Communication

1289 relations: A. H. de Oliveira Marques, A12 highway (Lithuania), Aalborg, Aarne Ruben, Aberdeenshire (historic), Absalon's Castle, Abstand and ausbau languages, Achterhoek, Adler von Lübeck, Admiralty law, Adolf of Osnabrück, Age of Discovery, Ahlen, Albert Jaegers, Albert of Riga, Albert, King of Sweden, Albrecht Giese, Alexander Bugge, Alfeld, Alfred Fox, Alfred von Tirpitz, All-Hallows-the-Great, Alt-Berlin, Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, Altona-Kiel Railway Company, Altstadt (Königsberg), America Line, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Entrepôt, Ancient Diocese of Bergen, Andrejsala, Andrew Moray, Anglo-Hanseatic War, Anklam, Anno 1404, Anthony Ascham, Antwerp, Archbishopric of Bremen, Architecture in Stockholm, Architecture of Estonia, Architecture of Finland, Architecture of Norway, Arnhem, Arnis, Germany, Arnold Duckwitz, Arnold Fitz Thedmar, Arnold Möller, Arnved Nedkvitne, Art Nouveau architecture in Riga, Artus Court, ..., ASC 1898 Bremen, Athenaeum Stade, Attendorn, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, August Volz, Austrian walled towns, Autarky, Autonomist Association, Avaldsnes Kongsgård estate, Avoirdupois system, Älvsnabben, Þiðreks saga, Bad Doberan (district), Baldin Collection, Balthasar Denner, Baltic Development Forum, Baltic Germans, Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800), Baltic Sea, Baltic Slavic piracy, Baltic states, Bargischow, Baring family, Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania, Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania, Barth, Germany, Battle of Barnet, Battle of Bornhöved (1227), Battle of Bornholm (1535), Battle of Corbach, Battle of Helsingborg (1362), Battle of La Rochelle (1419), Battle of Lübeck, Battle of Little Belt, Battle of the Siritsa River, Battle of Trzciana, Battle of Zierikzee, Baumberge, Bay Fleet, Büsum, Behnhaus, Beluga Shipping, Benkestok (noble family), Benoit Turretin, Bergen, Bergensk, Bergues, Berlin, Bernhard Ernst von Bülow, Bernt Notke, Bethmann family, Beverley, Białogard, Bielefeld, Birthright (campaign setting), Bishopric of Dorpat, Bishopsgate, Black Death, Blakeney Guildhall, Blohm+Voss, Bluth, Bock, Bohnanza, Bolsward, Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428), Bombing of Lübeck in World War II, Book of the Consulate of the Sea, Boston Guildhall, Boston, Lincolnshire, Brabant Road, Bracteate, Brakel, Germany, Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg-Prussia, Braniewo, Brattahlíð, Braunschweig, Braveheart, Brömsebro, Breckerfeld, Bremen, Bremen (state), Bremer Marktplatz, Brick Gothic, Bridgnorth, Brilon, Broadcloth, Brotherhood of Blackheads, Bruges, Bruno von Warendorp, Bryggen, Bundesautobahn 1, Burgtor, Buxtehude, Cambrai, Cambridge Guildhall, Cannon Street station, Canon of Dutch History, Capitulation of Franzburg, Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, Carl H. Ziese, Carl Julius Milde, Carl Muecke (editor), Carlsbad, California, Carmelite Priory, Helsingør, Carrack, Carta Mercatoria, Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania, Casper Van Senden, Cassock, Catan Geographies: Germany, Champagne fairs, Charles Antoine Morand, Charles VIII of Sweden, Charles XIV John of Sweden, Charles-Frédéric Reinhard, Charter fair, Chełmno, Chichester Guildhall, Christian II of Denmark, Christian III of Denmark, Christiansborg Palace, Christina Gyllenstierna, Christoffer Valkendorff, Christopher of Bavaria, Christopher Perkins (priest), City, City-state, Classical language, Clinker (boat building), Coat of arms of Bergen, Coat of arms of Bremen, Coat of arms of Lübeck, Cockburn (surname), Cod, Cod fisheries, Cog (ship), Cohong, Cologne, Cologne City Hall, Cologne Ring, Commercial Revolution, Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands, Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish, Confederation, Confederation of Cologne, Confederation of the Rhine, Conflagration, Congress of Lutsk, Conquistador, Conrad Letzkau, Conrad von Soest, Convent of Wesel, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Castle, Copperplate map of London, Cornelis Ketel, County of East Frisia, County of Holland, Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques, Crow-stepped gable, Cuisine of Hamburg, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Danish art, Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly, Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35), Dano-Swedish War (1501–12), Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09, Darłowo, Darłowo Castle, David Loggan, Décapole, Désirée Clary, Dülmen, De Witte family, Demmin, Demographics of Germany, Demographics of Latvia, Dendrochronology, Departments of France, Derek, Deutsche Luft Hansa, Deutsches Rechtswoerterbuch, Deventer, Devonport Guildhall, Dialect continuum, Dialect levelling, Didrik Pining, Dinklage, Dithmarschen, Ditmar Koel, Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen, Dominions of Sweden, Dominium maris baltici, Dorothea of Brandenburg, Dorothy Dunnett, Dorsten, Dortmund, Dragør, Drangmeister, Drolshagen, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346), Duchy of Pomerania, Duecento, Duisburg, Dutch Golden Age, Dutch people, Dutch–Hanseatic War, Early Finnish wars, East Frisia, East Frisian chieftains, Eastland Company, Economic history of Europe, Economic history of Germany, Economic history of Spain, Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815), Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages, Economy of England in the Middle Ages, Economy of Latvia, Economy of Lithuania, Economy of the Pskov Republic, Eduard Wilhelm Sievers, Eggers Wiek, Eidgenossenschaft, Einbeck, Einbecker Brewery, Elbe, Elbe–Weser triangle, Elbląg, Elburg, Electorate of Cologne, Elisabeth Hevelius, Elise Eskilsdotter, Emmerich am Rhein, English Armada, English contract law, Erfurt, Eric II, Duke of Pomerania, Eric of Pomerania, Eric VI of Denmark, Erling Dekke Næss, Espoonlahti, Estonia, Estonian cuisine, Estonian language, Estophilia, Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Germany), Eurolinguistics, European Hansemuseum, European Route of Brick Gothic, European Union law, Eurovision Song Contest 2002, Evacuation of La Romana's division, Exeter Guildhall, F.C. Hansa Rostock, Factory (trading post), Fair Isle, Falsterbo, Fanefjord Church, Fehmarnbelt Lightship, Feriköy Protestant Cemetery, Finland under Swedish rule, Finnish language, First Treaty of Brömsebro (1541), Fischland, Fishing industry in Scotland, Flag of Germany, Flag of Kaliningrad Oblast, Flag of Riga, Flags of the Holy Roman Empire, Flensburg, Focko Ukena, Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas, Fortifications of Copenhagen, Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, Frankfurt (Oder), Franz Rhode, Franzburg, Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim, Free City of Danzig, Free City of Lübeck, Free imperial city, Free state (government), Free trade, Free-trade zone, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, Friedrich Daniel Bassermann, Friedrich List, Frisian languages, Friso-Hollandic Wars, Frombork, Fur trade, Gable stone, Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor, Gammeltorv, Gardelegen, Göta Canal, Göttingen, Gdańsk, Gediminas, Geert Groote, General average, Gentry, Geographical distribution of German speakers, Geography of Norway, Georg Friedrich Sartorius, Georg Giese, Georg Heinrich Sieveking, Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, George Frideric Handel, German art, German auxiliary cruiser Hansa, German colonial empire, German dialects, German Empire, German language, German New Guinea, German orthography, German Renaissance, Germania (guild), Germanic peoples, Germans, Germans in Bulgaria, Germans in the United Kingdom, Germany, Germany–United Kingdom relations, Glasin, Glossary of Nazi Germany, Goslar, Gothic and Vandal warfare, Gothic architecture, Gothic architecture in Lithuania, Gothic architecture in modern Poland, Gothic secular and domestic architecture, Gotland, Gotlander, Gottfried Michaelsen, Government of Hamburg, Gracht, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Greater Hamburg Act, Greifswald, Grip, Norway, Groningen, Groningen (province), Gronings dialect, Gryfice, Gudhjem Church, Guild, Guild of Saint Luke, Guildford Guildhall, Guildhall, Guildhall, Chester, Guildhall, Derry, Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull, Guildhall, Lichfield, Guildhall, London, Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne, Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer, Gustav Ludolf Martens, Gymnasium Petrinum Dorsten, Haakon IV of Norway, Haakon VI of Norway, Hafnarfjörður, HaFraBa, Halberstadt, Halle (Saale), Halsted Priory, Hamburg, Hamburg Citizen Militia, Hamburg City Hall, Hamburg Museum, Hamburg Parliament, Hamburg State Opera, Hamburg Stock Exchange, Hamelin, Hamm, Hammeren, Hampden Dutton, Hanneke Wrome, Hanover, Hans Holbein the Younger, Hans Kruckow, Hans-Friedrich Blunck, Hansa, Hansa Brewery, Hansa Records, Hansa Teutonica, Hansabank, Hansaviertel, Hanse Sail, Hanseaten (class), Hanseatic, Hanseatic Cross, Hanseatic Days of New Time, Hanseatic flags, Hanseatic League, Hanseatic Legion, Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene, Hanseatic Parliament, Hanseatic Trade Center, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Harderwijk, Harju County, Harry Gordon Selfridge, Hasselt, Overijssel, Hattingen, Haupt (German word), Höxter, Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Hein Hoyer, Heinrich Mann, Heinrich Parler, Heinrich Sproemberg, Heinrich Sudermann, Heinrich von Bülow (Grotekop), Heinrich von Tschirschky, Heligoland, Helmstedt, Helsingborg, Helsinki, Hendrik Niehoff, Hennig Wichmann, Henning Podebusk, Henrik Kalteisen, Henry Borwin III, Lord of Rostock, Henry Francis Fisher, Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, Henry VII of England, Henryk Samsonowicz, Herbert Hahn, Herford, Herford Abbey, Herräng, HH Ferry route, High Middle Ages, High Wycombe Guildhall, Hiiu County, Hiiumaa, Hildesheim, Himmelpforten Convent, Hindeloopen, Historic roads, Historical Archive of the City of Cologne, History of Amsterdam, History of Belgium, History of Berlin, History of Bristol, History of Christianity in Iceland, History of Colchester, History of Cologne, History of contract law, History of Copenhagen, History of democracy, History of Denmark, History of English contract law, History of Estonia, History of Europe, History of fishing, History of French wine, History of Gdańsk, History of German, History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, History of Germany, History of Goslar, History of Hamburg, History of Helsinki, History of international law, History of Kraków, History of Lae, History of Latvia, History of Lisbon, History of London, History of Münster, History of navigation, History of Norway, History of Poles in Königsberg, History of Pomerania, History of Portugal (1415–1578), History of printing in Poland, History of Riga, History of Russia, History of Scania, History of Schleswig-Holstein, History of seafood, History of Shetland, History of Silesia, History of Speyer, History of Sussex, History of Sweden, History of Sweden (1523–1611), History of Swedish, History of Szczecin, History of the city, History of the Danish navy, History of the Faroe Islands, History of the Germans in Poland, History of the hamburger, History of the Jews in Cologne, History of the Netherlands, History of the North Sea, History of the Ruhr, History of Toruń, History of Vilnius, History of Wrocław, House of Perkūnas, House of Plantagenet, Hugh Fenn (died 1409), Hunsrück, Hydrarchy, Ian Colvin, Iberian ship development, 1400–1600, Icelandic Reformation, Immigration to Norway, Importation Act 1463, Indre By, Industry of the South Humber Bank, Ingeborg Tott, Innenstadt (Braunschweig), Insurance law, Intercursus Magnus, International Gothic, Interregnum (HRE), Ipswich, Israelitisches Familienblatt, Italian city-states, Italian Renaissance, Ius indigenatus, Ivan the Terrible, IX Corps (German Empire), Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño, Jacob Frederico Torlade, Jacob Kabrun Jr., James Cope (UK politician), Jan van Valckenborgh, Jauch family, Jácome de Bruges, Jørgen Olufsen's House, Jean Boudet, Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques, Joachim Mörlin, Jochen Kientz, Johann Baring, Johann Georg Kerner, Johann Schöning, Johann Smidt, Johann Wittenborg, John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop, John I, Bishop-Elect of Utrecht, John Islip, John Quincy Adams, John Scott (died 1485), John Ward (diplomat, died 1890), John Woodall, John, King of Denmark, Joint issue, Joseph Pitcairn, Juan Francisco de Güemes, 1st Count of Revillagigedo, Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Jus naufragii, Kalmar Union, Kampen, Overijssel, Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Karl Koppmann, Karl-Heinz Riedle, Katharineum, Kattegat, Kaunas, Kaunas Fortress, Kõpu Lighthouse, Köln Hansaring station, Königsberg, Køge Bugt, Kiek in de Kök, Kiel, King's Lynn, King's Lynn Docks, Kingston upon Hull, Kingston upon Thames Guildhall, Kjøpstad, Klaus Störtebeker, Kneiphof, Kołobrzeg, Koknese, Koknese Castle, Kolven, Kontor, Koos, Korbach, Koszalin, Kraków, Krämerbrücke, Kuldīga, Kurd von Schlözer, Kyritz, Ladbergen, Lady of Stavoren, Land Hadeln, Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa, Landskrona, Languages of Europe, Languages of Sweden, Late Middle Ages, Latvia, Laus Polyphoniae, Laws of Wisbuy, Lübeck, Lübeck Academy of Music, Lübeck Hauptbahnhof, Lübeck law, Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets, Lübeck–Hamburg railway, Lübecker Yacht-Club, Lüdenscheid, Lüneburg, Lüneburg Prelates' War, Lüneburg Sate, Lüneburger SK Hansa, League of towns, Leer, Legal history, Legends about Theoderic the Great, Leibzoll, Leicester Guildhall, Leif Thor Olafsson, Leine-Heide Cycle Path, Leith, Lelystad, Lelystad–Zwolle railway, Lemgo, Lewitz, LF-routes, Lieuwe van Aitzema, Limbaži, Lincolnshire coast, Lisa von Lübeck, List of ambassadors of France to Germany, List of ambassadors of Germany to the United States, List of Brick Renaissance buildings, List of buildings in King's Lynn, List of company name etymologies, List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg, List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary, List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic Cities, List of Dutch inventions and discoveries, List of East Frisian people, List of English words of Dutch origin, List of free imperial cities, List of German Americans, List of Gothic brick buildings, List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization, List of ironclad warships of Germany, List of lingua francas, List of longest wooden ships, List of Norwegian battles, List of people from Bremen, List of privateers, List of railway stations in Schleswig-Holstein, List of recipients of the Hanseatic Cross, List of shipwrecks of Europe, List of state leaders in 1339, List of states in the Holy Roman Empire (W), List of structural failures and collapses, List of terms used for Germans, List of town and city fires, List of towns in Skåne, Sweden, List of treaties, List of wars 1000–1499, List of wars involving Denmark, List of wars involving England, List of wars involving Norway, List of wars involving Spain, List of wars involving Sweden, List of wealthiest families, List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe, List of World Heritage Sites in Germany, List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe, List of World Heritage Sites of Poland, Livonia, Livonian Chronicle of Henry, Livonian Order, Livonian War, Lofoten, Lombard League, London, Longship, Lord Edward FitzGerald, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Low German, Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, Ludwig Riess, Lufthansa, Luke v Lyde, Lutheran Church in Great Britain, Magdeburg, Magdeburg rights, Magister Wigbold, Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg, Magnus IV of Sweden, Mail delivery by animal, Main Square, Kraków, Malbork, Malbork Castle, Malmö, Manchester Town Hall, Manteño civilization, Maren Niemeyer, Margaret I of Denmark, Marino Sanuto the Elder, Maritime history, Maritime history of England, Maritime history of Europe, Maritime republics, Maritime timeline, Maritime transport, Mark (currency), Market Square (Lutsk), Market town, Martin Behaim, Martin Opitz, Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein, Mühlhausen, Münster, Münster Diocesan Feud, Meanings of minor planet names: 1–1000, Meanings of minor planet 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A. H. de Oliveira Marques

António Henrique Rodrigo de Oliveira Marques (23 August 1933 - 23 January 2007) was a Portuguese historian.

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A12 highway (Lithuania)

The A12 highway is a highway in Lithuania (Magistralinis kelias).

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Aalborg

Aalborg, is Denmark's fourth largest city with an urban population of 136,000, including 22,000 in the twin city Nørresundby 600 meters across the Limfjord.

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Aarne Ruben

Aarne Ruben, 2009. Aarne Ruben (17 July 1971 in Tallinn) is an Estonian writer.

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Aberdeenshire (historic)

Aberdeenshire or the County of Aberdeen (Coontie o Aiberdeen, Siorrachd Obar Dheathain) is a historic county and registration county of Scotland.

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Absalon's Castle

Absalon's Castle, (Absalons borg) was a fortification on the island of Slotsholmen in Copenhagen, located at the site of the later Copenhagen Castle and Christiansborg Palace.

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Abstand and ausbau languages

In sociolinguistics, an abstand language is a language variety or cluster of varieties with significant linguistic distance from all others, while an ausbau language is a standard variety, possibly with related dependent varieties.

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Achterhoek

The Achterhoek (Achterhook) is a region in the eastern part of the Netherlands.

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Adler von Lübeck

Adler von Lübeck (German for Eagle of Lübeck), also called Der Große Adler or Lübscher Adler, was a 16th-century warship of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, Germany.

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Admiralty law

Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes.

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Adolf of Osnabrück

Adolf of Osnabrück, O.Cist (also known as Adolphus, Adolph, Adolf of Tecklenburg), was born in Tecklenburg about 1185, a member of the family of the Counts of Tecklenburg in the Duchy of Westphalia.

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Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization.

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Ahlen

Ahlen is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Albert Jaegers

Albert Jaegers (March 28, 1868 – July 22, 1925) was an American sculptor.

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Albert of Riga

Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia (Alberts fon Buksthēvdens; Albert von Buxthoeven; c.1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia.

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Albert, King of Sweden

Albert (Albrekt av Mecklenburg in Swedish; Albrecht III, Herzog zu Mecklenburg in German; c. 1338 – 1 April 1412) was King of Sweden from 1364 to 1389 and Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1384 to 1412 as Albert III.

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Albrecht Giese

Albrecht Giese (10 February, 1524 – 1 August, 1580) was a councilman and diplomat of the city of Gdańsk (Danzig).

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Alexander Bugge

Alexander Bugge (30 December 1870, Christiania – 24 December 1929, Copenhagen) was a Norwegian historian.

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Alfeld

Alfeld is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Alfred Fox

Alfred Fox, (9 September 1794 – 20 May 1874) of Falmouth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, was owner and developer of Glendurgan Garden, now a National Trust property, and was a member of the Quaker Fox family of Falmouth.

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Alfred von Tirpitz

Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German Grand Admiral, Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916.

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All-Hallows-the-Great

All-Hallows-the-Great was a church in the City of London, located on what is now Upper Thames Street, first mentioned in 1235.

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Alt-Berlin

Alt-Berlin ("Old Berlin"), also spelled Altberlin, is a neighbourhood (Stadtviertel), situated in the Berliner locality (Ortsteil) of Mitte, part of the homonymous borough.

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Altmarkkreis Salzwedel

Altmarkkreis Salzwedel is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts Gifhorn, Uelzen, Lüchow-Dannenberg in Lower Saxony, and the districts of Stendal and Börde (district).

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Altona-Kiel Railway Company

The Altona-Kiel Railway Company (Altona-Kieler Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, AKE) was a joint-stock company, established under the law of Denmark in personal union with the Duchy of Holstein, that built and operated an 105 km railway line between Altona and the Baltic Sea port city of Kiel.

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Altstadt (Königsberg)

Altstadt's marketplace Coat of arms of Altstadt Altstadt (Senamiestis; Stare Miasto) was a quarter of central Königsberg, Germany.

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America Line

The America Line (German: Amerikalinie) is the unofficial name of a railway line in northern Germany which is mainly of regional importance today.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.

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Amsterdam Entrepôt

The Amsterdam Entrepôt is the shorthand term that English-language economic historiographers use to refer to the trade system that helped the Dutch Republic achieve primacy in world trade during the 17th century.

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Ancient Diocese of Bergen

The Catholic Diocese of Bergen or Diocese of Bjørgvin in Norway existed from the eleventh century to the Protestant Reformation (1537), Catholic-Hierarchy.org.

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Andrejsala

Andrejsala is a district of Riga, Latvia, located within the former territory of an industrial port next to the city center.

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Andrew Moray

Andrew Moray (Norman French: Andreu de Moray; Andreas de Moravia), also known as Andrew de Moray, Andrew of Moray, or Andrew Murray, an esquire, was prominent in the Scottish Wars of Independence.

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Anglo-Hanseatic War

The Anglo-Hanseatic War was a conflict fought between England and the Hanseatic League, led by the cities of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Lübeck, that lasted from 1469 to 1474.

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Anklam

Anklam, formerly known as Tanglim and Wendenburg, is a town in the Western Pomerania region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Anno 1404

Anno 1404, known as Dawn of Discovery in North America, is a city-building and economic simulation game with real-time strategy elements, part of the ''Anno'' series.

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Anthony Ascham

Anthony Ascham (c. 1614 – 27 May 1650) was a British academic, political theorist, Parliamentarian and diplomat.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen, Anvers) is a city in Belgium, and is the capital of Antwerp province in Flanders.

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Archbishopric of Bremen

The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) is a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Architecture in Stockholm

Architecture in Stockholm has a history that dates back to the 13th century, possibly even earlier.

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Architecture of Estonia

This article covers the architecture of Estonia.

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Architecture of Finland

The architecture of Finland has a history spanning over 800 years, and while up until the modern era the architecture was strongly influenced by currents from Finland's two respective neighbouring ruling nations, Sweden and Russia, from the early 19th century onwards influences came directly from further afield; first when itinerant foreign architects took up positions in the country and then when the Finnish architect profession became established.

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Architecture of Norway

The architecture of Norway has evolved in response to changing economic conditions, technological advances, demographic fluctuations and cultural shifts.

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Arnhem

Arnhem (or; Arnheim, Frisian: Arnhim, South Guelderish: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands.

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Arnis, Germany

Arnis (Arnæs) is the smallest town in Germany both by population and by area.

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Arnold Duckwitz

Arnold Duckwitz (January 27, 1802 in Bremen Germany – March 19, 1881 in Bremen) was a German statesman and merchant who served as Minister of Trade and of the Navy in the provisional government of the Frankfurt Assembly of 1848–49, and as mayor of Bremen.

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Arnold Fitz Thedmar

Arnold Fitz Thedmar (August 9, 12011274 or 1275) was a London chronicler and merchant; he was born in London.

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Arnold Möller

Arnold Möller (4 May 1581 – 14 October 1655), was a German calligrapher.

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Arnved Nedkvitne

Arnved Nedkvitne (born 21 May 1947) is a Norwegian historian of the Middle Ages and Professor Emeritus of mediaeval history at the University of Trondheim and the University of Oslo.

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Art Nouveau architecture in Riga

Art Nouveau architecture in Riga makes up roughly one third of all buildings in the centre of Riga, making the Latvian capital the city with the highest concentration of Art Nouveau architecture anywhere in the world.

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Artus Court

The Artus Court, formerly also Junkerhof, (Polish: Dwór Artusa, German: Artushof) is a building in the centre of Gdańsk, Poland (Danzig), at Długi Targ 44, which used to be the meeting place of merchants and a centre of social life.

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ASC 1898 Bremen

ASC Bremen or Allgemeinen Bremer Sportclub von 1898 was a German association football club based in the Hanseatic city of Bremen.

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Athenaeum Stade

The Athenaeum Stade is a gymnasium, or grammar school, in the Hanseatic city of Stade.

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Attendorn

Attendorn is a German town in the Olpe district in North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Auf Wiedersehen, Pet

Auf Wiedersehen, Pet is a British comedy-drama series about seven English migrant construction workers who leave the UK to search for employment overseas.

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August Volz

August Volz (Augusts Folcs; 27 February 1851 – 20 June 1926) was a German sculptor.

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Austrian walled towns

Walled towns in Austria started to appear in the 11th century.

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Autarky

Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient.

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Autonomist Association

The Autonomist Association (Associazione Autonoma, Partito Autonomo.; Autonomna stranka, Autonomaška stranka) was a political party in Fiume, that existed continuously from 1896 to 1914.

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Avaldsnes Kongsgård estate

The Avaldsnes Kongsgård estate (Norwegian: Avaldsnes kongsgård) was a royal residence and Kongsgård estate which is believed to be the oldest royal residence and seat of power in Norwegian history.

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Avoirdupois system

The avoirdupois system (abbreviated avdp) is a measurement system of weights which uses pounds and ounces as units.

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Älvsnabben

Älvsnabben is a small island near Muskö in the archipelago south of Stockholm, Sweden.

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Þiðreks saga

Þiðreks saga af Bern ('the saga of Þiðrekr of Bern', also Þiðrekssaga, Þiðriks saga, Niflunga saga or Vilkina saga, with Anglicisations including Thidreksaga) is an Old Norse chivalric saga centering the character it calls Þiðrekr af Bern, who originated as the historical king Theoderic the Great (454–526), but who attracted a great many unhistorical legends in the Middle Ages.

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Bad Doberan (district)

Bad Doberan is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Baldin Collection

The Baldin Collection is a group of 364 masterpieces removed from Germany to the Soviet Union by Russian Army officer Victor Baldin at the end of World War II.

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Balthasar Denner

Balthasar Denner (15 November 1685 – 14 April 1749) was a German painter, highly regarded as a portraitist.

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Baltic Development Forum

The Baltic Development Forum is an independent think-tank and non-profit high-level and agenda-setting networking organisation with strategic partners and sponsors from large companies, major cities, institutional investors, business associations and academia in the Baltic Sea Region.

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Baltic Germans

The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.

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Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)

Baltic maritime trade began in the late Middle Ages and would continue to develop into the early modern era.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.

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Baltic Slavic piracy

In the Baltic Sea region, groups of pirates of Slavic descent lived dating as far back as the 8th century to the 14th century.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Bargischow

Bargischow is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Baring family

The Baring family is a German and British family of merchants and bankers.

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Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania

Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania (– 22 September 1405 in Pütnitz, near Ribnitz-Damgarten) was duke of Pomerania-Wolgast from 1394 to 1405.

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Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania

Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania (between 1405 and 1407 – between 15 and 19 December 1451) at www.ruegenwalde.com' was Duke of Pomerania–Wolgast–Barth.

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Barth, Germany

Barth is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Battle of Barnet

The Battle of Barnet was a decisive engagement in the Wars of the Roses, a dynastic conflict of 15th-century England.

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Battle of Bornhöved (1227)

The (second) Battle of Bornhöved took place on 22 July 1227 near Bornhöved in Holstein.

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Battle of Bornholm (1535)

The Battle of Bornholm was a naval engagement that took place in June 1535.

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Battle of Corbach

The Battle of Corbach, or Korbach, a Hanseatic town of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany, was fought on 10 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War.

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Battle of Helsingborg (1362)

The Battle of Helsingborg was fought on 8 July 1362 between the Danish and Hanseatic fleets.

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Battle of La Rochelle (1419)

The naval Battle of La Rochelle 1419 was a battle between a Castilian and an allied English-Hanseatic fleet.

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Battle of Lübeck

The Battle of Lübeck took place on 6 November 1806 in Lübeck, Germany between soldiers of the Kingdom of Prussia led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who were retreating from defeat at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, and troops of the First French Empire under Marshals Murat, Bernadotte, and Soult, who were pursuing them.

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Battle of Little Belt

The Battle of Little Belt was a naval battle between a combined Swedish/Danish/Prussian fleet and a fleet from Lübeck, during the Count's Feud.

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Battle of the Siritsa River

The Battle of the Siritsa River (also Seritsa) took place on 27 August 1501 between the forces of the Livonian Order under Grand Master Wolter von Plettenberg on the one side and the forces of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic on the other.

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Battle of Trzciana

The Battle of Trzciana (also known as Battle of Honigfelde or Battle on the Stuhmer Heide or Battle of Sztum) took place on 25 June 1629 (usually said to be 27th in the New Style calendar) and was one of the battles of the Polish-Swedish War (1626–1629) or Second Swedish-Polish War.

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Battle of Zierikzee

The battle of Zierikzee was a naval battle between a Flemish fleet and an allied Franco-Hollandic fleet which took place on 10 and 11 August 1304.

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Baumberge

The Baumberge are the highest hills in the natural regions of Münsterland and Kernmünsterland with a maximum height of.

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Bay Fleet

The Bay Fleet was a summer convoy of trading ships that travelled through the English Channel from and to the important trading areas of the Hanseatic League, Holland and Flanders in the Middle Ages.

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Büsum

Büsum is a fishing and tourist town in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Behnhaus

The Behnhaus is an art museum in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, Germany, and part of its World heritage site.

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Beluga Shipping

Beluga Shipping was a German heavy-lift shipping company in the Hanseatic city of Bremen.

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Benkestok (noble family)

Benkestok (Benkestokk, Benchestoch et cetera) is one of the original noble families of Norway and one of the few to survive the Middle Ages.

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Benoit Turretin

Benoit Turretin (1588–1631), the son of Francesco Turretini, a native of Lucca, who settled in Geneva in 1579, was born at Zurich in November 1588.

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Bergen

Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Hordaland on the west coast of Norway.

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Bergensk

Bergensk or Bergen dialect is a dialect of Norwegian used in Bergen, Norway.

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Bergues

Bergues (Sint-Winoksbergen) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.

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Bernhard Ernst von Bülow

Bernhard Ernst von Bülow (2 August 181520 October 1879) was a Danish and German statesman.

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Bernt Notke

(c. 1440 – before May 1509) was a late Gothic artist, working in the Baltic region.

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Bethmann family

The Bethmann family has been remarkable for the high proportion of its males who succeeded at mercantile or financial endeavors.

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Beverley

Beverley is a historic market town, civil parish and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Białogard

Białogard (Belgard; Kashubian/Pomeranian: Biôłogard) is a town in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland with 24,399 inhabitants (2004).

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Bielefeld

Bielefeld is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Birthright (campaign setting)

Birthright is a Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting that was first released by TSR in 1995.

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Bishopric of Dorpat

The Bishopric of Dorpat (Tartu piiskopkond; Bisdom Dorpat; Ecclesia Tarbatensis) was a medieval prince-bishopric, i;e; both a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese.

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Bishopsgate

Bishopsgate is one of the 25 wards of the City of London and also the name of a major road (part of the A10) between Gracechurch Street and Norton Folgate in the northeast corner of London's main financial district.

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Black Death

The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.

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Blakeney Guildhall

Blakeney Guildhall is a building in the coastal village of Blakeney in the north of the county of Norfolk.

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Blohm+Voss

Blohm+Voss (B+V), also written historically as Blohm & Voss, Blohm und Voß etc., is a German shipbuilding and engineering company, Founded in Hamburg in 1877 to specialise in steel-hulled ships, its most famous product is the World War II battleship Bismarck.

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Bluth

Bluth is a surname of Germanic origin.

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Bock

Bock is a strong lager of German origin.

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Bohnanza

Bohnanza is a German-style card game of trading and politics, designed by Uwe Rosenberg and released in 1997 by Amigo Spiele in German and by Rio Grande Games in English.

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Bolsward

Bolsward (West Frisian: Boalsert) is a city in Súdwest-Fryslân in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands.

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Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428)

During the Danish-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) the Danish capital Copenhagen was bombarded twice by ships from six Northern German Hanseatic towns.

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Bombing of Lübeck in World War II

During World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force.

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Book of the Consulate of the Sea

--> The Book of the Consulate of the Sea or Book of the Consulate of Sea is a compendium of maritime law that governed trade in the Mediterranean for centuries.

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Boston Guildhall

Built in the 1390s, Boston Guildhall in Boston, Lincolnshire is a testament to the wealth and influence of the Guild of St.

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Boston, Lincolnshire

Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England, approximately 100 miles (160 km) north of London.

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Brabant Road

The Brabant Road (Brabanter Straße), Cologne to Leipzig Road (Köln-Leipziger Straße) or Liege Road (Lütticher Straße) is an ancient road which, during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, was one of the most important continental east-west oriented military and trade routes.

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Bracteate

A bracteate (from the Latin bractea, a thin piece of metal) is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age (including the Vendel era in Sweden).

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Brakel, Germany

Brakel is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Brandenburg an der Havel

Brandenburg an der Havel is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, which served as the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg until replaced by Berlin in 1417.

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Brandenburg-Prussia

Brandenburg-Prussia (Brandenburg-Preußen) is the historiographic denomination for the Early Modern realm of the Brandenburgian Hohenzollerns between 1618 and 1701.

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Braniewo

Braniewo, (Braunsberg in Ostpreußen, Brunsberga, Old Prussian: Brus, Prūsa), is a town in northeastern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18,068 (2004).

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Brattahlíð

Brattahlíð, often anglicised as Brattahlid, was Erik the Red's estate in the Eastern Settlement Viking colony he established in south-western Greenland toward the end of the 10th century.

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Braunschweig

Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.

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Braveheart

Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed by Mel Gibson, who stars as William Wallace, a late 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England.

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Brömsebro

Brömsebro is a bimunicipal village situated in Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County and Torsås Municipality, Kalmar County in south-east Sweden with 213 inhabitants in 2005.

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Breckerfeld

Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany).

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Bremen

The City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (also called just "Bremen" for short), a federal state of Germany.

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Bremen (state)

The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states.

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Bremer Marktplatz

The Bremer Marktplatz (Bremen Market Square) is a square situated in the centre of the Hanseatic City of Bremen, Germany.

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Brick Gothic

Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places a lot of glacial boulders.

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Bridgnorth

Bridgnorth is a town in Shropshire, England.

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Brilon

Brilon is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, that belongs to the Hochsauerlandkreis.

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Broadcloth

Broadcloth is a dense, plain woven cloth, historically made of wool.

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Brotherhood of Blackheads

The Brotherhood of Blackheads (Mustpeade vennaskond; Bruderschaft der Schwarzhäupter; Melngalvju brālības) is an association of local unmarried merchants, ship owners, and foreigners that was active in Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia) from the mid-14th century till 1940 but still remains active in present day Hamburg.

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Bruges

Bruges (Brugge; Bruges; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.

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Bruno von Warendorp

Bruno von Warendorp or Brun Warendorp (died 21 August 1369, Schonen) was alderman and mayor of Lübeck, where he was born.

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Bryggen

Bryggen (the dock), also known as Tyskebryggen (the German dock), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings lining the eastern side of the Vågen harbour in Bergen, Norway.

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Bundesautobahn 1

is an autobahn in Germany.

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Burgtor

The Burgtor, built 1444 in late Gothic style, was the northern city gate of Hanseatic Lübeck, now in Germany.

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Buxtehude

Buxtehude is a town on the Este River in Northern Germany, belonging to the district of Stade in Lower Saxony.

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Cambrai

Cambrai (Kimbré; Kamerijk; historically in English Camerick and Camericke) is a commune in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.

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Cambridge Guildhall

Cambridge Guildhall is a civic building designed in 1939 by Charles Cowles-Voysey in the centre of the historic city of Cambridge, England.

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Cannon Street station

Cannon Street station, also known as London Cannon Street, is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Travelcard zone 1 located on Cannon Street in the City of London and managed by Network Rail.

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Canon of Dutch History

The Canon of Dutch History is a list of fifty topics that aims to provide a chronological summary of Dutch history to be taught in primary schools and the first two years of secondary school in the Netherlands.

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Capitulation of Franzburg

The Capitulation of Franzburg (Franzburger Kapitulation) was a treaty providing for the capitulation of the Duchy of Pomerania to the forces of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.

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Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire

Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers, particularly France.

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Carl H. Ziese

Carl H. Ziese, (Moscow, 2 July 1848 - 5 December 1917) was a German mechanical engineer, railway machinery manufacturer and shipbuilder of East Prussian origin.

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Carl Julius Milde

Carl Julius Milde (16 February 1803, Hamburg - 19 November 1875, Lübeck) was a German painter, curator and art restorer.

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Carl Muecke (editor)

Rev.

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Carlsbad, California

Carlsbad is an affluent seaside resort city occupying a stretch of Pacific coastline in northern San Diego County, California.

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Carmelite Priory, Helsingør

The Carmelite Priory, Helsingør, or Priory of Our Lady, Helsingør (Vor Frue Kloster) was a house of Carmelite friars in Helsingør, Zealand, Denmark, established in 1430.

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Carrack

A carrack was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 14th and 15th centuries in Europe.

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Carta Mercatoria

The Carta Mercatoria, meaning 'the charter of the merchants', was a 1303 charter granted by Edward I to foreign merchants in England.

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Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania

Duke Casimir V of Pomerania (or, counting differently, Casimir VI; before 1380 – 13 April 1435) was a member of the House of Griffins and a Duke of Pomerania.

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Casper Van Senden

Casper Van Senden was an Elizabethan Lübeck merchant who bargained for a deal in 1596 whereby through ensuring the safe return of eighty-nine of Queen Elizabeth's subjects who had been detained in the Catholic realms of Portugal and Spain, sought to gain a licence to deport Africans from England.

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Cassock

The white or black cassock, or soutane, is an item of Christian clerical clothing used by the clergy of Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, and Reformed churches, among others.

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Catan Geographies: Germany

Catan Geographies: Germany is a spin-off of the Settlers of Catan series of German-style board games by Klaus Teuber, released in 2008 by publisher Kosmos in German and Mayfair Games in English.

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Champagne fairs

The Champagne fairs were an annual cycle of trading fairs held in towns in the Champagne and Brie regions of France in the Middle Ages.

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Charles Antoine Morand

Charles Antoine Louis Alexis Morand (4 June 1771, Pontarlier or Montbenoit, Doubs - 1835) Comte de l'Empire, was a general of the French army during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.

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Charles VIII of Sweden

Charles VIII of Sweden (1408 Uppsala - 1470 Stockholm, in reality Charles II), Charles I of Norway, also Carl (Karl Knutsson), was king of Sweden (1448–1457, 1464–1465 and from 1467 to his death in 1470) and king of Norway (1449–1450).

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Charles XIV John of Sweden

Charles XIV and III John or Carl John, (Swedish and Norwegian: Karl Johan; 26 January 1763 – 8 March 1844) was King of Sweden (as Charles XIV John) and King of Norway (as Charles III John) from 1818 until his death, and served as de facto regent and head of state from 1810 to 1818.

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Charles-Frédéric Reinhard

Charles-Frédéric, comte Reinhard (born Karl Friedrich Reinhard; 2 October 1761 – 25 December 1837) was a Württembergian-born French diplomat, essayist, and politician who briefly served as the Consulate's Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1799.

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Charter fair

A charter fair in England is a street fair or market which was established by Royal Charter.

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Chełmno

Chełmno (older Culm) is a town in northern Poland near the Vistula river with 20,000 inhabitants and the historical capital of Chełmno Land.

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Chichester Guildhall

Chichester Guildhall is an ecclesiastical building in Chichester, West Sussex, England.

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Christian II of Denmark

Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union.

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Christian III of Denmark

Christian III (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559) reigned as King of Denmark from 1534 until his death, and King of Norway from 1537 until his death.

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Christiansborg Palace

Christiansborg Palace (Christiansborg Slot) is a palace and government building on the islet of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen, Denmark.

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Christina Gyllenstierna

Christina Nilsdotter Gyllenstierna of Fogelvik (Swedish: Kristina or Kerstin: 1494 – January 1559, Hörningsholm Castle) was a Swedish noble and a heroine.

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Christoffer Valkendorff

Christoffer Valkendorff (1 September 152517 January 1601) was a Danish statesman and landowner.

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Christopher of Bavaria

Christopher of Bavaria (26 February 1416 – 5/6 January 1448) was King of Denmark (1440–48, as Christopher III), Sweden (1441–48) and Norway (1442–48) during the era of the Kalmar Union.

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Christopher Perkins (priest)

Sir Christopher Perkins (or Parkins) (1547? – 1622) was an English Jesuit turned diplomat and MP.

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City

A city is a large human settlement.

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City-state

A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.

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Classical language

A classical language is a language with a literature that is classical.

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Clinker (boat building)

Clinker built (also known as lapstrake) is a method of boat building where the edges of hull planks overlap each other, called a "land" or "landing." In craft of any size shorter planks can be joined end to end into a longer strake or hull plank.

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Coat of arms of Bergen

The city seal of Bergen, Norway, consists of a wall with a gate that stands on golden hills.

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Coat of arms of Bremen

This article is about the coat of arms of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and the city of Bremen.

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Coat of arms of Lübeck

The Hanseatic city of Lübeck has for a long time had a double coat of arms — one with the eagle as a symbol of the Imperial freedom enjoyed by the city from 1226 to 1937; one with Hanseatic colors of silver over red and the so-called Lübeck plate.

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Cockburn (surname)

Cockburn is a Scottish surname that originated in the Borders region of the Scottish Lowlands.

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Cod

Cod is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae.

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Cod fisheries

Cod fisheries are fisheries for cod.

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Cog (ship)

A cog is a type of ship that first appeared in the 10th century, and was widely used from around the 12th century on.

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Cohong

The Cohong, sometimes spelled kehang or gonghang, was a guild of Chinese merchants or ''hongs'' who operated the import-export monopoly in Canton (now Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (16441911).

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Cologne City Hall

The City Hall (Rathaus) is a historical building in Cologne, western Germany.

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Cologne Ring

The Cologne Ring (known in German as: Kölner Ringe) is a semi-circular, some 6 km long urban boulevard in Innenstadt, Cologne and the city's busiest and most prominent street system.

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Commercial Revolution

The Commercial Revolution consisted in the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century.

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Company of Merchant Adventurers of London

The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London brought together London's leading overseas merchants in a regulated company in the early 15th century, in the nature of a guild.

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Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands

The Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands was an early joint stock association, which began with private exploration and enterprise, and was to have been incorporated by King Edward VI in 1553, but received its full Royal Charter in 1555.

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Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish

Danish and Norwegian Bokmål (the most common standard form of written Norwegian) are both descended from the Old Norse, the common ancestor of all North Germanic languages spoken today.

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Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states.

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Confederation of Cologne

The Confederation of Cologne was a medieval military alliance against Denmark signed 1367 by cities of the Hanseatic League on their meeting called Hansetag in Cologne.

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Confederation of the Rhine

The Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbund; French: officially États confédérés du Rhin, but in practice Confédération du Rhin) was a confederation of client states of the First French Empire.

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Conflagration

A conflagration is a large and destructive fire that threatens human life, animal life, health, and/or property.

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Congress of Lutsk

The Congress of Lutsk was a diplomatic gathering held in Lubart's Castle in Lutsk, Grand Duchy of Lithuania over a 13-week period beginning on January 6, 1429.

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Conquistador

Conquistadors (from Spanish or Portuguese conquistadores "conquerors") is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense.

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Conrad Letzkau

Conrad Letzkau (in Polish: Konrad Leczkow) (birthplace unknown, second half of 14th century - died, 1412 in Danzig (Gdańsk)) was a Councilman and later a Mayor of Danzig who, together with Arnold Hecht, was assassinated David Wallace, "Margery in Dańsk", University of Pennsylvania, by the Teutonic Knights.

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Conrad von Soest

Conrad von Soest, also Konrad in modern texts, or in Middle High German Conrad van Sost or "von Soyst", (born around 1370 in Dortmund; died soon after 1422) was the most significant Westphalian artist and painted in the so-called soft style of International Gothic.

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Convent of Wesel

The Wesel Convention was a secret gathering of leading church people from Dutch refugee communities, believed to have taken place in November 1568 in the Hanseatic city of Wesel.

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Copenhagen

Copenhagen (København; Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark.

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Copenhagen Castle

Copenhagen Castle (Københavns Slot) was a castle on Slotsholmen in Copenhagen, Denmark, built in the late 14th century at the site of the current Christiansborg Palace.

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Copperplate map of London

The "Copperplate" map of London is an early large-scale printed map of the City of London and its immediate environs, surveyed between 1553 and 1559, which survives only in part.

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Cornelis Ketel

Cornelis or Cornelius Ketel (18 March 1548 – 8 August 1616) was a Dutch Mannerist painter, active in Elizabethan London from 1573 to 1581, and in Amsterdam from 1581 to the early 17th century, now known essentially as a portrait-painter, though he was also a poet and orator, and from 1595 began to sculpt as well.

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County of East Frisia

The County of East-Frisia (Dutch: Graafschap Oost-Friesland) was a county (though ruled by a prince after 1662) in the region of East Frisia in the northwest of the present-day German state of Lower Saxony.

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County of Holland

The County of Holland was a State of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1432 part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1648 onward, Holland was the leading province of the Dutch Republic, of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques

The Couvent Saint-Jacques, Grand couvent des Jacobins or Couvent des Jacobins de la rue Saint-Jacques was a Dominican monastery on rue Saint-Jacques in Paris.

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Crow-stepped gable

A crow-stepped gable, stepped gable, or corbie step is a stairstep type of design at the top of the triangular gable-end of a building.

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Cuisine of Hamburg

Due to its centuries-old history as a major port town the cuisine of Hamburg is very diversified and sapid as ingredients’ supply was safe.

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Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit FRS (24 May 1686 – 16 September 1736) was a Dutch-German-Polish physicist, inventor, and scientific instrument maker.

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Danish art

Danish art is the visual arts produced in Denmark or by Danish artists.

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Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly

The Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly (Icelandic: Einokunarverslunin) was the monopoly on trade held by Danish merchants in Iceland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35)

The Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426–1435 (as was the Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League) was an armed trade conflict between the Danish dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck.

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Dano-Swedish War (1501–12)

The Dano-Swedish War from 1501 to 1512 was a military conflict between Denmark and Sweden within the Kalmar Union.

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Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09

The Dano–Swedish War of 1808–1809 was a war between Denmark–Norway and Sweden due to Denmark–Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Darłowo

Darłowo (in full The Royal City of Darłowo; Królewskie Miasto Darłowo, Rügenwalde), is a seaside town in the West Pomeranian Region, at the south coast of the Baltic Sea, north-western Poland, with 14,931 inhabitants.

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Darłowo Castle

Castle of the Pomeranian Dukes - the only Gothic castle located on the coast of the Baltic Sea in Poland.

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David Loggan

David Loggan (1634–1692) was an English baroque engraver, draughtsman and painter.

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Décapole

The Décapole (Dekapolis or Zehnstädtebund) was an alliance formed in 1354 by ten Imperial cities of the Holy Roman Empire in the Alsace region to maintain their rights.

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Désirée Clary

Eugénie Bernardine Désirée Clary (8 November 1777 – 17 December 1860), in Swedish officially Eugenia Bernhardina Desideria, was Queen of Sweden and Norway as the consort of King Charles XIV John (a former French General and founder of the House of Bernadotte), mother of Oscar I, and one-time fiancée of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Dülmen

Dülmen is a town in the district of Coesfeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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De Witte family

de Witte is a noble family originating from the Belgian city of Antwerp.

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Demmin

Demmin is a town in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

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Demographics of Germany

The demography of Germany is monitored by the Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office of Germany).

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Demographics of Latvia

This article is about the demographic features of the population of the historical territory of Latvia, including population density, ethnic background, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history.

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Departments of France

In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government below the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the commune.

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Derek

Derek is a male name.

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Deutsche Luft Hansa

Deutsche Luft Hansa A.G. (from 1933 styled as Deutsche Lufthansa and also known as Luft Hansa, Lufthansa, or DLH) was a German airline, serving as flag carrier of the country during the later years of the Weimar Republic and throughout Nazi Germany.

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Deutsches Rechtswoerterbuch

The Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW) or Dictionary of Historical German Legal Terms is a historic legal dictionary developed under the aegis of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

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Deventer

Deventer is a city and municipality in the Salland region of the province of Overijssel, Netherlands.

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Devonport Guildhall

Devonport Guildhall, Plymouth, was started in 1821 and completed in 1824.

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Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible.

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Dialect levelling

Dialect levelling or dialect leveling is a process of assimilation, mixture and merging of certain dialects, often by language standardization.

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Didrik Pining

Didrik Pining (1430 – 1491) was a German privateer, nobleman and governor of Iceland and Vardøhus.

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Dinklage

Dinklage is a town in the district of Vechta, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Dithmarschen

Dithmarschen (Low Saxon pronunciation:, archaic English: Ditmarsh, Ditmarsken, Medieval Latin: Tedmarsgo) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Ditmar Koel

Ditmar Koel, also Dithmar Koel, Ditmar Kohl or Dietmar Koehl (born around 1500, died 22 September 1563 in Hamburg), was a Captain, successful pirate hunter and Mayor of Hamburg.

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Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen

Dodo Freiherr zu Innhausen und Knyphausen (sometimes Knijphausen or Kniphausen; 2 July 1583 – 11 January 1636) was a German professional soldier who saw extensive service in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), rising to the rank of Field Marshal in Swedish service in 1633.

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Dominions of Sweden

The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar ("Swedish possessions") were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated with Sweden.

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Dominium maris baltici

The establishment of a dominium maris baltici ("Baltic Sea dominion") was one of the primary political aims of the Danish and Swedish kingdoms in the late medieval and early modern eras.

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Dorothea of Brandenburg

Dorothea of Brandenburg (1430/1431 – 10 November 1495) was Queen consort of Denmark (1445–1448 and 1449–1481), Norway (1445–1448 and 1450–1481), and Sweden (1447–1448 and 1457–1464) two times each by marriage to Christopher of Bavaria and Christian I of Denmark.

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Dorothy Dunnett

Dorothy Dunnett (née Halliday, 25 August 1923 – 9 November 2001) was a Scottish historical novelist.

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Dorsten

Dorsten is a town in the district of Recklinghausen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and has a population of just below 80,000.

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Dortmund

Dortmund (Düörpm:; Tremonia) is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Dragør

Dragør is the main town and the seat of the municipal council of Dragør Municipality, (Denmark), which includes the village of Store Magleby.

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Drangmeister

Drangmeister is a German surname.

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Drolshagen

Drolshagen is a town belonging to the district of Olpe in the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, lying roughly 5 km west of Olpe.

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Duchy of Brunswick State Railway

The Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn) was the first state railway in Germany.

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Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)

The Duchy of Estonia (Hertugdømmet Estland Ducatus Estonie), also known as Danish Estonia, was a direct dominion (dominium directum) of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat.

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Duchy of Pomerania

The Duchy of Pomerania (Herzogtum Pommern, Księstwo Pomorskie, 12th century – 1637) was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins).

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Duecento

Duecento was the Italian word for the Italian culture during the 13th century.

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Duisburg

Duisburg (locally) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Dutch Golden Age

The Dutch Golden Age (Gouden Eeuw) was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.

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Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

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Dutch–Hanseatic War

The Dutch–Hanseatic War was a conflict between the Burgundian Netherlands and the Hanseatic League over the latter's control of Baltic shipping.

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Early Finnish wars

Early Finnish wars are scattered descriptions of conflicts involving Finnish tribes or Finland prior medieval times.

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East Frisia

East Frisia or Eastern Friesland (Ostfriesland; East Frisian Low Saxon: Oostfreesland; Oost-Friesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony.

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East Frisian chieftains

The East Frisian chieftains (Häuptlinge, Low German: hovetlinge / hovedlinge) assumed positions of power in East Frisia during the course of the 14th century, after the force of the old, egalitarian constitution from the time of Frisian Freedom had markedly waned.

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Eastland Company

The Eastland Company, or North Sea Company, was an English crown-chartered company, founded in 1579 to foster trade with Scandinavia and Baltic Sea states.

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Economic history of Europe

This article covers the Economic history of Europe from about 1000 AD to the present.

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Economic history of Germany

Germany before 1800 was heavily rural, with some urban trade centers.

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Economic history of Spain

This article covers the development of Spain's economy over the course of its history.

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Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)

The economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815) is the history of an economy that scholar Jan de Vries calls the first "modern" economy.

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Economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages

The economics of English towns and trade in the Middle Ages is the economic history of English towns and trade from the Norman invasion in 1066, to the death of Henry VII in 1509.

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Economy of England in the Middle Ages

The economy of England in the Middle Ages, from the Norman invasion in 1066, to the death of Henry VII in 1509, was fundamentally agricultural, though even before the invasion the market economy was important to producers.

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Economy of Latvia

The economy of Latvia is an open economy in Northern Europe and is part of the European Union's (EU) single market.

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Economy of Lithuania

Lithuania is a member of the European Union and the largest economy among the three Baltic states.

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Economy of the Pskov Republic

Pskov has always played a special role in Russian trade with the West.

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Eduard Wilhelm Sievers

Eduard Wilhelm Sievers, born March 19, 1820 in Hamburg, died December 9, 1894 in Gotha, was a German Shakespeare scholar and professor in Gotha.

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Eggers Wiek

Eggers Wiek is a sickle-shaped bay within the Bay of Wismar on the southwestern Baltic Sea coast of the German state of Mecklenburg.

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Eidgenossenschaft

Eidgenossenschaft is a German word meaning confederation.

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Einbeck

Einbeck is a town in the district Northeim, in southern Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Einbecker Brewery

The Einbecker Brewery (German: Einbecker Brauhaus) is a brewery located in Einbeck, Germany.

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Elbe

The Elbe (Elbe; Low German: Elv) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.

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Elbe–Weser triangle

The region between the Elbe and Weser rivers (the triangle of Bremen, Hamburg, and Cuxhaven) forms the Elbe–Weser triangle (Elbe-Weser-Dreieck), also rendered Elbe-Weser Triangle, in northern Germany.

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Elbląg

Elbląg (Elbing; Old Prussian: Elbings) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011).

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Elburg

Elburg is a municipality and a city in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands.

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Electorate of Cologne

The Electorate of Cologne (Kurfürstentum Köln), sometimes referred to as Electoral Cologne (Kurköln), was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century.

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Elisabeth Hevelius

Elisabeth Catherina Koopmann Hevelius (in Polish also called Elżbieta Heweliusz) (January 17, 1647–December 22, 1693) is considered one of the first female astronomers, and called "the mother of moon charts".

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Elise Eskilsdotter

Elise Eskilsdotter (Elise Eskildsdatter) (died circa 1483) was a Norwegian noble.

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Emmerich am Rhein

Emmerich am Rhein meaning Emmerich on the Rhine (Low Rhenish and Emmerik) is a town and municipality in the northwest of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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English Armada

The English Armada, also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake-Norris Expedition, was a fleet of warships sent to Spain by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War.

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English contract law

English contract law is a body of law regulating contracts in England and Wales.

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Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany.

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Eric II, Duke of Pomerania

Eric II or Erich II (between 1418 and 1425 – 5 July 1474) was a member of the House of Pomerania (also known as the House of Griffins) and was the ruling Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast from 1457 to 1474.

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Eric of Pomerania

Eric of Pomerania KG (1381 or 1382 – 24 September 1459) was the ruler of the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439, succeeding his adoptive mother, Queen Margaret I. He is numbered Eric III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Eric VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and Eric XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434, 1436–39).

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Eric VI of Denmark

Eric VI Menved (1274 – 13 November 1319) was King of Denmark (1286–1319) and a son of Eric V and Agnes of Brandenburg.

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Erling Dekke Næss

Erling Dekke Næss, (5 September 1901 – 7 February 1993) was a Norwegian shipowner and businessman.

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Espoonlahti

Espoonlahti (Finnish) or Esboviken (Swedish) (literally The Bay of Espoo or Espoo Bay) is one of the five major urban areas of Espoo, a city in Finland.

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Estonia

Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.

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Estonian cuisine

Traditional Estonian cuisine has substantially been based on meat and potatoes, and on fish in coastal and lakeside areas, but now bears influence from many other cuisines, including a variety of international foods and dishes, with a number of contributions from the traditions of nearby countries.

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Estonian language

Estonian (eesti keel) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people: 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia.

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Estophilia

Estophilia (from Greek: φίλος, filos - "dear, loving") refers to the ideas and activities of people not of Estonian descent who are sympathetic to or interested in Estonian language, Estonian literature or Estonian culture, the history of Estonia and Estonia in general.

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Germany)

This article covers euro gold and silver commemorative coins issued in Germany.

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Eurolinguistics

Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe.

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European Hansemuseum

The European Hansemuseum (Europäisches Hansemuseum) is a museum in Lübeck, Germany dedicated to the history of the Hanseatic League.

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European Route of Brick Gothic

The European Route of Brick Gothic (EuRoB) is a tourist route connecting cities with Brick Gothic architecture in three countries along the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Germany and Poland.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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Eurovision Song Contest 2002

The Eurovision Song Contest 2002 was the 47th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest.

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Evacuation of La Romana's division

The Evacuation of La Romana's division in August 1808 was a military operation in which a division of troops belonging to the Kingdom of Spain and commanded by Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of la Romana defected from the armies of the First French Empire.

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Exeter Guildhall

Exeter Guildhall in High Street, Exeter, Devon, England has been the centre of civic government for the city for at least 600 years.

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F.C. Hansa Rostock

F.C. Hansa Rostock is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Factory (trading post)

"Factory" (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; feitoria, factorij, factorerie, comptoir) was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt – which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point.

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Fair Isle

Fair Isle (IPA: /fɛəraɪ̯l/; Friðarey; Fara) is an island in Shetland, in northern Scotland.

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Falsterbo

Falsterbo is a town located at the south-western tip of Sweden in Vellinge Municipality in Skåne.

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Fanefjord Church

Fanefjord Church, is a church on the Danish island of Møn.

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Fehmarnbelt Lightship

The Fehmarnbelt Lightship (Feuerschiff Fehmarnbelt) was built in 1906-1908 at Brake on the River Weser and entered service in 1908 as the lightship Außeneider.

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Feriköy Protestant Cemetery

Feriköy Protestant Cemetery (Feriköy Protestan Mezarlığı) officially called Evangelicorum Commune Coemeterium is a Christian cemetery in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Finland under Swedish rule

Finland under Swedish rule refers to the period in the history of Finland when it was a part of Sweden.

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Finnish language

Finnish (or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland.

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First Treaty of Brömsebro (1541)

The First Treaty of Brömsebro was agreed upon in September 1541.

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Fischland

Fischland (literally "fish land") is an isthmus on the southern Baltic Sea coast on the Bay of Mecklenburg in northeastern Germany.

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Fishing industry in Scotland

The fishing industry in Scotland comprises a significant proportion of the United Kingdom fishing industry.

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Flag of Germany

The flag of Germany or German Flag (Flagge Deutschlands) is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany: black, red, and gold (Schwarz-Rot-Gold).

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Flag of Kaliningrad Oblast

The flag of the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast is a rectangle with a ratio of 2:3 divided into three horizontal stripes.

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Flag of Riga

The flag of Riga is one of the official symbols of Riga, along with the coat of arms of Riga.

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Flags of the Holy Roman Empire

The Flag of the Holy Roman Empire was not a national flag, but rather an imperial banner used by the Holy Roman Emperor; black and gold were used as the colours of the imperial banner, a black eagle on a golden background.

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Flensburg

Flensburg (Danish, Low Saxon: Flensborg; North Frisian: Flansborj; South Jutlandic: Flensborre) is an independent town (kreisfreie Stadt) in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Focko Ukena

Focko Ukena (Neermoor, 1360 or 1370 – 1435) was an East Frisian chieftain (hovetling) who played an important part in the struggle between the Vetkopers and Schieringers in the provinces of Groningen and Friesland.

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Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas

The Republic of Texas was a North American nation from 1836 to 1845; in its short time it established diplomatical relations worldwide, mainly through the cotton trade.

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Fortifications of Copenhagen

The fortifications of Copenhagen is the broad name for the rings of fortifications surrounding the city of Copenhagen.

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Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler

Francisco de Borja Garção Stockler, 1st Baron of Vila da Praia, (25 September 1759, in Lisbon – 6 March 1829) was a lieutenant general and the 8th Captain General of the Azores, politician, and mathematician.

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Frankfurt (Oder)

Frankfurt (Oder) (also Frankfurt an der Oder, abbreviated Frankfurt a. d. Oder, Frankfurt a. d. O., Frankf., 'Frankfurt on the Oder') is a town in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River, on the German-Polish border directly opposite the town of Słubice, which was part of Frankfurt until 1945.

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Franz Rhode

Franz Rhode (also Franciscus Rhodus) (died 1559) was a German printer of the 16th century.

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Franzburg

Franzburg is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim

Count Frederick of Solms-Rödelheim (30 November 1574 – 1649) was an imperial chamberlain, war councillor and colonel in the period of the Thirty Years' War.

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Free City of Danzig

The Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig; Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 towns and villages in the surrounding areas.

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Free City of Lübeck

The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Free imperial city

In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

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Free state (government)

Free state is a term that has been occasionally used in the official titles of some states.

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Free trade

Free trade is a free market policy followed by some international markets in which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or exports to, other countries.

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Free-trade zone

A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a specific class of special economic zone.

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Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann

Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann (13 May 1785, Wismar5 December 1860, Bonn) was a German historian and politician.

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Friedrich Daniel Bassermann

Friedrich Daniel Bassermann (24 February 1811 in Mannheim – 29 July 1855) was a German liberal politician who is best known for calling for a pan-German Parliament at the Frankfurt Parliament.

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Friedrich List

Georg Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist with dual American citizenship who developed the "National System", also known as the National System of Innovation.

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Frisian languages

The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500,000 Frisian people, who live on the southern fringes of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany.

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Friso-Hollandic Wars

The Friso-Hollandic Wars, also called Frisian-Hollandic Wars (Fries-Hollandse Oorlogen, West Frisian: Frysk-Hollânske oarloggen), were a series of short medieval wars (ranging from single battles to entire campaigns) consisting of the attempts made by the counts of Holland to conquer the free Frisian territories, which lay to the north and east of their domain.

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Frombork

Frombork is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon, in Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

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Fur trade

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur.

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Gable stone

Gable stones (Dutch gevelstenen) are carved and often colourfully painted stone tablets, which are set into the walls of buildings, usually at about 4 metres from the ground.

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Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor

Gabriel-Jean-Joseph, 1er Comte Molitor (7 March 1770 – 28 July 1849), was a Marshal of France.

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Gammeltorv

Gammeltorv (Old Market) is the oldest square in Copenhagen, Denmark.

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Gardelegen

Gardelegen is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Göta Canal

The Göta Canal (Göta kanal) is a Swedish canal constructed in the early 19th century.

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Göttingen

Göttingen (Low German: Chöttingen) is a university city in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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Gediminas

Gediminas (– December 1341) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1315 or 1316 until his death.

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Geert Groote

Gerard Groote (October 1340 – 20 August 1384), otherwise Gerrit or Gerhard Groet, in Latin Gerardus Magnus, was a Dutch Roman Catholic deacon, who was a popular preacher and the founder of the Brethren of the Common Life.

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General average

The law of general average is a legal principle of maritime law according to which all parties in a sea venture proportionally share any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency (for instance, when the crew throws some cargo overboard to lighten the ship in a storm).

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Gentry

The gentry (genterie; Old French gentil: "high-born") are the "well-born, genteel, and well-bred people" of the social class below the nobility of a society.

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Geographical distribution of German speakers

In addition to the German-speaking area (Deutscher Sprachraum) in Europe, German-speaking minorities are present in many countries and on all six inhabited continents.

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Geography of Norway

Norway is a country located in Northern Europe on the western and northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the North Sea to the southwest and the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) in the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast.

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Georg Friedrich Sartorius

Georg Friedrich Sartorius (after 1827 Freiherr von Waltershausen; 25 August 1765 Kassel – 24 August 1828 Göttingen) was a German research historian, economist and professor at Göttingen University.

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Georg Giese

Georg Giese (2 April 1497 – 3 February 1562) was a prominent Hanseatic merchant, who managed his family's office at London's Steelyard for at least 12 years, and is noted for having had his portrait painted by Hans Holbein the Younger.

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Georg Heinrich Sieveking

Georg Heinrich Sieveking (1 January 1751 in Hamburg, Germany – 25 January 1799 in Hamburg, Germany) was a German merchant and follower of the Enlightenment.

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Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl

Georg II of Fleckenstein Dagstuhl (2 February 1588 – 31 January 1644) was the last baron of the house of Fleckenstein.

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George Frideric Handel

George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (born italic; 23 February 1685 (O.S.) – 14 April 1759) was a German, later British, Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well-known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos.

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German art

German art has a long and distinguished tradition in the visual arts, from the earliest known work of figurative art to its current output of contemporary art.

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German auxiliary cruiser Hansa

The Hansa was an auxiliary cruiser of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine used during World War II.

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German colonial empire

The German colonial empire (Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies and territories of Imperial Germany.

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German dialects

German dialect is dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift, and the dialect continua that connect German to the neighbouring varieties of Low Franconian (Dutch) and Frisian.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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German New Guinea

German New Guinea (Deutsch-Neuguinea) was the first part of the German colonial empire.

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German orthography

German orthography is the orthography used in writing the German language, which is largely phonemic.

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German Renaissance

The German Renaissance, part of the Northern Renaissance, was a cultural and artistic movement that spread among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries, which developed from the Italian Renaissance.

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Germania (guild)

Germanies (in Catalan; literally "brotherhoods") were guilds of artisans in the Kingdom of Valencia in Spain.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Germans in Bulgaria

Germans (немци, nemtsi or германци, germantsi) are a minority ethnic group in Bulgaria (Bulgarien).

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Germans in the United Kingdom

Germans have been coming to live in the United Kingdom for hundreds of years.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Germany–United Kingdom relations

Germany–United Kingdom relations, or Anglo–German relations, are the bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Germany.

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Glasin

Glasin is a municipality in the Nordwestmecklenburg district, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

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Glossary of Nazi Germany

This is a list of words, terms, concepts and slogans of Nazi Germany used in the historiography covering the Nazi regime.

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Goslar

Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Gothic and Vandal warfare

The Goths, Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians were East Germanic groups who appear in Roman records in Late Antiquity.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

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Gothic architecture in Lithuania

Lithuania is not the very centre of Gothic architecture, but it provides a number of examples, partly very different and some quite unique.

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Gothic architecture in modern Poland

The Gothic style arrived in Poland in the first half of the 13th century with the arrival of members of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.

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Gothic secular and domestic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period.

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Gotland

Gotland (older spellings include Gottland or Gothland), Gutland in the local dialect, is a province, county, municipality, and diocese of Sweden.

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Gotlander

The Gutes or the Gotlanders (in Swedish gutar) are the population of the island of Gotland.

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Gottfried Michaelsen

Gödeke Michels (Low Saxon; died 1402), also known as Gottfried Michaelsen in High German, was a German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeeler, a combination of former Vitalienbrüder.

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Government of Hamburg

The government of Hamburg is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches.

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Gracht

Gracht (plural: grachten) is a Dutch word frequently encountered by non-Dutch people when confronted with several things related to the Netherlands, such as Dutch art (mainly 17th-century town-views of grachten), Dutch history (notably the Anne Frank House and several monuments in Amsterdam, located on grachten) or tourism (especially boating tours on the grachten of various Dutch cities).

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Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

The Grand Master (Hochmeister; Magister generalis) is the holder of the supreme office of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood. An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.

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Greater Hamburg Act

The Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), in full the Law Regarding Greater Hamburg and Other Territorial Readjustments (Gesetz über Groß-Hamburg und andere Gebietsbereinigungen), was passed by the government of Nazi Germany on 26 January 1937, and mandated the exchange of territories between Hamburg and the Free State of Prussia.

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Greifswald

Greifswald, officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (German: Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald), is a city in northeastern Germany.

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Grip, Norway

Grip is an archipelago, a deserted fishing village, and a former municipality about northwest of the city of Kristiansund.

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Groningen

Groningen (Gronings: Grunnen) is the main municipality as well as the capital city of the eponymous province in the Netherlands.

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Groningen (province)

Groningen (Gronings: Grunn; Grinslân) is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands.

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Gronings dialect

Gronings, in the dialect itself called Grunnegs or Grönnegs, is a collective name for some Friso-Saxon dialects spoken in the province of Groningen and around the Groningen border in Drenthe and Friesland.

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Gryfice

Gryfice (Kashubian: Grëfice), formerly known as Greifenberg,".

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Gudhjem Church

Gudhjem Church is the parish church of Gudhjem on the north coast of the Danish island of Bornholm.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.

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Guild of Saint Luke

The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city guild for painters and other artists in early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries.

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Guildford Guildhall

The Guildford Guildhall is a Guildhall located on the high street of the town of Guildford, Surrey.

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Guildhall

A guildhall is either a town hall, or a building historically used by guilds for meetings and other purposes, in which sense it can also be spelled as "guild hall" and may also be called a "guild house".

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Guildhall, Chester

The Guildhall, formerly Holy Trinity Church, is a redundant church in Watergate in the city of Chester, Cheshire, England.

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Guildhall, Derry

The Guildhall in Derry, Northern Ireland, is a building in which the elected members of Derry and Strabane District Council meet.

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Guildhall, Kingston upon Hull

The Guildhall is a building on Alfred Gelder Street in the City of Kingston upon Hull.

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Guildhall, Lichfield

The Guildhall is a historic building in the centre of Lichfield, Staffordshire in the United Kingdom.

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Guildhall, London

Guildhall is a Grade I-listed building in the City of London, England.

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Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne

The Guildhall is an important civic building in Newcastle upon Tyne.

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Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer

Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer (2 February 1808 – 3 March 1887) was a Jurist, Journalist and Natural history researcher.

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Gustav Ludolf Martens

Gustav Ludolf Martens (20 October 1818 – 7 January 1882) was a German architect and state master builder of Kiel.

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Gymnasium Petrinum Dorsten

Gymnasium Petrinum is a state-funded secondary school and the oldest Gymnasium in the German town of Dorsten, North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Haakon IV of Norway

Haakon Haakonsson (c. March/April 1204 – 16 December 1263) (Old Norse: Hákon Hákonarson; Norwegian: Håkon Håkonsson), sometimes called Haakon the Old in contrast to his son with the same name, and known in modern regnal lists as Haakon IV, was the King of Norway from 1217 to 1263.

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Haakon VI of Norway

Haakon VI of Norway (Håkon, Håkan; 1340–1380), also known as Håkan Magnusson, was King of Norway from 1343 until his death and King of Sweden between 1362 and 1364.

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Hafnarfjörður

Hafnarfjörður is a port town and municipality located on the southwest coast of Iceland, about south of Reykjavík.

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HaFraBa

HaFraBa e.V. stands for the association Verein zur Vorbereitung der Autostraße Hansestädte–Frankfurt–Basel and was one of the first large Autobahn projects in Germany.

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Halberstadt

Halberstadt is a town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the capital of Harz district.

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Halle (Saale)

Halle (Saale) is a city in the southern part of the German state Saxony-Anhalt.

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Halsted Priory

Halsted Priory was a small Benedictine house located near Nakskov, on the island of Lolland, Denmark.

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Hamburg

Hamburg (locally), Hamborg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),Constitution of Hamburg), is the second-largest city of Germany as well as one of the country's 16 constituent states, with a population of roughly 1.8 million people. The city lies at the core of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which spreads across four German federal states and is home to more than five million people. The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919 it formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. The city has repeatedly been beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, exceptional coastal flooding and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids. Historians remark that the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Situated on the river Elbe, Hamburg is home to Europe's second-largest port and a broad corporate base. In media, the major regional broadcasting firm NDR, the printing and publishing firm italic and the newspapers italic and italic are based in the city. Hamburg remains an important financial center, the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, italic, italic, italic, and Unilever. The city is a forum for and has specialists in world economics and international law with such consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. In recent years, the city has played host to multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German Chancellor italic, who governed Germany for eight years, and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, come from Hamburg. The city is a major international and domestic tourist destination. It ranked 18th in the world for livability in 2016. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. Among its most notable cultural venues are the italic and italic concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's italic is among the best-known European entertainment districts.

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Hamburg Citizen Militia

The Hamburg Citizen Militia (Hamburger Bürgermilitär) or Hanseatic Citizen Guard (Hanseatische Bürgergarde) was a citizen militia of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, formed from conscripted citizens and inhabitants of the city.

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Hamburg City Hall

Hamburg City Hall (German: Rathaus) is the seat of local government of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, Germany.

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Hamburg Museum

The Hamburg Museum, also known as ("Museum for Hamburg History"), is a history museum located in the city of Hamburg in northern Germany.

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Hamburg Parliament

The Hamburg Parliament (Hamburgische Bürgerschaft; literally the Hamburg citizenry) is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Hamburg according to the constitution of Hamburg.

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Hamburg State Opera

The Hamburg State Opera (in German: Hamburgische Staatsoper) is a Germany opera company based in Hamburg.

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Hamburg Stock Exchange

The Hamburg Stock Exchange (Hamburger Börse) is a stock exchange founded in 1558 in the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg.

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Hamelin

Hamelin (Hameln) is a town on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Hamm

Hamm (Latin: Hammona) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Hammeren

Hammeren (also Hammerknuden; meaning, "hammerhead-shaped crag of granite") is a protected area and promontory in Denmark on the northernmost point of Bornholm island.

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Hampden Dutton

William Hampden Dutton (1805 – 21 November 1849), generally known as Hampden Dutton, was a pioneering pastoralist in New South Wales and South Australia.

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Hanneke Wrome

Hanneke Wrome was a 15th-century Hanseatic ship that sunk outside the island of Jussarö in Raseborg, Finland on 11 November 1468.

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Hanover

Hanover or Hannover (Hannover), on the River Leine, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover).

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Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere) (– between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

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Hans Kruckow

Hans Kruckow (1424 ? - 1455 ?) was a knight and a royal councilor in Norway.

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Hans-Friedrich Blunck

Hans-Friedrich Blunck (3 September 1888 – 24 April 1961) was a German jurist and a writer.

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Hansa

Hansa may refer to.

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Hansa Brewery

Hansa Bryggeri (Hansa Brewery) is the local brewery of Bergen, Norway.

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Hansa Records

Hansa Records (also known as Hansa, Hansa Musik Produktion or Hansa International) was a record label founded in the 1960s based in West Berlin, West Germany.

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Hansa Teutonica

Hansa Teutonica is a German board game designed by Andreas Steding and published by Argentum Verlag in 2009.

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Hansabank

Hansabank was a bank operating in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania owned by the FöreningsSparbanken/Swedbank, a Swedish bank.

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Hansaviertel

The Hansaviertel is the smallest Ortsteil (district) of Berlin and is between Großer Tiergarten and the Spree River, within the central Mitte borough of Berlin.

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Hanse Sail

The Hanse Sail in Rostock is the largest maritime festival in Mecklenburg (Germany) and one of the largest in Europe.

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Hanseaten (class)

The Hanseaten (Hanseatics) is a collective term for the hierarchy group (so called First Families) consisting of elite individuals and families of prestigious rank who constituted the ruling class of the free imperial city of Hamburg, conjointly with the equal First Families of the free imperial cities Bremen and Lübeck.

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Hanseatic

Hanseatic may refer to.

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Hanseatic Cross

The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuz) was a decoration of the three Hanseatic city-states of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, who were members of the German Empire during World War I. Each republic established its own version of the cross, but the design and award criteria were similar for each.

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Hanseatic Days of New Time

The Hanseatic Days of New Time or the Hansa Days of New Time (Hansetage der Neuzeit) is an annual international festival of member cities of the Hanseatic League of New Time (also known as the New Hansa).

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Hanseatic flags

Hanseatic flags are the banners of Hanseatic cities, that were flown by cogs and other ships of the Hanseatic league - as illustrated on the 1350 seal of Elbing shown here.

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

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Hanseatic Legion

The Hanseatic Legion was a military unit, first formed of a group of citizens from Hamburg.

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Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene

Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene (Det Hanseatiske Museum og Schøtstuene) is a museum in the city of Bergen, Norway.

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Hanseatic Parliament

The Hanseatic Parliament (Hanse Parlament) is an association of more than 50 business chambers (chambers of crafts, chambers of commerce and other similar bodies) around the Baltic Sea region with the common goal of promoting the small and medium-sized companies (SMEs), in particular in the fields of qualification, research and innovation.

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Hanseatic Trade Center

The Hanseatic Trade Center (HTC) is a major office complex in the HafenCity of Hamburg, Germany.

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Hanze University of Applied Sciences

Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen (Hanze UAS, Hanzehogeschool Groningen) is the largest technical & vocational university in the northern Netherlands and is located in Groningen.

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Harderwijk

Harderwijk (Dutch Low Saxon: Harderwiek) is a municipality and city almost at the exact geographical centre of the Netherlands.

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Harju County

Harju County (Harju maakond), or Harjumaa (Harrien or Rugel, Harria) is one of the 15 counties of Estonia.

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Harry Gordon Selfridge

Harry Gordon Selfridge, Sr. (11 January 1858 – 8 May 1947) was an American-British retail magnate who founded the London-based department store Selfridges.

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Hasselt, Overijssel

Hasselt is a city about 7 km north of Zwolle, in the Dutch province of Overijssel.

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Hattingen

Hattingen is a town in the northern part of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Haupt (German word)

In German, Haupt in the broadest sense means something on the top of a hierarchy.

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Höxter

Höxter is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel in the centre of the Weser Uplands.

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Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg

Hedwig of Saxony (31 October 1445 – 13 June 1511) was Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg from 1458 until her death.

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Hein Hoyer

Hein Hoyer (lat. Hinricus Hoyeri) (c. 1380 in Hamburg – 12 May 1447 in Hamburg) was a German statesman and mayor of Hamburg.

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Heinrich Mann

Luiz (Ludwig) Heinrich Mann (27 March 1871 – 11 March 1950) was a German novelist who wrote works with strong social themes.

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Heinrich Parler

Heinrich Parler the Elder (also Heinrich of Gmünd, Heinrich von Gemünd der Ältere; c. 1310 – c. 1370), was a German architect and sculptor.

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Heinrich Sproemberg

Heinrich Sproemberg (25 November 1889 - 19 June 1966) was a German historian.

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Heinrich Sudermann

Heinrich Sudermann (31 August 1520 – 7 September 1591) was an official of the Hanseatic League from Cologne.

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Heinrich von Bülow (Grotekop)

Heinrich von Bülow also known as Big Top (Grotekop) was a knight born in the middle of the fourteenth century.

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Heinrich von Tschirschky

Heinrich Leonhard von Tschirschky und Bögendorff (15 July 1858 – 15 November 1916) was a German diplomat and politician, who served as Foreign Secretary and head of the Foreign Office from 24 January 1906 to 25 October 1907.

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Heligoland

Heligoland (Helgoland; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun, Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj) is a small German archipelago in the North Sea.

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Helmstedt

Helmstedt is a town on the eastern edge of the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Helsingborg

Helsingborg (spelled Hälsingborg between 1912 and 1970) is a town and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania, Sweden.

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Helsinki

Helsinki (or;; Helsingfors) is the capital city and most populous municipality of Finland.

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Hendrik Niehoff

Hendrik Niehoff (also Heinrich; 1495 – c. 1561) was a Dutch pipe organ builder, who learned with noted builder, Jan van Covelen (c. 1470-1532).

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Hennig Wichmann

Hennig Wichmann (died 1402) was one of the leaders of the German Likedeelers, an association of former Victual Brothers who had turned pirate.

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Henning Podebusk

Henning Podebusk or Putbus (before 1350 –) was a German-Slavic statesman, the last drost of Denmark.

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Henrik Kalteisen

Henrik Kalteisen, O.P., S.T.D., the Danish and Norwegian name of Heinrich Kalteisen (probably around 1390, Koblenz, Electorate of Trier – 2 October 1464, same placeWerner, "", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 15, page 41), was a German theologian and, from 1452 to 1458, the 24th Archbishop of Nidaros in Norway.

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Henry Borwin III, Lord of Rostock

Henry Borwin III, Lord of Rostock (– 1 August 1278) was a member of the House of Mecklenburg.

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Henry Francis Fisher

Henry Francis Fisher (1805–1867) was a notable German Texan.

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Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

Count Henry II of Holstein-Rendsburg (nickname Iron Henry; &ndash) was count of Holstein-Rendsburg and pledge lord of Southern Schleswig.

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Henry VII of England

Henry VII (Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death on 21 April 1509.

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Henryk Samsonowicz

Henryk Bohdan Samsonowicz (born January 23, 1930 in Warsaw) is a Polish historian specializing in medieval Poland, prolific writer, and professor of the University of Warsaw.

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Herbert Hahn

'Herbert Hahn' (* 5 May 1890 in Pärnu Estonia, then part of the Russian Empire; † 20 June 1970 in Stuttgart) was a German teacher and Anthroposophist.

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Herford

Herford is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest.

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Herford Abbey

Herford Abbey (Frauenstift Herford) was the oldest women's religious house in the Duchy of Saxony.

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Herräng

Herräng is the northernmost locality in Norrtälje Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden, with 422 inhabitants in 2010.

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HH Ferry route

The HH Ferry route (About the name: Helsingør - Helsingborg; Helsingør is Danish for Elsinore) is a very old shipping route which connects Helsingør at Zealand, Denmark and Helsingborg, Scania, Sweden across the northern, and narrowest part of the Øresund.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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High Wycombe Guildhall

The High Wycombe Guildhall is a Guildhall located on the high street of the town of High Wycombe.

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Hiiu County

Hiiu County (Hiiu maakond), or Hiiumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia, being the smallest county both in terms of area and population.

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Hiiumaa

Hiiumaa (German & Dagö; Dagø; Hiidenmaa) is the second largest island (989 km²) in Estonia.

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Hildesheim

Hildesheim (Eastphalian: Hilmessen) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany with 103,804 inhabitants.

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Himmelpforten Convent

Himmelpforten Convent (Low Saxon: Klooster Hemelpoorten, Kloster Himmelpforten; Conventus Porta Coeli) was founded as a monastery of nuns following the Cistercian Rule during the 13th century in Himmelpforten, in today's Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Hindeloopen

Hindeloopen (Hylpen; Hindeloopen Frisian: Hielpen) is an old city on the North of the Netherlands on the IJsselmeer.

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Historic roads

Historic roads are existing or once existent travel routes of historic significance.

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Historical Archive of the City of Cologne

The Historical Archive of the City of Cologne (Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln) is the municipal archive of Cologne, Germany.

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History of Amsterdam

Amsterdam has a long and eventful history.

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History of Belgium

The history of Belgium predates the founding of the modern state of that name in 1830.

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History of Berlin

The history of Berlin starts with its foundation in the 13th century.

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History of Bristol

Bristol is a city with a population of nearly half a million people in south west England, situated between Somerset and Gloucestershire on the tidal River Avon.

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History of Christianity in Iceland

The history of Christianity in Iceland can be traced back to the Early Middle Ages when Irish hermits settled in Iceland at least a century before the arrival of the first Norse settlers in the 870s.

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History of Colchester

Colchester is a historic town located in Essex, England.

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History of Cologne

The German city of Cologne was founded in the 1st century as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium.

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History of contract law

The history of contract law dates back to Ancient civilizations.

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History of Copenhagen

The history of Copenhagen dates back to the first settlement at the site in the 11th century.

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History of democracy

A democracy is a political system, or a system of decision-making within an institution or organization or a country, in which all members have an equal share of power.

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History of Denmark

The history of Denmark as a unified kingdom began in the 8th century, but historic documents describe the geographic area and the people living there—the Danes—as early as 500 AD.

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History of English contract law

The history of English contract law traces back to its roots in civil law, the lex mercatoria and the industrial revolution.

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History of Estonia

The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of fishing

Fishing is the practice of catching fish.

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History of French wine

The history of French wine, spans a period of at least 2600 years dating to the founding of Massalia in the 6th century BC by Phocaeans with the possibility that viticulture existed much earlier.

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History of Gdańsk

Gdańsk (or;; Kashubian: Gduńsk; Danzig) is one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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History of German

The history of the German language as separate from common West Germanic begins in the Early Middle Ages with the High German consonant shift.

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History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe

The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire.

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History of Germany

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.

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History of Goslar

Goslar is a world heritage site in Germany.

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History of Hamburg

The history of Hamburg begins with its foundation in the 9th century as a mission settlement to convert the Saxons.

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History of Helsinki

Helsinki is the capital of Finland and its largest city.

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History of international law

The history of international law examines the evolution and development of public international law in both state practice and conceptual understanding.

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History of Kraków

Kraków (Cracow) is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 756,441 (2008).

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History of Lae

As the township of Lae, in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea is a relatively new entity, the history of the Lae environs is much older.

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History of Latvia

The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.

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History of Lisbon

The history of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, revolves around its strategic geographical position at the mouth of the Tagus, the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula.

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History of London

The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years.

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History of Münster

In 793 Charlemagne sent out as missionary the Frisian Liudger (later canonized) to convert the Saxons with whom he had been battling, offering as headquarters his recently demolished Frankish stronghold of Mimigernaford ("ford over the Aa river"), at the crossroads of the road from Cologne and the road to Frisia.

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History of navigation

The history of navigation is the history of seamanship, the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments.

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History of Norway

The history of Norway has been influenced to an extraordinary degree by the terrain and the climate of the region.

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History of Poles in Königsberg

The History of Poles in Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec) goes back to the 14th century.

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History of Pomerania

The history of Pomerania starts shortly before 1000 AD with ongoing conquests by newly arrived Polans rulers.

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History of Portugal (1415–1578)

The Kingdom of Portugal in the 15th century was the first European power to begin building a colonial empire.

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History of printing in Poland

The history of printing in Poland began in the late 15th century, when following the creation of the Gutenberg Bible in 1455, printers from Western Europe spread the new craft abroad.

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History of Riga

The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of Scania

The history of the province of Scania was for many hundred years, up until the 18th century, marked by the struggle between the two Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden over the hegemony in the Baltic area.

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History of Schleswig-Holstein

The history of Schleswig-Holstein consists of the corpus of facts since the pre-history times until the modern establishing of the Schleswig-Holstein state.

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History of seafood

The harvesting and consuming of seafoods are ancient practices that may date back to at least the Upper Paleolithic period which dates to between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago.

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History of Shetland

The History of Shetland concerns the subarctic archipelago of Shetland in Scotland.

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History of Silesia

In the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. (late Bronze Age) Silesia belonged to the Lusatian culture.

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History of Speyer

The history of Speyer begins with the establishment of a Roman camp in 10 BCE, making it one of Germany's oldest cities.

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History of Sussex

Sussex, from the Old English 'Sūþsēaxe' ('South Saxons'), is a historic county in the south east of England.

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History of Sweden

During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included what is today Finland.

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History of Sweden (1523–1611)

The Early Vasa era is a period that in Swedish and Finnish history lasted between 1523–1611.

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History of Swedish

In the 9th century, Old Norse began to diverge into Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Sweden and Denmark).

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History of Szczecin

History of Szczecin (Stettin) - in Poland.

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History of the city

Towns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on which ancient settlement are truly cities.

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History of the Danish navy

The history of the Danish navy began with the founding of a joint Dano-Norwegian navy on 10 August 1510, when King John appointed his vassal Henrik Krummedige to become "chief captain and head of all our captains, men and servants whom we now have appointed and ordered to be at sea." The joint fleet was dissolved when Christian Fredrick established separate fleets for Denmark and Norway on 12 April 1814.

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History of the Faroe Islands

The early details of the history of the Faroe Islands are unclear.

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History of the Germans in Poland

The history of the Germans in Poland dates back over a millennium.

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History of the hamburger

The Hamburger (also commonly called “burger”) most likely first appeared in the 19th or early 20th century.

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History of the Jews in Cologne

The history of the Jews in Cologne is documented from the year 321 AD, almost as long as the history of Cologne.

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History of the Netherlands

The history of the Netherlands is the history of seafaring people thriving on a lowland river delta on the North Sea in northwestern Europe.

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History of the North Sea

The North Sea, though often an area of conflict, has an extensive history of maritime commerce and trade routes between its coastal nations whose economies and industries were also able to exploit its resources.

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History of the Ruhr

The actual boundaries of the Ruhr vary slightly depending on the source, but a good working definition is to define the Lippe and Ruhr as its northern and southern boundaries respectively, the Rhine as its western boundary, and the town of Hamm as the eastern limit.

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History of Toruń

The first settlement in the vicinity of Toruń is dated by archaeologists to 1100 BC (Lusatian culture).

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History of Vilnius

This article is about the history of Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania.

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History of Wrocław

Wrocław (Vratislav, Breslau) has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship.

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House of Perkūnas

The House of Perkūnas is one of the most original and Gothic secular buildings, located in the Old Town of Kaunas, Lithuania.

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House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France.

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Hugh Fenn (died 1409)

Hugh Fenn (died 1409), also written Fenne or atte Fenn, was an English businessman from Great Yarmouth in Norfolk who was active in local and national government during the reigns of Kings Richard II and Henry IV.

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Hunsrück

The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Hydrarchy

Hydrarchy, is the organizational structure of a ship, or the ability for individual(s) to gain power over land by ruling through the instrument of water, as defined by English philosopher Richard Braithwaite, who coined the term in 1631.

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Ian Colvin

Ian Duncan Colvin (29 September 1877 — 10 May 1938) was a British journalist and historian (not to be confused with Ian Goodhope Colvin, his son, also a journalist and author).

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Iberian ship development, 1400–1600

Iberian kingdoms made major contributions to maritime innovation in the Age of Discovery.

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Icelandic Reformation

The Icelandic Reformation took place in the middle of the 16th century.

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Immigration to Norway

In 2017, Norway's immigrant population consisted of 883,751 people, making up 16.8% of the country's total population.

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Importation Act 1463

The Importation Act 1463 (3 Edw. 4, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the reign of Edward IV.

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Indre By

Indre By (lit. English, "Inner City"), also known as Copenhagen Center or K or Downtown Copenhagen, is an administrative district (by) in central Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark.

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Industry of the South Humber Bank

The south bank of the Humber Estuary in England is a relatively unpopulated area containing large scale industrial development built from the 1950s onward, including national scale petroleum and chemical plants as well as gigawatt scale gas fired power stations.

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Ingeborg Tott

Lady Ingeborg Åkesdotter Tott or 'Ingeborg Aagesdotter of the Thott' (Year of birth unknown –December 1507), in her lifetime called Ingeborg Åkesdotter or simply Fru Ingeborg (Lady Ingeborg), was a Swedish noble, the consort of the Swedish regent Sten Sture the elder (reign 1470–97 and 1501–03).

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Innenstadt (Braunschweig)

The Innenstadt ("inner city") is the central Stadtbezirk (city district) of Braunschweig, Germany.

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Insurance law

Insurance law is the practice of law surrounding insurance, including insurance policies and claims.

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Intercursus Magnus

The Intercursus Magnus was a major and long-lasting commercial treaty signed in February 1496 by King Henry VII of England and Duke Philip IV of Burgundy.

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International Gothic

International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France, and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century.

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Interregnum (HRE)

There was no emperor of the Holy Roman Empire between 1245 and 1312, and again during 1378–1433 and 1437–1452.

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Ipswich

Ipswich is the county town of Suffolk, England, located on the estuary of the River Orwell, about north east of London.

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Israelitisches Familienblatt

Israelitisches Familienblatt (literally: Israelite Family Paper; originally: Israelitisches Familienblatt für Hamburg, Altona und Wandsbek) was a rather impartial Jewish weekly newspaper, which directed at Jewish readers of all alignments.

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Italian city-states

The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.

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Italian Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance (Rinascimento) was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century (Trecento) and lasted until the 17th century (Seicento), marking the transition between Medieval and Modern Europe.

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Ius indigenatus

Ius indigenatus (Latin for "right of local birth") is a right which was from the 15th to the 18th century a requirement for people to hold office in Prussia.

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Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV Vasilyevich (pron; 25 August 1530 –), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible or Ivan the Fearsome (Ivan Grozny; a better translation into modern English would be Ivan the Formidable), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of All Rus' until his death in 1584.

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IX Corps (German Empire)

The IX Army Corps / IX AK (IX.) was a corps level command of the Prussian and German Armies before and during World War I. IX Corps was one of three formed in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War (the others being X Corps and XI Corps).

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Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño

Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño was an Ecuadorian historian and politician, born in Quito on December 11, 1890 to Don Manuel Jijón Larrea and Doña Dolores Caamaño y Almada.

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Jacob Frederico Torlade

Jacob Frederico Torlade (in German Jacob Friedrich Torlade) (his surname went on to use the spelling Torlades), originally from Hamburg (and naturalized Portuguese on July 23, 1781), was a son of Heinrich Torlade, businessman, and wife Elisabeth..., both born and living in Hamburg.

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Jacob Kabrun Jr.

Jacob Kabrun Jr. (1759–1814) was a wealthy merchant, book and art collector, and philanthropist who lived in Danzig (present-day Gdańsk in Poland).

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James Cope (UK politician)

James Cope (c.1709 – 1756) was a British Member of Parliament and political envoy.

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Jan van Valckenborgh

Johan van Valckenburgh (c. 1575 − 1624) was a Dutch military engineer who built fortresses.

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Jauch family

The Jauch family of Germany is a Hanseatic family which can be traced back till the Late Middle Ages.

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Jácome de Bruges

Jácome de Bruges, (born Jacob van Brugge in 1415 Flanders) was the son of a wealthy merchant family in Bruges.

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Jørgen Olufsen's House

Jørgen Olufsen's House (Jørgen Olufsen's Gård.) is located in Aalborg, Denmark.

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Jean Boudet

Jean Boudet (9 February 1769 in Bordeaux – 14 September 1809 in Moravské Budějovice, now in the Czech Republic) was a French général de division of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

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Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques

Jean Gabriel Maurice Rocques, comte de Montgaillard (November 16, 1761 – February 8, 1841) was a French political agent of the Revolution and First Empire era.

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Joachim Mörlin

Joachim Mörlin (April 5, 1514, Wittenberg, Electorate of Saxony – May 29, 1571, Königsberg, Duchy of Prussia) was a Lutheran theologian and an important figure in the controversies following Martin Luther's death.

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Jochen Kientz

Jochen Kientz (born 17 September 1972) is a German retired footballer who played as a central defender.

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Johann Baring

Johann Baring (born 15 November 1697 in Bremen, died 1748 in West Country), later anglicised to John Baring, was a German-British merchant.

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Johann Georg Kerner

Johann Georg Kerner (9 April 1770 - 7 April 1812) was a physician and a political journalist who became a critical chronicler of the French revolution.

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Johann Schöning

Johann Schöning (1458–1502) (also Schonynk) was mayor of Riga.

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Johann Smidt

Johann Smidt (November 5, 1773 – May 7, 1857) was an important Bremen politician, theologian, and founder of Bremerhaven.

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Johann Wittenborg

Johann Wittenborg (1321–1363) was a merchant and mayor of the free port of Lübeck in what is now north Germany.

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John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop

John Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (born 1 September 1579 in Gottorp, a part of today's Schleswig; died 3 September 1634 in, a part of today's Buxtehude) was the Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden.

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John I, Bishop-Elect of Utrecht

John I of Nassau (German: Johann I. von Nassau; Dutch: Jan van Nassau) (– 13 July 1309) was bishop-elect of the Bishopric of Utrecht from 1267 to 1290.

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John Islip

John Islip (1464Barbara F. Harvey and Henry Summerson,, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008–1532) was abbot of the monastery of Westminster, London, in Tudor times.

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John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, minister and ambassador to foreign nations, and treaty negotiator, United States Senator, U.S. Representative (Congressman) from Massachusetts, and the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

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John Scott (died 1485)

Sir John Scott (or Scot) (c. 1423 – 17 October 1485) of Scot's Hall in Smeeth was a Kent landowner, and committed supporter of the House of York.

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John Ward (diplomat, died 1890)

John Ward (1805–1890) was an English diplomat.

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John Woodall

John Woodall (1570–1643) was an English military surgeon, Paracelsian chemist, businessman, linguist and diplomat.

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John, King of Denmark

John (Danish, Norwegian and Hans; né Johannes) (2 February 1455 – 20 February 1513) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union.

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Joint issue

A joint issue is the release of stamps or postal stationery by two or more countries to commemorate the same topic, event or person.

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Joseph Pitcairn

Joseph Pitcairn (1764-1844) was an American diplomat, landowner and the American consul to the free Hansa city of Hamburg.

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Juan Francisco de Güemes, 1st Count of Revillagigedo

Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas (Juan Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas, primer conde de Revillagigedo) (1681, Reinosa, Cantabria – 1766, Spain) was a Spanish general, governor of Havana, captain general of Cuba, and viceroy of New Spain (from 9 July 1746 to 9 November 1755).

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Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Julius of Braunschweig; 29 June 1528 – 3 May 1589), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death.

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Jus naufragii

The jus naufragii (right of shipwreck), sometimes lex naufragii (law of shipwreck), was a medieval custom (never actually a law) which allowed the inhabitants or lord of a territory to seize all that washed ashore from the wreck of a ship along its coast.

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Kalmar Union

The Kalmar Union or Union of Kalmaris (Danish, Norwegian and Kalmarunionen; Unio Calmariensis) was a personal union that from 1397 to 1523 joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including most of Finland's populated areas), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas dependencies (then including Iceland, Greenland,Nominal possession, there was no European contact with the island during the Kalmar Union period the Faroe Islands and the Northern Isles).

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Kampen, Overijssel

Kampen is a city and municipality in the province of Overijssel, Netherlands.

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Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis

Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis, full German name: Karl Alexander Fürst von Thurn und Taxis (22 February 1770, Imperial City of Regensburg, Holy Roman Empire, 15 July 1827, Schloss Taxis, Dischingen, Kingdom of Württemberg) was the fifth Prince of Thurn and Taxis, head of the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post, and Head of the Princely House of Thurn and Taxis from 13 November 1805 until his death on 15 July 1827.

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Karl Koppmann

Georg Friedrich Karl Koppmann (24 March 1839, Hamburg; died 25 March 1905, Rostock) was a German historian, archivist and an authority in the field of German municipal history, particularly in the Hanseatic League.

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Karl-Heinz Riedle

Karl-Heinz Riedle (born 16 September 1965) is a German retired professional footballer who played as a striker.

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Katharineum

The Katharineum zu Lübeck is a humanistic gymnasium founded 1531 in the Hanseatic city Lübeck, Germany.

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Kattegat

The Kattegat (Kattegatt) is a sea area bounded by the Jutlandic peninsula in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark to the south and the provinces of Västergötland, Scania, Halland and Bohuslän in Sweden in the east.

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Kaunas

Kaunas (also see other names) is the second-largest city in Lithuania and the historical centre of Lithuanian economic, academic, and cultural life.

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Kaunas Fortress

Kaunas Fortress (Kauno tvirtovė, Кοвенская крепость) is the remains of a fortress complex in Kaunas, Lithuania.

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Kõpu Lighthouse

Kõpu Lighthouse (Kõpu tuletorn) is one of the best known symbols and tourist sights on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa.

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Köln Hansaring station

Köln Hansaring railway station is situated in the city of Cologne in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, about one kilometre northwest of Köln Hauptbahnhof.

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Königsberg

Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.

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Køge Bugt

Køge Bugt or Køge Bay is an approximately 500 km2-shallow Danish bay in the southern part of Øresund, between Greater Copenhagen area in the North (or more precisely the southernmost peak of Amager) and Stevns Klint in the South, and as a part of Zealand.

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Kiek in de Kök

Kiek in de Kök (Low German: Peep into the Kitchen) is an old Low German nickname for towers, mainly those that formed parts of town fortifications.

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Kiel

Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 (2016).

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King's Lynn

King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn, is a seaport and market town in Norfolk, England, about north of London, north-east of Peterborough, north north-east of Cambridge and west of Norwich.

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King's Lynn Docks

King's Lynn Docks are located to the north of the town of King's Lynn in the English county of Norfolk.

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Kingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Kingston upon Thames Guildhall

The Kingston upon Thames Guildhall is a guildhall in Kingston upon Thames in England.

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Kjøpstad

A kjøpstad (historically: kjøbstad, kjöbstad, or kaupstad) is an old Scandinavian term for "Market towns" that was used in the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for several hundred years.

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Klaus Störtebeker

Nikolaus Storzenbecher, or Klaus Störtebeker known as Germany's most famous pirate (1360 in Wismar – 20 October 1401 in Hamburg), was a leader and the best known representative of a companionship of privateers known as the Victual Brothers (German: Vitalienbrüder).

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Kneiphof

Coat of arms of Kneiphof Postcard of Kneiphöfsche Langgasse Reconstruction of Kneiphof in Kaliningrad's museum Kneiphof (Knypava; Knipawa) was a quarter of central Königsberg, Germany.

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Kołobrzeg

Kołobrzeg (Kolberg) is a city in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland with about 47,000 inhabitants.

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Koknese

Koknese is a historic town in Latvia, the administrative centre of Koknese municipality on the right bank of the Daugava River.

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Koknese Castle

Koknese Castle (Kokneses pils) is a complex in Koknese, Latvia, dating from the 13th century.

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Kolven

Kolven (verb; or noun: kolf) is a game originated in the Netherlands, played by four people in which players hit the ball over a certain distance and the first people to reach their opponents' starting point wins.

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Kontor

A kontor was a foreign trading post of the Hanseatic League.

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Koos

Koos is the largest of several small islands in the Bay of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Korbach

Korbach (pronunciation: ˈkoːɐˌbax), officially the Hanseatic City of Korbach (German: Hansestadt Korbach), is the district seat of Waldeck-Frankenberg in northern Hesse, Germany.

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Koszalin

Koszalin ((Köslin, Kòszalëno), is a city in Western Pomerania in north-western Poland. It is located south of the Baltic Sea coast, and intersected by the river Dzierżęcinka. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Previously, it was a capital of Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998). The current mayor of Koszalin is Piotr Jedliński.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Krämerbrücke

The Krämerbrücke (Merchants' bridge) is a medieval arch bridge in the city of Erfurt, in Thuringia in central Germany, which is lined with half timbered shops and houses on both sides of a cobblestone street.

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Kuldīga

Kuldīga (Goldingen) is a town in western Latvia.

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Kurd von Schlözer

Kurd von Schlözer (original name Conrad Nestor von Schlözer; 5 January 1822, in Lübeck, Free City of Lübeck – 13 May 1894, in Berlin, Germany) was an imperial German historian, diplomat and German Ambassador to the United States from 1871 to 1882.

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Kyritz

Kyritz is a town in the Ostprignitz-Ruppin district, in Brandenburg, Germany.

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Ladbergen

Ladbergen is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Lady of Stavoren

The Lady of Stavoren (Dutch: Vrouwtje van Stavoren, West Frisian: Frouke fan Starum) is a folk tale from the Netherlands which originated in the 16th century.

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Land Hadeln

Land Hadeln is a historic landscape and former administrative district in Northern Germany with its seat in Otterndorf on the Lower Elbe, the lower reaches of the River Elbe, in the Elbe-Weser Triangle between the estuaries of the Elbe and Weser.

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Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa

The Landesliga Hamburg-Hansa is the sixth tier of the German football league system and the second-highest league in the German state of Hamburg, together with the Landesliga Hamburg-Hammonia.

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Landskrona

Landskrona is a late medieval town in Scania province, Sweden, located at the shores of Øresund, founded at the location of the former Danish fishing village Sønder Sæby in the province of Scania by king Erik VII of Pomerania early in the 15th century.

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Languages of Europe

Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family.

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Languages of Sweden

Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the 10 million inhabitants of the country.

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Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Laus Polyphoniae

Laus Polyphoniae is the summer edition of the Festival van Vlaanderen (Festival of Flanders)-Antwerp.

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Laws of Wisbuy

The Laws of Wisbuy are a set of medieval maritime laws.

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Lübeck

Lübeck is a city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany, and one of the major ports of Germany.

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Lübeck Academy of Music

The Lübeck Academy of Music (Musikhochschule Lübeck) in Lübeck, Germany, is the only higher level music school in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Lübeck Hauptbahnhof

Lübeck Hauptbahnhof (German for Lübeck main station) is the main railway station serving the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Lübeck law

The Lübeck law (Lübisches (Stadt)Recht) was the constitution of a municipal form of government developed at Lübeck, now in Schleswig-Holstein, after it was made a free city in 1226.

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Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets

The Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets (in German: "TheaterFigurenMuseum Lübeck") is a museum of international puppetry in the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, Germany.

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Lübeck–Hamburg railway

The Hamburg–Lübeck railway is one of the most important mainline railways of the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg.

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Lübecker Yacht-Club

Lübecker Yacht-Club (Lübeck Yacht Club) is a yacht club in Germany.

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Lüdenscheid

Lüdenscheid is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Lüneburg

Lüneburg (officially the Hanseatic City of Lüneburg, German: Hansestadt Lüneburg,, Low German Lümborg, Latin Luneburgum or Lunaburgum, Old High German Luneburc, Old Saxon Hliuni, Polabian Glain), also called Lunenburg in English, is a town in the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Lüneburg Prelates' War

The Lüneburg Prelates' War (Lüneburger Prälatenkrieg) was not a war in the true sense, but a relatively bloodless, albeit vitriolic, dispute between the council of the North German town of Lüneburg and the clergy, the owners of the salt industry.

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Lüneburg Sate

The Lüneburg Sate (Lüneburger Sate) or Treaty of Lüneburg (Sate is Low German for settlement or treaty) was a territorial agreement between the territorial lord (Landesherr; i.e. the Guelphic Prince of Lüneburg) and the estates (Landesstände) in the Principality of Lüneburg established in 1392.

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Lüneburger SK Hansa

Lüneburger SK Hansa is a football club from the Lower Saxon Hanseatic town of Lüneburg in Northern Germany.

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League of towns

A league of towns (in German: Städtebund) is an alliance of two or more, usually geographically close, towns and/or cities for the protection of their political and/or economic interests.

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Leer

Leer is a town in the district of Leer, the northwestern part of Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Legal history

Legal history or the history of law is the study of how law has evolved and why it changed.

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Legends about Theoderic the Great

In legends about Theoderic the Great that spread after his death, the Gothic king Theoderic became known as Dietrich von Bern, a king ruling from Verona (Bern) who was forced into exile with the Huns.

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Leibzoll

The Leibzoll (German: "body tax") was a special toll which Jews had to pay in most of the European states in the Middle Ages and up to the beginning of the nineteenth century.

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Leicester Guildhall

The Guildhall in Leicester, England, is a Grade I listed timber framed building, with the earliest part dating from c. 1390.

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Leif Thor Olafsson

Leif Thor Olafsson, also Thorleiv Olavsson (died 1 Sep 1455) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Viborg (1440–1451) and Bishop of Bjørgvin (1451–1455).

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Leine-Heide Cycle Path

The Leine-Heide Cycle Path (Leine-Heide-Radweg) is a long-distance cycle path in Germany that has a total length of and runs through the German federal states of Thuringia, Lower Saxony and Hamburg.

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Leith

Leith (Lìte) is an area to the north of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, at the mouth of the Water of Leith.

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Lelystad

Lelystad is a municipality and a city in the centre of the Netherlands, and it is the capital of the province of Flevoland.

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Lelystad–Zwolle railway

The Lelystad–Zwolle railway, also known as the Hanzelijn (Hanseatic Line), is a Dutch railway line, finished in 2012.

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Lemgo

Lemgo is a university city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 25km east from Bielefeld.

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Lewitz

The Lewitz is a protected landscape in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a land of broad, flat pastures and farmland, fish ponds and occasional woodlands.

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LF-routes

LF-Routes (Landelijke Fietsroutes, Dutch for countrywide cycling routes) are long-distance cycling routes that form a network in the Netherlands and Belgium.

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Lieuwe van Aitzema

Lieuwe (Leo) van Aitzema (19 November 1600 – 23 February 1669) was a Dutch historian, diplomat, bon viveur, philanderer and spy.

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Limbaži

Limbaži (Lemsalu, Lemsal, Limbaž) is a town in the Vidzeme region of northern Latvia.

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Lincolnshire coast

The coast of Lincolnshire runs for more than down the North Sea coast of eastern England, from the estuary of the Humber (which divides it from East Yorkshire) to the marshlands of the Wash, where it meets Norfolk.

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Lisa von Lübeck

Lisa von Lübeck is the reconstruction of a 15th-century caravel with homeport Lübeck, Germany.

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List of ambassadors of France to Germany

The following is a (currently incomplete) list of Ambassadors of France to Germany and precursors of the modern German state.

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List of ambassadors of Germany to the United States

Germany and the United States have had diplomatic relations since German unification in 1871.

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List of Brick Renaissance buildings

Brick Renaissance is the Northern European continuation of brick architecture after Brick Romanesque and Brick Gothic.

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List of buildings in King's Lynn

King's Lynn is an English market town in West Norfolk.

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List of company name etymologies

This is a list of company names with their name origins explained.

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List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg

List of consular and (until 1918) diplomatic missions in Hamburg.

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List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary from the formation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until it was dissolved in 1918.

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List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic Cities

The United Kingdom had a diplomatic representative to the three sovereign Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck until German unification in 1871.

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List of Dutch inventions and discoveries

The Netherlands had a considerable part in the making of modern society.

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List of East Frisian people

This is a list of East Frisian people who are important to the region of East Frisia and its history in that they have played a key role in the region or are otherwise renowned and closely linked to East Frisia.

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List of English words of Dutch origin

This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare.

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List of free imperial cities

There were 51 Free Imperial Cities in the Holy Roman Empire as of 1792.

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List of German Americans

German Americans (Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of German ancestry; they form the largest ethnic ancestry group in the United States, accounting for 17% of U.S. population.

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List of Gothic brick buildings

By a lot of people, the term Brick Gothic is used for what more specifically is called Baltic Brick Gothic or North German Brick Gothic.

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List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization

The historical period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people.

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List of ironclad warships of Germany

Between the mid-1860s and the early 1880s, the Prussian and later Imperial German Navies purchased or built sixteen ironclad warships.

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List of lingua francas

This is a list of lingua francas.

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List of longest wooden ships

A list of the world's longest wooden ships is compiled below.

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List of Norwegian battles

List of Norwegian battles is a list of battles fought in Norway or which a significant number of participated.

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List of people from Bremen

This article provides a list of people from the city of Bremen.

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List of privateers

A privateer was a private person or private warship authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping.

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List of railway stations in Schleswig-Holstein

This list covers all the passenger railway stations and halts in Schleswig-Holstein, a state in northern Germany, that are served by timetabled services.

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List of recipients of the Hanseatic Cross

The Hanseatic Cross (Hanseatenkreuz) was a decoration of the three Hanseatic city-states of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, who were members of the German Empire during World War I. Each republic established its own version of the cross, but the design and award criteria were similar for each.

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List of shipwrecks of Europe

This is a list of shipwrecks located in and around the continent of Europe.

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List of state leaders in 1339

No description.

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List of states in the Holy Roman Empire (W)

This is a list of states in the Holy Roman Empire beginning with the letter W.

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List of structural failures and collapses

This is a list of structural failures and collapses, including some aircraft, bridges, dams, and radio masts/towers.

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List of terms used for Germans

There are many alternative terms for the people of Germany.

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List of town and city fires

This is a list of town and city conflagrations.

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List of towns in Skåne, Sweden

The following localities in Skåne were granted a charter and town privileges, mostly by the Danish king, as the province was under Danish rule up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658: The local government reform of 1863 created the concept of municipalities in Sweden.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of wars 1000–1499

This is a list of wars that began between 1000 to 1499. Other wars can be found in the historical lists of wars and the list of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity.

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List of wars involving Denmark

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Denmark.

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List of wars involving England

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of England prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain via the Acts of Union 1707.

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List of wars involving Norway

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Norway in some capacity, both the modern polity and its predecessor states.

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List of wars involving Spain

This is a list of wars fought by the Kingdom of Spain or on Spanish territory.

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List of wars involving Sweden

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden.

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List of wealthiest families

Various lists of the richest families in the world (excluding royal families or autocratic ruling dynasties) are published internationally, by Forbes as well as other business magazines.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe

The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has designated 77 World Heritage Sites in nine countries (also called "state parties") of Eastern Europe; defined here to mean the former Eastern Bloc countries not including the Baltic Countries (which are in Northern Europe) or former Yugoslavia and Albania (which are in Southern Europe) or the parts of Germany that once comprised East Germany (which are included in Western Europe): Russia, Belarus, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Germany

There are 43 official UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Germany, 40 cultural and 3 natural, with one additional previous site struck from the list.

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List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 132 World Heritage Sites in Western Europe.

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List of World Heritage Sites of Poland

A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is listed as site of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity.

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Livonia

Livonia (Līvõmō, Liivimaa, German and Scandinavian languages: Livland, Latvian and Livonija, Inflanty, archaic English Livland, Liwlandia; Liflyandiya) is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

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Livonian Chronicle of Henry

The Livonian Chronicle of Henry (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) or Henry's chronicle of Livonia is a document in Latin describing historic events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's inland Estonia and north of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227.

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Livonian Order

The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237.

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Livonian War

The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

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Lofoten

Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway.

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Lombard League

The Lombard League (Italian and Lombard: Lega Lombarda) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the Pope, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Longship

Longships were a type of ship invented and used by the Norsemen (commonly known as the Vikings) for commerce, exploration, and warfare during the Viking Age.

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Lord Edward FitzGerald

Lord Edward FitzGerald (15 October 1763 – 4 June 1798) was an Irish aristocrat and revolutionary who died of wounds received while resisting arrest on a charge of treason.

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Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne

Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (July 9, 1769 – February 7, 1834) was a French diplomat, born in Sens.

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Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Louis IV (Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

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Low German

Low German or Low Saxon (Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattduitsk, Nedersaksies; Plattdeutsch, Niederdeutsch; Nederduits) is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands.

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Lucas Watzenrode the Elder

Lucas Watzenrode the Elder (also Lukas in German; Polish Łukasz) (1400–1462) was a merchant in the Hanseatic Prussian city of Thorn (Toruń), father of Bishop Lucas Watzenrode the Younger, and grandfather of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.

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Ludwig Riess

Ludwig Riess (December 1, 1861 – December 27, 1928) was a German-born historian and educator, noted for his work in late 19th century Japan.

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Lufthansa

Deutsche Lufthansa AG, commonly known as Lufthansa (sometimes also as Lufthansa German Airlines), is the largest German airline and, when combined with its subsidiaries, also the largest airline in Europe both in terms of fleet size and passengers carried during 2017.

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Luke v Lyde

Luke v Lyde (1759), 2 Burr 882, 97 ER 614 (KB) is an early judgment on the Law of the Sea.

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Lutheran Church in Great Britain

The Lutheran Church in Great Britain (LCiGB) is a small Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom.

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Magdeburg

Magdeburg (Low Saxon: Meideborg) is the capital city and the second largest city of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages, granted by the local ruler.

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Magister Wigbold

Magister Wigbold (1365–1401), (alternative spellings: Wygbold, Wycholt) was the name given to Bertram Wigbold, also called “Master of the Seven Arts”.

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Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg

Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Güstrow (1441 – 20 November 1503) was duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1477 until his death.

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Magnus IV of Sweden

Magnus IV (April or May 1316 – 1 December 1374; Swedish Magnus Eriksson) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII (including Iceland and Greenland) from 1319 to 1343, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360.

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Mail delivery by animal

Mail delivery by animals has been used in many countries throughout history.

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Main Square, Kraków

The main square (Rynek Główny) of the Old Town of Kraków, Lesser Poland, is the principal urban space located at the center of the city.

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Malbork

Malbork (Marienburg; Civitas Beatae Virginis) is a town in northern Poland in the Żuławy region (Vistula delta), with 38,478 inhabitants (2006).

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Malbork Castle

The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (zamek w Malborku; Ordensburg Marienburg) was built in the 13th century in Prussia and is currently located near the town of Malbork, Poland.

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Malmö

Malmö (Malmø) is the capital and largest city of the Swedish county of Scania.

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Manchester Town Hall

Manchester Town Hall is a Victorian, Neo-gothic municipal building in Manchester, England.

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Manteño civilization

The Manteño civilization (Spanish: Los Manteños) were the last pre-Columbian civilization in modern-day Ecuador, active from 850 to 1600 CE (1150–400 BP).

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Maren Niemeyer

Maren Niemeyer (born 8 May 1964) is a German journalist, author and documentary filmmaker.

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Margaret I of Denmark

Margaret I (Margrete Valdemarsdatter, Margrete Valdemarsdatter, Margareta Valdemarsdotter, Margrét Valdimarsdóttir; 15 March 1353 – 28 October 1412) was queen consort of Norway (1363–1380) and Sweden (1363–1364) and later ruler in her own right of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, from which later period there are ambiguities regarding her specific titles.

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Marino Sanuto the Elder

Marino Sanuto or Sanudo the Elder of Torcello (– 1338) was a Venetian statesman and geographer.

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Maritime history

Maritime history is the study of human interaction with and activity at sea.

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Maritime history of England

The Maritime history of England involves events including shipping, ports, navigation, and seamen, as well as marine sciences, exploration, trade, and maritime themes in the arts of England.

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Maritime history of Europe

Maritime history of Europe includes past events relating to the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas concerning shipping and shipbuilding, shipwrecks, naval battles, and military installations and lighthouses constructed to protect or aid navigation and the development of Europe.

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Maritime republics

The maritime republics (repubbliche marinare) of the Mediterranean Basin were thalassocratic city-states which flourished in Italy and Dalmatia during the Middle Ages.

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Maritime timeline

This is a timeline of events in maritime history.

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Maritime transport

Maritime transport is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) by water.

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Mark (currency)

The mark was a currency or unit of account in many nations.

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Market Square (Lutsk)

Market Square is one of the oldest squares in Lutsk, Ukraine, dating back to the 14th century.

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Market town

Market town or market right is a legal term, originating in the Middle Ages, for a European settlement that has the right to host markets, distinguishing it from a village and city.

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Martin Behaim

Martin Behaim (6 October 1459 – 29 July 1507), also known as and by various forms of (Martinus Bohemus and de Boëmia; Martinho da Boémia; Martin Behaim von Schwarzbach) was a German mariner, artist, cosmographer, astronomer, philosopher, geographer, and explorer in service to King John II.

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Martin Opitz

Martin Opitz von Boberfeld (23 December 1597 – 20 August 1639) was a German poet, regarded as the greatest of that nation during his lifetime.

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Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein

Mölln is a town in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Mühlhausen

Mühlhausen is a city in the north-west of Thuringia, Germany, north of Niederdorla, the country's geographical centre, north-west of Erfurt, east of Kassel and south-east of Göttingen.

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Münster

Münster (Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, "monastery") is an independent city (Kreisfreie Stadt) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Münster Diocesan Feud

The Münster Diocesan Feud (Münsterische Stiftsfehde), or simply Münster Feud, was a dispute that took place between 1450 and 1457 over the appointment to the bishop's throne in Münster, and hence the rule of the diocese.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 1–1000

050 | 50 Virginia || – || Verginia, Roman legendary heroine.

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Meanings of minor planet names: 35001–36000

087 | 35087 von Sydow || || Max von Sydow (born 1929), a Swedish screen actor.

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Mecklenburg

Mecklenburg (locally, Low German: Mękel(n)borg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (often Mecklenburg-West Pomerania in English and commonly shortened to "Meck-Pomm" or even "McPom" or "M-V" in German) is a federal state in northern Germany.

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Medebach

Medebach is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Medici Bank

The Medici Bank (Italian: Banco dei Medici) was a financial institution created by the Medici family in Italy during the 15th century (1397–1494).

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Medieval commune

Medieval communes in the European Middle Ages had sworn allegiances of mutual defense (both physical defense and of traditional freedoms) among the citizens of a town or city.

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Medieval cuisine

Medieval cuisine includes foods, eating habits, and cooking methods of various European cultures during the Middle Ages, which lasted from the fifth to the fifteenth century.

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Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms

Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms is the expansion to the 2006 turn-based strategy PC game Medieval II: Total War.

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Medieval Market of Turku

The Medieval Market of Turku (Turun keskiaikaiset markkinat, Åbo medeltidsmarknad) is an annual historical reenactment event organised in the historic city centre of Turku, Finland.

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Medieval renaissances

The medieval renaissances were periods characterised by significant cultural renewal across medieval Western Europe.

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Medieval ships

The ships of Medieval Europe were powered by sail or oar, or both.

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Medieval Town of Toruń

Medieval Town of Toruń (zespół staromiejski Torunia) is the oldest historic district of the city of Toruń.

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Meldorf

Meldorf is a town in western Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, that straddles the river Miele in the district of Dithmarschen.

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Melle, Germany

Melle is a city in the district of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Merchant

A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people.

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Merchant Adventurers' Hall

The Merchant Adventurers' Hall is a medieval guildhall in the city of York, England, and was one of the most important buildings in the medieval city.

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Merchant Prince

Merchant Prince is a turn-based 4X strategy video game franchise set in the Republic of Venice during the Renaissance.

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Merchants of the Steelyard

The Merchants of the Steelyard was the English name for the merchants of the Hanseatic League who first settled in London in 1250 at the Steelyard on the river-side, near Cosin Lane, now Ironbridge Wharf and established their London Kontor in 1320.

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Mette Dyre

Mette Iversdotter Dyre (In Swedish: Mätta or Märta Ivarsdotter), (c. 1465 in Tirsbæk on Jylland in Denmark- c. before 1533), was a Danish noble, nominal sheriff and chancellor.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Middle Low German

Middle Low German or Middle Saxon (ISO 639-3 code gml) is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and the ancestor of modern Low German.

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Middlesex Guildhall

The Middlesex Guildhall is the home of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

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Midgard (software)

Midgard is an open source persistent storage framework.

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Military history of Denmark

Denmark has long been involved with the wars of Northern Europe and, recently, elsewhere.

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Millerntor-Stadion

Millerntor-Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium in the St. Pauli area of Hamburg, Germany.

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Minden

Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Mining in Sweden

The mining industry in Sweden had a vital history of mining that traces back to 6,000 years, with the famous known mine in Sweden named Falun Mine, located in Dalarna.

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Missingsch

Missingsch is a type of Low-German-coloured dialect or sociolect of German.

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Monarchy of Norway

The Norwegian monarch is the monarchical head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.

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Monarchy of Sweden

The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5.

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Montrose, Angus

Montrose (Monadh Rois) is a coastal resort town and former royal burgh in Angus, Scotland.

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Morten Michael Kallevig (1772–1827)

Morten Michael Kallevig (1772 – 8 May 1827) was a Norwegian businessperson.

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Much Wenlock Guildhall

The Much Wenlock Guildhall is a guildhall located on Wilmore Street in the small town of Much Wenlock.

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Munkeliv Abbey

Munkeliv Abbey (Munkeliv kloster) was a Benedictine abbey located at Nordnes in Bergen, Norway.

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Muscovy Company

The Muscovy Company (also called the Russian Company or the Muscovy Trading Company, Московская компания, Moskovskaya kompaniya) was an English trading company chartered in 1555.

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Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation

Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation (Rīgas vēstures un kuģniecības muzejs) is housed by the Riga Dom Cathedral ensemble in the heart of the Old Riga, Latvia.

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Narva

Narva (Нарва) is the third largest city in Estonia.

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National colours of Germany

The national colours of the Federal Republic of Germany are officially black, red, and gold, defined with the adoption of the West German flag as a tricolour with these colours in 1949.

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National Museum, Warsaw

The National Museum in Warsaw (Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie), popularly abbreviated as MNW, is a national museum in Warsaw, one of the largest museums in Poland and the largest in the capital.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Neuss

Neuss (spelled Neuß until 1968; Limburgish: Nüss; Latin: Novaesium) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Neuwerk

is a tidal island in the Wadden Sea on the German North Sea coast, with a population of 32.

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Never at War

Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another is a book by the historian and physicist Spencer R. Weart published by Yale University Press in 1998.

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New Brunswick, New Jersey

New Brunswick is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, in the New York City metropolitan area.

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New Town Hall (Bremen)

The New Town Hall (Neues Rathaus) has stood on the Domshof in the centre of Bremen, Germany since 1913.

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Newport Guildhall

Newport Guildhall is a large timber-framed Guildhall (assembly building) in Newport, Shropshire, England.

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News

News is information about current events.

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Niña

La Niña (Spanish for The Girl) was one of the three Spanish ships used by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in his first voyage to the West Indies in 1492.

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Nicholas Woodroffe

Sir Nicholas Woodroffe (Woodruff, Woodrofe, etc.) (c. 1530–1598) was a London merchant of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, who, through the English Reformation, rose in the Alderman class to become a Master Haberdasher, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament for London.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik; Nikolaus Kopernikus; Niklas Koppernigk; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

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Nieheim

Nieheim is a town in Höxter district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Nijmegen

Nijmegen (Nijmeegs: Nimwegen), historically anglicized as Nimeguen, is a municipality and a city in the Dutch province of Gelderland.

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Nina Bang

Nina Henriette Wendeline Bang née Ellinger (6 October 1866, in Copenhagen – 25 March 1928, in Copenhagen) was a Danish social democratic politician and historian.

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Nordenham

Nordenham is a town in the Wesermarsch district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Nordhausen

Nordhausen is a city in Thuringia, Germany.

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Nordhorn

Nordhorn is the district seat of Grafschaft Bentheim in Lower Saxony's southwesternmost corner near the border with the Netherlands and the boundary with North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Nordische Gesellschaft

The Nordische Gesellschaft ("Nordic Society") was an association founded in 1921, with the objective of strengthening German-Nordic cultural and political cooperation.

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Nordland Museum

Nordland Museum (Nordlandsmuseet) is a museum located in the center of Bodø in Nordland, Norway.

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North Sea

The North Sea (Mare Germanicum) is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France.

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North Sea Region

The North Sea Region refers to European countries and regions bordering the North Sea.

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Northampton Guildhall

Northampton Guildhall is a building which stands on St Giles' Square in Northampton, England.

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Northeim

Northeim is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, seat of the district of Northeim, with, in 2011, a population of 29,000.

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Northern Germany

Northern Germany (Norddeutschland) is the region in the north of Germany whose exact area is not precisely or consistently defined.

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Northern Isles

The Northern Isles (Northren Isles; Na h-Eileanan a Tuath; Norðreyjar) are a pair of archipelagos off the north coast of mainland Scotland, comprising Orkney and Shetland.

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Northern Low Saxon

Northern Low Saxon (in Low German: Noordneddersassisch) is a West Low German dialect.

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Northern Norway

Northern Norway (Nord-Norge, Nord-Noreg; Davvi-Norga) is a geographical region of Norway, consisting of the three northernmost counties Nordland, Troms and Finnmark, in total about 35% of the Norwegian mainland.

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Northern Seven Years' War

The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the Nordic Seven Years' War, the First Northern War or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Lübeck and Poland between 1563 and 1570.

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Northwest Russia

Northwest Russia or Northern European Russia can be roughly defined as that part of European Russia bounded by Finland, the Arctic Ocean, the Ural Mountains and the east-flowing part of the Volga River.

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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.

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Norwegian language

Norwegian (norsk) is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language.

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Norwich

Norwich (also) is a city on the River Wensum in East Anglia and lies approximately north-east of London.

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Norwich Guildhall

Norwich Guildhall (informally the Guildhall) is a historic listed building on Gaol Hill in the city of Norwich, United Kingdom.

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Notow

Notow (or Nothaw, Notau, probably a Germanization of Nautøy, which again may have evolved into the present Nottå) was a trading port located at the northeast of Karmøy, or more specifically located at the king's port area in Avaldsnes.

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Novgorod Republic

The Novgorod Republic (p; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia.

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Nykøbing Castle

Nykøbing Castle (Nykøbing Slot), now demolished, was located on today's Slotsbryggen in Nykøbing Falster, Denmark.

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October 1962

The following events occurred in October 1962.

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Olaf II of Denmark

Olaf II Haakonsson (1370 – 23 August 1387) was King of Denmark as Olaf II (1376–1387) and King of Norway as Olaf IV (1380–1387).

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Olav Nilsson

Olav Nilsson Skanke (d. 2. September 1455) was a Norwegian nobleman, knight and privateer.

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Olav Torkelsson

Olav Torkelsson, also known as Olaf Thorkelsön (died 30 May 1535, Voss, Bergenhus len (now Hordaland), Norway), was the 31st and last Roman Catholic Bishop of Bergen, from 1523 to 1535, and a member of the Riksråd (National Council of Norway).

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Old Salt Route

The Old Salt Route was a medieval trade route in northern Germany, one of the ancient network of salt roads which were used primarily for the transport of salt and other staples.

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Old Swedish

Old Swedish (Modern Swedish: fornsvenska) is the name for two distinct stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages: Early Old Swedish (Klassisk fornsvenska), spoken from around 1225 until 1375, and Late Old Swedish (Yngre fornsvenska), spoken from 1375 until 1526.

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Oldenzaal

Oldenzaal is a municipality and a city in the eastern province of Overijssel in the Netherlands.

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Ommen

Ommen is a municipality and a Hanseatic city in the Vecht valley of the Salland region, which is at the heart of the province of Overijssel in the eastern Netherlands.

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Oostershuis

The Oostershuis (Dutch for Eastern House) was a kontor in Antwerp and a headquarters of the Hanseatic League.

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Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the only federal decoration of Germany.

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Orders, decorations, and medals of the German Empire

Orders, decorations, and medals of Imperial Germany covers those decorations awarded by the states which came together under Prussian leadership to form the German Empire in 1871.

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Oslo

Oslo (rarely) is the capital and most populous city of Norway.

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Osnabrück

Osnabrück (Ossenbrügge; archaic Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state of Lower Saxony in north-west Germany.

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Osnabrück Town Hall

The historic town hall (Rathaus) of Osnabrück, Germany was built in the late Gothic style from 1487 to 1512.

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Ostrów Agreement

The Ostrów or Astrava Agreement (Astravos sutartis, Востраўскае пагадненне, Ugoda w Ostrowie) was a treaty between Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas the Great, signed on 4 August 1392.

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Ostsiedlung

Ostsiedlung (literally east settling), in English called the German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germanic-speaking peoples from the Holy Roman Empire, especially its southern and western portions, into less-populated regions of Central Europe, parts of west Eastern Europe, and the Baltics.

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Ostvorpommern

Ostvorpommern was a Kreis (district) in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Otto IV, Count of Waldeck

Otto IV, Count of Waldeck at Landau (– 14 October 1494 at Wetterburg Castle in Arolsen) was the third and last ruling count of the elder Waldeck-Landau line.

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Oxford Town Hall

Oxford Town Hall is a public building in St Aldate's Street in central Oxford, England.

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Pale lager

Pale lager is a very pale-to-golden-colored lager beer with a well attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness.

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Pan-European identity

Pan-European identity is the sense of personal identification with Europe, in a cultural, racial or political sense.

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Partnership

A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.

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Pasewalk

Pasewalk is a town in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.

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Patrician II: Quest for Power

Patrician II: Quest for Power is the second video game from German developer Ascaron in their Patrician series.

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Patrician III: Rise of the Hanse

Patrician III: Rise of the Hanse is the third video game from Ascaron in their Patrician series.

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Patrick Colquhoun

Patrick Colquhoun (14 March 1745 – 25 April 1820) was a Scottish merchant, statistician, magistrate, and founder of the first regular preventive police force in England, the Thames River Police.

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Paul Beneke

Paul Beneke, also Paul Benecke, (early 1400s (decade) - c. 1480) was a German town councilor of Danzig and privateer.

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Paweł Działyński

Paweł Działyński (Paulus Dzialinski; born 1560 – died 1609) of Ogończyk coat of arms, was a Polish courtier, royal secretary, ambassador and governor of Bobrowniki and Radziejów.

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Pärnu

Pärnu (Pernau) is the fourth-largest city in Estonia.

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Peace war game

Peace war game is an iterated game originally played in academic groups and by computer simulation for years to study possible strategies of cooperation and aggression.

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Peder Skram

Peder Skram (died 11 July 1581) was a Danish senator and naval hero, born between 1491 and 1503, at his father's estate at Urup near Horsens in Jutland.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire (as well as the allied powers of the Spanish Empire), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Percival Levett

Percival Levett (1560–1625) was an early merchant and innkeeper of York, England, Sheriff of the city, member of the Eastland Company and father of English explorer Capt.

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Perleberg

Perleberg is the capital of the district of Prignitz, located in the northwest of the German state of Brandenburg.

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Permin

The Permin is a bay in the Saaler Bodden lagoon south of Wustrow in northeast Germany.

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Perry Rhodan

Perry Rhodan is the eponymous hero of a German science fiction novel series which has been published each week since 8 September 1961 in the 'Romanhefte' format (digest-sized booklets, usually containing 66 pages, the German equivalent of the now-defunct American pulp magazine) by, a subsidiary of Bauer Media Group.

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Peter Parler

Peter Parler (Peter von Gemünd, Petr Parléř, Petrus de Gemunden in Suevia; 1333 – 13 July 1399) was a German-Bohemian architect and sculptor from the Parler family of master builders.

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Peter von Bilderling

Baron Peter von Bilderling (born in St Peterburg May 26, 1844 – died in Zapolie September 25, 1900), was an engineer and an officer in the Engineering Corps of the Imperial Russian Army.

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Peter von Danzig (ship)

Peter von Danzig was a 15th-century ship of the Hanseatic League.

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Peter Weingart

Peter Weingart (born 5 June 1941 in Marburg) is a German professor emeritus in sociology and former director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld.

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Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania

Philipp Julius (27 December 1584, Wolgast – 6 February 1625) was duke of Pomerania in the Teilherzogtum Pomerania-Wolgast from 1592 to 1625.

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Philippa of England

Philippa of England (4 June 1394 – 5 January 1430), also known as Philippa of Lancaster, was Queen of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway from 1406 to 1430 by marriage to Eric of Pomerania.

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Philippe Dollinger

Philippe Dollinger (born 1 December 1904 in Strasbourg; died 14 September 1999 in Strasbourg) was a French historian, known particularly for his work on the history of the Hanse.

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Pier House Museum

The Pier House Museum is a museum in Symbister, Whalsay, in the Shetland Islands of Scotland.

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Pinta (ship)

La Pinta (Spanish for The Painted One, The Look, or The Spotted One http://www.indepthinfo.com/columbus-christopher/nina-pinta-santa-maria.htm -->) was the fastest of the three ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first transatlantic voyage in 1492.

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Piper (plant)

Piper, the pepper plants or pepper vines (a term used for certain Clematis in older times), are an economically and ecologically important genus in the family Piperaceae.

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Piracy

Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable items or properties.

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Plettenberg

Plettenberg is a town in the Märkischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Polish language

Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.

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Polish Navy

The Polish Navy (Marynarka Wojenna, "War Navy") is a military branch of the Polish Armed Forces responsible for naval operations.

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Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; German, Low German and North Germanic languages: Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland.

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Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages

Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages covers the history of Pomerania in the 14th and 15th centuries.

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Pomerol AOC

Pomerol is a French wine-growing commune and Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) within the Libournais ("Right Bank") in Bordeaux.

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Pomor trade

Pomor trade (from p; po «by» and more «ocean»; «area by the ocean», the same word is the basis for Pomerania), is the trade carried out between the Pomors of Northwest Russia and the people along the coast of Northern Norway, as far south as Bodø.

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Pool of Virkie

The Pool of Virkie is a tidal lagoon in the parish of Dunrossness, south Mainland, Shetland.

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Port of Grimsby

The Port of Grimsby is located on the south bank of the Humber Estuary at Grimsby in North East Lincolnshire.

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Port of Hamburg

The Port of Hamburg (German: Hamburger Hafen) is a sea port on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, 110 kilometres from its mouth on the North Sea.

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Port of Hull

The Port of Hull is a port at the confluence of the River Hull and the Humber Estuary in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Portrait of Georg Giese

Portrait of Georg Giese is a 1532 portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, now in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

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Portsmouth Guildhall

Portsmouth Guildhall is a multi-use venue in the centre of Portsmouth, UK, located on a pedestrian square close to the Portsmouth and Southsea railway station.

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Post riders

Post riders or postriders describes a horse and rider postal delivery system that existed at various times and various places throughout history.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Bergedorf

Bergedorf issued only five stamps between 1861 and 1867.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Hamburg

This article is about the postage stamps and postal history of Hamburg from the medieval messengers until the entry of the Hamburg Postal Administration into the Northern German Postal District in 1868.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Latvia

Postal history in the territory that now constitutes Latvia began during the 13th century, when the Archbishopric of Riga was included to the area of postal operations of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and the Hanseatic League.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Lübeck

Soon after the German Hanseatic League (1241) was founded, regulated messenger routes were developed.

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Postage stamps and postal history of Schleswig-Holstein

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Holstein, Schleswig-Holstein, Schleswig and incidentally Lauenberg.

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Pound (mass)

The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement.

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Pound sterling

The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha.

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Pour le Mérite

The Pour le Mérite (French, literally "For Merit") is an order of merit (Verdienstorden) established in 1740 by King Frederick II of Prussia.

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Power (international relations)

Power in international relations is defined in several different ways.

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Prerow

Prerow is a municipality in the district of Vorpommern-Rügen in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Presidency of John Quincy Adams

The presidency of John Quincy Adams began on March 4, 1825, when John Quincy Adams was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1829.

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Preston Guild Hall

Preston Guild Hall is an entertainment venue in Preston, Lancashire, England.

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Proclamation of the German Empire (painting)

The Proclamation of the German Empire (18 January 1871) is the title of several historical paintings by the German painter Anton von Werner.

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Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg

The Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (Provinz Jülich-Kleve-Berg) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1815–22.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Prussia (region)

Prussia (Old Prussian: Prūsa, Preußen, Prūsija, Prusy, tr) is a historical region in Europe, stretching from Gdańsk Bay to the end of Curonian Spit on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and extending inland as far as Masuria.

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Prussian Confederation

The Prussian Confederation (Preußischer Bund, Związek Pruski) was an organization formed on 21 February 1440 at Marienwerder by a group of 53 nobles and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia, to oppose the arbitrariness of the Teutonic Knights.

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Pskov

Pskov (p; see also names in other languages) is a city and the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, Russia, located about east from the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.

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Puck, Poland

Puck (Pùckò, Pùck, Pëck, Putzig, Puckas, Pucka) is a town in northwestern Poland with 11,350 inhabitants.

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Quedlinburg

Quedlinburg is a town situated just north of the Harz mountains, in the district of Harz in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Quintal

The quintal or centner is a historical unit of mass in many countries which is usually defined as 100 base units of either pounds or kilograms.

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Radvila Astikas

Radvila Astikas or Astikaitis (baptized Nicholas; Radziwiłł Ościkowicz; died in 1477) was a magnate, a member of the Astikai and founder of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family.

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Raseborg Castle

The Raseborg Castle (Finnish: Raaseporin linna, Swedish: Raseborgs slott), is a medieval castle in Raseborg, Finland.

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Rügen

Rügen (also lat. Rugia; Ruegen) is Germany's largest island by area.

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Rüthen

Rüthen is a town in the district of Soest, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Reformation

The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

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Regional cuisines of medieval Europe

The regional cuisines of medieval Europe were the results of differences in climate, seasonal food variations, political administration and religious customs that varied across the continent.

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Reichskommissariat Ostland

Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II.

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Reichskriegsflagge

Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag) was the official name of the war flag and war ensign used by the German armed forces from 1867 to 1945.

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Reinhold Curicke

Reinhold Curicke (12 January 1610 – 2 April 1667) was a jurist and historian from Danzig (Gdańsk) who specialized in the history of the city, including its past as principal city of province of Royal Prussia in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Religion in Latvia

The main religion traditionally practiced in Latvia is Christianity.

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Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.

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Renaissance of the 12th century

The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the high Middle Ages.

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Reposaari

Reposaari (Räfsö) is an island and village at the Bothnian Sea in Pori, Finland.

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Republic

A republic (res publica) is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter", not the private concern or property of the rulers.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is an ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.

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Retail

Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit.

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Rheintal/Walgau Autobahn

The Rheintal/Walgau Autobahn (A14) is a motorway in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

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Ribnitz-Damgarten

Ribnitz-Damgarten is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, situated on Lake Ribnitz (Ribnitzer See).

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Richard Chancellor

Richard Chancellor (died 1556) was an English explorer and navigator; the first to penetrate to the White Sea and establish relations with Russia.

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Richard III of England

Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

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Richard Morrison (ambassador)

Sir Richard Morrison (or Morison or Morysine) (ca. 1513 – 1556) was an English humanist scholar and diplomat.

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Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (jure uxoris), 6th Earl of Salisbury, (22 November 1428 – 14 April 1471), known as Warwick the Kingmaker, was an English nobleman, administrator, and military commander.

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Richard Woodville (died 1441)

Richard Woodville (also written contemporaneously as Wydville and Wydeville) (died 1441) was an English landowner, soldier, diplomat, administrator and politician.

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Riga

Riga (Rīga) is the capital and largest city of Latvia.

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Riga Merchant Guild

The Riga Merchant Guild is a German, Latvian merchants and upper classes association.

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Rijssen

Rijssen (Low Saxon: Riesn or Riessen) is a town in the Dutch province of Overijssel.

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River Forth

The River Forth is a major river, long, whose drainage basin covers much of Stirlingshire in Scotland's Central Belt.

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River Great Ouse

The River Great Ouse is a river in the United Kingdom, the longest of several British rivers called "Ouse".

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River Witham

The River Witham is a river almost entirely in the county of Lincolnshire in the east of England.

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Robert Torrens

Sir Robert Richard Torrens, (1 July 1814 – 31 August 1884) was the third Premier of South Australia and a pioneer and author of a simplified system of transferring land.

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Robinson Crusoe House

Robinson Crusoe House (Robinson-Crusoe-Haus) is a stepped-gabled house on Böttcherstraße in the old town district of Bremen, Germany.

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Rochester Guildhall

The Guildhall is an historic Grade I listed building located in Rochester, Kent.

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Roermond

Roermond (Remunj) is a city, a municipality, and a diocese in the southeastern part of the Netherlands.

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Roland

Roland (Frankish: *Hrōþiland; Latin: Hruodlandus, Rotholandus; died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France.

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Roland (statue)

A Roland statue is a statue of a knight with a drawn sword, signifying the town privileges of a medieval city.

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Rostock

Rostock is a city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Rostock Heath

Rostock Heath (Rostocker Heide) is a wood and heathland region northeast of the German city of Rostock.

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Rostock Peace Treaty

The Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) was a treaty, or Landfriede, agreed on 13 June 1283 in Rostock to secure the peace on land and at sea, as well as the protection of taxes and other freedoms.

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Royal Danish Navy

The Royal Danish Navy (Søværnet) is the sea-based branch of the Danish Defence force.

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Royal Prussia

Royal Prussia (Prusy Królewskie; Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils, Królewsczé Prësë) or Polish PrussiaAnton Friedrich Büsching, Patrick Murdoch.

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Ruff (clothing)

A ruff is an item of clothing worn in Western Europe from the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-seventeenth century.

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Ruhr

The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Rune Bratseth

Rune Bratseth (born 19 March 1961) is a Norwegian retired footballer who played as a sweeper.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russians in Latvia

Russians have been the largest ethnic minority in Latvia for the last two centuries.

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Ryck

The Ryck is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Ryszard Kotla

Ryszard Kotla (born 30 March 1947, in Szczecin, Poland) is a Polish travel writer, tour guide, activist, journalist, academic teacher and lifeguard instructor at the Polish Life Saving Association.

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Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics

Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad (1896 Olympics in Athens, Greece).

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Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod

Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod was a church for Varangians which existed from the 11th century until the 14th century in the Russian city of Novgorod.

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Salt road

A salt road (also known as a salt route, salt way, saltway, or salt trading route) refers to any of the prehistoric and historical trade routes by which essential salt was transported to regions that lacked it.

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Salzspeicher

The Salzspeicher (salt storehouses) of Lübeck, Germany, are six historic brick buildings on the Upper Trave River next to the Holstentor (the western city gate).

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Salzwedel

Salzwedel (officially known as Hansestadt Salzwedel, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the capital of the district (Kreis) of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, and has a population of approximately 21,500. Salzwedel is located on the German Timber-Frame Road.

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Sami drum

A Sami drum is a shamanic ceremonial drum in the culture of the Sami people of Northern Europe.

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San Nicolás de Bari, Burgos

Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari is a Catholic church on Fernán González street in Burgos, Spain, located next to the Camino de Santiago, in front of the Cathedral of Burgos.

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Sand-Covered Church

The Sand-Covered Church (Danish: Den Tilsandede Kirke, also translated as The Buried Church, and also known as Old Skagen Church) is the name given to a late 14th-century church dedicated to Saint Lawrence of Rome.

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Sassenpoort

The Sassenpoort (English: Sassen gate) is a gatehouse in the citywall of Zwolle, Netherlands.

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Saterland Frisians

The Saterland Frisians (Saterfriesen) are one of the smallest language groups in Europe.

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Saxe-Lauenburg

The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg, called Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) between the 14th and 17th centuries), was a reichsfrei duchy that existed 1296–1803 and 1814–1876 in the extreme southeast region of what is now Schleswig-Holstein.

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Saxony-Anhalt

Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt,, official: Land Sachsen-Anhalt) is a landlocked federal state of Germany surrounded by the federal states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia.

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Słupsk

Słupsk (Stolp; also known by several alternative names) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, with a population of 98,757.

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SC Germania 1899 Bremen

Sportclub Germania Bremen was a German association football club based in the Hanseatic city of Bremen.

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SC Germania Hamburg

Sport-Club Germania Hamburg - often referred to as SC Germania 1887 - was a sports club from the northern German metropolis Hamburg.

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SC Hansa 1898 Bremen

Sportclub Hansa Bremen was a German association football club based in the Hanseatic city of Bremen.

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Scalloway

Scalloway (Old Norse:Skálavágr – "bay with the large house(s)") is the largest settlement on the North Atlantic coast of Mainland, the largest island of the Shetland Islands, Scotland.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.

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Scania

Scania, also known as Skåne, is the southernmost province (landskap) of Sweden.

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Schüttorf

Schüttorf is a town in the district of Grafschaft Bentheim in southwesternmost Lower Saxony near the Dutch border and the boundary with Westphalia (North Rhine-Westphalia).

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Schiffskinder

Schiffskinder, literally meaning ship-boys (in German), were the crews of the ships of the Hanseatic League during the late Middle Ages.

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Schmallenberg

Schmallenberg is a town and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, Germany.

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Schnoor

Schnoor is a neighbourhood in the medieval centre of the German city of Bremen, and the only part of it that has preserved a medieval character.

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Scottish trade in the early modern era

Scottish trade in the early modern era includes all forms of economic exchange within Scotland and between the country and locations outwith its boundaries, between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth.

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Scottish trade in the Middle Ages

Scottish trade in the Middle Ages includes all forms of economic exchange in the modern boundaries of Scotland and between that region with outside locations, between the departure of the Romans from Britain in the fifth century and the establishment of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century.

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Sea

A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.

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Second Peace of Thorn (1466)

The Peace of Thorn of 1466 (Zweiter Friede von Thorn; drugi pokój toruński) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.

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Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)

The Second Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.

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Shetland

Shetland (Old Norse: Hjaltland), also called the Shetland Islands, is a subarctic archipelago of Scotland that lies northeast of Great Britain.

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Shetland literature

Shetland literature reflects the history of Shetland: five hundred years of Norse rule, followed by five hundred years of Scottish and British - this, in very simple terms, is the political reality of the last millennium.

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Ship

A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing.

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Ship replica

A ship replica is a reconstruction of a no longer existing ship.

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Siege of Deventer (1456)

The Siege of Deventer was a siege of Deventer (then a major Hanseatic city) in 1456 during a struggle between Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and the church, the nobility and cities of the Oversticht (Overijssel).

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Siege of Groenlo (1595)

The Siege of Grol or Groenlo in 1595 was a siege of Groenlo by States forces under Maurice of Nassau during the Eighty Years' War in an attempt to capture it from the Spanish Empire.

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Siege of Groenlo (1627)

The Siege of Grol in 1627 was a battle between the Army of the Dutch Republic commanded by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange and the Spanish controlled fortified city of Grol (now known as Groenlo), during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo–Spanish War in 1627.

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Siege of Stralsund (1628)

The Siege of Stralsund was a siege laid on Stralsund by Albrecht von Wallenstein's Imperial Army during the Thirty Years' War, from May to 4 August 1628.

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Siege of Zutphen (1591)

The Siege of Zutphen was an eleven-day siege of the city of Zutphen by Dutch and English troops led by Maurice of Nassau, during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War.

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Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund III Vasa (also known as Sigismund III of Poland, Zygmunt III Waza, Sigismund, Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599.

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Sigurd Jonsson

Sigurd Jonsson (1390s – December 1452) was a Norwegian nobleman, knight and the supreme leader of Norway during two interregnums in the mid-15th century.

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Simon of Utrecht

Simon of Utrecht (Simon van Utrecht, died 14 October 1437) was a warship captain of the Hanseatic League during the Middle Ages.

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Simon Tyssot de Patot

Simon Tyssot de Patot (1655–1738) was a French writer and poet during the Age of Enlightenment who penned two very important, seminal works in fantastic literature.

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Sir George Rumbold, 2nd Baronet

Sir George Rumbold, 2nd Baronet (17 August 1764 – 15 December 1807) was a British diplomat who was ambassador to the Hanseatic League.

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Skanör med Falsterbo

Skanör med Falsterbo is a statistical locality (Swedish tätort, locality code 3672), situated in Vellinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 6,937 inhabitants in 2010.

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Skanke (noble family)

Skanke is a Norwegian surname.

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Skåne Market

The Skåne Market or Scania market (Danish Skånemarkedet, Swedish Skånemarknaden) was a major fish market for herring which took place annually in Scania during the Middle Ages.

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Slotsholmen

Slotsholmen (English: The Castle Islet) is an island in the harbour of Copenhagen, Denmark, and part of Copenhagen Inner City.

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SMS Comet (1860)

SMS Comet was a of the Prussian Navy (later the Imperial German Navy) that was launched in 1860.

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SMS Hansa (1872)

SMS Hansa  was a German ironclad warship built in 1868–1875.

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Soest, Germany

Soest (as if it were 'Sohst'; Westphalian: Saust) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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SOKO Wismar

SOKO Wismar is a German police procedural television series.

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Sontra

Sontra is a small town in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis in northeastern Hesse, Germany.

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Sostre

Soster is a surname of Scandinavian origin, possibly related to the Norwegian mountains called Sju Søstre (Seven Sisters).

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South Brunswick, New Jersey

South Brunswick is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

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Southampton Guildhall

Southampton Guildhall (branded the O2 Guildhall Southampton) is a multipurpose venue in the Civic Centre in Southampton, England.

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Species of The Saga of Seven Suns

The races and Species of The Saga of Seven Suns are the assortment of humans and aliens represented in The Saga of Seven Suns series of science fiction novels written by Kevin J. Anderson and its sequel trilogy The Saga of Shadows.

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Spruce

A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.

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St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)

Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet is a St Mark Passion which originated in the early 18th century and is most often attributed to Reinhard Keiser.

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St Mary's Church, Bergen

St Mary's Church (Mariakirken) is a parish church in Bergen municipality in Hordaland county, Norway.

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St Mary's Guildhall

St.

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St Nicholas Church, Deventer

The Mountain Church or Saint Nicholas Church (Sint-Nicolaas- of Bergkerk) is a former place of worship in Deventer, Overijssel.

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St. Agnes' Priory, Gavnø

St.

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St. George's Leper Hospital

The medieval St.

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St. Lucia's flood

St.

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St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk

St.

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St. Mary's Church, Lübeck

St.

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St. Mary's Church, Rostock

St.

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St. Nicholas' Church, Stralsund

St.

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St. Peter's Church, Rostock

St.

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Stade

Stade is a city in Lower Saxony in northern Germany.

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Stadtarchiv Stralsund

The Stadtarchiv Stralsund (City Archives of Stralsund) is the historical Archive of the Hanseatic City of Stralsund and an important municipal archive in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Stargard

Stargard (Stargard in Pommern; Stôrgard) is a city in northwestern Poland, with a population of 71,017 (2005).

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State of the Teutonic Order

The State of the Teutonic Order (Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Civitas Ordinis Theutonici), also called Deutschordensstaat or Ordensstaat in German, was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.

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States of Germany

Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen states (Land, plural Länder; informally and very commonly Bundesland, plural Bundesländer).

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Stecknitz Canal

The Stecknitz Canal (Stecknitzfahrt) was an artificial waterway in northern Germany which connected Lauenburg and Lübeck on the Old Salt Route by linking the tiny rivers Stecknitz (a tributary of the Trave) and Delvenau (a tributary of the Elbe), thus establishing an inland water route across the drainage divide from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea.

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Steelyard

The Steelyard, from the Middle Low German Stalhof, was the main trading base (kontor) of the Hanseatic League in London during 15th and 16th centuries.

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Steelyard balance

A steelyard balance, steelyard, or stilyard is a straight-beam balance with arms of unequal length.

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Stege, Denmark

Stege is the largest town on the island of Møn in south-eastern Denmark.

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Sten Sture the Elder

Sten Sture the Elder (Sten Sture den äldre; 1440 – 14 December 1503) was a Swedish statesman and regent of Sweden 1470–1497 and 1501–1503.

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Stendal

Hansestadt Stendal is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Stephen Báthory

Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).

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Sterling silver

Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper.

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Stirling

Stirling (Stirlin; Sruighlea) is a city in central Scotland.

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Stockholm during the Middle Ages

Stockholm during the Middle Ages is the period in the history of Stockholm stretching from the foundation of the city c. 1250 to the end of the Kalmar Union in 1523.

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Stockholm during the Swedish Empire

Stockholm during the Swedish Empire (1611–1718) is the period in the history of Stockholm when the city grew sixfold, many of its present streets were created, and its economy boomed.

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Stralsund

Stralsund, (Swedish: Strålsund) is a Hanseatic town in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Stralsund Hauptbahnhof

Stralsund Hauptbahnhof is the main station in Western Pomerania and the main station for railway lines running to Hamburg, Bergen auf Rügen and Berlin in the German Hanseatic city of Stralsund.

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Stralsund–Rostock railway

The Stralsund–Rostock railway connects the two Hanseatic cities in the north of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Strategic bombing during World War II

Strategic bombing during World War II was the sustained aerial attack on railways, harbours, cities, workers' housing, and industrial districts in enemy territory during World War II.

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Straupe

Straupe is a village in the Pārgauja municipality of Latvia.

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Street names of the City of London

This is a list of the etymology of street names in the City of London.

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Strelasund

The Strelasund or Strela Sound is a sound or lagoon of the Baltic Sea which separates Rügen from the German mainland.

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Strelasund Crossing

Strelasund Crossing refers to the two bridge links to the German island of Rügen (Rugia) over the Strelasund to the West Pomeranian mainland near Stralsund: the Rügen Bridge or Rugia Bridge (Rügenbrücke) and the Rugia Causeway (Rügendamm).

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Stuart period

The Stuart period of British history lasted from 1603 to 1714 during the dynasty of the House of Stuart.

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Sundern-Allendorf

Allendorf is a part of the town of Sundern in North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Swansea Guildhall

The Guildhall is one of the main office buildings of the City and County of Swansea Council, designed by Percy Thomas and opened in 1934.

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Swantibor III, Duke of Pomerania

Swantibor III, Duke of Pomerania, or, according to a different way of counting, Swantibor I. (born: – died: 21 June 1413) was a member of the House of Griffins, a Duke of Pomerania-Stettin and for a while governor of the Mittelmark.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Swedes

Swedes (svenskar) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden.

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Swedish cuisine

Swedish cuisine is the traditional food of the people of Sweden.

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Swedish heraldry

Swedish heraldry encompasses heraldic achievements in modern and historic Sweden.

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Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War

The Swedish invasion of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Swedish Intervention in the Thirty Years' War is a historically accepted division of the Thirty Years' War.

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Swedish language

Swedish is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 9.6 million people, predominantly in Sweden (as the sole official language), and in parts of Finland, where it has equal legal standing with Finnish.

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Swedish Navy

The Swedish Royal Navy (Svenska marinen) is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

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Swedish War of Liberation

The Swedish War of Liberation (1521–23; Befrielsekriget, "The Liberation War"), also known as Gustav Vasa's Rebellion and the Swedish War of Secession, was a rebellion and a civil war in which the Swedish nobleman Gustav Vasa successfully deposed the Danish-Norwegian king Christian II as regent of the Kalmar Union in Sweden.

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Swedish Wars on Bremen

The Swedish Wars on Bremen were fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666.

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Swedish Wismar

Swedish Wismar (Swedish: Svenska Wismar) was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1648 to 1903 and corresponded roughly to the modern boundaries of the city of Wismar.

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Swedish–Novgorodian Wars

Swedish–Novgorodian Wars were a series of conflicts in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Republic of Novgorod and medieval Sweden over control of the Gulf of Finland, an area vital to the Hanseatic League and part of the Varangian-Byzantine trade route.

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Symbister

Symbister is the largest village and port on the island of Whalsay, Shetland.

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Szczecin

Szczecin (German and Swedish Stettin), known also by other alternative names) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the German border, it is a major seaport and Poland's seventh-largest city. As of June 2011, the population was 407,811. Szczecin is located on the Oder, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin is adjacent to the town of Police and is the urban centre of the Szczecin agglomeration, an extended metropolitan area that includes communities in the German states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The city's recorded history began in the 8th century as a Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of the Ducal castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, the Duchy of Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the House of Griffins established themselves as local rulers and the population was Christianized. After the Treaty of Stettin in 1630, the town came under the control of the Swedish Empire and became in 1648 the Capital of Swedish Pomerania until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and then the German Empire. Following World War II Stettin became part of Poland, resulting in expulsion of the German population. Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the University of Szczecin, Pomeranian Medical University, Maritime University, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin Art Academy, and the see of the Szczecin-Kamień Catholic Archdiocese. From 1999 onwards, Szczecin has served as the site of the headquarters of NATO's Multinational Corps Northeast. Szczecin was a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2016.

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Tallinn

Tallinn (or,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.

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Tallinn Town Hall

The Tallinn Town Hall (Tallinna raekoda) is a building in the Tallinn Old Town, Estonia, next to the Town Hall Square.

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Tangermünde

Tangermünde is a historic town on the Elbe River in the district of Stendal, in the northeastern part of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Tartu

Tartu (South Estonian: Tarto) is the second largest city of Estonia, after Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn.

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Tartu County

Tartu County (Tartu maakond), or Tartumaa (Kreis Dorpat), is one of 15 counties of Estonia.

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Tønder

Tønder (Tondern) is a town in the Region of Southern Denmark.

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Telgte

Telgte is a town in the Warendorf district, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Terra Mariana

Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (Alt-Livland, Vana-Liivimaa, Livonija), which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia.

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Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)

The city of Danzig (Gdańsk) was captured by the State of the Teutonic Order on 13 November 1308, resulting in a massacre of its inhabitants and marking the beginning of tensions between Poland and the Teutonic Order.

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Thalassocracy

A thalassocracy (from Classical Greek θάλασσα (thalassa), meaning "sea", and κρατεῖν (kratein), meaning "power", giving Koine Greek θαλασσοκρατία (thalassokratia), "sea power") is a state with primarily maritime realms, an empire at sea (such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities) or a seaborne empire.

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The Dakota

The Dakota, also known as Dakota Apartments, is a cooperative apartment building located on the northwest corner of 72nd Street and Central Park West in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States.

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The Empire (Warhammer)

In Games Workshop's Warhammer Fantasy Battle tabletop wargame, The Empire is one of three major human factions, along with Bretonnia and Kislev.

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The Hanseatics

The Hanseatics (Hanseaten) is a 1925 German silent film directed by Gerhard Lamprecht and starring Tamara Karsavina, Fritz Alberti and Hermine Sterler.

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The Historians' History of the World

The Historians' History of the World, subtitled A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by over two thousand of the Great Writers of all Ages, is a 25-volume encyclopedia of world history originally published in English near the beginning of the 20th century.

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The House of Niccolò

The House of Niccolò is a series of eight historical novels by Dorothy Dunnett set in the mid-fifteenth-century European Renaissance.

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The Last Judgment (Memling)

The Last Judgment is a triptych attributed to German painter Hans Memling and painted between 1467 and 1471.

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The Millennium Bell

The Millennium Bell is the 20th record album by Mike Oldfield, released in 1999.

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The Patrician (video game)

The Patrician (Der Patrizier) is the title of a series of historical trading simulation computer games for MS-DOS, Amiga and Atari ST published by Ascaron Entertainment.

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The Psychotechnic League

The Psychotechnic League is a future history created by American science fiction writer Poul Anderson.

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The Six Messiahs

The Six Messiahs is a 1995 novel by Mark Frost, a sequel to The List of Seven.

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The Wash

The Wash is a largely rectangular bay and estuary at the north-west corner of East Anglia on the East coast of England, where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire.

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Theater Lübeck

The Theater Lübeck (formerly Stage of the Hansestadt Lübeck, colloquially Stadttheater) is one of the largest theaters in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Theodor Lindner

Ernst Friedrich Theodor Lindner (29 May 1843, in Breslau – 24 November 1919, in Halle an der Saale) was a German historian.

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Theodoric

Theodoric is a Germanic given name.

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Theories of the Black Death

Theories of the Black Death are a variety of explanations that have been advanced to explain the nature and transmission of the Black Death (1347–69).

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Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)

The Thirteen Years' War (Dreizehnjähriger Krieg; wojna trzynastoletnia), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–66 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

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Thomas Schaaf

Thomas Schaaf (born 30 April 1961) is a German retired footballer who played as a defender, and a current manager.

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Thomas Wolter

Thomas Wolter (born 4 October 1963) is a German former footballer who played as a midfielder or a defender, and the current manager of SV Werder Bremen's youth academy.

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Thorney Abbey

Thorney Abbey, now the Church of St Mary and St Botolph, was a medieval monastic house established on the island of Thorney in The Fens of Cambridgeshire, England.

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Tiedemann Giese

Tiedemann Giese (1 June 1480 – 23 October 1550), was Bishop of Kulm (Chełmno) first canon, later Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland).

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Tiel

Tiel is a municipality and a town in the middle of the Netherlands.

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Tim Borowski

Tim Borowski (born 2 May 1980) is a German retired footballer who played as a midfielder, and the current sports director of SV Werder Bremen II.

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Timeline of Bergen

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Bergen, Norway.

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Timeline of Braunschweig

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany.

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Timeline of British diplomatic history

This timeline covers the main points of British (and English) foreign policy from 1485 to the early 21st century.

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Timeline of Estonian history

This is a timeline of Estonian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Estonia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Faroese history

This is a timeline of Faroese history comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Iceland and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Gdańsk

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Gdańsk, Poland.

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Timeline of German history

This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Groningen

The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of Groningen, Netherlands.

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Timeline of international trade

The history of international trade chronicles notable events that have affected the trade between various countries.

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Timeline of Kaliningrad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia.

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Timeline of Latvian history

This is a timeline of Latvian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Latvia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Lübeck

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Timeline of London

The following is a timeline of the history of London, the capital of England in the United Kingdom.

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Timeline of Riga

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Riga, Latvia.

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Timeline of Rostock

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Rostock, Germany.

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Timeline of Swedish history

This is a timeline of Swedish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Sweden and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of Tallinn

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Tallinn, Estonia.

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Timeline of the Middle Ages

Note: All dates are Common Era. The following is a timeline of the major events during the Middle Ages, a time period in human history mostly centered on Europe, which lies between classical antiquity and the modern era.

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Timeline of Wrocław

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Wrocław, Poland.

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Tom Brok

The tom Brok family (also: tom Broke, tom Brook, tom Broek, ten Brok, ten Broke; equivalent to Dutch ten broek, "at the marsh") were a powerful East Frisian line of chieftains, originally from the Norderland on the North Sea coast of Germany.

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Tommaso Portinari

Tommaso Portinari (1424?-1501) was an Italian banker for the Medici bank in Bruges.

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Torrens title

Torrens title is a land registration and land transfer system, in which a state creates and maintains a register of land holdings, which serves as the conclusive evidence (termed "indefeasibility") of title of the person recorded on the register as the proprietor (owner), and of all other interests recorded on the register.

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Toruń

Toruń (Thorn) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River.

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Totnes Guildhall

Totnes Guildhall is a Grade I listed 16th-century Tudor historic guildhall, magistrate's court, and prison, in the town of Totnes, south Devon, in southwest England.

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Tourism in Schleswig-Holstein

Tourism is an important economic factor for Germany's northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein.

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Tourism in Sweden

Tourism in Sweden made up a relatively small part of the Swedish economy in 2011 at 2.9% of the country's GDP; at this time, tourism brought in 264 billion Swedish krona, 98.8 billion of which was foreign visitor expenditure in Sweden.

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Tournai

Tournai (Latin: Tornacum, Picard: Tornai), known in Dutch as Doornik and historically as Dornick in English, is a Walloon municipality of Belgium, southwest of Brussels on the river Scheldt.

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Trade

Trade involves the transfer of goods or services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.

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Trade bloc

A trade block is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

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Trade guilds of South India

Southern Indian trade guilds were formed by merchants in order to organise and expand their trading activities.

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Trade route

A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo.

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Transport in Hamburg

Transport in Hamburg comprises an extensive, rail system, subway system, airports and maritime services for the more than 1.8 million inhabitants of the city of Hamburg and 5.3 million people in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region.

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Treaties of Roskilde (1568)

The Treaties of Roskilde of 18 and 22 November 1568 were peace treaties between the kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the allied Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck on one side, and the Swedish kingdom on the other side, supposed to end the Northern Seven Years' War after the de facto succession of the later king John III of Sweden.

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Treaty of Copenhagen (1441)

The Treaty of Copenhagen (or the Peace of Copenhagen) was signed in 1441 between the Hanseatic League and the Burgundian Netherlands, ending the Dutch-Hanseatic War.

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Treaty of Gotland (1288)

The Treaty of Gotland (Gotländska freden) was a peace treaty settled by the Swedish king Magnus III to resolve a conflict between the peasants of the Swedish island Gotland, and the burghers of the island's largest city, Visby.

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Treaty of Malmö

The Treaty of Malmö (Malmö recess), signed on 1 September 1524, ended the Swedish War of Liberation.

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Treaty of Nöteborg

The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as the Treaty of Oreshek (Freden i Nöteborg, Russian: Ореховецкий мир, Pähkinäsaaren rauha), is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at Orekhovets (Nöteborg, Pähkinäsaari) on 12 August 1323.

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Treaty of Paris (1815)

Treaty of Paris of 1815, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Treaty of Ribe

The Treaty of Ribe (Ribe-brevet meaning The Ribe letter; Vertrag von Ripen) was a proclamation at Ribe made by King Christian I of Denmark to a number of Holsatian nobles enabling himself to become Count of Holstein and regain control of Denmark's lost Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Sønderjylland, i.e. South Jutland).

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Treaty of Soldin (1466)

The Treaty of Soldin (Vertrag von Soldin) was signed on 21 January 1466 at Soldin (now Myślibórz) by the Brandenburgian elector Frederick II and the Pomeranian dukes Eric II and Wartislaw X.Heitz (1995), p.194 It was mediated by the town of Stettin (now Szczecin).

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Treaty of Stettin (1570)

The Treaty of Stettin (Frieden von Stettin, Freden i Stettin, Freden i Stettin) of 13 December 1570, ended the Northern Seven Years' War fought between Sweden and Denmark with her internally fragmented alliance of Lübeck and Poland.

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Treaty of Stettin (1630)

The Treaty of Stettin (Traktaten or Fördraget i Stettin) or Alliance of Stettin (Stettiner Allianz) was the legal framework for the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania by the Swedish Empire during the Thirty Years' War.

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Treaty of Stralsund (1370)

The Treaty of Stralsund (24 May 1370) ended the war between the Hanseatic League and the kingdom of Denmark.

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Treaty of Utrecht (1474)

The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1474 after the Anglo-Hanseatic War between England and the Hanseatic League.

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Trondenes Church

Trondenes Church (Trondenes kirke) is the northernmost medieval stone church of Norway and the world's northernmost surviving medieval building.

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Truso

Truso, situated on Lake Drużno, was an Old Prussian (Pomesanian) town near the Baltic Sea just east of the Vistula River.

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TS Maxim Gorkiy

TS Maxim Gorkiy was, until 30 November 2008, a cruise ship owned by Sovcomflot, Russia, under long-term charter to Phoenix Reisen, Germany.

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Tsar

Tsar (Old Bulgarian / Old Church Slavonic: ц︢рь or цар, цaрь), also spelled csar, or czar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe.

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Twelve Years' Truce

The Twelve Years' Truce was the name given to the cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic as agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 (coinciding with the Royal Decree of Expulsion of the Moriscos).

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Tyska Brinken

Tyska Brinken (The German Slope) is a street in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden.

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Uelzen

Uelzen (officially the Hanseatic Town of Uelzen, German: Hansestadt Uelzen,, Low German Ülz’n) is a town in northeast Lower Saxony, Germany, and capital of the county of Uelzen.

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Ulrich Hübbe

Ulrich Hübbe LL.D. (1 June 1805David St Leger Kelly, 'Hübbe, Ulrich (1805–1892)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hubbe-ulrich-3808/text6041, published first in hardcopy 1972, accessed online 15 July 2016. – 9 February 1892) was a German immigrant to South Australia, remembered for his part in framing the Real Property Act, which led to the Torrens title system of land registration.

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Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.

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Union of the Baltic Cities

Union of the Baltic Cities (UBC) is a voluntary, proactive network mobilizing the shared potential of over 100 member cities for democratic, economic, social, cultural and environmentally sustainable development of the Baltic Sea region.

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United Kingdom commercial law

United Kingdom commercial law is the law which regulates the sale and purchase of goods and services, when doing business in the United Kingdom.

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University of Greifswald

The University of Greifswald (Universität Greifswald) is a public research university located in Greifswald, Germany, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Unna

Unna is a city of around 59,000 people in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the seat of the Unna district.

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Unst

Unst is one of the North Isles of the Shetland Islands, Scotland.

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Upper Clements Parks

Upper Clements Parks is a seasonal theme park located in Upper Clements, Nova Scotia, Canada owned and operated by a non profit community group, The Upper Clements Parks Society.

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Ustka

Ustka (Stolpmünde; Kashubian Ùskô) is a town in the Middle Pomerania region of northwestern Poland with 17,100 inhabitants (2001).

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Utbremen Radio Tower

Utbremen Radio Tower, also known as Utbremen Transmission Tower or Utbremen Broadcast Tower, (Utbremen Funkturm "Utbremen Radio Tower") was a wooden German lattice radio tower that was mainly built for mediumwave broadcasting.

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Uyeasound

Uyeasound is a village on the Isle of Unst, the northernmost island of the Shetland Islands, Scotland.

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Valdemar IV of Denmark

Valdemar IV Atterdag (the epithet meaning "A New Dawn"), or Waldemar (132024 October 1375; Valdemar Atterdag), was King of Denmark from 1340 to 1375.

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Valmiera

Valmiera (Wolmar; Wolmar see other names) is the largest city of the historical Vidzeme region, Latvia, with a total area of.

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Vardøhus Fortress

Vardøhus Fortress (Vardøhus festning) is located in Vardø Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway.

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Vasily Zhukovsky

Vasily Zhukovsky was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s and a leading figure in Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century.

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Vädersolstavlan

(Swedish for "The Sun Dog Painting") is an oil-on-panel painting depicting a halo display, an atmospheric optical phenomenon, observed over Stockholm on 20 April 1535.

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Vehicle registration plates of Germany

German vehicle registration plates (Kraftfahrzeug-Kennzeichen or, more colloquially, Nummernschilder) indicate the place where the vehicle bearing them was once registered.

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Veliky Novgorod

Veliky Novgorod (p), also known as Novgorod the Great, or Novgorod Veliky, or just Novgorod, is one of the most important historic cities in Russia, which serves as the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast.

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Venetian navy

The Venetian navy (Armada) was the navy of the Venetian Republic, and played an important role in the history of Venice, the Republic and the Mediterranean world.

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Venetian–Genoese wars

The Venetian–Genoese Wars were a series of struggles between the Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, at times allied with other powers, for dominance in the Mediterranean Sea between 1256 and 1381.

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Venlo

Venlo is a city and municipality in the southeastern Netherlands, near the German border.

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Ventspils

Ventspils (see other names) is a town in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country.

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Vesborg

Vesborg was a castle founded by King Valdemar Atterdag in the 1360s, on the southwestern coast of Samsø in Denmark.

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Victory Square, Kaliningrad

Victory Square (Площадь победы, Ploshchad Pobedy) is a central square in Kaliningrad.

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Victual Brothers

The Victual Brothers (Vitalienbrüder) were a loosely organized guild of privateers who later turned to piracy.

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Vifanord

vifanord (Virtual Library of Northern European and Baltic Studies) is a digital library or internet subject gateway that provides combined access to scientifically relevant information on the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden), the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the Baltic region as a whole and on Hanseatic topics.

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Viking ships

Viking ships were marine vessels of unique structure, built by the Vikings during the Viking Age.

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Viljandi

Viljandi (Fellin) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,473 in 2013.

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Vincent Lübeck

Vincent Lübeck (c. September 1654 – 9 February 1740) was a German composer and organist.

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Visborg

Visborg (Wisborg) refers to a fortress in the town of Visby on the Swedish island of Gotland.

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Visby

Visby is a locality and the seat of Gotland Municipality in Gotland County, on the island of Gotland, Sweden with 24,330 inhabitants,.

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Vitslav II, Prince of Rügen

Vitslav II (c. 1240 – 1302), variously called Vislav, Vizlav, Wislaw, Wizlaw and Witslaw in English sources (Wizlaw II) was a prince of Rügen.

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Vitt

The fishing village of Vitt lies on the German Baltic Sea island of Rügen, more precisely on the Wittow peninsula near Cape Arkona.

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Volokolamsk

Volokolamsk (Волокола́мск) is a town and the administrative center of Volokolamsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Gorodenka River, not far from its confluence with the Lama River, northwest of Moscow.

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Von der Tann (gunboat)

Von der Tann was a steam-powered 120 ton gunboat built in 1849 at Conradi shipyards in Kiel for the small joint navy of the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.

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Vordingborg

Vordingborg is an old ferry town in Vordingborg Municipality in Denmark.

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Vordingborg Castle

The Vordingborg Castle ruins (Vordingborg Slotsruin) are located in the town of Vordingborg, Denmark and are the town's most famous attraction.

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Vyborg

Vyborg (p; Viipuri,; Viborg; Wiborg; Viiburi) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Walter von Brunn

Walter Albert Ferdinand Brunn (2 September 1876, in Göttingen – 21 December 1952, in Leipzig) was a German surgeon and historian of medicine.

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Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway

The Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway is the shortest railway link between the Ruhr and the Hamburg Metropolitan Region and hence one of the most important railway lines in northwest Germany.

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War of the Lüneburg Succession

The War of the Lüneburg Succession (Lüneburger Erbfolgekrieg) was a conflict over the succession to the Principality of Lüneburg that broke out in 1370 in north Germany and lasted, with interruptions, for 18 years.

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Warburg

Warburg is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia on the river Diemel near the three-state point shared by Hessen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Warehouse

A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods.

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Warnemünde Church

Warnemünde Church is a neogothic building in Warnemünde, which is a part of the hanseatic city of Rostock.

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Warnemünde station

Warnemünde station is located in the seaside resort of Warnemünde, a district of the Hanseatic city of Rostock in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Warnow Tunnel

The Warnow Tunnel (also known as the Warnow River Crossing and the Warnowquerung in German) is a road tunnel 790 m long which connects the east and west bank of the Warnow river in the Hanseatic city of Rostock in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster, associated with a red rose, and the House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.

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Warsaw Stock Exchange

The Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), Giełda Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie, is a stock exchange in Warsaw, Poland.

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Warstein

Warstein is a town in the district of Soest, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Wartislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania

Wartislaw VIII (1373 – 20 or 23 August 1415) was a duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins house.

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Werben (Elbe)

Werben (Elbe) is a town in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Werl

Werl is a town located in the district of Soest in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Werne

Werne (Westphalian: Wäen) is a town in the Federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the Unna district in Germany.

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Wesel

Wesel is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Weser

The Weser is a river in Northwestern Germany.

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Western Pomerania

Western Pomerania, also called Cispomerania or Hither Pomerania (Vorpommern), is the western extremity of the historic region of the duchy, later Province of Pomerania, nowadays divided between the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Poland.

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Westline

The Westline is a fictional line describing the movement of the commercial centre of maritime trade over the past 5000 years.

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Westrobothnian

Westrobothnian (måLe or bondska) is a number of closely related non-standardized Scandinavian dialects spoken natively along the coast of the historical province of Westrobothnia in co-existence with Finnish, Sami and in recent centuries, the national standard language Swedish.

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Weymouth Guildhall

Weymouth Guildhall is a former guildhall at Weymouth, Dorset, England.

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Wilhelmshaven

Wilhelmshaven (meaning William's Harbour) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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William Hatteclyffe

William Hatteclyffe (ca. 1417–1480), sometimes spelt in other ways, such as Hattclyff, Hatcliff, and even Atcliff, was an English physician, diplomat, and King's Secretary.

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William Henry O'Swald

William Henry O'Swald (August 23, 1832, Blankenese – May 7, 1923, Hamburg) was a Hamburg overseas merchant and Senator.

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William Knight (bishop)

William Knight (1475/76 – 1547) was the Secretary of State to Henry VIII of England, and Bishop of Bath and Wells.

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William of Modena

William of Modena (– 31 March 1251), also known as William of Sabina, Guglielmo de Chartreaux, Guglielmo de Savoy, Guillelmus, was an Italian clergyman and papal diplomat.

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William Wade (English politician)

Sir William Wade (or Waad, or Wadd; 1546 – 21 October 1623) was an English statesman and diplomat, and Lieutenant of the Tower of London.

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William Wallace

Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; Norman French: William le Waleys; died 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

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Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

The Willy-Brandt-Haus in Lübeck is a museum and a memorial to the late politician Federal Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Willy Brandt, of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

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Willy Stöwer

Willy Stöwer (22 May 1864 – 31 May 1931) was a German artist, illustrator and author during the Imperial Period.

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Windsor Guildhall

The Windsor Guildhall is the town hall of the town of Windsor, in the English county of Berkshire.

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Winterberg

Winterberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and a major winter sport resort of the Wintersport Arena Sauerland.

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Wipperfürth

Map of the city Town hall Wipperfürth is a municipality in the Oberbergischer Kreis of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, about 40 km north-east of Cologne, and the oldest town in the Bergischen Land.

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Wismar

Wismar is a port and Hanseatic city in Northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

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Wittenborg University

Wittenborg University is an international University of Applied Sciences.

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Wittmund

Wittmund is a town and capital of the district of Wittmund, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Wolkwitz

Wolkwitz is a family name, or surname, of German/Western-Slavic origins.

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Wolter von Plettenberg

Wolter (or Walter) von Plettenberg (c. 1450 – February 28, 1535) was the Master (Landmeister) of the Livonian Order from 1494 to 1535 and one of the greatest leaders of the Teutonic knights.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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Yacht-Club von Deutschland

The Yacht-Club von Deutschland (YCvD), "Yacht Club of Germany", was a yacht club platform established in 1937 during Nazi rule in Germany.

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Yell, Shetland

Yell is one of the North Isles of Shetland, Scotland.

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York Guildhall

York Guildhall is located behind York's Mansion House.

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Ystad

Ystad is a town, and the seat of Ystad Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden, with 18,350 inhabitants in 2010.

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Za (guilds)

The were one of the primary types of trade guilds in feudal Japan.

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Zuiderzee

The Zuiderzee (old spelling Zuyderzee) was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands, extending about 100 km (60 miles) inland and at most 50 km (30 miles) wide, with an overall depth of about 4 to 5 metres (13–16 feet) and a coastline of about 300 km (200 miles).

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Zutphen

Zutphen is a city and municipality located in the province of Gelderland, Netherlands.

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Zwolle

Zwolle is a city and municipality in the northeastern Netherlands serving as Overijssel's capital.

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1150s in England

Events from the 1150s in England.

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12 Paces Without a Head

12 Paces Without a Head (Zwölf Meter ohne Kopf) is a 2009 film set in the North Sea in 1401.

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1250s

The 1250s decade ran from January 1, 1250, to December 31, 1259.

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1259

Year 1259 (MCCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1340s

The 1340s were a Julian calendar decade in the 14th century, in the midst of a period in world history often referred to as the Late Middle Ages in the Old World and the pre-Columbian era in the New World.

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1356

Year 1356 (MCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1359

Year 1359 (MCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1362

Year 1362 (MCCCLXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1368

Year 1368 (MCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1370

Year 1370 (MCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1420s in Denmark

Events from the year 1420s in Denmark.

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1427

Year 1427 (MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1430s in Denmark

Events from the year 1430s in Denmark.

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1460s in England

Events from the 1460s in England.

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1470

Year 1470 (MCDLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1470s in art

The decade of the 1470s in art involved some significant events.

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1470s in England

Events from the 1470s in England.

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1490s in England

Events from the 1490s in England.

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1496

Year 1496 (MCDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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14th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was the century lasting from January 1, 1301, to December 31, 1400.

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1534

Year 1534 (MDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1535

Year 1535 (MDXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1550s in England

Events from the 1550s in England.

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1552

Year 1552 (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1669

No description.

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480 Hansa

480 Hansa, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid and the namesake of the Hansa family located in the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter.

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6102 Visby

6102 Visby, provisional designation, is a stony asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter.

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7th Sea (role-playing game)

7th Sea is a "swashbuckling and sorcery"-themed tabletop role-playing game (RPG) set in the fictional world of Théah.

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Redirects here:

Hansa League, Hansa Towns, Hanse, Hanse Towns, Hanse city, Hanse town, Hanse towns, Hanse-Towns, Hanseatic Cities, Hanseatic Diet, Hanseatic cities, Hanseatic city, Hanseatic league, Hanseatic period, Hanseatic states, Hanseatic town, Hansestad, Hansestadt, Hansetag, List of ships of the Hanseatic League, Lists of former Hansa cities, Members of the Hanseatic League, Teutonic Hanse, The Hansa, The Hanseatic League.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League