland was a naval battle between an allied Danish-Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, off the east coast of Öland on 1 June 1676.

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Battle of Domokos

The Battle of Domokos (Dömeke Savaşı) was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece.

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Battle of Kolašin

The Battle of Kolašin (Bitka kod Kolašina) took place on July 28, 1858 between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire near Kolašin.

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Battle of Konya

The Battle of Konya was fought on December 21, 1832, between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, just outside the city of Konya in modern-day Turkey.

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Battle of Kumanovo

The Battle of Kumanovo (Кумановска битка/Kumanovska bitka, Kumanova Muharebesi) on 23–24 October 1912 was a major battle of the First Balkan War.

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Battle of Mouzaki

The Battle of Mouzaki (Mάχη του Μουζακίου) occurred on 4 May 1878 between Greek irregulars with the cover support of the Greek Army against the Ottoman forces.

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Battle of Navarino

The Battle of Navarino was a naval battle fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–32), in Navarino Bay (modern Pylos), on the west coast of the Peloponnese peninsula, in the Ionian Sea.

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Battle of Panium

The Battle of Panium (also known as Paneion, Πάνειον, or Paneas, Πανειάς) was fought in 200 BC near Paneas (Caesarea Philippi) between Seleucid and Ptolemaic forces as part of the Fifth Syrian War.

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Battle of Poltava

The Battle of Poltava (Slaget vid Poltava; Полта́вская би́тва; Полта́вська би́тва) on 27 June 1709 (8 July, N.S.) was the decisive victory of Peter I of Russia, also known as "the Great," over the Swedish forces under Field Marshal Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, in one of the battles of the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Shanghai

The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) of the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

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Battle of Ulcinj (1880)

Battle of Ulqin was a battle between the Ottoman forces of Dervish Pasha and Albanian irregulars in the year of 1880 at the region of Kodra e Kuqe, close to Klleeznes.

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Bavarian Auxiliary Corps

The Royal Bavarian Auxiliary Corps (Β., Kgl.) was a Bavarian Army expeditionary force established in 1832 to accompany Prince Otto as the first king of independent Greece in 1833, to serve as a military force and enforce order until a native military could be established.

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Belgian Revolution

The Belgian Revolution (Belgische Revolution) was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

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Big Four (Western Europe)

The Big Four, also known as G4 or EU4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.

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Black Sea Raid

The Black Sea Raid was an Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in the Black Sea on 29 October 1914, supported by Germany, that led to the Ottoman entry into World War I. The attack was conceived by Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha, German Admiral Wilhelm Souchon and the German foreign ministry.

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Black Society for Salvation

The Black Society for Salvation (Shoqëria e zezë për shpëtim) was a secret Albanian nationalist society established in 1909.

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Blue Streak (missile)

The de Havilland Propellers Blue Streak was a British medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM), and later the first stage of the Europa satellite launch vehicle.

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Book of Ezra

The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible; which formerly included the Book of Nehemiah in a single book, commonly distinguished in scholarship as Ezra–Nehemiah.

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Bosnian crisis

The Bosnian crisis of 1908–09, also known as the Annexation crisis or the First Balkan Crisis, erupted when on 8 October 1908, Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formally within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire.

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Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus;The spelling Bosporus is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g.,,, Merriam-Webster,, and Random House) as well as the Encyclopædia Britannica and the.

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Bramble-class gunboat (1898)

The Bramble-class gunboat was a type of warship used by the Royal Navy between the 1890s and the 1920s.

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Brandenburg-Prussia

Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the Early Modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Brazil–Canada relations

Brazil–Canada relations have been cordial but relatively limited, although the relationship between the two countries has been gradually evolving over time.

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Brazil–France relations

Brazil–France relations refers to bilateral relations between the Federative Republic of Brazil and the French Republic.

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British Armed Forces

The British Armed Forces, also known as Her/His Majesty's Armed Forces, are the military services responsible for the defence of the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and the Crown dependencies.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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British Embassy, Tokyo

The British Embassy, Tokyo, is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in Japan, with the Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan being the chief of mission.

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British hydrogen bomb programme

The British hydrogen bomb programme was the ultimately successful British effort to develop hydrogen bombs between 1952 and 1958.

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British post offices in Crete

British post offices in Crete provided the postal service in the territory of the island of Crete.

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Britons in Mexico

British Mexicans are Mexicans of British descent or British-born persons who have become naturalized citizens of Mexico.

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Budapest

Budapest is the capital and the most populous city of Hungary, and one of the largest cities in the European Union.

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Buffer state

A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers.

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Bulgaria during World War I

The Kingdom of Bulgaria participated in World War I on the side of the Central Powers from 14 October 1915, when the country declared war on Serbia, until 30 September 1918, when the Armistice of Thessalonica came into effect.

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Bulgarian Crisis (1885–88)

The Bulgarian Crisis (Българска криза) refers to a series of events in the Balkans between 1885 and 1888 which impacted on the balance of power between the Great Powers and conflict between the Austro-Hungarians and the Russians.

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Bulgarian Declaration of Independence

The de jure independence of Bulgaria (Независимост на България, Nezavisimost na Balgaria) from the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed on in the old capital of Tarnovo by Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, who afterwards took the title "Tsar".

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Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church

The Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church is a Byzantine Rite sui juris particular Church in full union with the Roman Catholic Church.

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Bulgarian Millet

Bulgarian Millet or Bulgar Millet was an ethno-religious and linguistic community within the Ottoman Empire from the mid-19th to early 20th century.

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Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour, was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

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Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years

During the World wars and Interwar Years Canada experienced economic gain, more freedom for women and new technological advancements.

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Canada–NATO relations

Canada has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since its inception in 1949.

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CANZUK

CANZUK refers to the personal union and the proposal for increased ties between the nations of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

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Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia

With the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 the Swedish dominions Estonia and Livonia were integrated into the Russian EmpireLuts (2006), p. 159 following their conquest during the Great Northern War.

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Carl Olof Cronstedt

Carl-Olof Cronstedt the elder (3 October 1756 – 7 April 1820) was a Swedish naval commander responsible for the overwhelming Swedish victory at the Second Battle of Svensksund, one of the largest naval battles in history.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина Алексеевна Yekaterina Alekseyevna; –), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader.

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Causes of World War I

The causes of World War I remain controversial.

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Century of humiliation

The century of humiliation, also known by permutations such as the hundred years of national humiliation, refers to the period of intervention and imperialism by Western powers and Japan in China between 1839 and 1949.

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Chania

Chania (Χανιά,, Venetian: Canea, Ottoman Turkish: Hanya) is the second largest city of Crete and the capital of the Chania regional unit.

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Charilaos Trikoupis

Charilaos Trikoupis (Χαρίλαος Τρικούπης; July 11, 1832 – March 30, 1896) was a Greek politician who served as a Prime Minister of Greece seven times from 1875 until 1895.

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Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States.

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Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden

Charles Frederick (22 November 1728 – 10 June 1811) was Margrave, Elector and later Grand Duke of Baden (initially only Margrave of Baden-Durlach) from 1738 until his death.

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Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes

Charles Gravier, Count of Vergennes (29 December 1719 – 13 February 1787) was a French statesman and diplomat.

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Charles Pictet de Rochemont

Charles Pictet de Rochemont (21 September 1755 – 28 December 1824) was a statesman and diplomat who prepared the declaration of Switzerland's permanent neutrality ratified by the great powers in 1815.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China Relief Expedition

The China Relief Expedition was an expedition in China undertaken by the United States Armed Forces to rescue United States citizens, European nationals, and other foreign nationals during the latter years of the Boxer Rebellion, which lasted from 1898 to 1901.

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Chinese Century

The Chinese Century is a neologism suggesting that the 21st century will be geopolitically dominated by the People's Republic of China, similar to how "the American Century" refers to the 20th century and "Pax Britannica" ("British Peace") refers to the 19th.

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Chinese cruiser Hai Tien

Hai Tien was the second ship of the of protected cruisers and one of the last built for the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

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Chios expedition

The Chios expedition was an attempt of the regular Greek army and irregular military units for the recapture of Chios island during the final stages of the Greek War of Independence.

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Chola dynasty

The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India.

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Chola Navy

The Chola Navy (Tamil: சோழர் கடற்படை; Cōḻar kadatpadai) comprised the naval forces of the Chola Empire along with several other naval-arms of the country.

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Christian IX of Denmark

Christian IX (8 April 181829 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906.

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Christodoulos of Athens

Christodoulos (17 January 1939 – 28 January 2008) (Χριστόδουλος, born Christos Paraskevaidis, Χρήστος Παρασκευαΐδης) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece, from 1998 until his death, in 2008.

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Civil war

A civil war, also known as an intrastate war in polemology, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country.

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Civilization VI

Sid Meier's Civilization VI is a turn-based strategy 4X video game developed by Firaxis Games, published by 2K Games, and distributed by Take-Two Interactive.

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Cold War (1962–1979)

The Cold War (1962–1979) refers to the phase within the Cold War that spanned the period between the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October 1962, through the détente period beginning in 1969, to the end of détente in the late 1970s.

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Collective security

Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace.

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Colombian economy and politics 1929–58

Since the year 1929 the Liberal Party period began.

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Colonial empire

A colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), mostly overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state.

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Commissions of the Danube River

See Internationalization of the Danube River for events before 1856. The Commissions of the Danube River were authorized by the Treaty of Paris (1856) after the close of the Crimean War.

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Concert of Europe

The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, was a system of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.

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Congo Free State propaganda war

The Congo Free State propaganda war was a worldwide media propaganda campaign waged by both King Leopold II of Belgium and the critics of the Congo Free State.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro).

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Congress Poland

The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.

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Constantinople Conference

The 1876–77 Constantinople Conference (Tersane Konferansı "Shipyard Conference", after the venue Tersane Sarayı "Shipyard Palace") of the Great Powers (Britain, Russia, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) was held in Constantinople (now Istanbul) from 23 December 1876 until 20 January 1877.

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Constitution of the Cretan State

The Constitution of the Cretan State (Σύνταγμα της Κρητικής Πολιτείας) was the constitution of the Cretan State, an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty and guaranteed by the Great Powers, encompassing the island of Crete (now in Greece).

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Contact Group (Balkans)

The Contact Group is the name for an informal grouping of great powers that have a significant interest in policy developments in the Balkans.

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Convention of Constantinople (1881)

The Convention of Constantinople was signed between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire on 2 July 1881, resulting in the cession of the region of Thessaly and a part of southern Epirus (the Arta Prefecture) to Greece.

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Count of Merenberg

Count of Merenberg (German: Graf von Merenberg) is the title bestowed in 1868 by the reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor, upon the morganatic wife and male-line descendants of Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau (1832-1905), who married Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina (1836-1913), former wife of Russian General Mikhail Leontievich von Dubelt.

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Cretan State

The Cretan State (Κρητική Πολιτεία, Kritiki Politia; كريد دولتى, Girit Devleti), was established in 1898, following the intervention by the Great Powers (Britain, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia) on the island of Crete.

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Criticism of United States foreign policy

Criticism of United States foreign policy encompasses a wide range of opinions and views on failures and shortcoming of United States policies and actions.

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Croatian-Venetian wars

The Croatian–Venetian wars were a series of periodical, punctuated medieval conflicts and naval campaigns waged for control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea between the City-state (later the Republic) of Venice and the Principality of Croatia (later turned to the Kingdom of Croatia, as well as the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary), at times allied with neighbouring territories – the Principality of the Narentines and Zahumlje in the south and Istrian peninsula (then partially ruled by the German feudal families) in the north. First struggles occurred at the very beginning of the existence of two conflict parties (7th and 8th century), they intensified in the 9th century, lessened during the 10th century, but intensified again since the beginning of the 11th century. From the year 1000 Venetian forces managed to subjugate a lot of coastal towns of the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, which was ceded from the Byzantine Emperor to the Croatian King. From the 1030s however, after the fall of Doge Otto Orseolo, Croatian kings Stjepan I and his son Petar Krešimir IV succeeded in taking almost the whole coast back, so the latter carried the title King od Croatia and Dalmatia. Since 1085, following the agreement between Venice and Byzantine Empire, Venetians subsequently conquered the significant part of the Croatian coastline. During the 12th century, after Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary, Croato-Hungarian kings Coloman and Béla II managed to return a considerable territory of Dalmatia and Croatian Littoral to their kingdom, but occasional conflicts almost never ceased. Since that Croatian–Venetian wars were technically theaters of the more wider Hungarian–Venetian Wars. When Louis the Great, the new young king (ruled 1342–1382), decided to expel Venetians from his country, he launched a large campaign in 1356–1358 and forced them to withdraw from Dalmatia. Zadar Peace Treaty was signed on 18 February 1358 and the whole coast from eastern Istria to southern Dalmatia was set free. In 1409 the Republic of Venice used the opportunity of the dynastic struggle that occurred and bought Dalmatia for 100,000 ducats from the Croatian anti-king Ladislaus of Naples, establishing Venetian Dalmatia. Croatian Littoral and eastern Istria remained parts of Croatia, where Croats, together with their allies, rejected Venetian efforts to subject them and fought against Venetians in conflicts like War of the Holy League and Uskok War. Thus a couple of decades after the purchase of Dalmatia by Venice, the Croatian–Venetian Wars became part of larger conflicts of the world's Great powers and were turned into the Ottoman–Venetian wars and Habsburg–Venetian wars.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Culture of the United Kingdom

The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK's history as a developed state, a liberal democracy and a great power; its predominantly Christian religious life; and its composition of four countries—England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland—each of which has distinct customs, cultures and symbolism.

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Curious Notions

Curious Notions is an alternate history novel by Harry Turtledove.

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Cyberwarfare

Cyberwarfare is the use or targeting in a battlespace or warfare context of computers, online control systems and networks.

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Cyberwarfare in Iran

Cyberwarfare in Iran is a part of Iran's "soft war" military strategy.

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Cycle of violence

The term cycle of violence refers to repeated and dangerous acts of violence as a cyclical pattern, Domestic Violence and Abuse, Signs of Abuse and Abusive Relationships.

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Damascus Protocol

The Damascus Protocol was a document given to Faisal bin Hussein on 23 May 1915 by the Arab secret societies al-Fatat and Al-'Ahd on his second visit to Damascus during a mission to consult Turkish officials in Constantinople.

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Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro

Danilo Petrović Njegoš (25 May 1826 – 13 August 1860), was the Metropolitan or Prince-Bishop of Montenegro (as Danilo II) and later prince of Montenegro from 1851 to 1860 (as Danilo I).

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Danish Defence

The Danish Defence (Forsvaret, Danska verjan, Illersuisut) is the unified armed forces of the Kingdom of Denmark, charged with the defence of Denmark and its constituent, self-governing nations Greenland and the Faroe Islands.

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Danube River Conference of 1948

The Danube River Conference of 1948 was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, to develop a new international regime for the development and control of the Danube in the wake of World War II.

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Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.

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Datu

Datu is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchsFor more information about the social system of the Indigenous Philippine society before the Spanish colonization see Barangay in Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europea-Americana, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1991, Vol. VII, p.624: Los nobles de un barangay eran los más ricos ó los más fuertes, formándose por este sistema los dattos ó maguinoos, principes á quienes heredaban los hijos mayores, las hijas á falta de éstos, ó los parientes más próximos si no tenían descendencia directa; pero siempre teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de fuerza ó de dinero.) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago.

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Debates over Americanization

Debates over Americanization According to The Norton Anthology of American Literature, the term Americanization was coined in the early 1900s and “referred to a concerted movement to turn immigrants into Americans, including classes, programs, and ceremonies focused on American speech, ideals, traditions, and customs, but it was also a broader term used in debates about national identity and a person’s general fitness for citizenship”.

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Declaration of the Four Nations

The Declaration of the Four Nations or the Four Power Declaration was signed on October 30, 1943 at the Moscow Conference by the Big Four: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China.

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Decolonization

Decolonization (American English) or decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism: where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over one or more other territories.

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Definitions of terrorism

There is no universal agreement on the definition of terrorism.

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Deligrad Event

The Deligrad Event (Делиградски догађај) was an attempt to elevate the Principality of Serbia to a kingdom during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78).

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Demographic history of Macedonia

The region of Macedonia is known to have been inhabited since Paleolithic times.

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Despot Badžović

Despot S. Badžović (Деспот С. Баџовић, Деспот Баџовиќ) (1850 — 30 November 1930) was a teacher and an activist of the Serbian national movement in Macedonia.

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Destro

Laird James McCullen Destro XXIV, usually referred to simply as Destro, is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books, and cartoon series.

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Deterrence theory

Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons.

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Dimitar Obshti

Dimitar Obshti (Димитър Общи) was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary, who fought for the liberation of Bulgaria, Serbia and Crete from the Ottoman Empire, as well as for the Risorgimento of Italy.

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Dimitrios Doulis

Dimitrios Doulis (Δημήτριος Δούλης, 1865–1928), was a Greek military officer, from Nivica in modern southern Albania (Northern Epirus).

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Diplomacy (game)

Diplomacy is a strategic board game created by Allan B. Calhamer in 1954 and released commercially in 1959.

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Diplomatic rank

Diplomatic rank is a system of professional and social rank used in the world of diplomacy and international relations.

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Disabled Iranian veterans

An Iranian disabled veteran Disabled Iranian veterans, called janbaz (جانباز, literally "those who were willing to lose their lives") in Iran, mostly constitute the disabled veterans of the Iran–Iraq war.

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Disarmament

Disarmament is the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons.

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Disraeli (1916 film)

Disraeli is a 1916 British silent biographical film directed by Charles Calvert and Percy Nash and starring Dennis Eadie, Mary Jerrold and Cyril Raymond.

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Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

The period of the defeat and end of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era with the Young Turk Revolution.

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Diversionary foreign policy

A diversionary foreign policy, or a diversionary war, is an international relations term that identifies a war instigated by a country's leader in order to distract its population from their own domestic strife.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Dora West

Miss Dora West, O.B.E., was a British Liberal party politician and one of the founders of the League of Nations Union.

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Dutch Baroque architecture

Dutch Baroque architecture is a variety of Baroque architecture that flourished in the Dutch Republic and its colonies during the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century - Dutch painting during the period is covered by Dutch Golden Age painting.

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Early Greek parties

Early Greek parties were not features of the provisional and regional governments that were set up between 1821 and 1832.

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Early modern warfare

Early modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive, including artillery and firearms; for this reason the era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare (a concept introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s).

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East Germany jokes

East German jokes, jibes popular in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, also known as East Germany) between 1949 and 1990, reflected the concerns of East German citizen and residents.

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Eastern Question

In diplomatic history, the "Eastern Question" refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.

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Eastern Rumelia

Eastern Rumelia (Източна Румелия, Iztochna Rumeliya; روم الى شرقى, Rumeli-i Şarkî; Ανατολική Ρωμυλία, Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous territory (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) in the Ottoman Empire, created in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ended in 1885, when it was united with the principality of Bulgaria, also under Ottoman suzerainty.

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Edict of Gülhane

The Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif (Supreme Edict of the Rosehouse) or Tanzimât Fermânı (Imperial Edict of Reorganization) was a proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1839 that launched the Tanzimât period of reforms and reorganization in the Ottoman Empire.

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Edward Carson

Edward Henry Carson, Baron Carson, PC, PC (Ire), KC (9 February 1854 – 22 October 1935), from 1900 to 1921 known as Sir Edward Carson, was an Irish unionist politician, barrister and judge.

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Eight Articles of London

The Eight Articles of London, also known as the London Protocol of June 21, 1814, were a secret convention between the Great Powers: Britain, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Russian Empire to award the territory of current Belgium and The Netherlands to William I of the Netherlands, then "Sovereign Prince" of the United Netherlands.

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Eight-Nation Alliance

The Eight-Nation Alliance was an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China.

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Electorate of Hesse

The Electorate of Hesse (Kurfürstentum Hessen), also known as Hesse-Kassel or Kurhessen) was a state elevated by Napoleon in 1803 from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. When the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, the Prince-Elector of Hesse chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer an Emperor to elect. In 1807, with the Treaties of Tilsit the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, but in 1814 the Congress of Vienna restored the electorate. The state was the only electorate within the German Confederation, consisting of several detached territories to the north of Frankfurt which survived until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War. It comprised a total land area of, and its population in 1864 was 745,063.

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Eleftherios Venizelos

Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos (full name Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος,; 23 August 1864 – 18 March 1936) was an eminent Greek leader of the Greek national liberation movement and a charismatic statesman of the early 20th century remembered for his promotion of liberal-democratic policies.

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Embassy of Greece, Washington, D.C.

The Embassy of Greece in Washington, D.C. is the Hellenic Republic's diplomatic mission to the United States.

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Embassy of the United States, Seoul

The Embassy of the United States in Seoul is the embassy of the United States in the Republic of Korea (South Korea), in the capital city of Seoul.

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Emerging power

An emerging power or rising power is a term used as recognition of the rising, primarily influence of a nation—or union of nations—which has steadily increased their presence in global affairs.

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Emperor Meiji

, or, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 29, 1912.

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Empire of Japan

The was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

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Empires in Arms

Empires in Arms is an out-of-print board game by Harry Rowland, published by the Australian Design Group in 1983.

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Empires: Dawn of the Modern World

Empires: Dawn of the Modern World is a 2003 real-time strategy video game developed by Stainless Steel Studios and published by Activision.

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English Party

The English Party (Αγγλικό Κóμμα), presenting itself as the Constitutional Party (συνταγματικό Κόμμα, SK), was one of the three informal early Greek parties that dominated the political history of the First Hellenic Republic and the first years of the Kingdom Of Greece during the early 19th century, the other two being the Russian Party and the French Party.

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English people

The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England who speak the English language. The English identity is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn ("family of the Angles"). Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD. England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living there are British citizens. Historically, the English population is descended from several peoples the earlier Celtic Britons (or Brythons) and the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain following the withdrawal of the Romans, including Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland) along with the later Danes, Anglo-Normans and other groups. In the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become fairly closely aligned with British customs and identity in general. Today many English people have recent forebears from other parts of the United Kingdom, while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other European countries and from the Commonwealth. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system, the common law system and numerous major sports such as cricket, football, rugby union, rugby league and tennis. These and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire.

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English school of international relations theory

The English School of international relations theory (sometimes also referred to as liberal realism, the International Society school or the British institutionalists) maintains that there is a 'society of states' at the international level, despite the condition of anarchy (that is, the lack of a global ruler or world state).

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Enlargement of NATO

Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the process of including new member states in NATO.

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Entente (type of alliance)

Entente – a type of treaty or military alliance where the signatories promise to consult each other or to cooperate with each other in case of a crisis or military action.

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Erik Colban

Erik Andreas Colban (18 October 1876 – 28 March 1956) was a Norwegian diplomat.

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Erik Scavenius

Erik Julius Christian Scavenius (13 July 1877 – 29 November 1962) was the Danish foreign minister from 1909–1910, 1913–1920 and 1940–1943, and prime minister from 1942 to 1943, during the occupation of Denmark until the Danish elected government ceased to function.

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Ernst Anrich

Ernst Anrich (born 9 August 1906 in Strasbourg, died 21 October 2001 in Seeheim-Jugenheim) was a German modern historian, sociologist, university professor, academic administrator and publisher, who was the principal founder (in 1949) and managing director (from 1953 to 1966) of the Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG) publishing company in Darmstadt, one of Germany's leading academic publishing companies and also one of the largest book clubs in Germany.

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Essad Pasha Toptani

Essad Pasha Toptani or Esad Pasha Toptani (Esad Pashë Toptani; 1863 – 13 June 1920), primarily known as Essad Pasha, was an Ottoman army officer who served as the Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament.

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Europa regina

Europa regina, Latin for Queen Europe, is the map-like depiction of the European continent as a queen.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European balance of power

The European balance of power referred to European international relations before the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe.

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Fast battleship

A fast battleship was a battleship which emphasised speed without – in concept – undue compromise of either armor or armament.

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Fiat BR.20

The Fiat BR.20 Cicogna (Italian: "stork") was a low-wing twin-engine medium bomber that was developed and manufactured by Italian aircraft company Fiat.

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Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion

The Fifth National Assembly (Εʹ Εθνοσυνέλευση) of the Greeks convened at Argos on 5 December 1831, before relocating to Nafplion in early 1832.

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Finlandization

Finlandization (suomettuminen; finlandisering; Finnlandisierung) is the process by which one powerful country makes a smaller neighboring country abide by the former's foreign policy rules, while allowing it to keep its nominal independence and its own political system.

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Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was a conflict for the leadership and control of Finland during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.

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Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948

The Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance, also known as the YYA Treaty from the Finnish Ystävyys-, yhteistyö- ja avunantosopimus (YYA-sopimus) (Swedish: Vänskaps-, samarbets- och biståndsavtalet (VSB-avtalet)), was the basis for Finno–Soviet relations from 1948 to 1992. It was the main instrument in implementing the Finnish policy called Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine. Under the treaty, which was signed on April 6, 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union. It thus ensured Finland's survival as a liberal democracy in close proximity to strategic Soviet regions, such as the Kola Peninsula and the old capital Leningrad. Under the pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by "Germany or its allies" (in reality interpreted as the United States and allies) against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland. If necessary, Finland was to ask for Soviet military aid to do so. However the pact in itself did not provide any provisions for the Soviet military to enter Finland and stipulated that all such actions would have to be agreed separately should Finland choose to request aid. Furthermore, the pact did not place any requirements for Finland to act should the Soviet Union be attacked (if the attack would not take place through Finland). The agreement also recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of neutrality in the Cold War. Due to the uncertain status of Finno–Soviet relations in the years after the Continuation War, and the precise interpretation of the treaty's wording, Finland followed the Warsaw Pact countries' decision and did not participate in the Marshall Plan. As a result, Finland's post-war period of economic hardship was prolonged, compared to other European capitalist countries, and it thus became considerably more economically dependent on the Soviet Union. In general, Finland kept its relations towards western military powers officially distant (including the proposed Scandinavian Defense Union) and NATO in particular. By avoiding supporting the West, it attempted to fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation with the Warsaw Pact. No joint military exercises were ever held, and other military cooperation was minimal, despite occasional Soviet advances. The YYA Treaty was a cornerstone in Paasikivi's foreign policy. It was also a central policy under the presidency of Urho Kekkonen (1956–1981), who dubbed his foreign policy doctrine the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line. The treaty was an instrumental tool for the Soviet Union to gain political leverage in the internal affairs of Finland in post-war era, in confrontations such as the note crisis. This influence was commonly referred to as Finlandisation. It is hotly debated to what degree President Kekkonen (President 1956–1981) intentionally used it to further his own influence and damage his opponents. Despite the official policy, there was some secret co-operation with the West. This ranged from Finnish organizations such as the Social Democratic Party accepting U.S. Central Intelligence Agency funding to sharing of seismic data on nuclear tests. Likewise, Eastern Bloc countries conducted espionage in Finland, e.g., the East German Stasi had agents. The Soviet Union had similar agreements with many nations that were not directly allied with it but depended heavily on Soviet support, such as North Korea since 1961, with India since 1971, and Vietnam since 1978. The first such agreement, however, was with Free France in 1943. The treaty came to an end in 1992 with the signing of a new treaty.

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First Balkan War

The First Balkan War (Балканска война; Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; Први балкански рат, Prvi Balkanski rat; Birinci Balkan Savaşı), lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and comprised actions of the Balkan League (the kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire.

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First Melillan campaign

The First Melillan campaign, also called the Melilla War or the Margallo War (after Juan García y Margallo, the Spanish governor of Melilla whose defeat and death infuriated the Spanish public) in Spain, was a conflict between Spain and 39 of the Rif tribes of northern Morocco, and later the Sultan of Morocco, that began in October 1893, was openly declared November 9, 1893, and was resolved by the Treaty of Fez in 1894.

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First Punic War

The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic, the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean.

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First Silesian War

The First Silesian War was a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.

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For Freedom and Truth

For Freedom and Truth was the last proclamation of the Hungarian National Government written on 4 November 1956 in Budapest, Hungary, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, by Minister of State István Bibó in the parliament building as the author, and the only person and representative of the government remaining in the parliament, awaited arrest by Soviet military forces.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

The Foreign policy of the Russian Empire covers Russian foreign relations down to 1917.

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Foreign relations of Brazil

The Ministry of External Relations is responsible for managing the foreign relations of Brazil. Brazil is a significant political and economic power in Latin America and a key player on the world stage.

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Foreign relations of China

The foreign relations of the People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly known to most states as China, guides the way in which China interacts with foreign nations and expresses its political, economic and cultural strengths, weaknesses and values.

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Foreign relations of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is a Central European country and member of the European Union, G4, G8, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

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Foreign relations of Italy

Foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world.

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Foreign relations of Japan

The are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.

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Foreign relations of Singapore

Singapore maintains diplomatic relations with 189 countries although it does not maintain a high commission or embassy in many of those countries.

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Foreign relations of Sri Lanka

Foreign relations of Sri Lanka refers to the diplomatic and commercial relations between Sri Lanka and other countries.

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Foreign relations of the Arab League

The Arab League was founded in 1945, has 22 members and four observer members: Brazil, Eritrea, India and Venezuela.

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Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Kingdom are conducted by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, headed by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

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Fortress America (board game)

Fortress America is a strategic board game designed by Michael Gray and published in 1986 by Milton Bradley.

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Four Policemen

The term "Four Policemen" refers to a post-war council consisting of the Big Four that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed as a guarantor of world peace.

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Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.

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Fourth-generation warfare

Fourth-generation warfare (4GW) is conflict characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France–United Kingdom relations

France–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK).

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Francs-tireurs

Francs-tireurs (French for "free shooters") was a term for irregular military applied to formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).

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Frederick the Great

Frederick II (Friedrich; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king.

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Free Officers Movement (Egypt)

The Free Officers (حركة الضباط الأحرار) were a group of Egyptian nationalist officers in the armed forces of Egypt and Sudan that instigated the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

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French invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia, known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812 (Отечественная война 1812 года Otechestvennaya Voyna 1812 Goda) and in France as the Russian Campaign (Campagne de Russie), began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army.

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French Party

The French Party (Γαλλικό Κόμμα), presenting itself as the National Party (εθνικό Κόμμα, EK), was one of the three informal Early Greek Parties that dominated the early political history of Modern Greece, the other two being the Russian and the English Party.

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French submarine Redoutable (Q136)

Redoutable was the lead ship of the s of the French Navy launched in 1928 at Cherbourg, France.

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G20

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

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Gavriil Marinakis

Gavriil Marinakis (Γαβριήλ Μαρινάκης, c. 1826 - 1866) was the hegumenos of Arkadi Monastery and a fighter of the Cretan Revolution of 1866.

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Geopolitics

Geopolitics (from Greek γῆ gê "earth, land" and πολιτική politikḗ "politics") is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.

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George Berovich

George Berovich (Đorđe Berović, Γεώργιος Βέροβιτς, Georgios Verovits, 1845–1897), known as Berovich Pasha (Beroviç Paşa) was a Christian Ottoman statesman who served as Governor-General (wāli) of Crete and Prince of Samos.

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George I of Greece

George I (Γεώργιος Αʹ, Geórgios I; born Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; Prins Vilhelm; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 1863 until his assassination in 1913.

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George Mallaby (public servant)

Sir (Howard) George Charles Mallaby (17 February 1902 – 18 December 1978), was an English schoolmaster and public servant.

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Georges Bonnet

Georges-Étienne Bonnet (22/23 July 1889 – 18 June 1973) was a French politician and leading figure in the Radical Party.

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Georgian era

The Georgian era is a period in British history from 1714 to, named eponymously after kings George I, George II, George III and George IV.

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Geostrategy

Geostrategy, a subfield of geopolitics, is a type of foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform, constrain, or affect political and military planning.

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Geostrategy in Central Asia

Central Asia has long been a geostrategic location because of its proximity to the interests of several great powers and regional powers.

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Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (born 7 April 1944) is a German politician, and served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political project was the Agenda 2010.

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German Confederation

The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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German North Polar Expedition

German North Polar Expedition was a short series of mid-19th century German expeditions to the Arctic.

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German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact

The German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (Deutsch-polnischer Nichtangriffspakt; Polsko-niemiecki pakt o nieagresji) was an international treaty between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic, signed on January 26, 1934.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Germany and the United Nations

The relationship of Germany and the United Nations first began during World War II.

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Getting Real (short story)

"Getting Real" is a science fiction short story written by Harry Turtledove and published in the March 2009 edition of Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine.

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Giovanni Arrighi

Giovanni Arrighi (7 July 1937 – 18 June 2009) was an Italian scholar of political economy and sociology, and from 1998 a Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University.

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Gotse Delchev

Georgi Nikolov Delchev (Bulgarian: Георги Николов Делчев), known as Gotse Delchev, also spelled Goce Delčev, Cyrillic: Гоце Делчев, originally spelled in older Bulgarian orthography: Гоце Дѣлчевъ; (February 4, 1872 – May 4, 1903) was an important Bulgarian revolutionary figure in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia and Thrace at the turn of the 20th century.

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Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile

After the Soviet Russian Red Army invaded Georgia and the Bolsheviks took over the country early in 1921, the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) decided the Government went to exile and continued to function as the National Government of Georgia, NGG.

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Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg

The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg constitutes the House of Luxembourg-Nassau, headed by the sovereign Grand Duke, and in which the throne of the grand duchy is hereditary.

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Greco-Turkish War (1897)

The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (Mauro '97) or the Unfortunate War (Ατυχής πόλεμος, Atychis polemos) (Turkish: 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı or 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

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Greece

No description.

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Greece–Japan relations

Greco-Japanese relations are foreign relations between Greece and Japan.

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Greek Army uniforms

The modern Greek Army has a history of over 180 years, during which has undergone dramatic changes and been involved in some of the major conflicts on the European continent.

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Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, including the Pontic genocide, was the systematic genocide of the Christian Ottoman Greek population carried out in its historic homeland in Anatolia during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922).

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Greek head of state referendum, 1862

From 19 November 1862 (1 December New Style), a plebiscite in Greece was held in support of adopting Prince Alfred of the United Kingdom, later Duke of Edinburgh, as king.

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Greek royal family

The Greek royal family (Greek: Ελληνική Βασιλική Οικογένεια) is a branch of the House of Glücksburg that reigned in Greece from 1863 to 1924 and again from 1935 to 1973.

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Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

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Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913

The Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913 was signed at Thessaloniki on 1 June 1913, in the aftermath of the First Balkan War, when both countries wanted to preserve their gains in Macedonia from Bulgarian expansionism.

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Group of Eight

The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with the participation of some major industrialized countries in the world, that viewed themselves as democracies.

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Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.), widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph, was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 who is credited for the founding of Sweden as a great power (Stormaktstiden).

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Heavy industry

Heavy industry is industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large and heavy equipment and facilities (such as heavy equipment, large machine tools, and huge buildings); or complex or numerous processes.

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Hedley Bull

Hedley Norman Bull, FBA (10 June 1932 – 18 May 1985) was Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University, the London School of Economics and the University of Oxford until his death from cancer in 1985.

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Hegemony

Hegemony (or) is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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Hellenoturkism

Hellenoturkism is a political concept that encompasses two things: a) a fact of civilization i.e. the co-habitation and interdependence, since the 11th century A.D., of the Greek and Turkish peoples and cultures, and b) a political ideology based on the above civilizational phenomenon, which aims at establishing a Greek-Turkish political ensemble.

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High Explosive Research

High Explosive Research was the British project to independently develop atomic bombs after the Second World War.

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Hirohito

was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 25 December 1926, until his death on 7 January 1989.

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History of Albania

The history of Albania forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Austria

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state.

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History of Bulgaria

The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin.

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History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)

After the Russo-Turkish War, an autonomous Bulgarian state was created within the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878.

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History of Christianity in Romania

The history of Christianity in Romania began within the Roman province of Lower Moesia, where many Christians were martyred at the end of the 3rd century.

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History of copper currency in Sweden

The Swedish Empire had the greatest and most numerous copper mines in Europe as it entered into its pre-eminence in the early 17th century as an emerging Great Power.

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History of Crete

The History of Crete goes back to the 7th millennium BC, preceding the ancient Minoan civilization by more than four millennia.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of France

The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.

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History of Islam

The history of Islam concerns the political, social,economic and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.

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History of Italy

In archaic times, ancient Greeks, Etruscans and Celts established settlements in the south, the centre and the north of Italy respectively, while various Italian tribes and Italic peoples inhabited the Italian peninsula and insular Italy.

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History of Japan

The first human habitation in the Japanese archipelago has been traced to prehistoric times.

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History of liberalism

Liberalism, the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu.

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History of Pennsylvania

The History of Pennsylvania begins in 1681 when William Penn received a royal charter from King Charles II of England, although human activity in the region precedes that date.

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History of Portugal

The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis.

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History of Romania

This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the history of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below).

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History of Samos

In classical antiquity the island was a center of Ionian culture and luxury, renowned for its Samian wines and its red pottery (called Samian ware by the Romans).

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History of Sarajevo

This article is about the history of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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History of Schleswig-Holstein

The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state.

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History of Sweden

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included what is today Finland.

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History of Sweden (1523–1611)

The Early Vasa era is a period that in Swedish and Finnish history lasted between 1523–1611.

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History of terrorism

The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism.

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History of the British Isles

The history of the British Isles has witnessed intermittent periods of competition and cooperation between the people that occupy the various parts of Great Britain, the Isle of Man, Ireland, the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the smaller adjacent islands, which together make up the British Isles.

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History of the Duwamish tribe

The region now known as Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE.: 10,000 years ago).

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History of the European Union

The European Union is a geo-political entity covering a large portion of the European continent.

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History of the Jews in Greece

Jews have been present in Greece since at least the fourth century BC.

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History of the Macedonians (ethnic group)

The history of the ethnic Macedonians has been shaped by population shifts and political developments in the southern Balkans, especially within the region of Macedonia.

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History of the Netherlands

The history of the Netherlands is the history of seafaring people thriving on a lowland river delta on the North Sea in northwestern Europe.

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History of the Royal Navy

The official history of the Royal Navy began with the formal establishment of the Royal Navy as the national naval force of the Kingdom of England in 1660, following the Restoration of King Charles II to the throne.

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History of the Russo-Turkish wars

The Russo–Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries.

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History of the United States (1789–1849)

George Washington, elected the first president in 1789, set up a cabinet form of government, with departments of State, Treasury, and War, along with an Attorney General (the Justice Department was created in 1870).

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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Hjalmar Schacht

Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht (22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, centre-right politician, and co-founder in 1918 of the German Democratic Party.

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HMS Barfleur (1892)

HMS Barfleur was the second and last of the pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy in the 1890s.

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HMS Calliope (1884)

HMS Calliope was a (later classified as a third-class cruiser) of the Royal Navy which served from 1887 until 1951.

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Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was a small principality in southwestern Germany.

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Holy Alliance

The Holy Alliance (Heilige Allianz; Священный союз, Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition created by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.

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Homefront (video game)

Homefront is a first-person shooter video game developed by Kaos Studios and published by THQ.

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House of Glücksburg

The House of Glücksburg (also spelled Glücksborg), shortened from House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, is a Dano-German branch of the House of Oldenburg, members of which have reigned at various times in Denmark, Norway, Greece and several northern German states.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.

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House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern is a dynasty of former princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.

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House of Vasa

The House of Vasa (Vasaätten, Wazowie, Vaza) was an early modern royal house founded in 1523 in Sweden, ruling Sweden 1523–1654, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1587–1668, and the Tsardom of Russia 1610–1613 (titular until 1634).

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House of Wied-Neuwied

The House of Vidi or House of Wied (Oxhaku i Vidve or Shtëpia e Vidve) is a European dynasty founded by William of Albania, Skanderbeg II reigned briefly as sovereign of Principality of Albania as Vidi I from 7 March 1914 to 3 September 1914 when he left for exile.

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House of Wittelsbach

The House of Wittelsbach is a European royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria.

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Hu Jintao

---- Hu Jintao (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China from 2002 to 2012.

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Human rights in Israel

Human rights in Israel refers to the human rights record of the State of Israel as evaluated by intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and human rights activists, often in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the wider Arab–Israeli conflict and Israel internal politics.

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Hundred Days

The Hundred Days (les Cent-Jours) marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Hungary in World War I

At the outbreak of World War I, Hungary was part of the dualist monarchy, Austria-Hungary.

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Hymn Before Action

"Hymn Before Action" is a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1896.

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Ibrahim Temo

Ibrahim Starova, also Ibrahim Bërzeshta (born Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu; March 1865 – 5 August 1939), better known as Ibrahim Temo, was an Ottoman-Albanian politician, revolutionary, intellectual, and a medical doctor by profession.

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Igor Zevelev

Igor Alexandrovich Zevelev (Russian: Игорь Александрович Зевелев; born 1955) is a Russian political scientist who has worked as Professor of National Security Studies at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies since 2017.

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Imperial and Royal Majesty

Imperial and Royal Majesty (His/Her Imperial and Royal Majesty, abbreviated as HI&RM) was the style used by King-Emperors and their consorts as heads of imperial dynasties that were simultaneously royal.

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Imperial election, 1636

The imperial election of 1636 was an imperial election held to select the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Imperial German Navy

The Imperial German Navy ("Imperial Navy") was the navy created at the time of the formation of the German Empire.

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Imperial Wireless Chain

The Imperial Wireless Chain was a strategic international wireless telegraphy communications network, created to link the countries of the British Empire.

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Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), by Vladimir Lenin, describes the function of financial capital in generating profits from imperialist colonialism as the final stage of capitalist development to ensure greater profits.

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In the Fourth Year

In the Fourth Year is a collection H.G. Wells assembled in the spring of 1918 from essays he had recently published discussing the problem of establishing lasting peace when World War I ended.

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Independent Albania

Independent Albania (Shqipëria e Pavarur) was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorë (then Ottoman Empire, today Republic of Albania) on 28 November 1912.

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Index of China-related articles (0–L)

The following is a breakdown of the list of China-related topics.

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Index of politics articles

This is a list of political topics, including political science terms, political philosophies, political issues, etc.

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India as an emerging superpower

The Republic of India is considered one of the emerging superpowers of the world.

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India–United States relations

India–United States relations (or Indo-American relations) refers to the international relations that exist between the Republic of India and the United States of America.

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Insurgency

An insurgency is a rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).

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Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; Вътрешна Македонска Революционна Организация (ВМРО), Vatreshna Makedonska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya (VMRO); Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација, Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija) was a revolutionary national liberation movement in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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International African Association

The International African Association (Association internationale africaine) was a front organization established by the guests at the Brussels Geographic Conference of 1876, an event hosted by King Leopold II of Belgium.

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International city

An international city is an autonomous or semi-autonomous city-state that is separate from the direct supervision of any single nation-state.

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International Control Commission (Albania)

The International Commission of Control (Komisioni Ndërkombëtar i Kontrollit) was the commission established on October 15, 1913, on the basis of the decision by the six Great Powers made on July 29, 1913, according to the London Treaty signed on May 30, 1913.

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International Gendarmerie

The International Gendarmerie was the first law enforcement agency of the Principality of Albania.

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International relations

International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS) or global studies (GS) — is the study of interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level.

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International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

This article covers worldwide diplomacy and, more generally, the international relations of the major powers from 1814 to 1919, particularly the "Big Four".

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International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)

The International Squadron was a naval squadron formed in early 1897 by a number of Great Powers just before the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 to intervene in a native Greek rebellion on Crete against rule by the Ottoman Empire.

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Ioannis A. Miaoulis

Ioannis A. Miaoulis (Greek: Ιωάννης Α. Μιαούλης, 1850–1913) was a Greek naval officer. He was a relative of Antonios Miaoulis, a revolutionary leader and was a member of the Miaoulis family from Hydra.

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Isa Boletini

Isa Boletini (15 January 1864 – 23 (24) January 1916) was a Kosovo Albanian nationalist figure and guerrilla fighter in the Ottoman Kosovo Vilayet.

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Islam in Albania (1913–1944)

Islam in Albania (1913–1944) was characterised by an increasing secularisation of Albanian society which had begun with Albanian Independence in 1912 carrying on influences from the Albanian National Awakening.

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Islandia (novel)

Islandia is a classic novel of utopian fiction by Austin Tappan Wright, a University of California, Berkeley Law School Professor.

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Isma'il Pasha

Isma'il Pasha (إسماعيل باشا Ismā‘īl Bāshā, Turkish: İsmail Paşa), known as Ismail the Magnificent (31 December 1830 – 2 March 1895), was the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of the United Kingdom.

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Ismail Qemali

Ismail Qemal Bej Vlora (16 October 1844 – 24 January 1919), commonly Ismail Qemali, was a member of the Albanian national movement.

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István Tisza

Count István Tisza de Borosjenő et Szeged (archaically English: Stephen Tisza; 22 April 1861 – 31 October 1918) was a Hungarian politician, prime minister, political scientist and member of Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Italian cruiser Calatafimi

Calatafimi was a torpedo cruiser of the built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) in the 1880s.

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Italian cruiser Folgore

Folgore was a torpedo cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy), the lead ship of the.

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Italian ironclad Lepanto

Lepanto was an Italian ironclad battleship built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy), the second and last ship of the.

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Italian ironclad Ruggiero di Lauria

Ruggiero di Lauria was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy).

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Italy–Japan relations

The relations between Italy and Japan date from the 16th century to the present day.

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Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer

Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer (10 December 1790 – 26 April 1861) was a Tyrolean traveller, journalist, politician and historian, best known for his controversial Dream Nation: Enlightenment, Colonization, and the Institution of Modern Greece, Stathis Gourgouris p.142-143Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Peter Trudgill, p.131The Fragments of Death, Fables of Identity: An Athenian Anthropography, Neni Panourgia - Social Science - 1995, p. 28 theories concerning the racial origins of the Greeks, and for his travel writings.

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Jan Gotlib Bloch

Jan Gotlib (Bogumił) Bloch (Иван Станиславович Блиох or Блох) (July 24, 1836, Radom – December 25, 1901/1902, Warsaw) was a Polish banker and railway financier who devoted his private life to the study of modern industrial warfare.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Japan during World War I

Japan participated in World War I from 1914 to 1918 in an alliance with Entente Powers and played an important role in securing the sea lanes in the West Pacific and Indian Oceans against the Imperial German Navy.

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Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905

The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, Eulsa Unwilling Treaty or Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905.

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Japanese Communist Party

The Japanese Communist Party (JCP, 日本共産党, Nihon Kyōsan-tō) is a political party in Japan and is one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world.

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Japanese militarism

refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation.

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Japanese nationalism

is the nationalism that asserts that the Japanese are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese.

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Japanese philosophy

Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both indigenous Shinto and continental religions, such as Buddhism and Confucianism.

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Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque

Jean Victor baron de Constant Rebecque (22 September 1773 – 12 June 1850) was a Swiss lieutenant-general in Dutch service of French ancestry.

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Jeung San Do

Jeung San Do (증산도), occasionally called Jeungsanism (증산교 Jeungsangyo), meaning "The Dao/Tao of Jeung-san", although this term is better reserved for a larger family of movements, is a new religious movement founded in South Korea in 1974.

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John Ikenberry

Gilford John Ikenberry (October 5, 1954) is a theorist of international relations and United States foreign policy, and a professor of Politics and International Affairs in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

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Juan Pedro Aladro Kastriota

Juan Pedro Aladro y Kastriota (1845–1914), known as Aladro Kastrioti between Albanians, born Juan de Aladro de Perez y Valasco, was a Spanish nobleman, diplomat, and pretender of the throne of Albania.

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Karel Kramář

Karel Kramář (27 December 1860 – 26 May 1937) was a Czech politician.

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Karl Lueger

Karl Lueger (24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910) was an Austrian politician, mayor of Vienna, and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party.

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Killer7

Killer7 (stylized as killer7) is a 2005 action-adventure video game for the GameCube and PlayStation 2, developed by Grasshopper Manufacture and published by Capcom.

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King

King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

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King of Albania

While the medieval Angevin Kingdom of Albania was a monarchy, it did not encompass the entirety of the modern state of Albania.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre; Danish: Kongeriget England; German: Königreich England) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century—when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms—until 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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Kingdom of Greece

The Kingdom of Greece (Greek: Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire).

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Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)

Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government.

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Kingdom of Montenegro

The Kingdom of Montenegro (Serbian: Краљевина Црнa Горa / Kraljevina Crna Gora), was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present day Montenegro, during the tumultuous years on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Legally it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon.

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Kleinstaaterei

Kleinstaaterei ("small-state-ery") is a German word used, often pejoratively, to denote the territorial fragmentation in Germany and neighboring regions during the Holy Roman Empire (especially after the end of the Thirty Years' War) and during the German Confederation in the first half of the 19th century.

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Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha

Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha (also known as Koca Hüsrev Pasha; sometimes known in Western sources as just Husrev Pasha or Khosrew Pasha;Inalcık, Halil. Trans. by Gibb, H.A.R. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Ed., Vol. V, Fascicules 79-80, pp. 35 f. "". E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1979. Accessed 13 Sept 2011. 1769–1855) was an Ottoman Kapudan Pasha ("Grand Admiral") of the Ottoman Navy and statesman who reached the position of Grand Vizier rather late in his career, between 2 July 1839 and 8 June 1840 in the reign of Abdülmecid I. However, during the 1820s, he occupied key administrative roles in the fight against regional warlords, the reformation of the army, and the reformation of Turkish attire.

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Konstantinos Raktivan

Konstantinos Raktivan (Κωνσταντίνος Ρακτιβάν; 1865 – 21 May 1935) was a Greek jurist and politician, who served as cabinet minister, as the de facto first Governor-General of Macedonia, president of the Athens Bar Association and of the Council of State, Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament and member and president of the Academy of Athens.

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Kronan (ship)

Kronan, also called Stora Kronan, was a Swedish warship that served as the flagship of the Swedish Navy in the Baltic Sea in the 1670s.

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Krste Misirkov

Krste Petkov Misirkov (Кръстьо Петков Мисирков; Крсте Петков Мисирков) (18 November 1874, Postol, Ottoman Empire – 26 July 1926, Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria) was a philologist, slavist, historian and ethnographer.

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Kruger telegram

The Kruger telegram was a message sent by Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II to Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic, on 3 January 1896.

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Latin America–UK relations

England and Great Britain had long-standing interests in colonial Latin America, including, privateering, the slave trade, and building their own colonies in the West Indies.

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Latino

Latino is a term often used in the United States to refer to people with cultural ties to Latin America, in contrast to Hispanic which is a demonym that includes Spaniards and other speakers of the Spanish language.

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Laza Kostić

Lazar "Laza" Kostić (Лазар "Лаза" Костић; 1841, Kovilj – 27 November 1910, Vienna) was a Serbian poet, prose writer, lawyer, philosopher, polyglot, publicist, and politician, considered to be one of the greatest minds of Serbian literature.

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Lazaros Tsamis

Lazaros or Lazos Tsamis (Λάζαρος Τσάμης; 1878 in Pisoderi, Florina – 22 November 1933), was a Greek merchant of Vlach origin, who participated in the Macedonian Struggle and later as volunteer leader in the struggle for Northern Epirus.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

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League of Nations Union

The League of Nations Union (LNU) was an organisation formed in October 1918 in the United Kingdom to promote international justice, collective security and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations.

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League of Non-Aligned Worlds

The League of Non-Aligned Worlds was a fictional collection of races in the Babylon 5 universe.

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Least of the Great Powers

The least of the Great Powers is a label used to conceptualize Italy's international status.

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Lehigh Gorge State Park

Lehigh Gorge State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Luzerne and Carbon Counties, Pennsylvania in the United States.

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Leo Amery

Leopold Charles Maurice Stennett Amery CH (22 November 1873 – 16 September 1955), usually known as Leo Amery or L. S. Amery, was a British Conservative Party politician and journalist, noted for his interest in military preparedness, British India and the British Empire and for his opposition to appeasement.

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Leo Panitch

Leo Victor Panitch, (born May 3, 1945) is a Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York University.

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Leopold I of Belgium

Leopold I (Léopold Ier; German and Leopold I; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was a German prince who became the first King of the Belgians following the country's independence in 1830.

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Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden

Leopold (29 August 1790 – 24 April 1852) succeeded in 1830 as the Grand Duke of Baden, reigning until his death in 1852.

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Liar's Poker: The Great Powers, Yugoslavia and the Wars of the Future

Liar's Poker: The Great Powers, Yugoslavia and the Wars of the Future (Poker menteur: les grandes puissances, la Yougoslavie et les prochaines guerres) is a 1998 book by Michel Collon.

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Li–Lobanov Treaty

The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino–Russian Secret Treaty (Союзный договор между Российской империей и Китаем.) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China.

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Light-water reactor

The light-water reactor (LWR) is a type of thermal-neutron reactor that uses normal water, as opposed to heavy water, as both its coolant and neutron moderator – furthermore a solid form of fissile elements is used as fuel.

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Line of succession to the former throne of Baden

The monarchy in Baden came to an end in 1918 along with the rest of the monarchies that made up the German Empire.

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List of ambassadors of Russia to Austria

The first Ambassador of Russia to Austria was Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn and he served in this position from 1763 until 1792.

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List of ancient great powers

In an European context, recognized great powers came about first in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era.

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List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats

The Austro-Hungarian Navy (Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine, shortened to k.u.k. Kriegsmarine) built a series of U-Boats between the 1907 and 1918 to defend its coastline and project naval power into the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas in wartime.

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List of battleships of Austria-Hungary

The Austro-Hungarian Navy (Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine, shortened to k.u.k. Kriegsmarine) built a series of battleships between the early 1900s and 1917.

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List of battleships of Germany

The German navies—specifically the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine of Imperial and Nazi Germany, respectively—built a series of battleships between the 1890s and 1940s.

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List of companies of China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia.

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List of companies of Italy

Italy is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe with the third largest nominal GDP in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world.

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List of countries with overseas military bases

This is a list of overseas military bases by country.

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List of diplomatic missions of the United States

This is a list of diplomatic missions of the United States of America.

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List of films set in Berlin

Berlin is a major center in the European and German film industry.

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List of First World War Victoria Cross recipients

The Victoria Cross (VC) was awarded 628 times to 627 recipients for action in the First World War (1914–1918).

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List of heads of state of Greece

This is a list of the heads of state of the modern Greek state, from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day.

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List of historical blockades

The list of historical blockades informs about blockades that were carried out either on land, or in the maritime and air spaces in the effort to defeat opponents through denial of supply, usually to cause military exhaustion and starvation as an economic blockade in addition to restricting movement of enemy troops.

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List of kings of Greece

This is a list of kings of the modern state of Greece.

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List of Major League Baseball players from Europe

The following is a list of Major League Baseball players born in European nations.

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List of medieval great powers

This is a list of great powers during the medieval period.

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List of modern great powers

A great power is a nation or state that, through its great economic, political and military strength, is able to exert power and influence over not only its own region of the world, but beyond to others.

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List of Presidents of China

This is a list of the Presidents of China since 1912.

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List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China

This is a list of the Presidents and other heads of state of the People's Republic of China.

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List of Prime Ministers of Greece

This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state, from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day.

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List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients

The Victoria Cross (VC) is a military decoration awarded for valour "in the face of the enemy" to members of armed forces of some Commonwealth countries and previous British Empire territories.

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List of states with nuclear weapons

There are eight sovereign states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons.

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List of torpedo cruisers of Italy

Between the 1870s and 1890s, the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built a series of torpedo cruisers, as part of a program intended to strengthen the Italian fleet during a period of limited naval budgets.

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Ljiljana Smajlović

Ljiljana Smajlović (née Ugrica; born 22 January 1956, Sarajevo, PR Bosnia-Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian journalist and the former editor of Politika, the oldest daily newspaper in the Balkans.

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London Conference of 1867

The conference of the six Great Powers (which for the first time included Italy) which met at London in May, 1867, to settle the political order of northern Europe after the disruption of the German Confederation in 1866 is known as the London Conference of 1867.

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London Conference of 1912–13

The London Conference of 1912–1913, also known as the London Peace Conference or the Conference of the Ambassadors, was an international summit of the six Great Powers of that time (Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy) convened in December 1912 due to the successes of the Balkan League armies against the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War.

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London Protocol (1828)

The London Protocol of 16 November 1828 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which established the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty.

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London Protocol (1829)

The London Protocol of 22 March 1829 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the first London Protocol on the creation of an internally autonomous, but tributary Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty.

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London Protocol (1830)

The London Protocol of 3 February 1830 was an agreement between the three Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia), which amended the decisions of the 1829 protocol and established Greece as an independent, sovereign state.

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London Protocol (1877)

The London Protocol was signed on 21 March 1877 between Russia and the United Kingdom.

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London Straits Convention

In the London Straits Convention concluded on 13 July 1841 between the Great Powers of Europe at the time—Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—the "ancient rule" of the Ottoman Empire was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and Dardanelles), which link the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, from all warships whatsoever, barring those of the Sultan's allies during wartime.

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Long Depression

The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through the spring of 1879, or 1896, depending on the metrics used.

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Long Peace

The Long Peace is a term for the historical period following the end of World War II in 1945.

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Lord of the World

Lord of the World is a 1907 dystopian science fiction novel by Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson that centers upon the reign of the Anti-Christ and the End of the World.

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Louise of Hesse-Kassel

Louise of Hesse-Kassel (Luise Wilhelmine Friederike Caroline Auguste Julie von Hessen-Kassel, Louise Wilhelmine Frederikke Caroline Auguste Julie; 7 September 1817 – 29 September 1898) was Queen of Denmark by marriage to King Christian IX of Denmark.

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Luxembourg Crisis

The Luxembourg Crisis (Luxemburgkrise, Crise luxembourgeoise, Luxemburgse kwestie, Lëtzebuerg-Kris) was a diplomatic dispute and confrontation in 1867 between the French Empire and Prussia over the political status of Luxembourg.

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Lykourgos Logothetis

Lykourgos Logothetis (Λυκούργος Λογοθέτης, 10 February 1772 – 25 May 1850 (O.S.)), born Georgios Paplomatas, was a Samian who became the island's leader during the Greek War of Independence.

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Maastricht

Maastricht (Limburgish: Mestreech; French: Maestricht; Spanish: Mastrique) is a city and a municipality in the southeast of the Netherlands.

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Macedonian nationalism

Macedonian nationalism is a general grouping of nationalist ideas and concepts among ethnic Macedonians that were first formed in the late 19th century among separatists seeking the autonomy of the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire.

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Maniots

The Maniots or Maniates (Μανιάτες) are the inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula, Laconia, in the southern Peloponnese, Greece.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

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March on the Drina

The March to the Drina (Марш на Дрину) is a Serbian patriotic march which was composed by Stanislav Binički during World War I. Binički dedicated it to his favourite commander in the Serbian Army, Col.

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Maritime power

A Maritime power is a nation with a very strong navy, which often is also a great power, or at least a regional power.

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Martens Clause

The Martens Clause (pronounced) was introduced into the preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II – Laws and Customs of War on Land.

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Massacre of Phocaea

The Massacre of Phocaea (Η Σφαγή της Φώκαιας, I Sfagí tis Fókaias) occurred in June 1914, as part of the ethnic cleansing policies of the Ottoman Empire.

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Megali Idea

The Megali Idea (Μεγάλη Ιδέα, Megáli Idéa, "Great Idea") was an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal of establishing a Greek state that would encompass all historically ethnic Greek-inhabited areas, including the large Greek populations that were still under Ottoman rule after the Greek War of Independence (1830) and all the regions that traditionally belonged to Greeks in ancient times (the Southern Balkans, Anatolia and Cyprus).

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Menduh Zavalani

Menduh Zavalani (1889–1914) was an Albanian revolutionary active during the last years of the Albanian National Awakening.

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Mexico–United Kingdom relations

Mexico–United Kingdom relations refers to the bilateral relations between Mexico and the United Kingdom.

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Middle power

In international relations, a middle power is a sovereign state that is not a superpower nor a great power, but still has large or moderate influence and international recognition.

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Militarisation of space

The militarisation of space is the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space.

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Military budget

A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.

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Military colours, standards and guidons

In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours, standards or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some 5,000 years ago.

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Military globalization

Military globalization is defined by David Held as “the process which embodies the growing extensity and intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system.

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Military history of Europe

The military history of Europe refers to the history of warfare on the European continent.

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Military history of Italy

The military history of Italy chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BC, through the Roman Empire, Italian unification, and into the modern day.

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Military history of Italy during World War II

The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors.

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Military history of the Russian Empire

The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated.

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Military history of the United Kingdom

The military history of the United Kingdom covers the period from the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain, with the political union of England and Scotland in 1707, to the present day.

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Military of Austria-Hungary

The Military of Austria-Hungary, comprising the Armed Forces, War Office, and intelligence organisations of the Dual Monarchy served as one of the Empire's core unifying institutions and primary instruments for defence as well as external power projection.

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Military of the Swedish Empire

From 1611 to 1721, Sweden was a European great power, becoming a dominant faction in the quest for control of the Baltic Sea and a formidable military power.

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Military power

Military power may refer to.

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Milovan Milovanović

Dr.

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Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)

The Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Ministria për Europën dhe Punët e Jashtme) is a department ministry of the Albanian Government, in charge of diplomacy, foreign policy and the process of admission of Albania into the European Union.

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Mitteleuropa

Mitteleuropa, meaning Middle Europe, is one of the German terms for Central Europe.

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Mobilization

Mobilization, in military terminology, is the act of assembling and readying troops and supplies for war.

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Modern history

Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history.

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Moldavia

Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.

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Monarchies in Europe

Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.

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Monarchy of Denmark

The Monarchy of Denmark, colloquially known as the Danish Monarchy, is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Montenegro

Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora, meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.

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Morganatic marriage

Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty prevents the passage of the husband's titles and privileges to the wife and any children born of the marriage.

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Muhammad Ali dynasty

The Muhammad Ali dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Egypt and Sudan from the 19th to the mid-20th century.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Nassau Agreement

The Nassau Agreement, concluded on 21 December 1962, was an agreement negotiated between President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and Harold Macmillan, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, as a result of a series of meetings by the two leaders over three days in the Bahamas following Kennedy's announcement of his intended cancellation of the Skybolt.

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Natalia Lopukhina

Natalia Fyodorovna Lopukhina (1699–1763) was a Russian noble, court official and alleged political conspirator.

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National awakening of Romania

In the Romantic era, the concept of a national state emerged among the Romanians, as among many other peoples of Europe and a "national awakening" began.

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National Missile Defence in Canada

On 24 February 2005, Foreign Affairs Minister Pierre Pettigrew announced Canada would not be joining the United States' missile defense program.

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National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel

The Neusiedler See-Seewinkel National Park (Nationalpark Neusiedler See-Seewinkel) is a national park in eastern Austria.

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National symbols of England

The national symbols of England are things which are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of England or English culture.

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NATO Quint

The Quint is an informal decision-making group consisting of the United States and the Big Four of Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom).

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Netherlands–United Kingdom relations

The Netherlands and the United Kingdom have a strong political and economic partnership.

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Neutral Socialist Conferences during the First World War

During the First World War there were three conferences of the Socialist parties of the non-belligerent countries.

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New Imperialism

In historical contexts, New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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New Order (Nazism)

The New Order (German: Neuordnung), or the New Order of Europe (German: Neuordnung Europas), was the political order which Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the conquered areas under its dominion.

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New People's Association

The New People's Association, established in April 1906 was a clandestine organization for fostering the independence and national strength of the Korean Empire.

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New Sweden

New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige; Uusi Ruotsi; Nova Svecia) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655, established during the Thirty Years' War, when Sweden was a great power.

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New World Order (conspiracy theory)

The New World Order or NWO is claimed to be an emerging clandestine totalitarian world government by various conspiracy theories.

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New world order (politics)

The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power.

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Non-aggression pact

A non-aggression pact or neutrality pact is a national treaty between two or more states/countries where the signatories promise not to engage in military action against each other.

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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

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Novara-class cruiser

The Novara class (sometimes called the Helgoland class) was a class of three scout cruisers built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy.

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Offshore balancing

Offshore balancing is a strategic concept used in realist analysis in international relations.

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Olaus Rudbeck

Olaus Rudbeck (also known as Olof Rudbeck the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, and occasionally with the surname Latinized as Olaus Rudbeckius) (12 December 1630 – 17 September 1702) was a Swedish scientist and writer, professor of medicine at Uppsala University and for several periods rector magnificus of the same university.

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Old Serbia

Old Serbia (translit) is a term used for the territory which was the core of medieval Serbia.

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Operation Grapple

Operation Grapple was the name of four series of British nuclear weapons tests of early atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs carried out in 1957 and 1958 at Malden Island and Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean as part of the British hydrogen bomb programme.

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Operation Hurricane

Operation Hurricane was the test of the first UK atomic device, on 3 October 1952.

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Otto of Greece

Otto (Óthon; 1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867) was a Bavarian prince who became the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London.

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Otto Witte

Otto Witte (October 16, 1872 – August 13, 1958) was a German circus acrobat and fantasist who said that he managed to be crowned King of Albania.

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Ottoman Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Sunni Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era.

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Ottoman Crete

The island of Crete (گریت Girīt) was declared an Ottoman province (eyalet) in 1646, after the Ottomans managed to conquer the western part of the island as part of the Cretan War, but the Venetians maintained their hold on the capital Candia until 1669, when Francesco Morosini surrendered the keys of the town.

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Ottoman entry into World War I

The Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I began when its navy carried out a surprise attack on Russia's Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914, following which Russia declared war on it on 1 November 1914.

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Ottoman ironclad Mukaddeme-i Hayir

Mukaddeme-i Hayir (Ottoman Turkish: Great Abundance) was the second of two s built for the Ottoman Navy in the 1860s.

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Outline of World War I

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to World War I: World War I – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918.

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P5+1

The P5+1 refers to the UN Security Council's five permanent members (the P5); namely China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States; plus Germany.

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Pacific blockade

Pacific blockade is a term invented by Laurent-Basile Hautefeuille, a French writer on international maritime law, to describe a blockade exercised by a great power for the purpose of bringing pressure to bear on a weaker state without actual war.

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Pacifism

Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence.

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Pact Ribbentrop - Beck

Pact Ribbentrop - Beck (Polish: Pakt Ribbentrop - Beck) is an alternative history novel by Polish journalist and writer Piotr Zychowicz.

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Panayis Athanase Vagliano

Panayis Athanase Vagliano (Παναγής Βαλλιάνος Panagis Vallianos; 1814–1902) was a Greek merchant and shipowner, acclaimed as the 'father of modern Greek shipping'.

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Panoutsos Notaras

Panoutsos Notaras (Πανούτσος Νοταράς; 31 March 1740 or 1752 – 18 January 1849) was a leading figure of the Greek War of Independence, serving several times as president of the Greek national assemblies and legislative bodies.

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Papal conclave, 1700

The papal conclave of 1700 was convened following the death of Pope Innocent XII.

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Paraguayan War

The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance and the Great War in Paraguay, was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay.

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Pariah state

A pariah state (also called an international pariah or a global pariah) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the international community.

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Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Partitions of Luxembourg

There have been three Partitions of Luxembourg between 1659 and 1839.

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Patriottentijd

The Patriottentijd (English: Patriot Period) was a period of political instability in the Dutch Republic between approximately 1780 and 1787.

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Paul Kennedy

Paul Michael Kennedy (born 17 June 1945) is a British historian specialising in the history of international relations, economic power and grand strategy.

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Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant

Paul-Henri-Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles, Baron de Constant de Rebecque (22 November 1852 – 15 May 1924), was a French diplomat and politician, advocate of international arbitration and winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize for Peace.

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Pax Americana

Pax AmericanaAnnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

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Pax Hispanica

The Pax Hispanica (Latin for "Spanish Peace") refers to a period of twenty-three years coinciding with renewed Spanish ascendancy in Europe (roughly 1598–1621), when Spain achieved European stability after various conflicts with the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of England and the Dutch United Provinces.

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Peace movement

A peace movement is a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars), minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or type of situation, and is often linked to the goal of achieving world peace.

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Peace of Lund

The Peace of Lund, signed on 16 September (O.S.) / 26 September 1679, was the final peace treaty between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War.

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Peasant Revolt in Albania

The Peasant Revolt in Albania, or the Muslim Uprising in Albania, was the uprising of peasants from central Albania, mostly Muslims, against the regime of Prince Wilhelm of Wied during 1914, and was one of the reasons for the prince's withdrawal from the country, marking the fall of the Principality of Albania.

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People's Liberation Army

The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Communist Party of China (CPC).

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Perry Expedition

The Perry Expedition was a diplomatic and military expedition to Bakumatsu period Japan, involving two separate trips by warships of the United States Navy, which took place during 1853–54.

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Peter I of Serbia

Peter I (Petar/Петар; – 16 August 1921) reigned as the last King of Serbia (1903–1918) and as the first King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1921).

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Peter Navarro

Peter Kent Navarro (born July 15, 1949) is an American economist and academic who currently serves as the Assistant to the President, Director of Trade and Industrial Policy, and the Director of the White House National Trade Council, a newly created entity in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government.

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Phase line (cartography)

In cartography, a phase line is a line to show most often changing phases of a military operation,.

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Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723), was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.

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Plagues of Egypt

The Plagues of Egypt, also called the ten biblical plagues, were ten calamities that, according to the biblical Book of Exodus, God inflicted upon Egypt as a demonstration of power, after which the Pharaoh conceded to Moses' demands to let the enslaved Israelites go into the wilderness to make sacrifices.

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Plav, Montenegro

Plav (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Плав, Plavë) is a town in north-eastern Montenegro.

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Plombières Agreement

The Plombières Agreement (Accordi di Plombières, Entrevue de Plombières) of 1858 was a secret verbal agreement concluded at Plombières-les-Bains between the chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Count Cavour, and the French Emperor, Napoleon III.

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Polaris (UK nuclear programme)

The United Kingdom's Polaris programme, officially named the British Naval Ballistic Missile System, provided its first submarine-based nuclear weapons system.

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Polaris Sales Agreement

The Polaris Sales Agreement was a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom which began the UK Polaris programme.

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Polarity (international relations)

Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system.

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Polish material losses during World War II

Polish material losses during World War II - are losses suffered by the Second Polish Republic and its inhabitants during World War II.

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Polish question

The Polish question (kwestia polska or sprawa polska) is the issue, in international politics, of the existence of Poland as an independent state.

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Political debates about United States military bands

Long considered a sacred cow of American defense spending, U.S. federal military bands have periodically faced the prospect of decreased allocations in military budgets in proposals occasionally floated by lawmakers of the U.S. Democratic and Republican parties.

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Political views of Adolf Hitler

The political views of Adolf Hitler have presented historians and biographers with some difficulty.

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Politics

Politics (from Politiká, meaning "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group.

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Polygon (film)

Polygon or Firing Range (Полигон) is a 1977 Soviet animation science fiction short film.

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Port of Djibouti

The Port of Djibouti is a port in Djibouti City, the capital of Djibouti.

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Potential superpowers

A potential superpower is a state or a political and economic entity that is speculated to be – or to have the potential to soon become – a superpower.

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Powder keg of Europe

The powder keg of Europe or Balkan powder keg was the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I. There were a number of overlapping claims to territories and spheres of influence between the major European powers such as the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Empire and, to a lesser degree, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and Kingdom of Italy.

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Power (international relations)

Power in international relations is defined in several different ways.

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Power transition theory

The Power transition theory is a theory about the cyclical nature of war, in relation to the power in international relations.

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Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when he was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States, and ended upon his assassination and death on April 15, 1865, days into his second term.

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Presidency of Barack Obama

The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as 44th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017.

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Presidency of Chester A. Arthur

The presidency of Chester A. Arthur began on September 19, 1881, when Arthur became the 21st President of the United States upon the assassination and death of President James A. Garfield, and ended on March 4, 1885.

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Presidency of Ronald Reagan

The presidency of Ronald Reagan began at noon EST on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989.

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Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt

The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt began on September 14, 1901, when he became the 26th President of the United States upon the assassination and death of President William McKinley, and ended on March 4, 1909.

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Presidency of William Howard Taft

The presidency of William Howard Taft began on March 4, 1909, at noon Eastern Standard Time, when William Howard Taft was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1913.

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Pride of Nations

Pride of Nations is a turn-based grand strategy video game set in the 19th century which allows players to play as one of the great powers (United Kingdom, United States, France, Austria, Russia and Japan) to industrialise their nation, or expand their nation by military conquest and colonization.

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Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

Prince Alexander Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil of Hesse, GCB (15 July 1823 – 15 December 1888) was the third son and fourth child of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and Wilhelmina of Baden.

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Prince George of Greece and Denmark

Prince George of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Πρίγκιπας Γεώργιος; 24 June 1869 – 25 November 1957) was the second son of George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, and is remembered chiefly for having once saved the life of the future Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II in 1891 during their visit to Japan together.

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Prince Gong

Yixin (11January 1833– 29May 1898), better known in English as PrinceKung or Gong, was an imperial prince of the Aisin Gioro clan and an important statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China.

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Prince Louis of Battenberg

Admiral of the Fleet Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, (24 May 1854 – 11 September 1921), formerly Prince Louis Alexander of Battenberg, was a British naval officer and German nobleman related to the British royal family.

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Princess Thyra of Denmark

Princess Thyra of Denmark,, (29 September 1853 – 26 February 1933 in Gmunden) was the youngest daughter and fifth child of Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel.

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Principality of Albania

The Principality of Albania (Albanian: Principata e Shqipërisë or Shteti Shqiptar) refers to the short-lived monarchy in Albania, headed by William, Prince of Albania, that lasted from the Treaty of London of 1913 which ended the First Balkan War, through the invasions of Albania during World War I and the subsequent disputes over Albanian independence during the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, until 1925, when the monarchy was abolished and the Albanian Republic declared.

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Principality of Bulgaria

The Principality of Bulgaria (Княжество България, Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a de facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

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Principality of Montenegro

The Principality of Montenegro (Књажевина Црнa Горa/Knjaževina Crna Gora) was a former realm in Southeastern Europe that existed from 13 March 1852 to 28 August 1910.

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Proclamation of the German Empire

The proclamation of the German Empire (Deutsche Reichsgründung) took place in January 1871 after the joint victory of the German states in the Franco-Prussian War.

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Prodan Rupar

Prodan Rupar (Продан Рупар, 1815–1875) was one of the most prominent leaders of the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77).

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Project E

Project E was a joint project between the United States and the United Kingdom during the Cold War to provide nuclear weapons to the Royal Air Force (RAF) prior to Britain's own nuclear weapons becoming available.

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Project Emily

Project Emily was the deployment of American-built Thor intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in the United Kingdom between 1959 and 1963.

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Propylaea (Munich)

The Propylaea (German:Propyläen) is a city gate in Munich at the west side of Königsplatz.

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Protectorate

A protectorate, in its inception adopted by modern international law, is a dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state.

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Protocol of Corfu

The Protocol of Corfu (Πρωτόκολλο της Κέρκυρας, Protokolli i Korfuzit), signed on May 17, 1914, was an agreement between the representatives of the Albanian Government and the Provisional Government of Northern Epirus, which officially recognized the area of Northern Epirus as an autonomous self-governing region under the sovereignty of the prince of the newly established Principality of Albania.

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Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization

The Temporary representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization (Bulgarian:Временно представителство на бившата Обединена Вътрешна Революционна Организация) was a short-lasted organization founded by former members of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, created in 1919 on the wake of the Paris Peace Conference after the World War I in Sofia.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Prussia and the American Civil War

While trying to unify the various German states under its banner, Prussia was not participating in the American Civil War.

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Prussian invasion of Holland

The Prussian invasion of Holland was a Prussian military campaign in September–October 1787 to restore the Orange stadtholderate in the Dutch Republic against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement.

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Quadruple Alliance (1815)

The Quadruple Alliance was a treaty signed in Paris on 20 November 1815 by the great powers of United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

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Railway troops

Railway troops are soldiers who are also railway engineers.

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Redoutable-class submarine (1931)

The Redoutable-class submarines were 31 submarines built in France between 1924 and 1937 for the French Navy.

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Reform of the United Nations Security Council

Reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) encompasses five key issues: categories of membership, the question of the veto held by the five permanent members, regional representation, the size of an enlarged Council and its working methods, and the Security Council-General Assembly relationship.

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Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war

The reforms of Amānullāh Khān began following his accession in 1919 and his securing independence for Afghanistan in 1920.

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Regime theory

Regime theory is a theory within international relations derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors.

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Regional hegemony

In international relations, regional hegemony is the influence exercised over neighboring countries by an independently powerful nation, the regional hegemon.

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Regional power

In international relations, a regional power is a state that has power within a geographic region.

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Reinhold Svento

Reinhold Konstantin Svento (until 1938 Sventorzetsky, July 24, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - March 30, 1973 Lappeenranta) was a Finnish politician who served as a speaker of the Finnish Social Democratic Party between 1922 and 1945 and MP from the Finnish People's Democratic League 1945-1948, 1944-1948 as II Foreign Minister in three Governments and 1948-1951 as Envoy of Finland to Bern.

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Renewalism

Renewalism is a concept in the theory of international relations that holds that a state's ability to renew itself is the test of a great power.

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Republic of Central Albania

The Republic of Central Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë së Mesme) was a short-lived unrecognised state established on October 16, 1913 with its administrative centre in Durrës, today in Albania.

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Republic of Macedonia–Russia relations

Macedonia–Russia relations (Македонско-руски односи, Российско-македонские отношения) are foreign relations between the Republic of Macedonia and the Russian Federation.

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Rescue of the Danish Jews

The rescue of the Danish Jews occurred during Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark during World War II.

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Resistance movement

A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

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Revolution

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolt against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic).

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Revolutionary wave

A revolutionary wave or revolutionary decade is a series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time span.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romantic nationalism

Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs.

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Românul

Românul (meaning "The Romanian"; originally spelled Romanulu or Românulŭ, also known as Romînul, Concordia, Libertatea and Consciinti'a Nationala), was a political and literary newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, from 1857 to 1905.

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Royal Albanian Gendarmerie

The Arm of Gendarmerie (Arma e Xhandarmërisë or Arma e Gjandarmërisë) was a gendarmerie force created after the proclamation of independence from the Ottoman Empire of Albania on 28 November 1912.

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Royal Italian Army during World War II

This article is about the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) which participated in World War II.

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Royal Mint

The Royal Mint is a government-owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom.

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Rozafa Castle

Rozafa castle (Kalaja e Rozafës) is a castle near the city of Shkodër, in northwestern Albania.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russia–NATO relations

NATO–Russian relations, relations between the NATO Military Alliance and the Russian Federation were established in 1991 within the framework of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council.

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Russian Empire–United States relations

The relations between the Russian Empire and the United States of America (1776–1922) predate the Soviet Union–United States relations (1922–1991) and the Russia–United States relations (1991–present).

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Russian Navy

The Russian Navy (r, lit. Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation) is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces.

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Russian Party

The Russian Party (Ρωσικό Κóμμα), presenting itself as the Napist Party ("Dell Party", κόμμα των Ναπαίων), one of the Early Greek parties, was an informal grouping of Greek political leaders that formed during the brief period of the First Hellenic Republic (1828-1831) and lasted through the reign of King Otto.

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Russo-Japanese War

The Russo–Japanese War (Russko-yaponskaya voina; Nichirosensō; 1904–05) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea.

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Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)

The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called Thirteen Years' War, First Northern War, War for Ukraine or Russian Deluge (Potop rosyjski, Российский потоп), was a major conflict between Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki

Sabit Damulla (ثابت داملا عبد الباقي) (1883-1934) (سابىت داموللا عبدالباقى) was a Uyghur independence movement leader who led the Khotan rebellion against the Xinjiang Province government of Jin Shuren, and later the Uyghur leader Hoja-Niyaz.

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Sailors' Mosque

The Sailors' Mosque (Montenegrin: Морнарскa џамија or Mornarska Džamija; Albanian: Xhamia e Detarëve) is an important landmark in Ulcinj, Montenegro that once served as a lighthouse.

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Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic and consisting of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha.

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Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868

The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 or in full Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight is an international treaty agreed in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, November 29 / December 11, 1868.

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Sam Gindin

Sam Gindin was born in Kaminsky Ural, Siberia in the former Soviet Union.

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Samos

Samos (Σάμος) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait.

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Samuda Brothers

Samuda Brothers was an engineering and ship building firm at Cubitt Town on the Isle of Dogs in London, founded by Jacob and Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda.

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San Francisco System

The San Francisco System (also known as the "Hub and Spokes" architecture) is a network of bilateral alliance pursued by the United States in East Asia, after the end of the World War II.

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Sanjak of Karasi

Karasi Sanjak, (Turkish: Karesi Sancağı; c. 1341–1922) was one of the first sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire established around 1341 and disestablished after signing the Treaty of Lausanne.

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Sanjak of Scutari

The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; Скадарски санџак; İskenderiye Sancağı or İşkodra Sancağı) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire.

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Satasupe

is a Japanese crime action role-playing game.

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Satō Nobuhiro

was a Japanese scientist and early advocate of Japanese Westernization.

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Satire boom

The satire boom is a general term to describe the emergence of a generation of English satirical writers, journalists and performers at the end of the 1950s.

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Saudade

Saudade (or,; plural saudades) is a deep emotional state of nostalgic or profound melancholic longing for an absent something or someone that one loves.

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Second Silesian War

The Second Silesian War was a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.

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Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from July 7, 1937, to September 2, 1945.

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Second Superpower

"Second Superpower" is a term used to conceptualize a global civil society as a world force comparable to or counterbalancing the United States of America.

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Secularization of monastic estates in Romania

The law on the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was proposed in December 1863 by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza and approved by the Parliament of Romania.

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September 11

Between the years AD 1900 and 2099, September 11 of the Gregorian calendar is the leap day of the Coptic and Ethiopian calendars.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Serbian Chetnik Organization

The Serbian Revolutionary Organization (Srpska revolucionarna organizacija/Српска револуционарна организација) or Serbian Chetnik Organization (Српска четничка организација/Srpska četnička organizacija) was a revolutionary organization with the aim of liberation of Old Serbia (Kosovo and Macedonia) from the Ottoman Empire (in the vilayets of Kosovo, Manastir and Salonika).

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Serbo-Bulgarian War

The Serbo-Bulgarian War or Serbian–Bulgarian War (Сръбско-българска война, Српско-бугарски рат, Srpsko-bugarski rat) was a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and Principality of Bulgaria that erupted on and lasted until.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763.

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Seventh-day Adventist eschatology

The Seventh-day Adventist Church holds a unique system of eschatological (or end-times) beliefs.

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Sick man of Asia

The phrase "sick man of Asia" or "sick man of East Asia" originally referred to China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when it was riven by internal divisions and taken advantage of by the great powers.

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Sidney Reilly

Sidney George Reilly MC (– 5 November 1925), commonly known as the "Ace of Spies," was a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by Scotland Yard's Special Branch and later by the British Secret Service Bureau, the precursor to the modern British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6/SIS).

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Siege of Scutari (1912–13)

The Siege of Scutari / Skadar took place from October 28, 1912 to April 23, 1913, with allied forces of Montenegro and Serbia against forces of the Ottoman Empire.

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Siege of the International Legations

The Siege of the International Legations occurred in the summer of 1900 in Peking (today Beijing), the capital of the Qing Empire, during the Boxer Rebellion.

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Siege of Tsingtao

The Siege of Tsingtao, sometimes Siege of Tsingtau, was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom.

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Silesian Wars

The Silesian Wars (Schlesische Kriege) were a series of three wars fought in the mid-18th century between Prussia (under King Frederick the Great) and Austria (under Empress Maria Theresa) for control of Silesia, all three of which ended in Prussian victory.

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Silistra

Silistra (Силистра Dârstor) is a port city in northeastern Bulgaria.

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Sino-Indian War

The Sino-Indian War (भारत-चीन युद्ध Bhārat-Chīn Yuddh), also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.

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Social science

Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.

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Soft power

Soft power is the ability to attract and co-opt, rather than by coercion (hard power), which is using force or giving money as a means of persuasion.

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Solution Unsatisfactory

"Solution Unsatisfactory" is a 1941 science fiction short story by Robert A. Heinlein.

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Sophia of Prussia

Sophia of Prussia (Sophia Dorothea Ulrike Alice; 14 June 1870 – 13 January 1932) was Queen consort of Greece during 1913–1917 and 1920–1922.

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Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent.

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Sovereign state

A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area.

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Space: 1889

Space: 1889 is a tabletop role-playing game of Victorian-era space-faring, created by Frank Chadwick and originally published by Game Designers' Workshop from 1988 to 1991 and later reprinted by Heliograph, Inc. in 2000 and 2001.

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Spanish assault on French Florida

The Spanish assault on French Florida began as part of imperial Spain's geopolitical strategy of developing colonies in the New World to protect its claimed territories against incursions by other European powers.

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Special Relationship

The Special Relationship is an unofficial term for the political, diplomatic, cultural, economic, military, and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.

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Splendid isolation

"Splendid isolation" is a diplomatic policy of avoiding alliances and entanglements.

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State capitalism

State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes commercial (i.e. for-profit) economic activity and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, wage labor and centralized management), or where there is otherwise a dominance of corporatized government agencies (agencies organized along business-management practices) or of publicly listed corporations in which the state has controlling shares.

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State continuity of the Baltic states

State continuity of the Baltic states describes the continuity of the Baltic states as legal entities under international lawZiemele (2005).

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Stately quadrille

"Stately quadrille" is a term popularly used to describe the constantly shifting alliances between the Great Powers of Europe during the 18th century.

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States and Social Revolutions

States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China is a 1979 book by political scientist and sociologist Theda Skocpol, published by Cambridge University Press and explaining the causes of revolutions through the structural functionalism sociological paradigm comparative historical analysis of the French Revolution of 1789 through the early 19th century, the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the 1930s and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 through the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s.

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Stepa Stepanović

Field Marshal Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović (Степан Степа Степановић,; – 29 April 1929) was a Serbian military commander who fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War and World War I. Having joined the Serbian military in 1874, he fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire in 1876.

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Stjepan Radić

Stjepan Radić (11 June 1871 – 8 August 1928) was a Croatian and Yugoslav politician and the founder of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (HPSS).

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Strategic bombing

Strategic bombing is a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying its morale or its economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both.

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Sudan

The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Sultan of Egypt

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.

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Superclass (book)

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making is a book about global governance by American author David Rothkopf, released in March 2008 by publisher Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

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Superpower

Superpower is a term used to describe a state with a dominant position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.

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Suzhou

Suzhou (Wu Chinese), formerly romanized as Soochow, is a major city located in southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China, about northwest of Shanghai.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Swedes

Swedes (svenskar) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden.

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Swedish Air Force

The Swedish Air Force (Svenska flygvapnet) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

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Swedish Customs Service

The Swedish Customs (Tullverket, literally "Customs Administration") is the customs service of Sweden.

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Swedish Empire

The Swedish Empire (Stormaktstiden, "Great Power Era") was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries.

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Swedish literature

Swedish literature refers to literature written in the Swedish language or by writers from Sweden.

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Symbols of Europe

A number of symbols of Europe have emerged since antiquity, notably the mythological figure of Europa herself.

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Tegetthoff-class battleship

The Tegetthoff class (sometimes called the Viribus Unitis class) was a class of four dreadnought battleships built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy.

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Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, 2010

Iran convened a conference titled "International Disarmament and Non-proliferation: World Security without Weapons of Mass Destruction" on 17 and 18 April 2010 in Tehran.

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Temporal power (papal)

The temporal power of the popes is the political and secular governmental activity of the popes of the Roman Catholic Church, as distinguished from their spiritual and pastoral activity.

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Ten Days' Campaign

The Ten Days' Campaign (Tiendaagse Veldtocht, Campagne des Dix-Jours) was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831.

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Ten Year Rule

The Ten Year Rule was a British government guideline, first adopted in August 1919, that the armed forces should draft their estimates "on the assumption that the British Empire would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years".

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Tero Varjoranta

Tero Varjoranta (born January 15, 1957) is a Finnish diplomat who started working as Deputy Director General of the IAEA and Head of the agency’s Inspection and Supervision Department.

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Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire

This is the territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire during a timespan of seven centuries.

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Tewodros II

Téwodros II (ቴዎድሮስ, baptized as Sahle Dingil, and often referred to in English by the equivalent Theodore II) (c. 1818 – April 13, 1868) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death.

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The Bridge on the Drina

The Bridge on the Drina (Na Drini ćuprija, На Дрини ћуприја) is a historical novel by the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andrić.

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The Coming China Wars

The Coming China Wars: Where They Will Be Fought, How They Can Be Won is a book by Peter Navarro published by FT Press in (2006).

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The Decline of the West

The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), or The Downfall of the Occident, is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler, the first volume of which was published in the summer of 1918.

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The Great War: American Front

The Great War: American Front is the first alternate history novel in the Great War trilogy by Harry Turtledove.

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The Guns of August

The Guns of August (1962), also published as August 1914, is a volume of history by Barbara W. Tuchman.

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The Imperial Presidency

The Imperial Presidency, by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., is a book published in 1973 by Houghton Mifflin.

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The Neutral Ally

Norway is at times referred to as "The Neutral Ally".

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The New Republic

The New Republic is a liberal American magazine of commentary on politics and the arts, published since 1914, with influence on American political and cultural thinking.

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The Outline of History

The Outline of History, subtitled either "The Whole Story of Man" or "Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind", is a work by H. G. Wells that first appeared in an illustrated version of 24 fortnightly installments beginning on 22 November 1919 and was published as a single volume in 1920.

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The Parliament of Man

The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations is a book by Paul Kennedy that covers the history and evolution of the United Nations.

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The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex

The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex (Проглашење Душановог законика, Proglašenje Dušanovog zakonika) is the name given to each of seven versions of a composition painted by Paja Jovanović which depict Dušan the Mighty introducing Serbia's earliest surviving law codex to his subjects in Skopje in 1349.

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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy, first published in 1987, explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline.

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The Rise of the Great Powers

The Rise of the Great Powers is a 12-part Chinese documentary television series produced by CCTV.

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The Tragedy of Great Power Politics

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics is a book by the American scholar John Mearsheimer on the subject of international relations theory published by W.W. Norton & Company in 2001.

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The Washington Quarterly

The Washington Quarterly, often abbreviated TWQ, is a quarterly magazine of international affairs, analyzing global strategic changes and their public policy implications, hosted by the Elliott School of International Affairs (George Washington University) and published by Taylor & Francis.

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Theodoros Diligiannis

Theodoros Diligiannis, also spelled Deligiannis, Delyannis, Delijannis and Deliyannis, (Θεόδωρος Δηλιγιάννης, 2 January 182013 June 1905), was a Greek statesman.

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Theophilos Kairis

Theophilos Kairis (Greek: Θεόφιλος Καΐρης; baptismal name Θωμᾶς Thomas; 19 October 1784 – 13 January 1853) was a Greek priest, philosopher and revolutionary.

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Theriso revolt

The Theriso revolt (Η Επανάσταση του Θερίσου) was an insurrection that broke out in March 1905 against the government of Crete, then an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty.

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Third Silesian War

The Third Silesian War was a theatre of the Seven Years' War.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald

Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquess of Maranhão, GCB, ODM, OSC (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval flag officer of the Royal Navy, mercenary and radical politician.

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Thyatis

The Empire of Thyatis is a powerful state in the Mystara campaign setting for the Dungeons and Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

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Timeline of Swedish history

This is a timeline of Swedish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Sweden and its predecessor states.

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Torpedo cruiser

A torpedo cruiser is a type of warship that is armed primarily with torpedoes.

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Treaty of Athens

The Treaty of Athens between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece, signed on 14 November 1913, formally ended hostilities between them after the two Balkan Wars and ceded Macedonia—including the major city of Thessaloniki—, most of Epirus, and many Aegean islands to Greece.

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Treaty of Berlin (1742)

The Treaty of Berlin between the Habsburg archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, who was also Queen of Bohemia, and the Prussian king Frederick the Great was signed on 28 July 1742 in Berlin.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The Τreaty of Constantinople was the product of the Constantinople Conference which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the other.

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Treaty of Constantinople (1897)

The Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed on 4 December 1897 following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.

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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom

The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom was an 1825 treaty between the United Provinces of the River Plate (predecessor of modern Argentina) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (predecessor of modern United Kingdom).

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Treaty of Hubertusburg

The Treaty of Hubertusburg (Frieden von Hubertusburg) was signed on 15 February 1763 at Hubertusburg Castle by Prussia, Austria and Saxony to end the Third Silesian War.

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Treaty of Livadia

The Treaty of Livadia was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Chinese Qing dynasty signed in Livadiya, Crimea, on 2 October 1879, wherein Russia agreed to return a portion of the lands it had occupied in Xinjiang during the Dungan Revolt of 1862–1877.

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Treaty of London (1867)

The Treaty of London (Traité de Londres), often called the Second Treaty of London after the 1839 Treaty, was an international treaty signed on 11 May 1867.

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Treaty of London (1913)

The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May during the London Conference of 1912–13.

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Treaty of Paris (1856)

The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

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Treaty of San Stefano

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Turkish: Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Schönbrunn

The Treaty of Schönbrunn (Traité de Schönbrunn; Friede von Schönbrunn), sometimes known as the Peace of Schönbrunn or Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna on 14 October 1809.

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Tribulation Force

Tribulation Force: The Continuing Drama of Those Left Behind is the second novel in the Left Behind series, by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins.

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Trident (UK nuclear programme)

Trident, also known as the Trident nuclear programme or Trident nuclear deterrent, covers the development, procurement and operation of nuclear weapons in the United Kingdom and their means of delivery.

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Trieste

Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.

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Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Triumph of the Will

Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) is a 1935 Nazi propaganda film directed, produced, edited, and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl.

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Tsarigrad Peak

Tsarigrad Peak (Връх Цариград, ‘Vrah Tsarigrad’ \'vr&h 'tsa-ri-grad\) is sharp ice-covered peak rising to 1760 m in Imeon Range, Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

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Turkish Straits

The Turkish Straits (Türk Boğazları) are a series of internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey that connect the Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea.

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Ulama

The Arabic term ulama (علماء., singular عالِم, "scholar", literally "the learned ones", also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah and uluma), according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".

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Ulrich Schiefer

Ulrich Schiefer (* September 10, 1952, in Lauffen am Neckar) is a German rural and development sociologist and anthropologist.

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Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom general elections overview

The United Kingdom general elections overview is an overview of United Kingdom general election results since 1922.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas) is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as it existed between 1815 and 1839.

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United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1961

A United Nations Secretary-General selection was held in 1961 to replace Dag Hammarskjöld after he was killed in a plane crash.

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United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1976

A United Nations Secretary-General selection was held in 1976 at the end of Kurt Waldheim's first term.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter.

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United Nations Security Council veto power

The United Nations Security Council "veto power" refers to the power of the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) to veto any "substantive" resolution.

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United Principalities

The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the official name of the personal union which later became Romania, adopted in 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the Domnitor (Ruling Prince) of both territories, which were still vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States of Europe

The United States of Europe, the European state, the European superstate, the European federation and Federal Europe are names used to refer to several similar hypothetical scenarios of the unification of Europe as a single sovereign federation of states (hence superstate), similar to the United States of America, both as projected by writers of speculative fiction and science fiction and by political scientists, politicians, geographers, historians and futurologists.

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Unlawful combatant

An unlawful combatant, illegal combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a person who directly engages in armed conflict in violation of the laws of war.

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Ural Mountains in Nazi planning

The Ural Mountains played a prominent role in Nazi planning.

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USS Bainbridge (DD-1)

The second USS Bainbridge (Destroyer No. 1/DD-1) was the first destroyer, also called "Torpedo-boat destroyers", in the United States Navy and the lead ship of the.

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V bomber

The term "V bomber" was used for the Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft during the 1950s and 1960s that comprised the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear strike force known officially as the V force or Bomber Command Main Force.

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Vasa (ship)

Vasa (or Wasa) is a retired Swedish warship built between 1626 and 1628.

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Vasil Levski

Vasil Levski (Васил Левски, originally spelled Василъ Лѣвскій, pronounced), born Vasil Ivanov Kunchev (Васил Иванов Кунчев; 18 July 1837 – 18 February 1873), was a Bulgarian revolutionary and is a national hero of Bulgaria today.

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Vasile Pogor

Vasile V. Pogor (Francized Basile Pogor; August 20, 1833 – March 20, 1906) was a Moldavian, later Romanian poet, philosopher, translator and liberal conservative politician, one of the founders of Junimea literary society.

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Velika attacks (1879)

During the implementation of the Congress of Berlin, when the Principality of Montenegro had received Plav and Gusinje (along with other places), the surrounding Albanian populace under the guise of the Ottomans attacked the Montenegrin forces in Velika at two occasions, on October 9 and November 22, 1879.

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Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; Vittorio Emanuele III, Viktor Emanueli III; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was the King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946.

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Victoria II

Victoria II is a grand strategy game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive.

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Victorian era

In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.

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Vietnamization

Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops." Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations.

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Vincent, Count Benedetti

Vincent, Count Benedetti (29 April 1817 – 28 March 1900) was a French diplomat.

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Volk ohne Raum

"Volk ohne Raum" (English: people without space) was a political slogan used in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany.

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Waldemar Becker

Evert Gustav Waldemar Becker, also known as Becker-Bei and Ilmarinen, (6 April 1840 Helsingfors (now Helsinki), Grand Duchy of Finland - February 22, 1907 Naples, or Rome?, Italy) was a Finnish soldier, politician and adventurer, a lifetime appeared in several continents, and fought a number of countries, armies ranks.

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Wang Jingwei regime

The Wang Jingwei regime is the common name of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (p), a puppet state of the Empire of Japan, located in eastern China.

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War in Darfur

The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.

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Washington Naval Conference

The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.

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Waterloo Campaign: Peace negotiations

After the defeat of the French Army of the North at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) and the subsequent abdication of Napoleon as Emperor of the French, the French Provisional Government repeatedly sent peace emissaries to British commander, the Duke of Wellington, who commanded the Anglo-allied army marching on Paris and others to Prince Blücher who commanded the Prussian army, which was also marching on Paris.

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Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg

Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg (Wenzel Anton Fürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg, Václav Antonín z Kounic a Rietbergu; 2 February 1711 – 27 June 1794) was an Austrian and Czech diplomat and statesman in the Habsburg Monarchy.

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Western imperialism in Asia

Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies.

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When William Came

When William Came: A Story of London Under the Hohenzollerns is a novel written by the British author Saki (the pseudonym of Hector Hugh Munro) and published in November 1913.

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White Swan Hotel

The White Swan Hotel is a 28-story luxury hotel in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, located on Shamian Island, overlooking the Pearl River and facing the White Swan Pool.

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William Morgan Shuster

William Morgan Shuster (23 February 1877 in Washington, D.C. – 26 May 1960 in New York City), was an American lawyer, civil servant, and publisher, who is best known as the treasurer-general of Persia by appointment of the Iranian parliament, or Majles, from May to December 1911.

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William Woodville Rockhill

William Woodville Rockhill (May 1, 1854 – December 8, 1914) was a United States diplomat, best known as the author of the U.S.'s Open Door Policy for China and as the first American to learn to speak Tibetan.

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William, Prince of Albania

Prince William of Wied, Prince of Albania German: Wilhelm Friedrich Heinrich, Albanian: Princ Vidi or Princ Vilhelm Vidi, 26 March 1876 – 18 April 1945), reigned briefly as sovereign of the Principality of Albania as Vidi I from 7 March 1914 to 3 September 1914, when he left for exile. His reign officially came to an end on 31 January 1925, when the country was declared an Albanian Republic. Outside the country and in diplomatic correspondence, he was styled "sovereign prince", but in Albania, he was referred to as mbret, or king. He was also styled Skanderbeg II, in homage to Skanderbeg, the national hero.

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Women in government

Women in government in the modern era are under-represented in most countries worldwide.

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World government

World government or global government is the notion of a common political authority for all of humanity, yielding a global government and a single state that exercises authority over the entire Earth.

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World of Ghost in the Shell

Masamune Shirow's manga and anime series Ghost in the Shell takes place in a (post)cyberpunk version of Earth in the near future.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Xoybûn

Xoybûn or Khoyboun (full name: Xoybûn - Ciwata Serxwebuna Kurd), meaning oneself/being oneself in Kurdish, was a nationalist organisation of Kurds that is known for leading the Ararat rebellion, commanded by Ihsan Nuri.

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Yangtze

The Yangtze, which is 6,380 km (3,964 miles) long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.

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Zheng Yongnian

Zheng Yongnian (Chinese: 郑永年; pinyin: Zhèng Yǒngnián) is a political scientist and political commentator on China who has studied and written on many aspects of contemporary China and especially on Chinese politics.

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Zilan massacre

The Zilan massacre (1, etc.), refers to the massacre of thousands of Kurdish residents in the Zilan Valley of Turkey by 12/13 July 1930, during the Ararat rebellion, in which 800–1500 armed men participated.

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1830s

The 1830s decade ran from January 1, 1830, to December 31, 1839.

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1831 in Belgium

Events in the year 1831 in Belgium.

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1839

No description.

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1839 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1839 in the United Kingdom.

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1867

No description.

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1867 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1867 in the United Kingdom.

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1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion

The 1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion, also known as the Macedonian Revolution of 1878, was launched in opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano, according to which the bulk of Macedonia would be annexed to Bulgaria, and in favour of the union of Macedonia with the Kingdom of Greece.

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1890s

The 1890s was the ten-year period from the years 1890 to 1899.

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1894 Sasun rebellion

The Sassoun resistance of 1894, also known as First Sassoun resistance (Սասնո առաջին ապստամբութիւն), was the conflict between Ottoman Empire's forces and the Armenian militia belonging to the Armenian national movement's Hunchak party in the Sassoun region.

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18th-century history of Germany

Germany in the era 1680s to 1789 comprised many small territories enclosed in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

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1913 Ottoman coup d'état

The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı Âlî).

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1914 (film)

1914 (German: 1914, die letzten Tage vor dem Weltbrand) is a 1931 German drama film directed by Richard Oswald and starring Albert Bassermann, Hermann Wlach and Wolfgang von Schwindt.

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1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement

The 1958 US–UK Mutual Defense Agreement, or UK–US Mutual Defence Agreement, is a bilateral treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom on nuclear weapons cooperation.

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2000s in economics

* Globalization: Multinational corporations become more pervasive, and anti-globalization protests occur frequently during meetings of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO), especially in the early 2000s.

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2012 in Iran

Events in the year 2012 in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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4th of August Regime

The 4th of August Regime (Καθεστώς της 4ης Αυγούστου, Kathestós tis tetártis Avgoústou), commonly also known as the Metaxas Regime (Καθεστώς Μεταξά, Kathestós Metaxá), was a totalitarian regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas that ruled the Kingdom of Greece from 1936 to 1941.

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Redirects here:

European Great Powers, European Powers, European powers, Global Power, Great Power, Great Powers, Great powers, List of great powers, Major power, Major powers, Major powers - France, Major powers - Germany, Major powers – Germany, Potential Superpowers - Germany, World power, World powers.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power

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