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374 relations: ABHD18, Acidilobus saccharovorans, Aciduliprofundum boonei, Acinetobacter, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aerobic fermentation, Agrobacterium, Alien (creature in Alien franchise), Alloteropsis, Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, Amborella, Ancestor, Ancestral reconstruction, Ancestral sequence reconstruction, Andalucia (Excavata), Andrea Crisanti (scientist), Antibiotic, Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea, Antimicrobial resistance, Aphid, Aquificae, Arborescent, Archaea, Aryldialkylphosphatase, Asexual reproduction, Axenic, B chromosome, Bacillus anthracis, BacMam, Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure, Bacterial conjugation, Bacterial genome, Bacterial taxonomy, Bacteriophage, Bacteriophage P2, Bacteroidetes, Bartonella quintana, Bdelloidea, Bifidobacterium longum, Biodiversity, Biofilm, Bioinformatics, Biopharmaceutical, Boquila, Botany, C6orf201, Calvin A. Grant, Cambrian explosion, ..., Carl Woese, Chimpanzee genome project, Chlamydiae, Chlorobium, Chloroflexi (class), Chlorovirus, Choanoflagellate, Cholera, Cholera toxin, Chromosome, Cisgenesis, Clostridium botulinum, Coleoidea, Common descent, Computational phylogenetics, Conserved signature indels, Cosmic ancestry, CPS operon, CRISPR, Cuatro Ciénegas, Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2, Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens, Desulforudis, Diatom, Distance matrices in phylogeny, DNA barcoding, Domain (biology), Dopamine, Drug resistance, Dual inheritance theory, Dynamical genetics, EEF-1, Elysia chlorotica, Endogenous retrovirus, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobacter virus CC31, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O104:H4, Ethics of technology, Eukaryote, Evidence of common descent, Evolution, Evolution of sexual reproduction, Evolutionary game theory, Evolutionary history of life, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, Fiona Brinkman, Ford Doolittle, Franc Gubenšek, Francisella tularensis, Frankia, Functional divergence, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Galdieria sulphuraria, Gemmata obscuriglobus, Gene, Gene cassette, Gene doping, Gene pool, Gene prediction, Gene therapy of the human retina, Gene transfer agent, Gene transfer agent-release holin family, Genetic ecology, Genetically modified fish, Genetically modified food controversies, Genetically modified organism, Genetically modified organism containment and escape, Genetically modified rice, Genetics, Genome, Genome evolution, Genomic island, Geobiology, Glandularia, Glossary of genetics, Gluconeogenesis, Glutamate permease, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Gypsy (database), HeLa, Helicobacter pylori, Helitron (biology), Heterarchy, HGT (disambiguation), HhMAN1, Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein, History of Earth, History of evolutionary thought, History of molecular evolution, Homing endonuclease, Homologous recombination, Horizontal evolution, Horizontal gene transfer in evolution, Horizontal transmission, Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans, Hugo de Vries, Human artificial chromosome, Huntington Willard, Hymenobacter algoricola, Hymenobacter antarcticus, Hymenobacter elongatus, Hymenobacter fastidiosus, Hymenobacter glaciei, Immunoglobulin superfamily, Index of biology articles, Index of evolutionary biology articles, Index of genetics articles, Index of molecular biology articles, Index of oncology articles, Inferring horizontal gene transfer, Infinite sites model, Integron, Intein, Irreducible complexity, Ixodes scapularis, James A. 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Expand index (324 more) »
ABHD18
ABHD18 is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the ABHD18 gene.
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Acidilobus saccharovorans
Acidilobus saccharovorans is a thermoacidophilic (that is, both thermophilic and acidophilic) species of anaerobic archaea.
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Aciduliprofundum boonei
Aciduliprofundum boonei is an obligate thermoacidophilic archaea belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota.
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Acinetobacter
Acinetobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the wider class of Gammaproteobacteria.
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Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii is a typically short, almost round, rod-shaped (coccobacillus) Gram-negative bacterium.
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Acyrthosiphon pisum
Acyrthosiphon pisum, commonly known as the pea aphid (and colloquially known as the green dolphin, pea louse, and clover louse), is a sap-sucking insect in the Aphididae family.
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Aerobic fermentation
Aerobic fermentation is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism (also referred to as the crabtree effect in yeast).
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Agrobacterium
Agrobacterium is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria established by H. J. Conn that uses horizontal gene transfer to cause tumors in plants.
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Alien (creature in Alien franchise)
The "Alien" (colloquial: "Xenomorph XX121"; binomial: Internecivus raptus Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report) is a fictional endoparasitoid extraterrestrial species that is the eponymous antagonist of the ''Alien'' film series.
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Alloteropsis
Alloteropsis (from the Greek allotrios ("strange") and opsis ("appearance")) is a genus of Old World plants in the grass family.
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Alternatives to evolution by natural selection
Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, also described as non-Darwinian mechanisms of evolution, have been proposed by scholars investigating biology since classical times to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.
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Amborella
Amborella is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia.
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Ancestor
An ancestor is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an antecedent (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent, and so forth).
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Ancestral reconstruction
Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors.
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Ancestral sequence reconstruction
Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) – also known as ancestral gene/sequence reconstruction/resurrection – is a technique used in the study of molecular evolution.
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Andalucia (Excavata)
Andalucia is a genus of jakobids.
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Andrea Crisanti (scientist)
Andrea Crisanti, PhD (born 1954) is an Italian Professor of Molecular Parasitology at Imperial College London where he is best known for the development of genetically manipulated mosquitoes with the objective to interfere with either their reproductive rate or the capability to transmit diseases such as malaria.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea
The Gonorrhea bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae has developed antibiotic resistance to many antibiotics.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Aphid
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.
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Aquificae
The Aquificae phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings.
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Arborescent
Arborescent is a term used by the French thinkers Deleuze and Guattari to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totalizing principles, binarism, and dualism.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Aryldialkylphosphatase
Aryldialkylphosphatase (EC) (more commonly known as phosphotriesterase, and also organophosphate hydrolase, parathion hydrolase, paraoxonase, and parathion aryl esterase) is a metalloenzyme that hydrolyzes the triester linkage found in organophosphate insecticides.
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Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.
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Axenic
In biology, axenic describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms.
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B chromosome
In addition to the normal karyotype, wild populations of many animal, plant, and fungi species contain B chromosomes (also known as supernumerary, accessory, (conditionally-)dispensable, or lineage-specific chromosomes).
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Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax—a common disease of livestock and, occasionally, of humans—and the only obligate pathogen within the genus Bacillus.
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BacMam
Baculovirus gene transfer into Mammalian cells, known from scientific research articles as BacMam, is the use of baculovirus to deliver genes to mammalian cells.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria, despite their simplicity, contain a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity.
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Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
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Bacterial genome
Bacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of animals and single cell eukaryotes.
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Bacterial taxonomy
Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Bacteriophage P2
Bacteriophage P2 is a temperate phage that infects E. coli.
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Bacteroidetes
The phylum Bacteroidetes is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.
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Bartonella quintana
Bartonella quintana, originally known as Rochalimaea quintana, and "Rickettsia quintana", is a micro-organism transmitted by the human body louse.
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Bdelloidea
Bdelloidea (Greek βδελλα, bdella, "leech-like") is a class of rotifers found in freshwater habitats all over the world.
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Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biofilm
A biofilm comprises any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
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Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.
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Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biologic(al) medical product, biological, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
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Boquila
Boquila is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Lardizabalaceae, native to temperate forests of central and southern Chile and Argentina.
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Botany
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
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C6orf201
Chromosome 6 open reading frame 201, C6orf201, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6orf201 gene.
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Calvin A. Grant
Calvin Alexander Grant is an American ophthalmologist.
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Cambrian explosion
The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was an event approximately in the Cambrian period when most major animal phyla appeared in the fossil record.
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Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Chimpanzee genome project
The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the Chimpanzee genome.
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Chlamydiae
The Chlamydiae are bacterial phylum and class whose members are a group of obligate intracellular bacteria, whose members are remarkably diverse, ranging from pathogens of humans and animals to symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa.
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Chlorobium
Chlorobium (also known as Chlorochromatium) is a genus of green sulfur bacteria. They are photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur and most notably utilise a noncyclic electron transport chain to reduce NAD+. Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 Reaction Centre using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a. Two photosynthetic antenna complexes aid in light absorption: the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex ("FMO", also containing BChl a), and the chlorosomes which employ mostly BChl c, d, or e. Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source.Prescott, Harley, Klein. (2005). Microbiology pp. 195, 493, 597, 618-619, 339. Chlorobium species exhibit a dark green color; in a Winogradsky column, the green layer often observed is composed of Chlorobium. This genus lives in strictly anaerobic conditions below the surface of a body of water, commonly the anaerobic zone of a eutrophic lake. Chlorobium aggregatum is a species which exists in a symbiotic relationship with a colorless, nonphotosynthetic bacteria. This species looks like a bundle of green bacteria, attached to a central rod-like cell which can move around with a flagellum. The green, outer bacteria use light to oxidize sulfide into sulfate. The inner cell, which is not able to perform photosynthesis, reduces the sulfate into sulfide. These bacteria divide in unison, giving the structure a multicellular appearance which is highly unusual in bacteria. Chlorobium species are thought to have played an important part in mass extinction events on Earth. If the oceans turn anoxic (due to the shutdown of ocean circulation) then Chlorobium would be able to out compete other photosynthetic life. They would produce huge quantities of methane and hydrogen sulfide which would cause global warming and acid rain. This would have huge consequences for other oceanic organisms and also for terrestrial organisms. Evidence for abundant Chlorobium populations is provided by chemical fossils found in sediments deposited at the Cretaceous mass extinction. The complete C. tepidum genome, which consists of 2.15 megabases (Mb), was sequenced and published in 2002. It synthesizes chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) a and c, of which the model organism has been used to elucidate the biosynthesis of BChl c. Several of its carotenoid metabolic pathways (including a novel lycopene cyclase) have similar counterparts in cyanobacteria.
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Chloroflexi (class)
The Chloroflexia are one of six classes of bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi, known as filamentous green non-sulfur bacteria.
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Chlorovirus
Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family ''Phycodnaviridae''.
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Choanoflagellate
The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.
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Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Cholera toxin
Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Cisgenesis
Cisgenesis is a product designation for a category of genetically engineered plants.
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Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum.
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Coleoidea
Subclass Coleoidea, or Dibranchiata, is the grouping of cephalopods containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or "shell-less," i.e., octopus, squid and cuttlefish.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Computational phylogenetics
Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses.
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Conserved signature indels
Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships.
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Cosmic ancestry
Cosmic ancestry is a hypothesis of the origin of life on Earth, based on the panspermia views of Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe.
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CPS operon
The capsule biosynthesis, or CPS operon is a section of the genome present in some Escherichia coli which regulates the production of polysaccharides which make up the bacterial capsule.
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CRISPR
CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.
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Cuatro Ciénegas
Cuatro Ciénegas is a city in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila.
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Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 2 (DHVE2) is a lineage of Archaea ubiquitous in hydrothermal vent systems.
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Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens
Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens is an anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from a Superfund site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
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Desulforudis
Desulforudis audaxviator is a monotypic bacteria, which lives in depths from below the Earth's surface in the groundwater.
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Diatom
Diatoms (diá-tom-os "cut in half", from diá, "through" or "apart"; and the root of tém-n-ō, "I cut".) are a major group of microorganisms found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.
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Distance matrices in phylogeny
Distance matrices are used in phylogeny as non-parametric distance methods and were originally applied to phenetic data using a matrix of pairwise distances.
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DNA barcoding
DNA barcoding is a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism's DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species.
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Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Drug resistance
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.
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Dual inheritance theory
Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.
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Dynamical genetics
Dynamical genetics concerns the study and the interpretation of those phenomena in which physiological enzymatic protein complexes alter the DNA, in a more or less sophisticated way.
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EEF-1
eEF-1 is a eukaryotic elongation factor.
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Elysia chlorotica
Elysia chlorotica (common name the eastern emerald elysia) is a small-to-medium-sized species of green sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc.
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Endogenous retrovirus
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses.
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Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba.
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Enterobacter virus CC31
Enterobacter virus CC31 is a dsDNA bacteriophage of the subfamily Tevenvirinae responsible for infecting the bacteria family of ''Enterobactericeae''.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Escherichia coli O104:H4
Escherichia coli O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative ''Escherichia coli'' strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and the cause of the 2011 ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 outbreak.
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Ethics of technology
Ethics in technology is a sub-field of ethics addressing the ethical questions specific to the Technology Age.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Evidence of common descent
Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Evolution of sexual reproduction
The evolution of sexual reproduction describes how sexually reproducing animals, plants, fungi and protists evolved from a common ancestor that was a single celled eukaryotic species.
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Evolutionary game theory
Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology.
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Evolutionary history of life
The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.
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Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on all aspects of biological therapy, including gene therapy and gene transfer technologies, therapeutic peptides and proteins, vaccines and antibodies, and cell- and tissue-based therapies.
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Fiona Brinkman
Fiona Brinkman (née Lawson) is a Professor in Bioinformatics and Genomics at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada, and is a leader in the area of microbial bioinformatics.
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Ford Doolittle
W.
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Franc Gubenšek
Franc Gubenšek (31 October 1937 – 17 August 2010) was a Slovene biochemist and academic, notable for his work on toxins in snake venom.
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Francisella tularensis
Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped coccobacillus, an aerobe bacterium.
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Frankia
Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing, filamentous bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae.
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Functional divergence
Functional divergence is the process by which genes, after gene duplication, shift in function from an ancestral function.
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Fusarium sporotrichioides
Fusarium sporotrichioides is a fungal plant pathogen, one of various Fusarium species responsible for damaging crops, in particular causing a condition known as Fusarium head blight in wheat, consequently being of notable agricultural and economic importance.
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Galdieria sulphuraria
Galdieria sulphuraria is an extremophilic unicellular species of red algae.
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Gemmata obscuriglobus
Gemmata obscuriglobus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, motile bacterium of the phylum Planctomycetes, first described in 1984 as the only described species in the genus Gemmata.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene cassette
A gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site.
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Gene doping
Gene doping is the hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by athletes in order to improve their performance in those sporting events which prohibit such applications of genetic modification technology, and for reasons other than the treatment of disease.
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Gene pool
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.
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Gene prediction
In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes.
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Gene therapy of the human retina
Retinal gene therapy holds a promise in treating different forms of non-inherited and inherited blindness.
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Gene transfer agent
A gene transfer agent (GTA) is a phage-like element produced by several bacteria and archaea that mediates horizontal gene transfer.
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Gene transfer agent-release holin family
Gene transfer agent-release holins (GTA-Hol) are holins which are believed to facilitate the lysis-dependent release of a gene transfer agent.
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Genetic ecology
Genetic ecology is the study of the stability and expression of varying genetic material within abiotic mediums.
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Genetically modified fish
Genetically modified fish (GM fish) are organisms from the taxonomic clade which includes the classes Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
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Genetically modified food controversies
Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional crops, and other uses of genetic engineering in food production.
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Genetically modified organism
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).
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Genetically modified organism containment and escape
Since the advent of genetic engineering in the 1970s, concerns have been raised about the dangers of the technology.
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Genetically modified rice
Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified (also called genetic engineering).
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genome evolution
Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time.
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Genomic island
A genomic island (GI) is part of a genome that has evidence of horizontal origins.
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Geobiology
Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere.
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Glandularia
Glandularia, common name mock vervain or mock verbena, is a genus of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae.
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Glossary of genetics
This is a glossary of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of genetics and related disciplines in biology.
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Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
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Glutamate permease
The sodium/glutamate symporter, also known as glutamate permease, is a transmembrane protein family found in bacteria and archaea.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall.
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Gypsy (database)
Gypsy (GyDB) is a wiki-style database of mobile genetic elements.
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HeLa
HeLa (also Hela or hela) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research.
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Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.
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Helitron (biology)
Helitrons are one of the three groups of eukaryotic class 2 transposable elements (TEs) so far described.
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Heterarchy
A heterarchy is a system of organization where the elements of the organization are unranked (non-hierarchical) or where they possess the potential to be ranked a number of different ways.
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HGT (disambiguation)
HGT may refer to.
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HhMAN1
HhMAN1 is a gene in the genome of Hypothenemus hampei, a.k.a. Coffee borer beetle, which codes for mannanase, an enzyme used to digest galactomannan, a complex polysaccharide that is found in coffee beans.
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Histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein
In molecular biology, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring (H-NS) protein belongs to a family of bacterial proteins that play a role in the formation of nucleoid structure and affect gene expression under certain conditions.
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History of Earth
The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day.
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History of evolutionary thought
Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science.
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History of molecular evolution
The history of molecular evolution starts in the early 20th century with "comparative biochemistry", but the field of molecular evolution came into its own in the 1960s and 1970s, following the rise of molecular biology.
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Homing endonuclease
The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins.
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Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
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Horizontal evolution
The phrase horizontal evolution is used in evolutionary biology to refer to.
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Horizontal gene transfer in evolution
Scientists trying to reconstruct evolutionary history have been challenged by the fact that genes can sometimes transfer between distant branches on the tree of life.
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Horizontal transmission
Horizontal transmission is the transmission of infections between members of the same species that are not in a parent-child relationship.
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Host microbe interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans-microbe interactions are here broadly defined and encompass the associations with all microbes that are temporarily or permanently living in or on this nematode.
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Hugo de Vries
Hugo Marie de Vries ForMemRS (16 February 1848 – 21 May 1935) was a Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists.
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Human artificial chromosome
A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells.
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Huntington Willard
Huntington Faxon Willard (c.1953-) is an American geneticist.
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Hymenobacter algoricola
Hymenobacter algoricola is a species of bacteria first isolated from Victoria Upper Glacier, Antarctica on basal ice.
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Hymenobacter antarcticus
Hymenobacter antarcticus is a species of bacteria first isolated from Victoria Upper Glacier, Antarctica on basal ice.
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Hymenobacter elongatus
Hymenobacter elongatus is a species of bacteria first isolated from Victoria Upper Glacier, Antarctica on basal ice.
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Hymenobacter fastidiosus
Hymenobacter fastidiosus is a species of bacteria first isolated from Victoria Upper Glacier, Antarctica on basal ice.
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Hymenobacter glaciei
Hymenobacter glaciei is a species of bacteria first isolated from Victoria Upper Glacier, Antarctica on basal ice.
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Immunoglobulin superfamily
The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells.
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Index of biology articles
Biology is the study of life and its processes.
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Index of evolutionary biology articles
This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology.
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Index of genetics articles
Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.
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Index of molecular biology articles
This is a list of topics in molecular biology.
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Index of oncology articles
This is a list of terms related to oncology.
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Inferring horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal or lateral gene transfer (HGT or LGT) is the transmission of portions of genomic DNA between organisms through a process decoupled from vertical inheritance.
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Infinite sites model
The Infinite sites model (ISM) is a mathematical model of molecular evolution first proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1969.
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Integron
Integrons are genetic mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt and evolve rapidly through the acquisition, stockpiling and differential expression of new genes.
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Intein
An intein is a segment of a protein that is able to excise itself and join the remaining portions (the exteins) with a peptide bond in a process termed protein splicing.
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Irreducible complexity
Irreducible complexity (IC) is the idea that certain biological systems cannot evolve by successive small modifications to pre-existing functional systems through natural selection.
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Ixodes scapularis
Ixodes scapularis is commonly known as the deer tick or black-legged tick (although some people reserve the latter term for Ixodes pacificus, which is found on the west coast of the USA), and in some parts of the USA as the bear tick.
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James A. Lake
James A. Lake (born August 10, 1941, Kearney, Nebraska) is an American evolutionary biologist and a Distinguished Professor of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and of Human Genetics at UCLA.
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Jeffrey D. Palmer
Jeffrey Donald Palmer is a Distinguished Professor of Biology at Indiana University Bloomington.
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Johann Peter Gogarten
Johann Peter Gogarten is a German-American biologist studying the early evolution of life.
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Jozef Schell
Jozef Stefaan "Jeff" baron Schell (20 July 1935 – 17 April 2003) was a Belgian molecular biologist.
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K-mer
The term k-mer typically refers to all the possible substrings of length k that are contained in a string.
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Kalappa Muniyappa
Kalappa Muniyappa (born 1952) is an Indian molecular biologist and geneticist, known for his researches on the chromatization of DNA and gene targeting.
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Kanamycin A
Kanamycin A, often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis.
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Karen E. Nelson
Dr.
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Karin Broberg
Karin Broberg (born 6 January 1973) is a Swedish geneticist and toxicologist and professor at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, known for her work on human adaptation to challenging environments.
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Kleptoplasty
Kleptoplasty or kleptoplastidy is a symbiotic phenomenon whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts from algae, are sequestered by host organisms.
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Lactoylglutathione lyase
In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal.
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Language family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.
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Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA), also called the last universal ancestor (LUA), cenancestor, or (incorrectlyThere is a common misconception that definitions of LUCA and progenote are the same; however, progenote is defined as an organism “still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype”, and it is only hypothesed that LUCA is a progenote.) progenote, is the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent.
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LGT
LGT may refer to.
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Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
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List of MeSH codes (G05)
The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.
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List of phylogenetic tree visualization software
This list of phylogenetic tree viewing software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used in visualising phylogenetic trees.
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List of phylogenetics software
This list of phylogenetics software is a compilation of computational phylogenetics software used to produce phylogenetic trees.
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List of University of Connecticut people
This is a list of notable alumni and faculty from the University of Connecticut.
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List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction
The following tables compare traits given to vampires in folklore and fiction.
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Lokiarchaeota
Lokiarchaeota is a proposed phylum of the Archaea.
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LSm
In molecular biology, LSm proteins are a family of RNA-binding proteins found in virtually every cellular organism.
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Macroevolution
Macroevolution is evolution on a scale at or above the level of species, in contrast with microevolution, which refers to smaller evolutionary changes of allele frequencies within a species or population.
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Mae-Wan Ho
Mae-Wan Ho (12 November 1941 – 24 March 2016) was a geneticist CURRICULUM VITAE of Mae-Wan Ho known for her critical views on genetic engineering and evolution.
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Marine life
Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.
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Marine microorganism
Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as the microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary.
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Marseillevirus
Marseillevirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Marseilleviridae.
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Maspin
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINB5 gene.
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MCR-1
The mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene confers plasmid-mediated resistance to colistin, one of a number of last-resort antibiotics for treating gram negative infections.
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Meiosis
Meiosis (from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, which means lessening) is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.
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Metacaspase
Metacaspases are members of the C14 class of cysteine proteases and thus related to caspases, orthocaspases and paracaspases.
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Methanosarcina
Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) refers to a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
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MicrobesOnline
MicrobesOnline is a publicly and freely accessible website that hosts multiple comparative genomic tools for comparing microbial species at the genomic, transcriptomic and functional levels.
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Microbial ecology
Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment.
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Microbial mat
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea.
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Microevolution
Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population.
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Micromonas
Micromonas is a genus of green algae in the family Mamiellaceae.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Microsporidia
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites.
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Microvesicles
Microvesicles (circulating microvesicles, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle, between 50 and 1,000 nanometers (nm) in diameter, found in many types of body fluids as well as the interstitial space between cells.
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Miroslav Radman
Miroslav Radman (born April 30, 1944) is a prominent Croatian-French biologist.
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Mobile genetic elements
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are a type of genetic materials that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.
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Molecular evolution
Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.
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Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is the field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level and thus employs methods of both molecular biology and genetics.
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Molecular mimicry
Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides.
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Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
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Monocercomonoides
Monocercomonoides is a genus of flagellate Excavata belonging to the order Oxymonadida.
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Muller's ratchet
In evolutionary genetics, Muller's ratchet (named after Hermann Joseph Muller, by analogy with a ratchet effect) is a process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner.
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Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs), isoniazid and rifampin.
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Multidrug tolerance
Multidrug tolerance or antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a disease-causing microorganism to resist being killed by antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
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Multiple drug resistance
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multiple antimicrobial drugs.
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MutS-1
Mismatch repair contributes to the overall fidelity of DNA replication and is essential for combating the adverse effects of damage to the genome.
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Mycobacteriophage
A mycobacteriophage is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have mycobacteria as host bacterial species.
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Nannochloropsis
Nannochloropsis is a genus of algae comprising 6 known species.
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Naomi Datta
Naomi Datta, FRS (17 September 1922 – 30 November 2008) was a distinguished British geneticist.
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Natural competence
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation.
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Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
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Nautilia profundicola
Nautilia profundicola is a Gram-negative chemolithoautotrophic epsilonproteobacterium found around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean.
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Negativicutes
The Negativicutes are a class of firmicute bacteria, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains Gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Firmicutes.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural) is a species of gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879.
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Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis.
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Nematocida parisii
Nematocida parisii, the nematode-killer from Paris, is a species of Microsporidia fungi.
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Neocallimastigomycota
Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum containing anaerobic fungi, which are symbionts found in the digestive tracts of larger herbivores.
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Neomura
Neomura is a possible clade composed of the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota.
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Nermin Gozukirmizi
Nermin Gözukirmizi, scientific advisor and professor in Istanbul University, was born on June 18, 1951 in İzmit, Turkey.
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New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1
New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Niche adaptation
Niche adaptation refers to the ability of some organisms to adapt to changing environments, or niches.
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Nitrospira
Nitrospira (from Latin: nitro, meaning "nitrate" and Greek: spira, meaning "spiral") translate into “a nitrate spiral” is a genus of bacteria within the monophyletic clade of Nitrospirae phylum.
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Nucleofection
Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents.
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Okenane
Okenane, the diagenetic end product of okenone, is a biomarker for Chromatiaceae, the purple sulfur bacteria.
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Ordospora colligata
Ordospora colligata is an intracellular parasite belonging to the Microsporidia.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Orphan gene
Orphan genes (also called ORFans, especially in microbial literature) are genes without detectable homologues in other lineages.
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Outline of genetics
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics: Genetics – science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.
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Oxyrrhis marina
Oxyrrhis marina is a species of dinoflagellates with flagella.
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P-type ATPase
The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
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Pacific Biosciences
Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. is a biotechnology company founded in 2004 that develops and manufactures systems for gene sequencing and some novel real time biological observation.
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Paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
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Pan-genome
In molecular biology a pan-genome (or supra-genome) describes the full complement of genes in a clade (originally applied to species in bacteria and archaea, but also to plant species), which can have large variation in gene content among closely related strains or ecotypes.
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PANTHER
In bioinformatics the PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships) classification system is a large curated biological database of gene/protein families and their functionally related subfamilies that can be used to classify and identify the function of gene products.
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Paracaspase
Paracaspases (human: MALT1) are members of the C14 family of cysteine proteases.
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Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle, a process peculiar to fungi and single-celled organisms, is a nonsexual mechanism of parasexuality for transferring genetic material without meiosis or the development of sexual structures.
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (Anglicized to; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Pathogenicity island
Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.
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Patrick J. Keeling
Patrick John Keeling is a biologist and professor in the Department of Botany at the University of British Columbia.
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
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Petunia
Petunia is genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin.
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Phenetics
In biology, phenetics (phainein - to appear), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.
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Photorhabdus
Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo (which means light-producing) and rhabdus (rod-shape).
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Phylogenetic network
A phylogenetic network or reticulation is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly)Huson, DH and Scornavacca, C (2011).
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Phylogenetic profiling
Phylogenetic profiling is a bioinformatics technique in which the joint presence or joint absence of two traits across large numbers of species is used to infer a meaningful biological connection, such as involvement of two different proteins in the same biological pathway.
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Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
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Phylogenomics
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics.
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Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of normal mechanisms, and their interactions, which work within a living system.
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Plant disease resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system.
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Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between individuals in the plant and fungus kingdoms.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.
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Plesiocystis pacifica
Plesiocystis pacifica is a species of marine myxobacteria.
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Podospora anserina
Podospora anserina is a model filamentous, ascomycete fungus.
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Polinton
Polintons (also called Mavericks) are large DNA transposons which contain genes with homology to viral proteins and which are often found in eukaryotic genomes.
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Population genetics
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.
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Prasinovirus
Prasinovirus is a genus of large double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae that infect phytoplankton in the Prasinophyceae.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Prophage
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome or existing as an extrachromosomal plasmid.
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Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
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Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function.
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Protocalliphora
Protocalliphora or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds.
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Protocell
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life.
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Provirus
A provirus is a virus genome that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell.
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Pseudofungi
Pseudofungi is a grouping of heterokonts, also known as the Heterokontimycotina.
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Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 validly described species.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
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Psilocybin
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms.
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PtaRNA1
PtaRNA1 (plasmid transferred antisense RNA) is a family of non-coding RNAs.
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Pyrrolysine
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans.
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Pyruvate kinase
X-ray Crystallography Derived --> Pyruvate kinase is the enzyme that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis.
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Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing is the ability to detect and to respond to cell population density by gene regulation.
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R-factor
Resistance transfer factor (shortened as R-factor or RTF) is an old name for a plasmid that codes for antibiotic resistance.
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Rafflesia
Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants.
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Rafflesiaceae
The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including Rafflesia arnoldii, which has the largest flowers of all plants.
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Ralstonia solanacearum
Ralstonia solanacearum is an aerobic nonspore-forming, Gram-negative, plant pathogenic bacterium.
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Rathayibacter toxicus
Rathayibacter toxicus is a phytopathogenic bacterium known for causing annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) commonly found in South and Western Australia.
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Recurrent evolution
Recurrent evolution is the repeated evolution of a particular character.
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Response regulator
A response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to changes in its environment as part of a two-component regulatory system.
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Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.
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Reticulate evolution
The adjective reticulate stems from the Latin words reticulatus “having a net-like pattern” and reticulum “little net”, according to the.
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Rhizome (philosophy)
Rhizome is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972–1980) project.
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Rhodococcus equi
Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive coccobacillus bacterium.
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Ribonuclease H
Ribonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA in an RNA/DNA substrate via a hydrolytic mechanism.
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Richard Ambler
Richard Penry Ambler (26 May 1933 – 27 December 2013) was an English molecular biologist who conducted groundbreaking research into the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Roseobacter
In taxonomy, Roseobacter is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
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Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "sap-sucking sea slugs", are a clade of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia.
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Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Saltation (biology)
In biology, saltation (from Latin, saltus, "leap") is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation.
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SCCmec
SCCmec, or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, is a mobile genetic element of Staphylococcus bacterial species.
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Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life.
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Serpin
Serpins are a superfamily of proteins with similar structures that were first identified for their protease inhibition activity and are found in all kingdoms of life.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.
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Sham surgery
Sham surgery (placebo surgery) is a faked surgical intervention that omits the step thought to be therapeutically necessary.
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Shimwellia blattae
Shimwellia blattae (formerly Escherichia blattae) is a species of bacterium, one of two in the genus Shimwellia.
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Short interspersed nuclear element
Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous, non-coding transposable elements (TEs) that are 50-500 base pairs long.
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Social history of viruses
The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Sputnik virophage
Sputnik virophage (from Russian cпутник "satellite", Latin "virus" and Greek φάγειν phagein "to eat") is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus.
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SRNA-Xcc1
sRNA-Xcc1 (small RNA identified from ''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''campestris'') is a family of trans-acting non-coding RNA (also known as small RNA).
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Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus (from the σταφυλή, staphylē, "grape" and κόκκος, kókkos, "granule") is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Streamlining theory
Genomic streamlining is a theory in evolutionary biology and microbial ecology that suggests that there is a reproductive benefit to prokaryotes having a smaller genome size with less non-coding DNA and fewer non-essential genes.
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Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a gram positive, beta-haemolytic, coccal bacterium belonging to the family Streptococcaceae.
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Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay.
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Striga hermonthica
Striga hermonthica, commonly known as purple witchweed or giant witchweed, is a hemiparasitic plant that belongs to the family Orobanchaceae.
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Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.
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Sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
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Synechocystis
Synechocystis is a genus of unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria primarily represented by the strain Synechocystis sp.
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Syntelog
Syntelog: a special case of gene homology where sets of genes are derived from the same ancestral genomic region.
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T-REX (webserver)
T-REX() (Tree and Reticulogram Reconstruction) is a freely available webserver, developed at the department of Computer Science of the Université du Québec à Montréal, dedicated to the inference, validation and visualization of phylogenetic trees and phylogenetic networks.
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Takashi Gojobori
, a Japanese molecular biologist, is Vice-Director of the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) and Professor at Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) in NIG, Mishima, Japan.
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TANGO2
Transport and golgi organization 2 homolog (TANGO2) also known as chromosome 22 open reading frame 25 (C22orf25) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANGO2 gene.
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Tardigrade
Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.
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Tenebrioninae
Tenebrioninae are a large subfamily of the darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae), containing, among others, the flour beetles.
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Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under the brand name Sumycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of infections.
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Tetranychus urticae
Tetranychus urticae (common names include red spider mite and two-spotted spider mite) is a species of plant-feeding mite generally considered to be a pest.
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Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books.
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The Spiral of Life Mural Series
The Spiral of Life mural series is a collection of phylogenetic tree public art murals currently housed by the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium, the National Aviary and the Carnegie Science Center.
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Thermoacidophile
A thermoacidophile is an extremophilic microorganism that is both thermophilic and acidophilic; i.e., it can grow under conditions of high temperature and low pH.
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Thermotoga maritima
Thermotoga maritima is a hyperthermophilic organism that is a member of the order Thermotogales.
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Thermotoga naphthophila
Thermotoga naphthophila is a hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped fermentative heterotroph, with type strain RKU-10T.
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Thermotogae
The Thermotogae are a phylum of the domain Bacteria.
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TimeLogic
TimeLogic is the bioinformatics division of Active Motif, Inc. The company is headquartered in Carlsbad, California.
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Tn10
Tn10 is a transposable element, which is a sequence of DNA that is capable of mediating its own movement from one position in the DNA of the host organism to another.
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Torulene
Torulene (3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-carotene) is a carotene (a hydrocarbon carotenoid) which is notable for being synthesized by red pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), imparting the natural red color to the aphids, which aids in their camouflage and escape from predation.
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Toxin-antitoxin system
A toxin-antitoxin system is a set of two or more closely linked genes that together encode both a protein 'poison' and a corresponding 'antidote'.
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Transfer DNA
The transfer DNA (abbreviated T-DNA) is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes(actually an Ri plasmid.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transmission (genetics)
Genetic transmission is the transfer of genetic information from genes to another generation (from parent to offspring), almost synonymous with heredity, or from one location in a cell to another.
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Transposition
Transposition may refer to.
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Tree model
In historical linguistics, the tree model (also Stammbaum, genetic, or cladistic model) is a model of the evolution of languages analogous to the concept of a family tree, particularly a phylogenetic tree in the biological evolution of species.
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Tree of life (biology)
The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).
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Triclocarban
Triclocarban is an antibacterial agent common in personal care products like soaps and lotions as well as in the medical field, for which it was originally developed.
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Tubulin
Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily.
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Tunicate
A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata, which is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords.
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Twitching motility
Twitching motility is a form of crawling bacterial motility used to move over surfaces.
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Two-component regulatory system
In the field of molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions.
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Type three secretion system
Type three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria.
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Unplaced in APG II
When the APG II system of plant classification was published in April 2003, fifteen genera and three families were placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms, and were listed in a section of the appendix entitled "Taxa of uncertain position".
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V-ATPase
Vacuolar-type -ATPase (V-ATPase) is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in eukaryotic organisms.
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Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are strains of Staphylococcus aureus that have become resistant to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin.
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Vectors in gene therapy
Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below.
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Verbena
Verbena (vervain) is a genus in the family Verbenaceae.
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Vibrio anguillarum
Vibrio anguillarum is a species of Gram-negative bacteria with a curved-rod shape and one polar flagellum.
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Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium found in brackish saltwater, which, when ingested, causes gastrointestinal illness in humans.
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Virokine
Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system.
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Virology
Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.
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Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microbe's ability to infect or damage a host.
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Virulence factor
Virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that add to their effectiveness and enable them to achieve the following.
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Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
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VS ribozyme
The Varkud satellite (VS) ribozyme is an RNA enzyme that carries out the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond.
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Wave model
In historical linguistics, the wave model or wave theory (German Wellentheorie) is a model of language change in which a new language feature (innovation) or a new combination of language features spreads from a central region of origin in continuously weakening concentric circles, similar to the waves created when a stone is thrown into a body of water.
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Weismann barrier
The Weismann barrier, proposed by August Weismann, is the strict distinction between the "immortal" germ cell lineages producing gametes and "disposable" somatic cells.
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Wolbachia
Wolbachia is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria which infects arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects, but also some nematodes.
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Woo Jang-choon
Woo Jang-choon (April 8, 1898 – August 10, 1959) was a Korean-Japanese agricultural scientist and botanist famous for breeding plants.
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Xenobiology
Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems.
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2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
A novel strain of ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 bacteria caused a serious outbreak of foodborne illness focused in northern Germany in May through June 2011.
New!!: Horizontal gene transfer and 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak · See more »
Redirects here:
Gene flow between species, Gene swapping, Gene transfer, Gene transfer, horizontal, HGT, Horizontal DNA transfer, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Horizontal gene flow, Horizontal gene transmission, Horizontal or Lateral Gene Transfer, Horizontal origin, Lateral gene transfer, Transfer of genes, Transposition (horizontal gene transfer), Xenolog.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer
