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249 relations: A History of Vector Analysis, Against the Day, Alexander Freeman (mathematician), Algebra, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Chemical Society, Antiquarian science books, Appell's equation of motion, Archives of American Mathematics, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Athanase Dupré, Atmospheric thermodynamics, Bachelor, Barbara McClintock, Berkeley College (Yale University), Bivector, Boltzmann distribution, Boltzmann's entropy formula, Canonical ensemble, Carl Anton Bjerknes, Chemical equilibrium, Chemical potential, Chemical thermodynamics, Chemistry, Connecticut, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cross product, Crystal growth, Cumulant, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Del, Dmitry Zubarev, Dyadics, Dying Inside, Eberhard Hopf, Ecological economics, Econophysics, Edward A. Guggenheim, Edward Odell, Edwin Bidwell Wilson, Edwin Thompson Jaynes, Einstein's awards and honors, Electrochemistry, Electrode potential, Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, Energy, Engineer, Engineering, Enthalpy, Entropy, ..., Entropy (information theory), Entropy (statistical thermodynamics), Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory, Entropy of mixing, Euclidean vector, Eugene Wigner, Exergy, February 11, Force, Foundations of Economic Analysis, François Massieu, Frank C. Whitmore, Gauge fixing, Geometric algebra, Gibbs (crater), Gibbs (surname), Gibbs algorithm, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs isotherm, Gibbs lemma, Gibbs measure, Gibbs paradox, Gibbs phenomenon, Gibbs sampling, Gibbs state, Gibbs' inequality, Gibbs–Donnan effect, Gibbs–Duhem equation, Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, Gibbs–Thomson equation, Gilbert N. Lewis, Governor (device), Grove Street Cemetery, H-theorem, Heidelberg University, Helmholtz decomposition, Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom, Henry A. Bumstead, Henry Wilbraham, Hermann Grassmann, History of chemistry, History of energy, History of engineering, History of entropy, History of information theory, History of mathematical notation, History of Maxwell's equations, History of physics, History of probability, History of quaternions, History of thermodynamics, Hopkins School, Horatio C Wood Jr., Hubert Anson Newton, Hyperbolic quaternion, Identical particles, Index of physics articles (J), Industrial ecology, Info-metrics, Information theory, Irving Fisher, Ising model, James Clerk Maxwell, Jan Arnoldus Schouten, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, John McFarlane Gray, John von Neumann, Josiah (given name), Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship, Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr., Kullback–Leibler divergence, Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, Lars Onsager, Law of mass action, Laws of thermodynamics, Lee de Forest, Leonard Ornstein, Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian), List of chemists, List of craters on the Moon: G–K, List of eponyms (A–K), List of examples of Stigler's law, List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1897, List of Fellows of the Royal Society G, H, I, List of Heidelberg University people, List of Hopkins School people, List of important publications in chemistry, List of important publications in physics, List of Liberty ships (G–Je), List of mathematicians (G), List of multiple discoveries, List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field, List of people from Connecticut, List of people from New Haven, Connecticut, List of people on the postage stamps of the United States, List of people with craters of the Moon named after them, List of philosophers (D–H), List of physicists, List of scientific equations named after people, List of scientific laws named after people, List of theoretical physicists, List of things named after Josiah W. Gibbs, List of Yale University people, Logology (science of science), Ludwig Boltzmann, Lynde Wheeler, Marangoni effect, Massieu function, Materials science, Mathematical economics, Mathematical physics, Max Planck, Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Maxwell's thermodynamic surface, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, Meanings of minor planet names: 2001–3000, Mechanician, Merle Randall, Microcanonical ensemble, Microemulsion, Mikhail Shultz, Molecular gastronomy, Monolayer, Mugwumps, Muriel Rukeyser, Nabla symbol, Nancy Kopell, Negentropy, New Haven, Connecticut, Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, Paul A. Freund, Phase rule, Phase space, Physical chemistry, PID controller, Pierre Duhem, Principle of maximum work, Quadruple product, Quaternion, Raymond Louis Wilder, Richard Feynman, Robert Reid (engineer), Rosalie Edge, Scientific phenomena named after people, Second Industrial Revolution, Second law of thermodynamics, Sheffield Scientific School, Six-dimensional space, Spinodal decomposition, State function, Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics), Statistical mechanics, Statistical physics, Stochastic process, Surface stress, Surface tension, Synergetics (Haken), Systems theory, Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date, Thermal equilibrium, Thermodynamic equations, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thermodynamic free energy, Thermodynamic potential, Thermodynamicist, Thermodynamics, Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge, Thermoporometry and cryoporometry, Thomas Andrews (scientist), Timeline of chemistry, Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries, Timeline of information theory, Timeline of meteorology, Timeline of scientific discoveries, Timeline of theoretical physics, Timeline of thermodynamics, Timeline of United States discoveries, Tolman length, University Hills, Irvine, USS San Carlos (AVP-51), Van der Waals equation, Vector Analysis, Vector calculus, Vector notation, Victor Stabin, Willard Gibbs (disambiguation), Willard Gibbs Award, Wulff construction, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, 1839, 1839 in science, 1876 in science, 1903, 1903 in science, 1903 in the United States, 19th century in science, 2937 Gibbs. 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A History of Vector Analysis
A History of Vector Analysis (1967) is a book on the history of vector analysis by Michael J. Crowe, originally published by the University of Notre Dame Press.
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Against the Day
Against the Day is a 2006 historical novel by Thomas Pynchon.
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Alexander Freeman (mathematician)
Alexander Freeman (1838–1897) was English astronomer and mathematician and a noted correspondent of James Clerk Maxwell and Willard Gibbs.
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Algebra
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis.
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American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States of America.
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American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
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Antiquarian science books
Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering.
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Appell's equation of motion
In classical mechanics, Appell's equation of motion (aka Gibbs-Appell equation of motion) is an alternative general formulation of classical mechanics described by Paul Émile Appell in 1900 and Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1879 Here, \alpha_r.
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Archives of American Mathematics
The Archives of American Mathematics, located at the University of Texas at Austin, aims to collect, preserve, and provide access to the papers principally of American mathematicians and the records of American mathematical organizations.
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Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of over 1500 scientists.
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Athanase Dupré
Louis Victoire Athanase Dupré (28 December 1808 – 10 August 1869) was a French mathematician and physicist noted for his 1860s publications on the mechanical theory of heat (thermodynamics); work that was said to have inspired the publications of engineer Francois Massieu and his Massieu functions; which in turn inspired the work of American engineer Willard Gibbs and his fundamental equations.
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Atmospheric thermodynamics
Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate.
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Bachelor
A bachelor is a man who is socially regarded as able to marry, but has not yet.
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Barbara McClintock
Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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Berkeley College (Yale University)
Berkeley College is a residential college at Yale University, opened in 1934.
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Bivector
In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors.
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Boltzmann distribution
In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution Translated by J.B. Sykes and M.J. Kearsley. See section 28) is a probability distribution, probability measure, or frequency distribution of particles in a system over various possible states.
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Boltzmann's entropy formula
In statistical mechanics, Boltzmann's equation is a probability equation relating the entropy S of an ideal gas to the quantity W, the number of real microstates corresponding to the gas' macrostate: where kB is the Boltzmann constant (also written as simply k) and equal to 1.38065 × 10−23 J/K.
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Canonical ensemble
In statistical mechanics, a canonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that represents the possible states of a mechanical system in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath at a fixed temperature.
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Carl Anton Bjerknes
Carl Anton Bjerknes (24 October 1825 – 20 March 1903) was a Norwegian mathematician and physicist.
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Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
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Chemical potential
In thermodynamics, chemical potential of a species is a form of energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or phase transition due to a change of the particle number of the given species.
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Chemical thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences is a learned society founded in 1799 in New Haven, Connecticut "to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest and happiness of a free and virtuous people." Its purpose is the dissemination of scholarly information.
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Cross product
In mathematics and vector algebra, the cross product or vector product (occasionally directed area product to emphasize the geometric significance) is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space \left(\mathbb^3\right) and is denoted by the symbol \times.
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Crystal growth
Crystal growth is the process where a pre-existing crystal becomes larger as more molecules or ions add in their positions in the crystal lattice.
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Cumulant
In probability theory and statistics, the cumulants of a probability distribution are a set of quantities that provide an alternative to the moments of the distribution.
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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine is a book written by Norbert Wiener and published in 1948.
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Del
Del, or nabla, is an operator used in mathematics, in particular in vector calculus, as a vector differential operator, usually represented by the nabla symbol ∇.
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Dmitry Zubarev
Dmitry Nikolaevich Zubarev (Дми́трий Никола́евич Зу́барев; November 27, 1917 – July 29, 1992) was a Russian theoretical physicist known for his contributions to statistical mechanics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, plasma physics, theory of turbulence, and to the development of the double-time Green function's formalism.
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Dyadics
In mathematics, specifically multilinear algebra, a dyadic or dyadic tensor is a second order tensor, written in a notation that fits in with vector algebra.
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Dying Inside
Dying Inside is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg.
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Eberhard Hopf
Eberhard Frederich Ferdinand Hopf (April 17, 1902, Salzburg, Austria-Hungary – July 24, 1983, Bloomington, Indiana) was a mathematician and astronomer, one of the founding fathers of ergodic theory and a pioneer of bifurcation theory who also made significant contributions to the subjects of partial differential equations and integral equations, fluid dynamics, and differential geometry.
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Ecological economics
Ecological economics (also called eco-economics, ecolonomy or bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen) is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially.
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Econophysics
Econophysics is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.
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Edward A. Guggenheim
Edward Armand Guggenheim FRS (11 August 1901 in Manchester – 9 August 1970) was an English physical chemist, noted for his contributions to thermodynamics.
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Edward Odell
Edward "Ted" Wilfred Odell, Jr. (born 15 March 1947, Pleasantville, New York – 9 January 2013, Houston, Texas) was an American mathematician, specializing in the theory of Banach spaces.
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Edwin Bidwell Wilson
Edwin Bidwell Wilson (April 25, 1879 – December 28, 1964) was an American mathematician and polymath.
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Edwin Thompson Jaynes
Edwin Thompson Jaynes (July 5, 1922 – April 30, 1998) was the Wayman Crow Distinguished Professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis.
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Einstein's awards and honors
During the year of 1922, Albert Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".
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Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa.
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Electrode potential
Electrode potential, E, in chemistry or electrochemistry, according to a IUPAC definition, is the electromotive force of a cell built of two electrodes.
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Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics
Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, published in March 1902, is a work of scientific literature by Josiah Willard Gibbs which is considered to be the foundation of modern statistical mechanics.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Engineer
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are people who invent, design, analyze, build, and test machines, systems, structures and materials to fulfill objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.
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Engineering
Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
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Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system.
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Entropy
In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.
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Entropy (information theory)
Information entropy is the average rate at which information is produced by a stochastic source of data.
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Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)
In classical statistical mechanics, the entropy function earlier introduced by Rudolf Clausius is interpreted as statistical entropy using probability theory.
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Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory
There are close parallels between the mathematical expressions for the thermodynamic entropy, usually denoted by S, of a physical system in the statistical thermodynamics established by Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs in the 1870s, and the information-theoretic entropy, usually expressed as H, of Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley developed in the 1940s.
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Entropy of mixing
In thermodynamics the entropy of mixing is the increase in the total entropy when several initially separate systems of different composition, each in a thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium, are mixed without chemical reaction by the thermodynamic operation of removal of impermeable partition(s) between them, followed by a time for establishment of a new thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium in the new unpartitioned closed system.
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Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric or spatial vector, or—as here—simply a vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction.
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Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul "E.
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Exergy
In thermodynamics, the exergy (in older usage, available work or availability) of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir.
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February 11
No description.
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Force
In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Foundations of Economic Analysis
Foundations of Economic Analysis is a book by Paul A. Samuelson published in 1947 (Enlarged ed., 1983) by Harvard University Press.
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François Massieu
François Jacques Dominique Massieu (4 August 1832 – 5 February 1896) was a French thermodynamics engineer noted for his two 1869 characteristic functions, each of which known as a Massieu function (the first of which sometimes called free entropy), as cited by American engineer Willard Gibbs in his 1876 On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.
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Frank C. Whitmore
Frank Clifford Whitmore (October 1, 1887 – June 24, 1947), nicknamed "Rocky", was a prominent chemist who submitted significant evidence for the existence of carbocation mechanisms in organic chemistry.
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Gauge fixing
In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables.
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Geometric algebra
The geometric algebra (GA) of a vector space is an algebra over a field, noted for its multiplication operation called the geometric product on a space of elements called multivectors, which is a superset of both the scalars F and the vector space V. Mathematically, a geometric algebra may be defined as the Clifford algebra of a vector space with a quadratic form.
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Gibbs (crater)
Gibbs is a lunar impact crater that lies near the eastern limb of the Moon.
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Gibbs (surname)
Gibbs is a surname.
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Gibbs algorithm
Josiah Willard Gibbs In statistical mechanics, the Gibbs algorithm, introduced by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, is a criterion for choosing a probability distribution for the statistical ensemble of microstates of a thermodynamic system by minimizing the average log probability subject to the probability distribution satisfying a set of constraints (usually expectation values) corresponding to the known macroscopic quantities.
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Gibbs free energy
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function; also known as free enthalpy to distinguish it from Helmholtz free energy) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric).
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Gibbs isotherm
The Gibbs adsorption isotherm for multicomponent systems is an equation used to relate the changes in concentration of a component in contact with a surface with changes in the surface tension, which results in a corresponding change in surface energy.
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Gibbs lemma
Josiah Willard Gibbs In game theory and in particular the study of Blotto games and operational research, the Gibbs lemma is a result that is useful in maximization problems.
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Gibbs measure
In mathematics, the Gibbs measure, named after Josiah Willard Gibbs, is a probability measure frequently seen in many problems of probability theory and statistical mechanics.
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Gibbs paradox
In statistical mechanics, a semi-classical derivation of the entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles, yields an expression for the entropy which is not extensive (is not proportional to the amount of substance in question).
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Gibbs phenomenon
In mathematics, the Gibbs phenomenon, discovered by Available on-line at: and rediscovered by, is the peculiar manner in which the Fourier series of a piecewise continuously differentiable periodic function behaves at a jump discontinuity.
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Gibbs sampling
In statistics, Gibbs sampling or a Gibbs sampler is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution, when direct sampling is difficult.
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Gibbs state
In probability theory and statistical mechanics, a Gibbs state is an equilibrium probability distribution which remains invariant under future evolution of the system.
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Gibbs' inequality
Josiah Willard Gibbs In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the mathematical entropy of a discrete probability distribution.
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Gibbs–Donnan effect
The Gibbs–Donnan effect (also known as the Donnan's effect, Donnan law, Donnan equilibrium, or Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium) is a name for the behaviour of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane that sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane.
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Gibbs–Duhem equation
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs–Duhem equation describes the relationship between changes in chemical potential for components in a thermodynamic system: where N_i\, is the number of moles of component i\,, \mathrm\mu_i\, the infinitesimal increase in chemical potential for this component, S\, the entropy, T\, the absolute temperature, V\, volume and p\, the pressure.
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Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
The Gibbs–Helmholtz equation is a thermodynamic equation used for calculating changes in the Gibbs energy of a system as a function of temperature.
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Gibbs–Thomson equation
The Gibbs–Thomson effect, in common physics usage, refers to variations in vapor pressure or chemical potential across a curved surface or interface.
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Gilbert N. Lewis
Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 25 (or 23), 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding.
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Governor (device)
A governor, or speed limiter or controller, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine.
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Grove Street Cemetery
Grove Street Cemetery or Grove Street Burial Ground is a cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, that is surrounded by the Yale University campus.
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H-theorem
In classical statistical mechanics, the H-theorem, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872, describes the tendency to decrease in the quantity H (defined below) in a nearly-ideal gas of molecules.
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Heidelberg University
Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Helmholtz decomposition
In physics and mathematics, in the area of vector calculus, Helmholtz's theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of vector calculus, states that any sufficiently smooth, rapidly decaying vector field in three dimensions can be resolved into the sum of an irrotational (curl-free) vector field and a solenoidal (divergence-free) vector field; this is known as the Helmholtz decomposition or Helmholtz representation.
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Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom
H.
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Henry A. Bumstead
Henry Andrews Bumstead (March 12, 1870 – December 31, 1920) was an American physicist who taught at Yale from 1897 to 1920.
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Henry Wilbraham
Henry Wilbraham (July 25, 1825 – February 13, 1883) was an English mathematician.
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Hermann Grassmann
Hermann Günther Grassmann (Graßmann; April 15, 1809 – September 26, 1877) was a German polymath, known in his day as a linguist and now also as a mathematician.
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History of chemistry
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.
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History of energy
The word energy derives from Greek ἐνέργεια (energeia), which appears for the first time in the work Nicomachean Ethics of 4th century BCE.
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History of engineering
The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel.
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History of entropy
The concept of entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from combustion reactions is always lost to dissipation or friction and is thus not transformed into useful work.
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History of information theory
The decisive event which established the discipline of information theory, and brought it to immediate worldwide attention, was the publication of Claude E. Shannon's classic paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in the Bell System Technical Journal in July and October 1948.
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History of mathematical notation
The history of mathematical notation includes the commencement, progress, and cultural diffusion of mathematical symbols and the conflict of the methods of notation confronted in a notation's move to popularity or inconspicuousness.
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History of Maxwell's equations
In electromagnetism, one of the fundamental fields of physics, the introduction of Maxwell's equations (mainly in "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field") was one of the most important aggregations of empirical facts in the history of physics.
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History of physics
Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.
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History of probability
Probability has a dual aspect: on the one hand the likelihood of hypotheses given the evidence for them, and on the other hand the behavior of stochastic processes such as the throwing of dice or coins.
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History of quaternions
In mathematics, quaternions are a non-commutative number system that extends the complex numbers.
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History of thermodynamics
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general.
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Hopkins School
Hopkins School is a private, college-preparatory, coeducational, day school located in New Haven, Connecticut.
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Horatio C Wood Jr.
Horatio Curtis Wood Jr. (January 13, 1841 – January 3, 1920) was an American physician and biologist.
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Hubert Anson Newton
Prof Hubert Anson Newton FRS HFRSE (19 March 1830 – 12 August 1896), usually cited as H. A. Newton, was an American astronomer and mathematician, noted for his research on meteors.
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Hyperbolic quaternion
In abstract algebra, the algebra of hyperbolic quaternions is a nonassociative algebra over the real numbers with elements of the form where multiplication is determined with rules that are similar to (but different from) multiplication in the quaternions.
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Identical particles
Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.
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Index of physics articles (J)
The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
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Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems.
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Info-metrics
Info-metrics is an interdisciplinary approach to scientific modeling, inference and efficient information processing.
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Information theory
Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
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Irving Fisher
Irving Fisher (February 27, 1867 – April 29, 1947) was an American economist, statistician, inventor, and Progressive social campaigner.
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Ising model
The Ising model, named after the physicist Ernst Ising, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.
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Jan Arnoldus Schouten
Jan Arnoldus Schouten (28 August 1883 – 20 January 1971) was a Dutch mathematician and Professor at the Delft University of Technology.
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Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids.
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John McFarlane Gray
John McFarlane Gray (or J. Macfarlane Gray; 7 April 1831 – 14 January 1908) was a Scottish engineer who invented a portable steam riveting machine and a steam steering mechanism for Isambard Kingdom Brunel's famous SS Great Eastern.
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.
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Josiah (given name)
Josiah is a given name derived from the Hebrew Yoshi-yahu ("supported of Yahu (YHWH)". The Latin form Josias was used in some early English translations of the Bible.
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Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship
The Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship of the American Mathematical Society is an annually awarded mathematical prize, named in honor of Josiah Willard Gibbs.
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Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr.
Josiah Willard Gibbs Sr.
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Kullback–Leibler divergence
In mathematical statistics, the Kullback–Leibler divergence (also called relative entropy) is a measure of how one probability distribution diverges from a second, expected probability distribution.
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Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector
In classical mechanics, the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (or simply the LRL vector) is a vector used chiefly to describe the shape and orientation of the orbit of one astronomical body around another, such as a planet revolving around a star.
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Lars Onsager
Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist.
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Law of mass action
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants.
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Laws of thermodynamics
The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium.
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Lee de Forest
Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor, self-described "Father of Radio", and a pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures.
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Leonard Ornstein
Leonard Salomon Ornstein (November 12, 1880 in Nijmegen, the Netherlands – May 20, 1941 in Utrecht, the Netherlands) was a Dutch physicist.
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Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)
In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics.
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List of chemists
This is a list of chemists.
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List of craters on the Moon: G–K
The list of approved names in the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature maintained by the International Astronomical Union includes the diameter of the crater and the person the crater is named for.
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List of eponyms (A–K)
An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name.
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List of examples of Stigler's law
Stigler's law concerns the supposed tendency of eponymous expressions for scientific discoveries to honor people other than their respective originators.
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List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1897
This page lists Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1897.
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List of Fellows of the Royal Society G, H, I
About 8,000 Fellows have been elected to the Royal Society of London since its inception in 1660.
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List of Heidelberg University people
Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of academic disciplines, and a large number of internationally acclaimed philosophers, poets, jurisprudents, theologians, natural and social scientists.
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List of Hopkins School people
The following is a list of Hopkins School people in alphabetical order.
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List of important publications in chemistry
This is a list of important publications in chemistry, organized by field.
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List of important publications in physics
This is a list of important publications in physics, organized by field.
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List of Liberty ships (G–Je)
This section of List of Liberty ships is a sortable list of Liberty ships—cargo ships built in the United States during World War II—with names beginning with G through Je.
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List of mathematicians (G)
No description.
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List of multiple discoveries
Historians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, in science, of "multiple independent discovery".
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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.
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List of people from Connecticut
The following is a list of notable people born, raised, or resident in Connecticut, with place of birth or residence when known.
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List of people from New Haven, Connecticut
This is a list of notable natives and long-term residents of New Haven, Connecticut, in alphabetical order.
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List of people on the postage stamps of the United States
This article lists people who have been featured on United States postage stamps, listed by their name, the year they were first featured on a stamp, and a very short description of their notability.
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List of people with craters of the Moon named after them
The following is a list of people whose names were given to craters of the Moon. The list of approved names in the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature maintained by the International Astronomical Union includes the person the crater is named for.
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List of philosophers (D–H)
Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically.
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List of physicists
Following is a list of physicists who are notable for their achievements.
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List of scientific equations named after people
This is a list of scientific equations named after people (eponymous equations).
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List of scientific laws named after people
This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws).
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List of theoretical physicists
The following is a partial list of notable physics theorists, those who are recognized in theoretical physics.
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List of things named after Josiah W. Gibbs
Things named after American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs.
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List of Yale University people
Yalies are persons affiliated with Yale University, commonly including alumni, current and former faculty members, students, and others.
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Logology (science of science)
Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, political, institutional, financial.
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Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose greatest achievement was in the development of statistical mechanics, which explains and predicts how the properties of atoms (such as mass, charge, and structure) determine the physical properties of matter (such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion).
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Lynde Wheeler
Lynde Phelps Wheeler (July 27, 1874 – February 1, 1959) was an American physicist and engineer.
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Marangoni effect
The Marangoni effect (also called the Gibbs–Marangoni effect) is the mass transfer along an interface between two fluids due to a gradient of the surface tension.
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Massieu function
In thermodynamics, Massieu function, symbol \Psi (Psi), is defined by the following relation: where for every system with degree of freedom r one may choose r variables, e.g. \big(X_1, \dots, X_i, Y_, \dots Y_r \big) \,, to define a coordinate system, where X and Y are extensive and intensive variables, respectively, and where at least one extensive variable must be within this set in order to define the size of the system.
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Materials science
The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.
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Mathematical economics
Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.
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Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.
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Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS (23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
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Maximum entropy thermodynamics
In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes.
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Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879).
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Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics
In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium, and is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.
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Meanings of minor planet names: 2001–3000
139 | 2139 Makharadze || 1970 MC || The Georgian city of Ozurgeti (formerly known as Makharadze) is the twin city of Genichesk, Ukraine.
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Mechanician
A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in a related or sub-field: engineering or computational mechanics, applied mechanics, geomechanics, biomechanics, and mechanics of materials.
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Merle Randall
Merle Randall (January 29, 1888 – March 17, 1950) was an American physical chemist famous for his work with Gilbert N. Lewis, over a period of 25 years, in measuring reaction heat of chemical compounds and determining their corresponding free energy.
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Microcanonical ensemble
In statistical mechanics, a microcanonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system which has an exactly specified total energy.
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Microemulsion
Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant.
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Mikhail Shultz
Mikhail Mikhaylovich Shultz (Михаи́л Миха́йлович Шульц, also spelled Schultz, Shul'ts, Shults, Shul’c etc.) (1 July 1919 – 9 October 2006), was a Soviet/Russian physical chemist, artist.
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Molecular gastronomy
Molecular gastronomy is a subdiscipline of food science that seeks to investigate the physical and chemical transformations of ingredients that occur in cooking.
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Monolayer
A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of atoms, molecules, or cells.
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Mugwumps
The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.
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Muriel Rukeyser
Muriel Rukeyser (December 15, 1913 – February 12, 1980) was an American poet and political activist, best known for her poems about equality, feminism, social justice, and Judaism.
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Nabla symbol
∇ The nabla symbol The nabla is a triangular symbol like an inverted Greek delta:Indeed, it is called anadelta (ανάδελτα) in Modern Greek.
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Nancy Kopell
Nancy Jane Kopell (born November 8, 1942, New York City) is an American mathematician and professor at Boston University since 1986.
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Negentropy
The negentropy has different meanings in information theory and theoretical biology.
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New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance in porous media
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in porous materials covers the application of using NMR as a tool to study the structure of porous media and various processes occurring in them.
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On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
In the history of thermodynamics, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances is a 300-page paper written by American engineer Willard Gibbs.
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Paul A. Freund
Paul A. Freund (February 16, 1908—February 5, 1992) was an American jurist and law professor.
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Phase rule
Gibbs' phase rule Chapter 6 was proposed by Josiah Willard Gibbs in his landmark paper titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, published from 1875 to 1878.
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Phase space
In dynamical system theory, a phase space is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state corresponding to one unique point in the phase space.
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Physical chemistry
Physical Chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibrium.
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PID controller
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller or three term controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control.
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Pierre Duhem
Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French physicist, mathematician, historian and philosopher of science.
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Principle of maximum work
In the history of science, the principle of maximum work was a postulate concerning the relationship between chemical reactions, heat evolution, and the potential work produced there from.
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Quadruple product
In mathematics, the quadruple product is a product of four vectors in three-dimensional Euclidean space.
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Quaternion
In mathematics, the quaternions are a number system that extends the complex numbers.
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Raymond Louis Wilder
Raymond Louis Wilder (3 November 1896 in Palmer, Massachusetts – 7 July 1982 in Santa Barbara, California) was an American mathematician, who specialized in topology and gradually acquired philosophical and anthropological interests.
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Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
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Robert Reid (engineer)
Robert C. Reid (June 11, 1924, Denver, Colorado – May 18, 2006, Lexington, Massachusetts) was a chemical engineer and professor at MIT.
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Rosalie Edge
Rosalie Barrow Edge (November 3, 1877 – November 30, 1962) was a New York socialite, suffragist, and amateur birdwatcher who in 1929 established the Emergency Conservation Committee to expose the conservation establishment’s ineffectiveness, and strongly advocate for species preservation.
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Scientific phenomena named after people
This is a list of scientific phenomena and concepts named after people (eponymous phenomena).
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Second Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.
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Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
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Sheffield Scientific School
Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut for instruction in science and engineering.
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Six-dimensional space
Six-dimensional space is any space that has six dimensions, six degrees of freedom, and that needs six pieces of data, or coordinates, to specify a location in this space.
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Spinodal decomposition
Spinodal decomposition is a mechanism for the rapid unmixing of a mixture of liquids or solids,. from one thermodynamic phase to form two coexisting phases.
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State function
In thermodynamics, a state function or function of state is a function defined for a system relating several state variables or state quantities that depends only on the current equilibrium state of the system, for example a gas, a liquid, a solid, crystal, or emulsion.
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Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)
In mathematical physics, especially as introduced into statistical mechanics and thermodynamics by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, an ensemble (also statistical ensemble) is an idealization consisting of a large number of virtual copies (sometimes infinitely many) of a system, considered all at once, each of which represents a possible state that the real system might be in.
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Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics.
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Statistical physics
Statistical physics is a branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.
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Stochastic process
--> In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a collection of random variables.
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Surface stress
Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface.
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Surface tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.
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Synergetics (Haken)
Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Systems theory
Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems.
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Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in mathematics, ordered by their introduction date.
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Thermal equilibrium
Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there are no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat.
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Thermodynamic equations
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process.
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Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.
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Thermodynamic free energy
The thermodynamic free energy is the amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform.
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Thermodynamic potential
A thermodynamic potential (in fact, rather energyISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.4 Helmholtz energy, Helmholtz function, ISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.5, Gibbs energy, Gibbs function than potential) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system.
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Thermodynamicist
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is someone who studies thermodynamic processes and phenomena, i.e. the physics that deal with mechanical action and relations of heat.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
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Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge
In the history of thermodynamics, Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgänge (Chemical thermodynamic process) is a 1882 paper written by German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.
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Thermoporometry and cryoporometry
Thermoporometry and cryoporometry are methods for measuring porosity and pore-size distributions.
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Thomas Andrews (scientist)
Thomas Andrews FRS FRSE (19 December 1813 – 26 November 1885) was an Irish chemist and physicist who did important work on phase transitions between gases and liquids.
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Timeline of chemistry
The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.
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Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries
No description.
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Timeline of information theory
A timeline of events related to information theory, quantum information theory and statistical physics, data compression, error correcting codes and related subjects.
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Timeline of meteorology
The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences.
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Timeline of scientific discoveries
The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.
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Timeline of theoretical physics
The Timeline of theoretical physics lists key events by century.
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Timeline of thermodynamics
A timeline of events related to thermodynamics.
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Timeline of United States discoveries
Timeline of United States discoveries encompasses the breakthroughs of human thought and knowledge of new scientific findings, phenomena, places, things, and what was previously unknown to exist.
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Tolman length
The Tolman length \delta (also known as Tolman's delta) measures the extent by which the surface tension of a small liquid drop deviates from its planar value.
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University Hills, Irvine
University Hills is a housing development on the campus of the University of California, Irvine (UCI) in southern Irvine, California, United States, consisting of 1066 for-sale homes and 360 rental units.
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USS San Carlos (AVP-51)
USS San Carlos (AVP-51) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II.
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Van der Waals equation
The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is based on plausible reasons that real gases do not follow the ideal gas law.
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Vector Analysis
Vector Analysis is a textbook by Edwin Bidwell Wilson, first published in 1901 and based on the lectures that Josiah Willard Gibbs had delivered on the subject at Yale University.
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Vector calculus
Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space \mathbb^3.
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Vector notation
Vector notation is a commonly used mathematical notation for working with mathematical vectors, which may be geometric vectors or members of vector spaces.
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Victor Stabin
Victor Stabin (born March 5, 1954) is an American artist, "eco-surrealist" painter, author and illustrator.
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Willard Gibbs (disambiguation)
Willard Gibbs may refer to.
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Willard Gibbs Award
The Willard Gibbs Award, presented by the of the American Chemical Society, was established in 1910 by William A. Converse (1862–1940), a former Chairman and Secretary of the Chicago Section of the society and named for Professor Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839–1903) of Yale University.
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Wulff construction
The Wulff construction is a method to determine the equilibrium shape of a droplet or crystal of fixed volume inside a separate phase (usually its saturated solution or vapor).
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Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science
The Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science is the engineering school of Yale University.
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Yale University
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
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1839
No description.
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1839 in science
The year 1839 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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1876 in science
The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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1903
No description.
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1903 in science
The year 1903 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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1903 in the United States
Events from the year 1903 in the United States.
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19th century in science
The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.
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2937 Gibbs
2937 Gibbs, provisional designation, is a stony Phocaea asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter.
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Redirects here:
Gibbs, Josiah, Gibbsian, J Willard Gibbs, J. W. Gibbs, J. Willard Gibbs, J.W. Gibbs, Josiah Gibbs, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Jr., W. Gibbs, Willard Gibbs, Willard Gibbs (chemist).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs
