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Ionizing radiation

Index Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. [1]

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Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.

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Abscopal effect

The abscopal effect is a phenomenon in the treatment of metastatic cancer where localized treatment of a tumor causes not only a shrinking of the treated tumor, but also a shrinking of tumors outside the scope of the localized treatment.

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Accident rating of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.

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Acerinox

Acerinox, S.A. is a stainless steel manufacturing conglomerate group based in Spain.

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Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cells.

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Acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is a collection of health effects that are present within 24 hours of exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation.

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Airborne radioactivity increase in Europe in autumn 2017

Airborne radioactivity was detected in Europe in autumn 2017, starting from the last days of September.

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Akira Ifukube

(31 May 1914 – 8 February 2006) was a Japanese composer, best known for his works on the film scores of the Godzilla movies since 1954.

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Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"Allegiance" is the 18th episode of the third season of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 66th episode of the series overall.

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Alpha decay

Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

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Alpha particle

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus.

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Alvin M. Weinberg

Alvin Martin Weinberg (April 20, 1915 – October 18, 2006) was an American nuclear physicist who was the administrator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) during and after the Manhattan Project.

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American Radium Society

The American Radium Society is a medical association devoted to the study and treatment of cancer.

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Americium

Americium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

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Americium-241

Americium-241 (241Am) is an isotope of americium.

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Anacardic acids

Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, chemical compounds found in the shell of the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale).

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Anatoly Dyatlov

Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov (Анатолий Степанович Дятлов; March 3, 1931 – December 13, 1995) was vice chief-engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, and the supervisor of the fatal experiment which resulted in the Chernobyl disaster.

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Androstenediol

Androstenediol, or 5-androstenediol (abbreviated as A5 or Δ5-diol), also known as androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol, is an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of testosterone from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

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Anechoic chamber

An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective, non-echoing, echo-free") is a room designed to completely absorb reflections of either sound or electromagnetic waves.

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Aneutronic fusion

Aneutronic fusion is any form of fusion power in which neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy.

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Antimatter rocket

An antimatter rocket is a proposed class of rockets that use antimatter as their power source.

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AP site

In biochemistry and molecular genetics, an AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic site), also known as an abasic site, is a location in DNA (also in RNA but much less likely) that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base, either spontaneously or due to DNA damage.

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Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anaemia is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside there are damaged.

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Applied Radiation and Isotopes

Applied Radiation and Isotopes is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier.

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Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute

The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is a triservice laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, and was chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1961.

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Asphalt

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.

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Astrobotany

Astrobotany is an applied sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments.

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ATM serine/threonine kinase

ATM serine/threonine kinase, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks.

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Atmospheric temperature

Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was constituted on 15 November 1983 by the President of India by exercising the powers conferred by Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act.

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Atomic veteran

Atomic veterans are military veterans who were exposed to ionizing radiation during their active service.

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Attack of the Giant Leeches

Attack of the Giant Leeches is an independently made 1959 black-and-white science fiction-horror film, produced by Gene Corman and directed by Bernard L. Kowalski.

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Auger therapy

Auger therapy (AT) is a form of radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer which relies on a large number of low-energy electrons (emitted by the Auger effect) to damage cancer cells, rather than the high-energy radiation used in traditional radiation therapy.

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Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 (ARCA1) is a condition characterized by progressive problems with movement.

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Avon Hudson

Avon Hudson (born 1939) is a South Australian RAAF ex-serviceman, nuclear weapons testing whistle-blower and co-author of the 2005 book Beyond Belief which he wrote with academic and historian, Roger Cross.

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Aye, and Gomorrah

"Aye, and Gomorrah..." is a science fiction short story by American writer Samuel R. Delany.

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Álvaro Alvim

Álvaro Freire de Villalba Alvim (16 April 1863 – 21 May 1928) was a Brazilian physician, pioneer in radiology and radiotherapy.

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ÇNAEM

The Çekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center (Çekmece Nükleer Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi), known as ÇNAEM, is the primary nuclear research and training center of Turkey.

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B53 nuclear bomb

The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War.

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Background radiation

Background radiation is a measure of the ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is not due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.

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Background radiation equivalent time

Background Radiation Equivalent Time, or BRET, is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage.

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Backscatter X-ray

Backscatter X-ray is an advanced X-ray imaging technology.

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Badr-B

The Badr-B (بدر-۲; also known as Badr-II, meaning Full Moon-2) is the second spacecraft and the first earth observation satellite launched into Earth orbit on 10 December 2001 at 09:15 by the SUPARCO — Pakistan's national space agency.

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Banana equivalent dose

Banana equivalent dose (BED) is an informal measurement of ionizing radiation exposure, intended as a general educational example to compare a dose of radioactivity to the dose one is exposed to by eating one average-sized banana.

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Basophilia

Basophilia is a condition derived from Basophils.

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Bdelloidea

Bdelloidea (Greek βδελλα, bdella, "leech-like") is a class of rotifers found in freshwater habitats all over the world.

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Becquerel

The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity.

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Behavior mutation

A behaviour mutation is a genetic mutation that alters genes that control the way in which an organism behaves, causing their behavioural patterns to change.

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Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station

The Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station (NPS; Белоярская атомная электростанция им.) was the second of the Soviet Union's nuclear plants.

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Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis (Beinn Nibheis), in Scotland, is the highest mountain in the British Isles.

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Bernd Kaina

Bernd Kaina, born on January 7, 1950 in Drewitz, is a German biologist and toxicologist.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Beta particle

A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta radiation, (symbol β) is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during the process of beta decay.

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Bioenvironmental Engineering

Bioenvironmental Engineering is a process of using engineering principles to reduce and solve environmental health risks and dangers caused by human activity It may comprise four general areas of work: radiation, industrial hygiene, environmental protection and emergency response.

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Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome

Ionizing radiation can cause biological effects which are passed on to offspring through the epigenome.

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Bioremediation of radioactive waste

Bioremediation of radioactive waste or bioremediation of radionuclides is an application of bioremediation based on the use of biological agents bacteria, plants and fungi (natural or genetically modified) to catalyze chemical reactions that allow the decontamination of sites affected by radionuclides.

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Biosatellite

A biosatellite is a satellite designed to carry life in space.

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Biosatellite program

NASA launched three satellites named Biosatellite 1, 2 and 3 between 1966 and 1969.

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Biosignature

A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life.

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Bipolar junction transistor

|- align.

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Black yeast

“Black yeasts”, sometimes also black fungi, dematiaceous fungi, microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi is a diverse group of slow-growing microfungi which reproduce mostly asexually (fungi imperfecti).

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Bone marrow

Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

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Boron carbide

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic, and covalent material used in tank armor, bulletproof vests, engine sabotage powders, as well as numerous industrial applications.

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Braconidae

The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps.

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Bragg peak

The Bragg peak is a pronounced peak on the Bragg curve which plots the energy loss of ionizing radiation during its travel through matter.

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Bragg–Gray cavity theory

According to the Bragg–Gray cavity theory, the ionization produced in a small cavity within an irradiated medium or object is related to the energy absorbed in that medium as a result of its radiation exposure.

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Brain tumor

A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain.

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Breakaway (Space: 1999)

"Breakaway" is the first episode of the first series of Space: 1999.

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Breast cancer

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.

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Breast cancer awareness

Breast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education on symptoms and treatment.

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Breast cancer screening

Breast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis.

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British nuclear tests at Maralinga

British nuclear tests at Maralinga occurred between 1956 and 1963 at the Maralinga site, part of the Woomera Prohibited Area in South Australia and about 800 kilometres north-west of Adelaide.

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Buffalo Gap National Grassland

Buffalo Gap National Grassland is a National Grassland located primarily in southwestern South Dakota, United States.

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Burn

A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.

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Cadmium tungstate

Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a scintillation crystal to detect gamma rays.

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Calibration

Calibration in measurement technology and metrology is the comparison of measurement values delivered by a device under test with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy.

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Californium

Californium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Cf and atomic number 98.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Cancer epigenetics

Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence.

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Cancer screening

Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before symptoms appear.

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Cancerous micronuclei

Cancerous micronuclei is a type of micronucleus that is associated with cancerous cells.

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Carbon button lamp

The carbon button lamp is a single-electrode incandescent lamp invented by Nikola Tesla.

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Carbon-14

Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.

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Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.

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Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac catheterization (heart cath) is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart.

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Cardiac electrophysiology

Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activities of the heart.

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Carl Woese

Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Cash-Landrum incident

The Cash-Landrum Incident was a highly reported unidentified flying object sighting from the United States in 1980, which witnesses insist was responsible for damage to their health.

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Cathode ray

Cathode rays (also called an electron beam or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes.

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Cationic polymerization

Cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers charge to a monomer which then becomes reactive.

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Causes of cancer

Cancer is a disease caused by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

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Cell death

Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.

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Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight

A vigorous ground-based cellular and animal model research program will help quantify the risk to the CNS from space radiation exposure on future long distance space missions and promote the development of optimized countermeasures.

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Ceramide

Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.

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Certified Health Physicist

Certified Health Physicist is an official title granted by the, the certification board for health physicists in the United States.

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Chain scission

Chain scission is a term used in polymer chemistry describing the degradation of a polymer main chain.

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Chapelcross nuclear power station

Chapelcross was a Magnox nuclear power plant located near Annan in Dumfries and Galloway in south west Scotland.

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Characters of The Order of the Stick

This is a list of characters from the webcomic The Order of the Stick (OOTS).

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Charge amplifier

A charge amplifier is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input current.

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Charmaine White Face

Charmaine White Face, or Zumila Wobaga, is an Oglala Tetuwan (Lakota language speaker) from the Oceti Sakowin (Great Sioux Nation) in North America.

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CHEK2

CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase.

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Chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident.

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Chest photofluorography

Chest photofluorography, or abreugraphy (also called mass miniature radiography), is a photofluorography technique for mass screening for tuberculosis using a miniature (50 to 100 mm) photograph of the screen of an X-ray fluoroscopy of the thorax, first developed in 1936.

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Chest radiograph

A chest radiograph, colloquially called a chest X-ray (CXR), or chest film, is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures.

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Chiropractic

Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.

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Choosing Wisely

Choosing Wisely is a United States-based health educational campaign, led by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM).

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Christopher Busby

Christopher Busby (born 1 September 1945) is a British scientist and expert on the health effects of internal ionising radiation.

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Chromism

In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds.

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Chromothripsis

Chromothripsis is the phenomenon by which up to thousands of clustered chromosomal rearrangements occur in a single event in localised and confined genomic regions in one or a few chromosomes, and is known to be involved in both cancer and congenital diseases.

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Chronic radiation syndrome

Chronic radiation syndrome is a constellation of health effects of radiation that occur after months or years of chronic exposure to high amounts.

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Chroococcidiopsis

Chroococcidiopsis is one of the most primitive cyanobacteria known.

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Clonogenic assay

A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells.

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Cloud chamber

A Cloud Chamber, also known as a Wilson Cloud Chamber, is a particle detector used for visualizing the passage of ionizing radiation.

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Collective dose

The collective effective dose, dose quantity S, is calculated as the sum of all individual effective doses over the time period or during the operation being considered due to ionizing radiation.

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Colonization of Mars

Mars is the focus of much scientific study about possible human colonization.

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Comet assay

The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE, also known as comet assay) is an uncomplicated and sensitive technique for the detection of DNA damage at the level of the individual eukaryotic cell.

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Committed dose

The committed dose in radiological protection is a measure of the stochastic health risk due to an intake of radioactive material into the human body.

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Committed dose equivalent

Committed dose equivalent and Committed effective dose equivalent are dose quantities used in the United States system of Radiological Protection for irradiation due to an internal source.

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Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

The Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) is a committee of the American National Research Council.

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Common cause and special cause (statistics)

Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming.

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Complexion

Complexion in humans is the natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially on the face.

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Computational human phantom

Photo courtesy of Dr.

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Computed tomography dose index

The computed tomography dose index (CTDI) is a commonly used radiation exposure index in X-ray computed tomography (CT), first defined in 1981.

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Computed tomography of the head

Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head uses a series of x-rays of the head taken from many different directions.

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Concorde

The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner that was operated from 1976 until 2003.

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Copper-64

Copper-64 is a positron emitting isotope of copper, with applications for molecular radiotherapy and positron emission tomography.

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CoRoT

CoRoT (French: Convection, Rotation et Transits planétaires; English: Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) was a space observatory mission which operated from 2006 to 2013.

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Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.

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COSHH

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, as amended is a United Kingdom Statutory Instrument that states general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning.

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Cosmic ray

Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.

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Counting efficiency

In the measurement of ionising radiation the counting efficiency is the ratio between the number of particles or photons counted with a radiation counter and the number of particles or photons of the same type and energy emitted by the radiation source.

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Counts per minute

The measurement of ionizing radiation is sometimes expressed as being a rate of counts per unit time as registered by a radiation monitoring instrument, for which counts per minute (cpm) and counts per second (cps) are commonly used quantities.

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CR-39

CR-39, or allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC), is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of eyeglass lenses.

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Cranial ultrasound

Cranial ultrasound is a technique for scanning the brain using high-frequency sound waves.

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CRP-2B

CRP-2B (Crisis Relocation Program 2B) is a hypothetical scenario of nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union that was created in 1976 by the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

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Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) also known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP, not to be confused with bronchiolitis obliterans) is a form of non-infectious pneumonia; more specifically, COP is an inflammation of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis) and surrounding tissue in the lungs.

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CT pulmonary angiogram

CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) is a medical diagnostic test that employs computed tomography (CT) angiography to obtain an image of the pulmonary arteries.

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CT scan

A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.

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Cumulative dose

Cumulative dose is the total dose resulting from repeated exposures of ionizing radiation to an occupationally exposed worker to the same portion of the body, or to the whole body, over a period of time.

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Curie

The curie (symbol Ci) is a non-SI unit of radioactivity originally defined in 1910.

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Damage

Damage is any change in a thing, often a physical object, that degrades it away from its initial state.

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David Albright

David Albright, M.Sc., is the founder of the non-governmental Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS), its current president, and author of several books on proliferation of atomic weapons.

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David Gorski

David Henry Gorski is an American surgical oncologist, professor of surgery at Wayne State University School of Medicine, and a surgical oncologist at the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, specializing in breast cancer surgery.

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David Hahn

David Charles Hahn (October 30, 1976 – September 27, 2016), sometimes called the Radioactive Boy Scout or the Nuclear Boy Scout, was an American who in 1994, at age 17, attempted to build a homemade breeder reactor.

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Dawson Forest

See also: Georgia Nuclear Aircraft Laboratory Dawson Forest is a public-use forest located in Dawson County, Georgia, southwest of Dawsonville.

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Deep-dose equivalent

The Deep-dose equivalent (DDE) is a measure of external radiation exposure defined by US regulations.

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Deinococcus deserti

Deinococcus deserti is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the Deinococcaceae, a group of extremely radiotolerant bacteria.

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Deinococcus radiodurans

Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic bacterium, one of the most radiation-resistant organisms known.

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Demining

Demining or mine clearance is the process of removing land mines from an area, while minesweeping describes the act of detecting mines.

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Demon core

The demon core was a subcritical mass of plutonium measuring in diameter, which was involved in two criticality accidents.

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Depleted uranium

Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium.

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Diamond type

Diamond type is a method of scientifically classifying diamonds by the level and type of their chemical impurities.

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Differential fault analysis

Differential fault analysis (DFA) is a type of side channel attack in the field of cryptography, specifically cryptanalysis.

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Disability and women's health

Women with disabilities have the same health issues as any other women, such as routine breast and cervical cancer screening.

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Disease burden

Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators.

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DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

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DNA repair protein XRCC4

DNA repair protein XRCC4 also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 or XRCC4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene.

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Dose-volume histogram

A dose-volume histogram (DVH) is a histogram relating radiation dose to tissue volume in radiation therapy planning.

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Dosimeter

A radiation dosimeter is a device that measures exposure to ionizing radiation.

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Dosimetry

Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by the human body.

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Downwinders

Downwinders refers to the individuals and communities in the intermountain area between the Cascade and Rocky Mountain ranges primarily in Arizona, Nevada and Utah but also in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho who were exposed to radioactive contamination or nuclear fallout from atmospheric or underground nuclear weapons testing, and nuclear accidents.

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Dsup

Dsup (contraction of damage suppressor) is a DNA-associating protein, unique to the tardigrade, that suppresses the occurrence of DNA breaks by radiation.

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Duck and cover

"Duck and cover" is a method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion.

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Duck and Cover (film)

Duck and Cover is a civil defense social guidance film that is often popularly mischaracterizedhttps://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/01/the-unexpected-return-of-duck-and-cover/68776/ The Unexpected Return of 'Duck and Cover' as propaganda.

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Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a chemical element with symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

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Edward Pochin

Sir Edward Eric Pochin CBE FRCP (22 September 1909 – 29 January 1990) was a British physician, a specialist in the dangers of ionizing radiation.

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Effective dose (radiation)

Effective dose is a dose quantity in the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) system of radiological protection.

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Effects of nuclear explosions

The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories.

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Effects of nuclear explosions on human health

The medical effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima upon humans can be put into the four categories below, with the effects of larger thermonuclear weapons producing blast and thermal effects so large that there would be a negligible number of survivors close enough to the center of the blast who would experience prompt/acute radiation effects, which were observed after the 16 kiloton yield Hiroshima bomb, due to its relatively low yield:http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg.

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Effects of the Chernobyl disaster

The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of substantial amounts of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes.

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Elastic scattering

Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics.

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Elbmarsch

Elbmarsch is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Electret

Electret (formed of electr- from "electricity" and -et from "magnet") is a dielectric material that has a quasi-permanent electric charge or dipole polarisation.

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Electric blanket

An electric blanket is a blanket containing integrated electrical heating wires.

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Electric discharge

An electric discharge is the release and transmission of electricity in an applied electric field through a medium such as a gas.

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Electromagnetic articulography

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) is a method of measuring the position of parts of the mouth.

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Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space-time, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy.

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Electromagnetic radiation and health

Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into two types: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, based on the capability of a single photon with more than 10 eV energy to ionize oxygen or break chemical bonds.

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Electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

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Electrometer

An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference.

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Electron beam tomography

Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a specific form of computed tomography (CT) in which the X-ray tube is not mechanically spun in order to rotate the source of X-ray photons.

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Elizabeth M. Bright

Elizabeth M. Bright (25 September 1893 – 20 October 1975) early investigator, researcher and physiologist from Harvard and Woods Hole that collaborated with noted oceanographer Alfred C. Redfield to study the effects of radiation on various animal models.

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Emergency ultrasound

Emergency ultrasound or point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is the application of ultrasound at the point of care to make immediate patient-care decisions.

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Endospore

An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the Firmicute phylum.

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Environmental health

Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health.

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Environmental impact of war

Study of the environmental impact of war focuses on the modernization of warfare and its increasing effects on the environment.

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Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment.

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Environmental toxicants and fetal development

Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus.

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Epcard

EPCARD (European Program Package for the Calculation of Aviation Route Doses) is a software program that calculates radiation exposure of aircrews.

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Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation

Epidemiological studies of the health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation, in particular the incidence and mortality from various forms of cancer, have been carried out in different population groups exposed to such radiation.

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Epidemiology of cancer

The epidemiology of cancer is the study of the factors affecting cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes.

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Equivalent dose

Equivalent dose is a dose quantity H representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

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Ernest A. Watkinson

Ernest A. Watkinson M.D. C.M. D.P.H. O.ST.J. E.D. (July 13, 1912 – December 22, 2011) served as an officer with the Canadian Forces during World War II, was a member of several important U.N. Committees, was a Canadian Delegate to the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949), was a member of the Canadian Delegation to the I.A.E.A. (1952), an Assistant Deputy Minister of the National Department of Health Canada (1971), and the Deputy Minister of Health of New Brunswick (1971–1976).

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Ernest J. Sternglass

Ernest Joachim Sternglass (September 24, 1923 – February 12, 2015) was a professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and director of the Radiation and Public Health Project.

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Ernesto Sabato

Ernesto Sabato (June 24, 1911 – April 30, 2011) was an Argentine writer, painter and physicist.

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Erythema

Erythema (from the Greek erythros, meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries.

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Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion

Sister chromatid cohesion refers to the process by which sister chromatids are paired and held together during certain phases of the cell cycle.

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Etanidazole

Etanidazole is a nitroimidazole drug used for its radiosensitizing properties.

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Europa Clipper

Europa Clipper is an interplanetary mission in development by NASA comprising an orbiter.

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European Atomic Energy Community

The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe; developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states.

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Euxenite

Euxenite or euxenite-(Y) (a correct mineralogical name) is a brownish black mineral with a metallic luster.

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ExoMars

ExoMars (Exobiology on Mars) is a two-part astrobiology project to search for evidence of life on Mars, a joint mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian space agency Roscosmos.

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Expedition 11

Expedition 11 (2005) was the 11th expedition to the International Space Station, using the Soyuz TMA-6, which stayed during the expedition for emergency evacuation.

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Experiments in immunology

An experiment in immunology is a method of investigating immunological responses to antigens, or detecting and characterizing antibodies and lymphocytes.

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Exploration of Jupiter

The exploration of Jupiter has been conducted via close observations by automated spacecraft.

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EXPOSE

EXPOSE is a multi-user facility mounted outside the International Space Station dedicated to astrobiology.

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External beam radiotherapy

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or teletherapy is the most common form of radiotherapy (radiation therapy).

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Extreme ultraviolet

Extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV or XUV) or high-energy ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning wavelengths from 124 nm down to 10 nm, and therefore (by the Planck–Einstein equation) having photons with energies from 10 eV up to 124 eV (corresponding to 124 nm to 10 nm respectively).

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Extremophile

An extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning "extreme" and Greek philiā (φιλία) meaning "love") is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.

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F-center

An F-center, Farbe center or color center (from the original German Farbzentrum; Farbe means color, and zentrum center) is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic vacancy in a crystal is filled by one or more unpaired electrons.

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F-factor (conversion factor)

The F-factor, in diagnostic radiology, is the conversion factor between exposure and absorbed dose.

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Failure of electronic components

Electronic components have a wide range of failure modes.

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Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy

Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy is a 1989 book by Philip L. Fradkin which was republished in a second edition in 2004.

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FANCG

Fanconi anemia group G protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCG gene.

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FANCL

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FANCL gene.

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Fanconi anemia

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage.

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Fanconi anemia, complementation group C

Fanconi anemia group C protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCC gene.

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Fanny Gates

Fanny Cook Gates (26 April 1872 – 24 February 1931) was an American physicist, an American Physical Society fellow and American Mathematical Society member.

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Fetal protection policies in the United States

Fetal protection policies in the United States are various private sector rules intended to protect women's reproductive health and the health of developing fetuses in the workplace.

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Film badge dosimeter

The film badge dosimeter or film badge is a personal dosimeter used for monitoring cumulative radiation dose due to ionizing radiation.

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Fixed Survey Meter

The Fixed Survey Meter was a specialist detection instrument used by the Royal Observer Corps during the Cold War between 1958 and 1982 to detect ionising radiation from nuclear fallout generated by a ground burst.

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Flame Nebula

The Flame Nebula, designated as NGC 2024 and Sh2-277, is an emission nebula in the constellation Orion.

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Fluidics

Fluidics, or fluidic logic, is the use of a fluid to perform analog or digital operations similar to those performed with electronics.

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Fluorescein angiography

Fluorescein angiography (FA), fluorescent angiography (FAG), or fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina and choroid (parts of the fundus) using a fluorescent dye and a specialized camera.

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Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object.

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Food irradiation

Food irradiation is the process of exposing food and food packaging to ionizing radiation.

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Food preservation

Food preservation prevents the growth of microorganisms (such as yeasts), or other microorganisms (although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food), as well as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity.

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Forbush decrease

A Forbush decrease is a rapid decrease in the observed galactic cosmic ray intensity following a coronal mass ejection (CME).

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Fountain of Dreams

Fountain of Dreams is a 1990 role-playing video game developed and published by Electronic Arts for MS-DOS as a successor to 1988's Wasteland.

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Fracture sonography

Fracture sonography is the use of medical ultrasound to detect bone fractures.

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Frank K. Schmidlin

Frank K. Schmidlin (1861-1939) was an Australian X-ray pioneer, that was among the first to utilize the new technology of x-rays for medical applications.

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Fukushima 50

Fukushima 50 is the pseudonym given by the media to a group of employees at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 1 Reactor)

The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 2 Reactor)

The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 3 Reactor)

The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster casualties

The was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.

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Full body scanner

A full-body scanner is a device that detects objects on a person's body for security screening purposes, without physically removing clothes or making physical contact.

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Full-body CT scan

A full-body scan is a scan of the patient's entire body as part of the diagnosis or treatment of illnesses.

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Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Gallium nitride

Gallium nitride is a binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in light-emitting diodes since the 1990s.

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Gamma ray

A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.

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Gas electron multiplier

A gas electron multiplier (GEM) is a type of gaseous ionization detector used in nuclear and particle physics and radiation detection.

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Gaseous fission reactor

A gas nuclear reactor (or gas fueled reactor or vapor core reactor) is a proposed kind of nuclear reactor in which the nuclear fuel would be in a gaseous state rather than liquid or solid.

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Gaseous ionization detectors

Gaseous ionization detectors are radiation detection instruments used in particle physics to detect the presence of ionizing particles, and in radiation protection applications to measure ionizing radiation.

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Geiger counter

The Geiger counter is an instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation used widely in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.

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Geiger–Müller tube

The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation.

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Gemstone irradiation

The gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is artificially irradiated in order to enhance its optical properties.

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Generation ship

A generation ship, or generation starship, is a hypothetical type of interstellar ark starship that travels at sub-light speed.

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Geoffrey G. Eichholz

Geoffrey Gunther Eichholz, (June 29, 1920 – January 8, 2018) an educational leader in health physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

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Geomagnetic storm

A geomagnetic storm (commonly referred to as a solar storm) is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.

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George M. Woodwell

George M. Woodwell (born October 23, 1930) is an ecologist.

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Geraldine Thomas

Geraldine "Gerry" Thomas is a senior academic and Chair in Molecular Pathology at the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London.

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Germline mutation

A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ovum).

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Gilbert Wheeler Beebe

Gilbert Wheeler Beebe (3 April 1912 – 3 March 2003), also known as Gil Beebe, was an American epidemiologist and statistician known for monumental studies of radiation-related mortality and morbidity among populations exposed to ionizing radiation from the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and the Chernobyl reactor accident in 1986.

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Glass with embedded metal and sulfides

Glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS) are tiny spheroids in cosmic dust particles with bulk compositions that are approximately chondritic.

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Glory (optical phenomenon)

A glory is an optical phenomenon, resembling an iconic saint's halo around the shadow of the observer's head, caused by sunlight or (more rarely) moonlight interacting with the tiny water droplets that compose mist or clouds.

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Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S.

is a 2003 Japanese science fiction tokusatsu kaiju film featuring Godzilla, produced and distributed by Toho.

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Gray (unit)

The gray (symbol: Gy) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI).

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Great Ten

The Great Ten, (Shi Hao Xia) or (十豪侠) are a team of fictional Chinese comic book superheroes in the DC Comics Universe, who are sponsored by the government of the People's Republic of China.

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Greek Atomic Energy Commission

The Greek Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) is an independent government agency of Greece which is responsible for atomic safety, development and regulations and for monitoring artificially produced ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

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H2AFX

H2AFX (H2A histone family, member X) is one of several genes coding for histone H2A.

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Hackerspace

A hackerspace (also referred to as a hacklab, hackspace or makerspace) is a community-operated, often not for profit (501(c)(3) in the United States), work space where people with common interests, often in computers, machining, technology, science, digital art or electronic art, can meet, socialize and collaborate.

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Hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes.

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Halobacterium salinarum

Halobacterium salinarum is an extremely halophilic marine Gram-negative obligate aerobic archaeon.

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Hard radiation

Hard radiation is a loose term for ionizing radiation which is at the higher end of the energy spectrum.

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Harold E. Johns

Harold Elford Johns, OC (4 July 1915 – 23 August 1998) was a Canadian medical physicist, noted for his extensive contributions to the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer.

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Harold St. John

Harold St.

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Hazard symbol

Hazard symbols or warning symbols are recognisable symbols designed to warn about hazardous or dangerous materials, locations, or objects, including electric currents, poisons, and radioactivity.

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Health effects of radon

Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of radium.

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Health physics

Health physics is the applied physics of radiation protection for health and health care purposes.

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Henry Jasper Redfern

Henry Jasper Redfern, FSMC, BOA, (1871–1928), or Jasper Redfern was a British optician, photographer, exhibitor, filmmaker, proprietor of photographic and lantern retail business, cinema pioneer and x-ray and radiographic pioneer.

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Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA).

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Hibakusha

is the Japanese word for the surviving victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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High-altitude nuclear explosion

High-altitude nuclear explosions are the result of nuclear weapons testing.

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High-intensity discharge lamp

High-intensity discharge lamps (HID lamps) are a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

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History of Poland

The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.

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HoloVID

HoloVID is a tool originally developed for the holographic dimensional measurement of the internal isogrid structural webbing of the Delta family of launch vehicles in 1981 by Mark Slater.

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Homologous recombination

Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.

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Hong Kong Observatory

The Hong Kong Observatory is a weather forecast agency of the government of Hong Kong.

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Hormesis

Hormesis is any process in a cell or organism that exhibits a response to exposure to increasing amounts of a substance or condition.

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Howard Clayton Eberline

Howard Clayton Eberline (15 October 1917 – 26 May 1981) pioneer in the field of instrumentation for detecting ionizing radiation, inventor and entrepreneur.

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Howard Hughes

Howard Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business magnate, investor, record-setting pilot, film director, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world.

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Human mission to Mars

A human mission to Mars has been the subject of science fiction, aerospace engineering, and scientific proposals since the 19th century.

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Human radiation experiments

Since the discovery of ionizing radiation, a number of human radiation experiments have been performed to understand the effects of ionizing radiation and radioactive contamination on the human body, specifically with the element plutonium.

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Hurdle technology

Hurdle technology is a method of ensuring that pathogens in food products can be eliminated or controlled.

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Hybrid cardiac surgery

A hybrid cardiac surgical procedure in a narrow sense is defined as a procedure that combines a conventional surgical part (including a skin incision) with an interventional part, using some sort of catheter-based procedure guided by fluoroscopy (or other, e.g. CT or MRI) imaging in a hybrid OR without interruption.

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Hybrid operating room

A hybrid operating room is a surgical theatre that is equipped with advanced medical imaging devices such as fixed C-Arms, CT scanners or MRI scanners.

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Hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module

The hydrogen-moderated self-regulating nuclear power module (HPM), also referred to as the compact self-regulating transportable reactor (ComStar), is a new type of nuclear power reactor using hydride as a neutron moderator.

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Hypopituitarism

Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain.

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I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry

The I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPHB) is a facility in Saint Petersburg, Russia, dedicated to research in the fields of biochemistry and evolutionary physiology.

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Ibercivis

Ibercivis is a distributed computing platform which allows internet users to participate in scientific research by donating unused computer cycles to run scientific simulations and other tasks.

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Icebreaker Life

Icebreaker Life is a Mars mission concept that was proposed for NASA's Discovery Program in 2015.

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Image-guided surgery

Image-guided surgery (IGS) is any surgical procedure where the surgeon uses tracked surgical instruments in conjunction with preoperative or intraoperative images in order to directly or indirectly guide the procedure.

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Imleria badia

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Europe and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers.

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Incubation period

Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Index of physics articles (I)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Index of radiation articles

* absorbed dose.

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Indium gallium nitride

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, x1−x) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN).

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Infection

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.

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Inflammation

Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

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Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake

Born in Osnabrück, Germany on September 28, 1935, Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake's research has assessed the biological effects of ionizing radiation at low dosage levels.

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Iniencephaly

Iniencephaly, a term derived from the Greek word "inion" for nape of the neck, is a rare type of cephalic disorder that was first described by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1836.

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Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire

The French Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire (IRSN) ("Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety Institute") located in Fontenay-aux-Roses is a public official establishment with an industrial and commercial aspect (EPIC) created by the AFSSE Act (- French Agency of Sanitary Environmental Security) and by February 22, 2002 decreed n°2002-254.

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Institute of Occupational Medicine

The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) was founded in 1969 by the National Coal Board (NCB) as an independent charity in the UK and retains this charitable purpose and status today.

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Interference lithography

Interference lithography (or holographic lithography) is a technique for patterning regular arrays of fine features, without the use of complex optical systems or photomasks.

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Internal dosimetry

Internal dosimetry is the science and art of internal ionising radiation dose assessment due to radionuclides incorporated inside the human body.

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International Centre for Low Dose Radiation Research

The International Centre for Low Dose Radiation Research (ICLDRR) was established at the University of Ottawa, in 1997, with national and international support.

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International Committee for Weights and Measures

The International Committee for Weights and Measures (abbreviated CIPM from the French Comité international des poids et mesures) consists of eighteen persons, each of a different nationality, from Member States of the Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) appointed by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) whose principal task is to promote worldwide uniformity in units of measurement by taking direct action or by submitting proposals to the CGPM.

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International Journal of Radiation Biology

The International Journal of Radiation Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research into the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in biology.

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International Radiation Protection Association

The International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) is an independent non-profit association of national and regional radiation protection societies, and its mission is to advance radiation protection throughout the world.

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International Radon Project

The International Radon Project (IRP) is a World Health Organization initiative to reduce the lung cancer risk around the world.

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International rankings of Iran

The following are international rankings for Iran.

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International System of Units

The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.

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Interplanetary spaceflight

Interplanetary spaceflight or interplanetary travel is travel between planets, usually within a single planetary system.

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Interstellar travel

Interstellar travel is the term used for hypothetical crewed or uncrewed travel between stars or planetary systems.

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Intravenous pyelogram

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP), also called an intravenous urogram (IVU), is a radiological procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

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Investigations into the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Investigations into the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster (or Accident) began on March 11, 2011 when a series of equipment failures, core melt and down, and releases of radioactive materials occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station from the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and tsunami on the same day.

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Io (moon)

Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter.

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Iodine deficiency

Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999

On 1 January 2018 the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99) were superseded by the.

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Ionization chamber

The ionization chamber is the simplest of all gas-filled radiation detectors, and is widely used for the detection and measurement of certain types of ionizing radiation; X-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles.

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Ionized-air glow

Ionized-air glow is the fluorescent emission of characteristic blue–purple–violet light, of color called electric blue, by air subjected to an energy flux.

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Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.

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Ionometer

The term ionometer was originally applied to a device for measuring the intensity of ionising radiation.

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IR

IR may refer to.

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Irradiation

Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation.

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Irritation

Irritation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage.

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ISO 31

ISO 31 (Quantities and units, International Organization for Standardization, 1992) is a deprecated international standard for the use of physical quantities and units of measurement, and formulas involving them, in scientific and educational documents.

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ISO 31-10

ISO 31-10 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to nuclear reactions and ionizing radiations.

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ISO 361

ISO 361 Basic ionizing radiation symbol is an international standard that specifies the shape, proportions, application and restrictions on the use of the symbol.

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Itzhak Brook

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc, (born 1941) is an Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine at Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC.

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Joe Wiseman Howland

Joe Wiseman Howland, M.D., Ph.D. (21 December 1908 – 12 October 1978) a pioneer researcher in radiation toxicity, health and safety.

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John Garcia (psychologist)

John Garcia (June 12, 1917 – October 12, 2012) was an American psychologist, most known for his research on taste aversion.

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Journal of Radiological Protection

Journal of Radiological Protection is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering radiobiological research on all aspects of radiological protection, including non-ionizing as well as ionizing radiations.

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Julius Elster

Julius Johann Phillipp Ludwig Elster (December 24, 1854 in Blankenburg – April 6, 1920) was a teacher and physicist.

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Karl Z. Morgan

Karl Ziegler Morgan (September 27, 1907 – June 8, 1999), was an American physicist who was one of the founders of the field of radiation health physics.

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Karl Zimmer

Karl Günter Zimmer (12 July 1911 – 29 February 1988) was a German physicist and radiation biologist, known for his work on the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA.

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Kearny fallout meter

The Kearny fallout meter, or KFM, is an expedient radiation meter.

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Kerma (physics)

Kerma is an acronym for "kinetic energy released per unit mass", defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such as photons and neutrons) in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample.

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Krypton-85

Krypton-85 (85Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.

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Krytox

Krytox is a group of colourless synthetic lubricants (oils and greases) with a variety of applications.

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Krytron

The krytron is a cold-cathode gas-filled tube intended for use as a very high-speed switch, somewhat similar to the thyratron.

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Laboratory safety

Many laboratories contain significant risks, and the prevention of laboratory accidents requires great care and constant vigilance.

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Lancs Industries

Lancs Industries is a manufacturer of protective clothing, containments, gloveboxes, enclosures, lead shielding, and other supplies used for reducing risk and increasing safety of workers in potentially hazardous environments.

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source.

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Latch-up

A latch-up is a type of short circuit which can occur in an integrated circuit (IC).

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Lauriston S. Taylor

Lauriston S. Taylor (1 June 1902 – 26 November 2004) was an American physicist known for his work in the field of radiation protection and measurement.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead apron

A lead apron or leaded apron is a type of protective clothing that acts as a radiation shield.

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Lead castle

A lead castle, also called a lead cave or a lead housing, is a structure composed of lead to provide shielding against gamma radiation in a variety of applications in the nuclear industry and other activities which use ionizing radiation.

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Lester Skaggs

Lester Skaggs, Ph.D. (21 November 1911 – 3 April 2009) was a pioneer in the field of Medical physics and radiation therapy, a teacher, an innovator.

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Letter case

Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

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Leukemia

Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.

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Life imprisonment in Germany

In Germany, a prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment (lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe) normally may apply for parole after having served 15 years.

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Life on Mars

The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of significant interest to astrobiology due to its proximity and similarities to Earth.

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LIG1

DNA ligase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIG1 gene.

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Linear energy transfer

In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance.

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Linear no-threshold model

The linear no-threshold model (LNT) is a model used in radiation protection to quantify radiation exposure and set regulatory limits.

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Liquid fluoride thorium reactor

The liquid fluoride thorium reactor (acronym LFTR; often pronounced lifter) is a type of molten salt reactor.

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List of civilian nuclear accidents

This article lists notable civilian accidents involving fissile nuclear material or nuclear reactors.

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List of civilian radiation accidents

This article lists notable civilian accidents involving radioactive materials or involving ionizing radiation from artificial sources such as x-ray tubes and particle accelerators.

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List of cutaneous conditions

Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.

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List of German inventors and discoverers

---- This is a list of German inventors and discoverers.

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List of IARC Group 1 carcinogens

Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1: The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans.

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List of International Organization for Standardization standards

This is a list of publishedThis list generally excludes draft versions.

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List of inventors killed by their own inventions

This is a list of inventors whose deaths were in some manner caused by or related to a product, process, procedure, or other innovation that they invented or designed.

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List of LED failure modes

The most common way for LEDs (and diode lasers) to fail is the gradual lowering of light output and loss of efficiency.

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List of MeSH codes (H01)

The following is a list of the "H" codes for MeSH.

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List of people from Hamilton, Ontario

The following people were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely connected to the city of Hamilton, Ontario.

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List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units

Most of the physical units are named after great scientists.

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List of Star Wars creatures

This is a list of creatures in the fictional Star Wars universe.

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List of University of Toronto people

The following is a list of notable persons affiliated with the University of Toronto, including alumni, chancellors, presidents, and current and former faculty members.

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List of words ending in ology

† not study.

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Lithium fluoride

Lithium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula LiF.

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Lockout-tagout

Lockout-tagout (LOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work.

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Lockstep (computing)

Lockstep systems are fault-tolerant computer systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel.

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Louis Slotin

Louis Alexander Slotin (1 December 1910 – 30 May 1946) was a Canadian physicist and chemist who worked on the Manhattan Project.

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Lowell Fitz Randolph

Lowell Fitz Randolph (7 October 1894 - 28 May 1980) was an American scientist, in the field of genetics, botany and horticulture.

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Luminescence dating

Luminescence dating refers to a group of methods of determining how long ago mineral grains were last exposed to sunlight or sufficient heating.

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Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit.

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Lung cancer

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.

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Lung cancer screening

Lung cancer screening refers to cancer screening strategies used to identify early lung cancers before they cause symptoms, at a point where they are more likely to be curable.

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Lung counter

A Lung counter is a system consisting of a radiation detector, or detectors, and associated electronics that is used to measure radiation emitted from radioactive material that has been inhaled by a person and is sufficiently insoluble as to remain in the lung for weeks, months, or years.

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Lunokhod programme

Lunokhod (Луноход, "Moonwalker") was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977.

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Lyoluminescence

Lyoluminescence refers to the emission of light while dissolving a solid into a liquid solvent.

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M. Ahmad Chaudhry

M.

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Mad Hatter (comics)

The Mad Hatter (Jervis Tetch) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman.

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Madras Atomic Power Station

Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) located at Kalpakkam about south of Chennai, India, is a comprehensive nuclear power production, fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment facility that includes plutonium fuel fabrication for fast breeder reactors (FBRs).

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Magnetic particle imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging non-invasive tomographic technique that directly detects superparamagnetic nanoparticle tracers.

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Magnetic resonance angiography

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a group of techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image blood vessels.

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Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

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Magnetosphere of Jupiter

The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the cavity created in the solar wind by the planet's magnetic field.

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Mahwah, New Jersey

Mahwah is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.

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Major trauma

Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

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Male breast cancer

Male breast cancer (male breast neoplasm) is a rare cancer in males that originates from the breast.

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Malformative syndrome

A malformative syndrome (or malformation syndrome) is a recognizable pattern of congenital anomalies that are known or thought to be causally related (VIIth International Congress on Human Genetics).

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Malter effect

The Malter effect is named after Louis Malter, who first described the effect.

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Mammography

Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening.

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Management of prostate cancer

Treatment for prostate cancer may involve active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy including brachytherapy (prostate brachytherapy) and external beam radiation therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), cryosurgery, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, or some combination.

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Manipulator (device)

In robotics a manipulator is a device used to manipulate materials without direct contact.

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Marie Curie

Marie Skłodowska Curie (born Maria Salomea Skłodowska; 7 November 18674 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

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Martian lava tube

Martian lava tubes are natural sub-surface lava tube caverns on Mars that are believed to form as a result of fast-moving, basaltic lava flows associated with shield volcanism.

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Marvel Universe

The Marvel Universe is the shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles and other media published by Marvel Entertainment take place.

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Materials for use in vacuum

Materials for use in vacuum are materials showing very low rate of outgassing in vacuum, and, where applicable, tolerant to the bake-out temperatures.

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Mayapuri

Mayapuri is a locality in West Delhi.

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MDC1

Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1 is a 2080 amino acid long protein that in humans is encoded by the MDC1 gene located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 6.

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Measuring instrument

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.

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Median lethal dose

In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50%) or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.

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Medical imaging

Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).

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Medical imaging in pregnancy

Medical imaging in pregnancy may be indicated because of pregnancy complications, intercurrent diseases or routine prenatal care.

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Medical treatment during spaceflight

It is inevitable that medical conditions of varying complexity, severity and emergency will occur during spaceflight missions with human participants.

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Medical ultrasound

Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Meiotic recombination checkpoint

The meiotic recombination checkpoint monitors the meiotic recombination during meiosis, and blocks the entry into metaphase I if the recombination is not efficiently processed.

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Melanin

Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.

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Meningioma

Meningioma, also known as meningeal tumor, is typically a slow-growing tumor that forms from the meninges, the membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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Metrology

Metrology is the science of measurement.

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Microdontia

Microdontia is a condition in which one or more teeth appear smaller than normal.

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MicroDose

MicroDose is a trademark owned by Philips.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microwave burn

Microwave burns are burn injuries caused by thermal effects of microwave radiation absorbed in a living organism.

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Microwave oven

A microwave oven (also commonly referred to as a microwave) is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range.

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Millimeter wave scanner

A millimeter wave scanner is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a person’s clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation.

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Minor actinide

The minor actinides are the actinide elements in used nuclear fuel other than uranium and plutonium, which are termed the major actinides.

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Mitotic catastrophe

Mitotic catastrophe refers to a mechanism of delayed mitosis-linked cell death, a sequence of events resulting from premature or inappropriate entry of cells into mitosis that can be caused by chemical or physical stresses.

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Mobile phone radiation and health

The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Moist desquamation

Moist desquamation is a description of the clinical pattern seen as a consequence of radiation exposure where the skin thins and then begins to weep because of loss of integrity of the epithelial barrier and decreased oncotic pressure.

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Monitor unit

A monitor unit (MU) is a measure of machine output from a clinical accelerator for radiation therapy such as a linear accelerator or an orthovoltage unit.

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MR Enterography

MR Enterography is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to evaluate bowel wall features of both upper and lower gastro-intestinal tract, although it’s usually used for small bowel evaluation.

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Mutagen

In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.

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Mutagenesis

Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Mykola Melnyk

Mykola Mykolayovych Melnyk (Микола Миколайович Мельник; December 17, 1953 - July 26, 2013), also known as Nikolai Melnik was a Ukrainian (previously Soviet) pilot and liquidator hero renowned for his high-risk helicopter mission on the dangerously-radioactive Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant building immediately after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.

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Myocardial perfusion imaging

Myocardial perfusion scan (also referred to as MPI or MPS) is a nuclear medicine procedure that illustrates the function of the heart muscle (myocardium).

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Nancy Farley Wood

Nancy Farley "Nan" Wood (12 July 1903 – 19 March 2003) was a member of the Manhattan Project and a business owner who designed, developed and manufactured her own line of ionizing radiation detectors.

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Nasr (missile)

The Hatf IX ("Vengeance IX") or Nasr (نصر), is a solid fueled tactical ballistic missile system developed by National Development Complex (NDC) of Pakistan.

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National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine

The National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine (NCRPU) is a permanent independent collegial supreme scientific expert advisory and consultative body to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) on matters of radiation protection and radiation safety of Ukraine.

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National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission

National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission or NAIIC is the commission to investigate the background and cause of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster formed by the statutory law enactment by Diet of Japan on 7 October 2011 and started with the first commissioning meeting was held in Fukushima City, Fukushima Prefecture.

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National Nuclear Energy Commission

The National Nuclear Energy Commission (Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear; CNEN) is the Brazilian government agency responsible for the orientation, planning, supervision, and control of Brazil's nuclear program.

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National Radiological Protection Board

The National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) was a public authority in the UK created by the Radiological Protection Act 1970.

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National Synchrotron Light Source

The National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York is a national user research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

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Necrotizing sialometaplasia

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a benign, ulcerative lesion, usually located towards the back of the hard palate.

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Neptunium

Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.

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Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system.

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Neutrino

A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.

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Neutron

| magnetic_moment.

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Neutron bomb

A neutron bomb, officially defined as a type of enhanced radiation weapon (ERW), is a low yield thermonuclear weapon designed to maximize lethal neutron radiation in the immediate vicinity of the blast while minimizing the physical power of the blast itself.

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Neutron radiation

Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons.

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Next-generation lithography

Next-generation lithography or NGL is a term used in integrated circuit manufacturing to describe the lithography technologies slated to replace photolithography.

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NF-κB

NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

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Non-ionizing radiation

Non-ionizing (or non-ionising) radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy) to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

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Norbadione A

Norbadione A is a pigment found in the bay bolete mushroom (Boletus badius).

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Nothing to Hide

"Nothing to Hide" is the seventh episode of the first season of the NBC science fiction drama series Heroes.

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Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, radioactive isotope to the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

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Nuclear energy in Uruguay

The use of nuclear energy in Uruguay is prohibited by law 16.832 of 1997.

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Nuclear engineering

Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of breaking down atomic nuclei (fission) or of combining atomic nuclei (fusion), or with the application of other sub-atomic processes based on the principles of nuclear physics.

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Nuclear fallout

Nuclear fallout, or simply fallout, is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed.

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Nuclear fuel cycle

The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.

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Nuclear gypsy

A nuclear gypsy is a temporary worker who performs the least desirable work in the nuclear power industry.

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Nuclear law

Nuclear law is the law related to the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology.

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Nuclear MASINT

Nuclear MASINT is one of the six major subdisciplines generally accepted to make up Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), which covers measurement and characterization of information derived from nuclear radiation and other physical phenomena associated with nuclear weapons, reactors, processes, materials, devices, and facilities.

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Nuclear power in Australia

The prospect of nuclear power in Australia has been a topic of public debate since the 1950s.

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Nuclear power in Ukraine

Ukraine operates four nuclear power plants with 15 reactors located in Volhynia and South Ukraine.

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Nuclear power phase-out

A nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production.

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Nuclear propulsion

Nuclear propulsion includes a wide variety of propulsion methods that fulfill the promise of the Atomic Age by using some form of nuclear reaction as their primary power source.

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Nuclear reaction analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a nuclear method in materials science to obtain concentration vs.

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Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980

Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. § 9701, established nuclear safety policy for nuclear power plants supplying electric energy and electricity generation within the United States.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

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Nuclear weapon yield

The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotons (kt—thousands of tons of TNT), in megatons (Mt—millions of tons of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ).

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Nuclease

A nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between monomers of nucleic acids.

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Oak Ridge Associated Universities

Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) is a consortium of American universities headquartered in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with an office in Washington, D.C., and staff at several other locations across the country.

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Obstetric ultrasonography

Obstetric ultrasonography is the use of medical ultrasonography in pregnancy, in which sound waves are used to create real-time visual images of the developing embryo or fetus in its mother's uterus (womb).

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Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

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Occupational hygiene

Occupational hygiene (United States: industrial hygiene (IH)) is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control and prevention of hazards from work that may result in injury, illness, or affect the well being of workers.

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October 1960

The following events occurred in October 1960.

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Operation Argus

Operation Argus was a series of United States low-yield, high-atmosphere nuclear weapons tests and missile tests secretly conducted during August and September 1958 over the South Atlantic Ocean.

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Optically stimulated luminescence

In physics, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is a method for measuring doses from ionizing radiation.

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Orange, New Jersey

The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States.

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Organic beef

Organic beef is beef grown according to organic food principles.

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Outline of nuclear power

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear power: Nuclear power – the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity.

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Outline of nuclear technology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nuclear technology: Nuclear technology – involves the reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.

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Oxygen enhancement ratio

The Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) or oxygen enhancement effect in radiobiology refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen.

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P10

P10 or P-10 may refer to.

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P53

Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).

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Panoramic radiograph

A panoramic radiograph is a panoramic scanning dental X-ray of the upper and lower jaw.

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Particle radiation

Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.

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Pascalization

Pascalization, bridgmanization, high pressure processing (HPP) or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a method of preserving and sterilizing food, in which a product is processed under very high pressure, leading to the inactivation of certain microorganisms and enzymes in the food.

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Paul Anton Cibis

Paul Anton Cibis, M.D. (26 June 1911 – 30 April 1965) was a clinical ophthalmologist, surgeon and pioneer of modern vitreoretinal surgery.

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Pencil (optics)

In optics, a pencil or pencil of rays is a geometric construct used to describe a beam or portion of a beam of electromagnetic radiation or charged particles, typically in the form of a narrow cone or cylinder.

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Period 6 element

A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides.

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Permittivity

In electromagnetism, absolute permittivity, often simply called permittivity, usually denoted by the Greek letter ε (epsilon), is the measure of resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a particular medium.

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Peter Taylor (environmentalist)

Peter Taylor (born 24 January 1948) is a UK environmentalist with a long track record of public activism and scholarship on issues ranging from nuclear safety, ocean pollution, biodiversity strategies, renewable energy and climate change.

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Philip F. Cohen

Philip F. Cohen (born September 3, 1950) is a Canadian clinical director of Nuclear Medicine working out of the Lions Gate Hospital in North Vancouver, British Columbia.

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Phosphate glass

Phosphate glass is a class of optical glasses composed of metaphosphates of various metals.

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Photo-erosion

Photo-erosion is the dispersion of the outer layers of a prestellar core by the ionizing radiation of a nearby star.

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Photobiology

Photobiology is the scientific study of the interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) and living organisms.

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Photocathode

A photocathode is a negatively charged electrode in a light detection device such as a photomultiplier or phototube that is coated with a photosensitive compound.

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Photographic plate

Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography.

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Photomultiplier

Photomultiplier tubes (photomultipliers or PMTs for short), members of the class of vacuum tubes, and more specifically vacuum phototubes, are extremely sensitive detectors of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Physical hazard

A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with or without contact.

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Physics of magnetic resonance imaging

The physics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves the interaction of biological tissue with electromagnetic fields.

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Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is the national metrology institute of the Federal Republic of Germany, with scientific and technical service tasks.

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Phytosanitary irradiation

Phytosanitary irradiation is a treatment that uses ionizing radiation on commodities, such as fruits and vegetables to inactivate pests, such as insects.

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Plants in space

Plants in space is about plants in outer space.

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Plastic

Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects.

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Poison

In biology, poisons are substances that cause disturbances in organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity.

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Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

Alexander Litvinenko was a former officer of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) and KGB, who fled from court prosecution in Russia and received political asylum in the United Kingdom.

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Polyphenyl ether

Phenyl ether polymers are a class of polymers that contain a phenoxy and/or a thiophenoxy group as the repeating group in ether linkages.

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Polyvinyl toluene

Polyvinyltoluene (PVT, polyvinyl toluene) is a synthetic polymer of alkylbenzenes with a linear formula n. Commercial vinyl toluene is a mixture of methyl styrene isomers File:Chemical_formula_for_polyvinyl_tolulene.png|chemical formula for PVT.

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Portsmouth Naval Shipyard

The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS), often called the Portsmouth Navy Yard, is a United States Navy shipyard located in Kittery on the southern boundary of Maine near the city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

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Positron emission mammography

Positron emission mammography (PEM) is a nuclear medicine imaging modality used to detect or characterise breast cancer.

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Positron emission tomography

Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.

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Post-transcriptional regulation

Italic textÀ Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level, therefore between the transcription and the translation of the gene.

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Postreplication repair

Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication.

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PowerPC 7xx

The PowerPC 7xx is a family of third generation 32-bit PowerPC microprocessors designed and manufactured by IBM and Motorola (now Freescale Semiconductor).

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Pre- and post-test probability

Pre-test probability and post-test probability (alternatively spelled pretest and posttest probability) are the probabilities of the presence of a condition (such as a disease) before and after a diagnostic test, respectively.

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Pre-emptive nuclear strike

In nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force.

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Pregnancy

Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.

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Prion

Prions are misfolded proteins that are associated with several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans.

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Progerin

Progerin is a truncated version of lamin A protein involved in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.

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Project Pluto

Project Pluto was a United States government program to develop nuclear-powered ramjet engines for use in cruise missiles.

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Projectional radiography

Projectional radiography is a form of radiography and medical imaging that produces two-dimensional images by x-ray radiation.

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Proportional counter

The proportional counter is a type of gaseous ionization detector device used to measure particles of ionizing radiation.

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Protactinium

Protactinium (formerly protoactinium) is a chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91.

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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT

Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that regulates transcription in mammals.

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Proton therapy

In the field of medical procedures, Proton therapy, or proton beam therapy is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer.

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Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B6.

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Quartz fiber dosimeter

A quartz fiber dosimeter, sometimes called a self indicating pocket dosimeter (SIPD) or self reading pocket dosimeter (SRPD), is a type of radiation dosimeter, a pen-like device that measures the cumulative dose of ionizing radiation received by the device, usually over one work period.

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RAD5500

The RAD5500 is a radiation-hardened 64-bit multi-core processor platform manufactured by BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support with Power Architecture-based technologies from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor.

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RAD750

The RAD750 is a radiation-hardened single board computer manufactured by BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support.

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Radappertization

Radappertization is a form of food irradiation which applies a dose of ionizing radiation sufficient to reduce the number and activity of viable microorganisms to such an extent that very few, if any, are detectable in the treated food by any recognized method (viruses being excepted).

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Radiation

In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.

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Radiation (disambiguation)

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium, or through empty space, to be absorbed by other bodies.

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Radiation assessment detector

The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is an instrument mounted on the Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover.

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Radiation burn

A radiation burn is damage to the skin or other biological tissue as an effect of radiation.

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Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 was an amendment to the Public Health Service Act mandating performance standards for electronic products suspectible of electromagnetic radiation or radiation emissions.

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Radiation damage

This article deals with Radiation damage due to the effects of ionizing radiation on physical objects.

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Radiation detection

The following equipment can be used to detect ionizing radiation (radioactivity).

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Radiation dose reconstruction

Radiation dose reconstruction refers to the process of estimating radiation doses that were received by individuals or populations in the past as a result of particular exposure situations of concern.

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Radiation Effects

Radiation effects may refer to.

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Radiation effects on optical fibers

When optical fibers are exposed to ionizing radiation such as energetic electrons, protons, neutrons, X-rays, Ƴ-radiation, etc., they undergo 'damage'.

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Radiation exposure

Radiation exposure is a measure of the ionization of air due to ionizing radiation from photons; that is, gamma rays and X-rays.

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Radiation exposure (disambiguation)

Radiation exposure may refer to.

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Radiation Exposure Monitoring

Radiation Exposure Monitoring (REM) is a framework developed by Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), for utilizing existing technical standards, such as DICOM, to provide information about the dose delivered to patients in radiology procedures, in an interoperable format.

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Radiation hardening

Radiation hardening is the act of making electronic components and systems resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by ionizing radiation (particle radiation and high-energy electromagnetic radiation), such as those encountered in outer space and high-altitude flight, around nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, or during nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare.

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Radiation hormesis

Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial, stimulating the activation of repair mechanisms that protect against disease, that are not activated in absence of ionizing radiation.

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Radiation material science

Radiation materials science describes the interaction of radiation with matter: a broad subject covering many forms of irradiation and of matter.

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Radiation proctitis

Radiation proctitis (and the related radiation colitis) is inflammation and damage to the lower parts of the colon after exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation as a part of radiation therapy.

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Radiation protection

Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this".

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Radiation Protection Convention, 1960

Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 is an International Labour Organization Convention to restrict workers from exposure of ionising radiation and to prohibit persons under 16 engaging in work that causes such exposure.

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Radiation Protection Dosimetry

Radiation Protection Dosimetry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering radiobiology, especially dosimetry and radiation monitoring for both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

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Radiation retinopathy

Radiation retinopathy is damage to retina due to exposure to ionizing radiation.

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Radiation therapist

The Radiation Therapist, Therapeutic Radiographer or Radiotherapist is an allied health professional who works in the field of radiation oncology.

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Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is therapy using ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator.

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Radiation-induced cancer

Up to 10% of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

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Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy

Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy (RILP) or radiation-induced lumbosacral plexopathy (RILSP) is nerve damage in the pelvis and lower spine area occurring as a late side effect of external beam radiation therapy.

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Radiation-induced lung injury

Radiation-induced lung injury is a general term for damage to the lungs which occurs as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.

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RADiations Effects on Components and Systems

The RADECS association is a non-profit professional organization that promotes basic and applied research in the field of radiation and its effects on materials, components and systems.

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Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.

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Radical polymerization

Free-radical polymerization (FRP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks.

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Radio wave

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light.

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Radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is the deposition of, or presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable (from the International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA - definition).

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Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant

The Rocky Flats Plant, a former U.S. nuclear weapons production facility located about 15 miles northwest of Denver, caused radioactive (primarily plutonium, americium, and uranium) contamination within and outside its boundaries.

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Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.

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Radioactive source

A radioactive source is a known quantity of a radionuclide which emits ionizing radiation; typically one or more of the radiation types gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron radiation.

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Radioactive waste

Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material.

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Radiobiology

Radiobiology (also known as radiation biology) is a field of clinical and basic medical sciences that involves the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things, especially health effects of radiation.

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Radiochromic film

Radiochromic film is a type of self-developing film typically used in the testing and characterisation of radiographic equipment such as CT scanners and radiotherapy linacs.

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Radiographer

Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, diagnostic radiographers and medical radiation technologists are healthcare professionals who specialise in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology.

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Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland

The Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII), An Institiúid Éireannach um Chosaint Raideolaíoch, was an independent public body in Ireland under the aegis of the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment.

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Radiology

Radiology is the science that uses medical imaging to diagnose and sometimes also treat diseases within the body.

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Radioluminescence

Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays.

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Radiolysis

Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation.

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Radiometric calibration

Radiometric calibration is a general term used in science and technology for any set of calibration techniques in support of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation and atomic particle radiation.

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Radiometric dating

Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.

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Radionuclide

A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.

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Radiophobia

Radiophobia is an obsessive fear of ionizing radiation, in particular, fear of X-rays.

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Radioresistance

Radioresistance is the level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand.

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Radioscope

The electronic production of a visual image by ionising radiation on a radiation detector and displayed on a monitor or similar screen.

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Radiosensitivity

Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation.

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Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery is surgery using radiation, that is, the destruction of precisely selected areas of tissue using ionizing radiation rather than excision with a blade.

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Radiosynthesis (metabolism)

Radiosynthesis is the theorized capture and metabolism, by living organisms, of energy from ionizing radiation, analogously to photosynthesis.

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Radium

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88.

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Radium bromide

Radium bromide is the bromide salt of radium, with the formula RaBr2.

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Radium dials

Radium dials are watch, clock and other instrument dials painted with radioluminescent paint containing radium-226.

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Ramsar, Mazandaran

Ramsar (رامسر, also Romanized as Rāmsar and Rānsar; formerly, Sakht Sar) is the capital of Ramsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.

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Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.

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Read-only memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.

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RecBCD

RecBCD (Exonuclease V, Escherichia coli exonuclease V, E. coli exonuclease V, gene recBC endoenzyme, RecBC deoxyribonuclease, gene recBC DNase, gene recBCD enzymes) is an enzyme of the ''E. coli'' bacterium that initiates recombinational repair from potentially lethal double strand breaks in DNA which may result from ionizing radiation, replication errors, endonucleases, oxidative damage, and a host of other factors.

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Refueling and overhaul

In the United States Navy, Refueling and Overhaul (ROH) refers to a lengthy process or procedure performed on nuclear-powered naval ships, which involves replacement of expended nuclear fuel with new fuel and a general maintenance fix-up, renovation, and often modernization of the entire ship.

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Relative biological effectiveness

In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy.

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Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013, often known by the acronym RIDDOR, is a 2013 Statutory Instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Ringworm affair (Israel)

The ringworm affair refers to circumstances involving an alleged number of 20,000 to 200,000 Jewish individuals who were treated between 1948 and 1960 for tinea capitis (ringworm) with ionizing radiation to the head and neck area both within Israel and abroad.

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Risk factors for breast cancer

Risk factors for breast cancer may be divided into preventable and non-preventable.

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Robert Hofstadter

Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist.

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Roberts Rugh

Roberts Rugh, Ph.D. (16 April 1903 – 11 November 1978), radiation biologist and embryologist.

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Rocketship X-M

Rocketship X-M (a.k.a. Expedition Moon and originally Rocketship Expedition Moon) is a 1950 American black-and-white science fiction film from Lippert Pictures, the first outer space adventure of the post-World War II era.

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Roentgen (unit)

The roentgen or röntgen (symbol R) is a legacy unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays.

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Roentgen equivalent man

The roentgen equivalent man (or rem) is an older, CGS unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose which are measures of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

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Rolf Maximilian Sievert

Rolf Maximilian Sievert (6 May 1896 – 3 October 1966) was a Swedish medical physicist whose major contribution was in the study of the biological effects of ionizing radiation.

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Rosalie Bertell

Rosalie Bertell (April 4, 1929 – June 14, 2012) was an American scientist, author, environmental activist, epidemiologist, and Catholic nun.

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Roscoe L. Koontz

Roscoe L. Koontz (December 16, 1922 – May 17, 1997) was an American Health Physicist. Trained as one of the first health physicists through the first Atomic Energy Health Physics Fellowship Training Program at the University of Rochester, Koontz contributed to the development of practices, instrumentation, and techniques to protect people from ionizing radiation. His early research focused on problems of neutron dosimetry, toxicology of uranium, plutonium, and fission products. Most of his career was spent at Atomics International where his key achievements included designing a pinhole gamma ray camera, developing techniques for measuring absolute thermal neutron flux using radioactive indium foils, and helping design and fabricate equipment to automate air and water sampling equipment and radiation activity measuring devices.

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Rotational angiography

Rotational angiography is a medical imaging technique based on x-ray, that allows to acquire CT-like 3D volumes during hybrid surgery or during a catheter intervention using a fixed C-Arm.

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Safecast (organization)

Safecast is an international, volunteer-centered organization devoted to open citizen science for the environment.

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Safety of magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is in general a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error.

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Sameera Moussa

Sameera Moussa (March 3, 1917 - August 5, 1952) was an Egyptian nuclear physicist who held a doctorate in atomic radiation and worked to make the medical use of nuclear technology affordable to all.

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Samut Prakan radiation accident

A radiation accident occurred in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand in January–February 2000.

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Schaerbeek

Schaerbeek (obsolete Dutch spelling, retained in French, pronounced) or Schaarbeek (Dutch) is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.

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Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy ("scint", Latin scintilla, spark) is a diagnostic test in nuclear medicine, where radioisotopes attached to drugs that travel to a specific organ or tissue (radiopharmaceuticals) are taken internally and the emitted gamma radiation is captured by external detectors (gamma cameras) to form two-dimensional images in a similar process to the capture of x-ray images.

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Scintillation counter

A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material, and detecting the resultant light pulses.

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Scintillator

A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation—the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation.

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SCK•CEN

SCK • CEN (Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie; Centre d'Étude de l'énergie Nucléaire) is the Belgian nuclear research centre located in Mol, Belgium, more specific near the township of Donk.

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Semiconductor

A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.

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Semiconductor detector

This article is about ionizing radiation detectors.

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Semiconductor device

Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide, as well as organic semiconductors.

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Senkichi Awaya

was a Japanese public official who was killed by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima while he was its mayor.

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Shape-memory polymer

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are polymeric smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state (temporary shape) to their original (permanent) shape induced by an external stimulus (trigger), such as temperature change.

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Shield

A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand or mounted on the wrist or forearm.

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SI derived unit

SI derived units are units of measurement derived from the seven base units specified by the International System of Units (SI).

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Sialography

Sialography (also termed radiosialography) is the radiographic examination of the salivary glands.

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Sievert

The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.

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Signs and symptoms of radiation poisoning

The biological timeline of radiation poisoning describes the phenomenon where, following a dose of ionizing radiation, a person may have a period of apparent health, lasting for days or weeks, despite a terminal illness.

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Silencer (genetics)

In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors.

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Silkwood

Silkwood is a 1983 American biographical drama film directed by Mike Nichols and starring Meryl Streep, Cher and Kurt Russell.

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Single-photon avalanche diode

A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a solid-state photodetector in which a photon-generated carrier (via the internal photoelectric effect) can trigger a short-duration but relatively large avalanche current.

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Singularity Sky

Singularity Sky is a science fiction novel by author Charles Stross, published in 2003.

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Skin cancer

Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin.

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Skyshine

(Radiation) skyshine describes the ionizing radiation emitted by a nuclear technical or medical facility, reaching the facility's surroundings not directly, but indirectly through reflection and scattering at the atmosphere back to earth's surface.

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Small intestine cancer

In oncology, small intestine cancer, also small bowel cancer and cancer of the small bowel, is a cancer of the small intestine.

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Sodium iodide

Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine.

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Soft radiation

Soft radiation is a colloquial term given to ionizing radiation which is at the lower end of the energy spectrum, hence the name "soft".

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Solar phenomena

Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun.

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Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.

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South Dakota National Guard

The South Dakota National Guard is part of the South Dakota Department of Military & Veterans Affairs.

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Soviet submarine K-27

K-27 was the only submarine of Project 645 in the Soviet Navy.

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Space station

A space station, also known as an orbital station or an orbital space station, is a spacecraft capable of supporting crewmembers, which is designed to remain in space (most commonly as an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit) for an extended period of time and for other spacecraft to dock.

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Space weather

Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

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Spaceflight radiation carcinogenesis

Astronauts are exposed to approximately 50-2,000 millisieverts (mSv) while on six-month-duration missions to the International Space Station (ISS), the moon and beyond.

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Specialty (medicine)

A specialty, or speciality, in medicine is a branch of medical practice.

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Spinthariscope

A spinthariscope is a device for observing individual nuclear disintegrations caused by the interaction of ionizing radiation with a phosphor (see radioluminescence) or scintillator.

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State Nuclear Power Safety Inspectorate of Lithuania

State Nuclear Power Safety Inspectorate (VATESI) is the state regulator for nuclear energy in the Republic of Lithuania.

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StemRad

StemRad is an Israeli-American company headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, that develops, manufactures and sells personal protective equipment (PPE) for ionizing radiation.

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Stereotactic surgery

Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a minimally invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some action such as ablation, biopsy, lesion, injection, stimulation, implantation, radiosurgery (SRS), etc.

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Sterilization (microbiology)

Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, prions, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media.

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Substrate (electronics)

A substrate (also called a wafer) is a solid (usually planar) substance onto which a layer of another substance is applied, and to which that second substance adheres.

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Sylvania Electric Products explosion

On the morning of July 2, 1956, an explosion involving scrap thorium occurred at the Sylvania Electric Products' Metallurgical Laboratory in Bayside, Queens, New York.

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Tactical Vest Antenna System

Tactical Vest Antenna System (TVAS) is a type of wearable antenna designed for use by the United States Armed Forces.

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Tamper resistance

Tamper resistance is resistance to tampering (intentional malfunction or sabotage) by either the normal users of a product, package, or system or others with physical access to it.

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Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission

The Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission (TAEC) is a regulatory and service parastatal organization of Tanzania, operating under the mandate of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.

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Tardigrade

Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.

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Targeted alpha-particle therapy

Targeted alpha-particle therapy (or TAT) is an in-development method of targeted radionuclide therapy of various cancers.

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Technetium-99m

Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99mTc, that is used in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually, making it the most commonly used medical radioisotope.

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Terahertz metamaterial

A terahertz metamaterial is a class of composite metamaterials designed to interact at terahertz (THz) frequencies.

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Terahertz radiation

Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency (THF), T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz; 1012 Hz).

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Tetra JSC

Tetra, JSC (ЗАТ «Тетра») is a Ukrainian company, manufacturer of devices and equipment for searching and measuring of ionizing radiations.

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The Farm (Tennessee)

The Farm is an intentional community in Lewis County, Tennessee, near the town of Summertown, Tennessee, based on principles of nonviolence and respect for the Earth.

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The Long Watch

"The Long Watch" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein.

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The Quiet Earth (film)

The Quiet Earth is a 1985 New Zealand science fiction post-apocalyptic film directed by Geoff Murphy and starring Bruno Lawrence, Alison Routledge and Peter Smith as three survivors of a cataclysmic disaster.

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Therac-25

The Therac-25 was a radiation therapy machine produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) in 1982 after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units (the earlier units had been produced in partnership with CGR of France).

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Thermal-neutron reactor

A thermal-neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor that uses slow or thermal neutrons.

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Thermoluminescence

Thermoluminescence is a form of luminescence that is exhibited by certain crystalline materials, such as some minerals, when previously absorbed energy from electromagnetic radiation or other ionizing radiation is re-emitted as light upon heating of the material.

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Thermoluminescent dosimeter

A thermoluminescent dosimeter, or TLD, is a type of radiation dosimeter.

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Thorium

Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.

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Thorium fuel cycle

The thorium fuel cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle that uses an isotope of thorium,, as the fertile material.

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Three Mile Island accident health effects

The health effects of the 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident are widely, but not universally, agreed to be very low.

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Threshold limit value

The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is believed to be a level to which a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.

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Thymic involution

One of the major characteristics of vertebrate immunology is thymic involution, the shrinking of the thymus with age, resulting in changes in the architecture of the thymus and a decrease in tissue mass.

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Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland.

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Thyroid nodule

Thyroid nodules are nodules (raised areas of tissue or fluid) which commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland.

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Tilman Ruff

Professor Tilman Alfred Ruff AM (born 1955) is an Australian public health and infectious diseases physician who has focused his efforts on immunization and "the global health imperative to eradicate nuclear weapons.".

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Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research

Since the 19th century, a significant amount of research has been conducted on the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the mass extinction that ended the dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic Era and set the stage for the Age of Mammals, or Cenozoic Era.

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Titan in fiction

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn.

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TMEM143

TMEM143 (Transmembrane protein 143) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TMEM143 gene.

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Tomosynthesis

Tomosynthesis, also digital tomosynthesis, is a method for performing high-resolution limited-angle tomography at radiation dose levels comparable with projectional radiography.

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Toothache

Toothache, also known as dental pain,Segen JC.

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Total effective dose equivalent

The Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is a radiation dosimetry quantity defined by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation.

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Townsend discharge

The Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is a gas ionisation process where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons.

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Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.

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TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator

The TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) also known as fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase TIGAR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the C12orf5 gene.

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Tracerco

Tracerco is the oil and gas services subsidiary of British chemical company and conglomerate Johnson Matthey.

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Tradescantia

Tradescantia is a genus of 75 species of herbaceous perennial wildflowers in the family Commelinaceae, native to the New World from southern Canada to northern Argentina, including the West Indies.

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Tradescantia occidentalis

Tradescantia occidentalis, the prairie spiderwort or western spiderwort, is a plant in the dayflower family, Commelinaceae.

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Transient acantholytic dermatosis

Grover's disease (GD) is a polymorphic, pruritic, papulovesicular dermatosis characterized histologically by acantholysisFreedberg, et al.

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Transversion

Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to the substitution of a (two ring) purine for a (one ring) pyrimidine or vice versa, in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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Treatment of infections after exposure to ionizing radiation

Infections caused by exposure to ionizing radiation can be extremely dangerous, and are of public and government concern.

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Trinity (nuclear test)

Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon.

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Truepera

Truepera is one genus of bacteria in the family Trueperaceae from the phylum Dienococcus-Thermus.

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Tsetse fly

Tsetse, sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik-tik flies, are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa.

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Tudor Scan Tech

Tudor Scan Tech SA is a Swiss company that manufactures aircraft and cargo scanner including x-ray scanners and robotic scanning system.

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Ultrasoft radiation

Ultrasoft radiation is very low-energy ionizing radiation.

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Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs

Ultrasonography of suspected or previously confirmed chronic venous insufficiency of leg veins is a risk-free, non-invasive procedure.

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Ultrasound

Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing.

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.

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Unethical human experimentation in the United States

Unethical human experimentation in the United States describes numerous experiments performed on human test subjects in the United States that have been considered unethical, and were often performed illegally, without the knowledge, consent, or informed consent of the test subjects.

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United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) was set up by resolution of the United Nations General Assembly in 1955.

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United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine

The United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) is the United States Air Force (USAF) organization focused on education, research, and worldwide operational consultation in aerospace and operational medicine.

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Vacuum tube

In electronics, a vacuum tube, an electron tube, or just a tube (North America), or valve (Britain and some other regions) is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container.

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Vegetable

Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food as part of a meal.

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Venus Express

Venus Express (VEX) was the first Venus exploration mission of the European Space Agency (ESA).

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Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson

Vladimir Pavlovich Efroimson (Владимир Павлович Эфроимсон; 21 November 1908, Moscow – 21 July 1989, Moscow) was one of the most prominent Soviet geneticists, a former student of Nikolai Koltsov, who was among the geneticists who had to struggle against the persecution of geneticists in the Soviet Union.

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Vomiting

Vomiting, also known as emesis, puking, barfing, throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose.

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VVER-TOI

The VVER-TOI or WWER-TOI (The word tipovoi is difficult to translate into English. Optimized Digital) is a generation III+ nuclear power reactor based on VVER technology developed by Rosatom.

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Wade Allison

Wade Allison (born 1941) is Emeritus professor of Physics and Fellow of Keble College at Oxford University.

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Walther Müller

Walther Müller (6 September 1905 in Hanover – 4 December 1979 in Walnut Creek, California), was a German physicist, most well known for his improvement of Hans Geiger's counter for ionizing radiation, now known as the Geiger-Müller tube.

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Water on Mars

Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil.

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Weighting curve

A weighting curve is a graph of a set of factors, that are used to 'weight' measured values of a variable according to their importance in relation to some outcome.

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Weighting filter

A weighting filter is used to emphasize or suppress some aspects of a phenomenon compared to others, for measurement or other purposes.

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Westerhout 40

Westerhout 40 or W40 (also designated Sharpless 64, Sh2-64, or RCW 174) is a star-forming region in our galaxy located in the constellation Serpens Cauda.

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William Schull

William Jackson (Jack) Schull (17 March 1922 – 20 June 2017) was an American geneticist and Professor Emeritus of Human Genetics at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

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Wladimir Wertelecki

Wladimir Wertelecki (born 1936 in Rivne, Ukraine, at the time Poland) is an Emeritus Professor and a former Chairman of the Medical Genetics Department at the University of South Alabama, US, and currently the Director of OMNI-Net Ukraine, a not-for-profit international organization conducting population based monitoring of congenital anomalies in many areas of Ukraine impacted by Chernobyl ionizing radiation.

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Wound healing

Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.

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Wounded in action

Wounded in action (WIA) describes combatants who have been wounded while fighting in a combat zone during wartime, but have not been killed.

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WR 7

WR 7 (HD 56925) is a Wolf–Rayet star in the constellation of Canis Major.

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X-ray

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.

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X-ray (disambiguation)

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of ionizing electromagnetic radiation.

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X-ray astronomy detector

X-ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X-rays for use in the study of X-ray astronomy.

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X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.

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X-ray detector

X-ray detectors are devices used to measure the flux, spatial distribution, spectrum, and/or other properties of X-rays.

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X-ray generator

An X-ray generator is a device that produces X-rays.

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Zénon Bacq

Zénon Bacq (31 December 1903 in La Louvière – 12 July 1983 in Fontenoy) was a Belgian radiobiologist and inventor.

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14 nanometer

The 14 nanometer (14 nm) semiconductor device fabrication node is the technology node following the 22 nm/(20 nm) node.

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1946

No description.

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1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident

The 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident was a radiological accident that occurred from December 10–20, 1990, at the Clinic of Zaragoza, in Spain.

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24 (season 2)

The second season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 2, was first broadcast from October 29, 2002, to May 20, 2003 on Fox.

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8-Oxoguanine

8-Oxoguanine (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-oxo-Gua, or OH8Gua) is one of the most common DNA lesions resulting from reactive oxygen species and can result in a mismatched pairing with adenine resulting in G to T and C to A substitutions in the genome.

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Atomic radiation, Ionising radiation, Ionized radiation, Ionizing Radiation, Ionizing radiation units, Measured radiation, Radiation (ionizing radiation), Radiation dose, Radiation level, Radiation levels, Radiation units, Radiotoxic, Radiotoxicity.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

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