Communication

819 relations: Act of 5th November, Adam Benisz, Adam Dulęba, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam Koc, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Adam Nieniewski, Adam Piłsudski, Adam Próchnik, Adam Remigiusz Grocholski, Adam Skwarczyński, Adam Stefan Sapieha, Adolf Hyła, Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz, Adrian Carton de Wiart, Agnieszka Pilchowa, Aleksander Ładoś, Aleksander Majkowski, Aleksander Prystor, Aleksander Sulkiewicz, Aleksandr Ulyanov, Aleksandra Piłsudska, Aleksandra Zagórska, Alex Karczmar, Alina Scholtz, Allies of World War II, Amanullah Khan, American Relief Administration, Amiot 120, Andrzej Grzegorczyk, Andrzej Jaraczewski, Andrzej Strug, Aniela Zagórska, Anti-Bolshevik propaganda, Antisemitism in Europe, Antoni Kamieński, Antoni Pająk, Antoni Petrykiewicz, Antoni Ponikowski, Antony Polonsky, Antun Augustinčić, Armed Forces Day (Poland), Arthur Szyk, Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz, August 1914, August 1926, August Novelization, August Zaleski, Augustyn Träger, Austrian Partition, ..., Azerbaijan–Poland relations, Łódź insurrection, Łódź Voivodeship, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Żydokomuna, Banner of Poland, Bartłomiej Świderski, Baruch Steinberg, Battle of Łowczówek, Battle of Berezina (1919), Battle of Cyców, Battle of Dęblin and Mińsk Mazowiecki, Battle of Głębokie, Battle of Jastków, Battle of Kock (1920), Battle of Komarów, Battle of Konary, Battle of Kostiuchnówka, Battle of Koziatyn, Battle of Krzywopłoty, Battle of Laski and Anielin, Battle of Lida (1919), Battle of Nasielsk, Battle of Radzymin (1920), Battle of Tarłów, Battle of the Niemen River, Battle of Warsaw (1920), Battle of Warsaw 1920, Battle of Wołodarka, Battle of Zadwórze, BBWR, Belarusian minority in Poland, Belarusian resistance movement, Belweder, Bender Uprising, Bereza Kartuska prison, Bernard Mond, Bezdany raid, Bezdonys, Białystok, Białystok railway station, Biskupin, Biuro Szyfrów, Bloody Wednesday (Poland), Blue Army (Poland), Bogdan Hutten-Czapski, Bohdan Pniewski, Bohdan Urbankowski, Bolesław Limanowski, Bolesław Mościcki, Bolesław Roja, Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski, Border states (Eastern Europe), BPF Party, Brest trials, Brigadier, Bronisław Piłsudski, Bronisław Pieracki, Bronisław Szwarce, Bronisława Wieniawa-Długoszowska, Brzeg, Brzustów, Masovian Voivodeship, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cabinet of Leon Kozłowski, Camp of Great Poland, Camp of National Unity, Casa Capșa, Casimir Markievicz, Causes of the Polish–Soviet War, Central Powers, Centrolew, Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland, Charge of Rokitna, Charles S. Dewey, Chjeno-Piast, Chortkiv offensive, Christ of Europe, Christian Union of National Unity, Chrzanów, Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, Communist Party of Poland, Confederation of Independent Poland, Constantin Stere, Corruption in Poland, Council of National Defense (Poland), Cross of Liberty (Estonia), Culture in Białystok, Curzon Line, Daniel Olbrychski, Death and state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński, Death of a President (1977 film), December 1922, December 5, Declarations of war during World War II, Definitions of pogrom, Demographic history of the Vilnius region, Diplomatic history of World War I, Dmitry Filosofov, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Dmowski's Line, Do prostego człowieka, Dorota Dziekiewicz-Pilich, Druskininkai, Edmund Charaszkiewicz, Edmund Heldut-Tarnasiewicz, Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Emil August Fieldorf, Erik de Laval, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, Eustachy Sapieha, Far-right politics in Poland, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, Feliks Kon, Feliks Koneczny, Feliks Młynarski, Felix Dzerzhinsky, Firlej, First Battle of Grodno (1920), First Cadre Company, First Lady of Poland, Flight of Poles from the USSR, Football in Poland, Franciszek Latinik, Franciszek Maurer, Franciszek Sikorski, Franciszka Arnsztajnowa, Franco-Polish alliance (1921), Funchal, Fundusz Obrony Narodowej, Gabriel Czechowicz, Gabriel Narutowicz, Garwolin, Głogów Małopolski, Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz, General Inspector of the Armed Forces, Georgian emigration in Poland, German–Polish customs war, German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, Ghetto benches, Giedroyc Doctrine, Governance of Białystok, Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919), Grzegorz Przemyk, Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer, Halszka Wasilewska (soldier), Henryk Dobrzański, Henryk Józewski, Henryk Minkiewicz, Henryk Pająk, Herman Diamand, Herman Lieberman, Hieronim Dekutowski, History of Belarus, History of Kraków, History of liberalism, History of Lithuania, History of Poland, History of Poland (1795–1918), History of Poland (1918–1939), History of Poland (1939–1945), History of Poland during World War I, History of Polish intelligence services, History of Pomerania (1933–1945), History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27), History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland, History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland, History of Vilnius, History of Warsaw, Holocaust in Bolekhiv, Hotel "Pod Orlem" in Bydgoszcz, Hugh S. Gibson, Hugo Hecht tenement in Bydgoszcz, Hugo Steinhaus, Hugo W. 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Act of 5th November

The Act of 5th November of 1916 was a declaration of Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria.

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Adam Benisz

Adam Karol Benisz (born November 10, 1888; in Nowy Sacz - Died 1976.) was an officer for the Polish army and an insurgent Silesian.

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Adam Dulęba

Adam Franciszek Mikołaj Dulęba (6 December 1895 – end of March 1944 in the Gross-Rosen concentration camp) – Polish photographer, officer of the Polish Legions, soldier of Armia Krajowa; known under the pseudonym Góral.

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Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (Аdomas Jurgis Čartoriskis, also known as Adam George Czartoryski in English; 14 January 177015 July 1861) was a Polish nobleman, statesman and author.

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Adam Koc

Adam Ignacy Koc (31 August 1891 – 3 February 1969) was a Polish politician, MP, soldier, journalist and freemasoner.

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Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Uniwersytet im., Polish abbreviation UAM) is one of the major Polish universities, located in the city of Poznań, Greater Poland, in the west of the country.

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Adam Nieniewski

Colonel Adam Nieniewski (19 May 1886 - 25 April 1947) was a Polish military commander, an officer of the Polish Army and a veteran of World War I, Polish–Soviet War and World War II.

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Adam Piłsudski

Adam Piłsudski (Zalavas, 1869 - 1935) was a member of the Senate of Poland, vice president of Wilno, brother of the famous Józef Piłsudski.

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Adam Próchnik

Adam Feliks Próchnik (Lwów, 21 August 1892 – 22 May 1942, Warsaw) was a Polish socialist activist, politician and historian.

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Adam Remigiusz Grocholski

Adam Remigiusz Grocholski war names "Brochwicz", "Doktor", "Inżynier", "Miś", "Waligóra", and pseudonym Żukowski (3 September 1888 – 17 March 1965) was a Lieutenant Colonel (Podpułkownik) of the Polish Army.

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Adam Skwarczyński

Adam Skwarczynski (Stary, Adam Sliwinski, Adam Plomienczyk, 1886–1934) was a Polish independence activist and politician, one of main ideologists of the Sanacja movement.

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Adam Stefan Sapieha

Prince Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonifacy Józef Sapieha (14 May 1867 – 23 July 1951) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Kraków.

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Adolf Hyła

Adolf Hyła (2 May 1897 – 24 December 1965)Słownik Artystów Polskich i Obcych w Polsce działających Wrocław.

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Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz

Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz (1 September 1883 – 1 October 1948) was a Polish architect and conservator of monuments.

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Adrian Carton de Wiart

Lieutenant General Sir Adrian Paul Ghislain Carton de Wiart (5 May 1880 – 5 June 1963) was a British Army officer born of Belgian and Irish parents.

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Agnieszka Pilchowa

Agnieszka Pilchowa pseudonym Agni P., one of the most famous Polish clairvoyants, bioenergotherapeutist and herbalist, was born on December 16, 1888, in the village of Zarubek near Ostrava, present-day Czech Republic and died in 1944 in Ravensbrück, Nazi Germany, present-day Germany.

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Aleksander Ładoś

Aleksander Ładoś, December 27, 1891 – December 29, 1963) was a Polish politician and diplomat, who 1940-45 headed the Legation of Poland to Switzerland. Ładoś was a member and de facto leader of the Bernese Group, a secret action by the Polish diplomats and Jewish organizations who helped save several hundred Jews from the Holocaust by providing them with illegal Latin American, mostly Paraguayan passports.

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Aleksander Majkowski

Aleksander Majkowski (Aleksander Majkòwsczi; 17 July 1876 – 10 February 1938) was a Kashubian writer, poet, journalist, editor, activist, and physician.

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Aleksander Prystor

Aleksander Błażej Prystor (2 January 1874–11 August 1941) was a Polish politician, soldier and activist who served as 23rd Prime Minister of Poland from 1931 to 1933.

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Aleksander Sulkiewicz

Iskander Mirza Huzman Beg Sulkiewicz (December 8, 1867 – September 18, 1916), known as Aleksander Sulkiewicz, was a Polish politician of Lipka Tatar ethnicity who campaigned for Polish independence and co-founded the Polish Socialist Party.

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Aleksandr Ulyanov

Aleksandr Ilyich Ulyanov (April 12, 1866 – May 20, 1887) was a Russian revolutionary, the older brother of Vladimir Lenin.

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Aleksandra Piłsudska

Aleksandra Piłsudska (Suwałki, 12 December 1882 – London, 31 March 1963), née Szczerbińska, was the second wife of Józef Piłsudski.

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Aleksandra Zagórska

Lt.

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Alex Karczmar

Alexander George Karczmar (May 9, 1917 – September 1, 2017), was an American neuroscientist and academician.

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Alina Scholtz

Alina Scholtz (also known as Alina Scholtzówna 24 September 1908 – 25 February 1996) was a Polish landscape architect, known as one of country's pioneers in developing the field.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).

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Amanullah Khan

Amānullāh Khān (امان الله خان) was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Afghanistan from 1919 to 1929, first as Emir and after 1926 as Malik (King).

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American Relief Administration

American Relief Administration (ARA) was an American relief mission to Europe and later post-revolutionary Russia after World War I. Herbert Hoover, future president of the United States, was the program director.

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Amiot 120

The Amiot 120 was a family of French single-engine biplane bomber aircraft, built by the SECM-Amiot factory in mid-1920s.

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Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

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Andrzej Jaraczewski

Andrzej Antoni Jaraczewski, nickname Andrew (8 November 1916 - 18 October 1992), was a Polish Navy officer (porucznik marynarki - lieutenant).

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Andrzej Strug

Andrzej Strug, real name Tadeusz (or Stefan) Gałecki (sources vary; 28 November 1871/1873 in Lublin – 9 December 1937 in Warsaw) was a Polish socialist politician, publicist and activist for Poland's independence.

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Aniela Zagórska

Aniela Zagórska (Lublin, 26 December 1881 – 30 November 1943, Warsaw) was a Polish translator who rendered into Polish nearly all the works of Joseph Conrad.

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Anti-Bolshevik propaganda

Anti-Bolshevik propaganda was created in opposition to the events on the Russian political scene.

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Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism) – prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage – has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.

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Antoni Kamieński

Antoni Kamieński (21 July 1860, Yarilovka, Grodno Governorate - 12 September 1933, Warsaw) was a Polish-Belarusian painter, illustrator and engraver.

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Antoni Pająk

Antoni Pająk (July 31, 1893, Bestwina - November 25, 1965, London) was a Polish socialist (member of the Polish Socialist Party) politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister of Poland and 9th Prime Minister in exile for nearly ten years (1955-1965).

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Antoni Petrykiewicz

Antoni (Antoś) Petrykiewicz (1905 – December 28, 1918) – was one of the youngest Polish defenders of Lwów (now Lviv), over which in late 1918 a Polish-Ukrainian conflict ensued.

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Antoni Ponikowski

Antoni Ponikowski (May 29, 1878–December 27, 1949) was a Polish academician and politician who served as 7th Prime Minister of Poland in 1918 and from 1921 to 1922.

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Antony Polonsky

Antony Barry Polonsky (born 23 September 1940, Johannesburg, South Africa) is Albert Abramson Professor of Holocaust Studies at Brandeis University.

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Antun Augustinčić

Antun Augustinčić (4 May 1900 – 10 May 1979) was a prominent Croatian sculptor active in Yugoslavia.

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Armed Forces Day (Poland)

Armed Forces Day, known also as the Feast of the Polish Armed Forces (Święto Wojska Polskiego), is a national holiday celebrated annually on 15 August in Poland, commemorating the anniversary of the 1920 victory over Soviet Russia at the Battle of Warsaw during the Polish–Soviet War.

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Arthur Szyk

Arthur Szyk (Polish:, June 16, 1894 – September 13, 1951) was a Polish-Jewish artist who worked primarily as a book illustrator and political artist throughout his career.

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Assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz

Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of Poland after regaining independence, was assassinated on 16 December 1922, five days after taking office.

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August 1914

The following events occurred in August 1914.

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August 1926

The following events occurred in August 1926.

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August Novelization

The August Novelization (Nowela sierpniowa) of 2 August 1926 was a set of amendments to the 1921 March Constitution of Poland.

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August Zaleski

August Zaleski (13 September 1883 – 7 April 1972) was a Polish economist, politician, and diplomat.

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Augustyn Träger

Augustyn Träger (25 August 1896 – 22 April 1957), codenames Sęk (Knot) and Tragarz (Porter), was a Polish-Austrian soldier during World War I and an intelligence officer in interwar and German-occupied Poland.

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Austrian Partition

The Austrian Partition (zabór austriacki) comprise the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth acquired by the Habsburg Monarchy during the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century.

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Azerbaijan–Poland relations

Azerbaijani–Polish relations are foreign relations between Azerbaijan and Poland.

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Łódź insurrection

The Łódź insurrection, also known as the June Days, was an uprising by Polish workers in Łódź against the Russian Empire between 21–25 June 1905.

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Łódź Voivodeship

Łódź Voivodeship (also known as Łódź Province, or by its Polish name, województwo łódzkie) is a province (voivodeship) in central Poland.

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Żeligowski's Mutiny

Żeligowski's Mutiny (bunt Żeligowskiego also żeligiada, Želigovskio maištas) was a Polish military operation led by General Lucjan Żeligowski in October 1920, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania.

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Żydokomuna

Żydokomuna ((Polish for "Jew-communism"; related to "Jewish Bolshevism") is a pejorative antisemitic stereotype suggesting that most Jews collaborated with the Soviet Union in importing communism into Poland or that there was an exclusively Jewish conspiracy to do so. Some Poles saw communism as part of a wider Jewish-led conspiracy to seize power, despite Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's antisemitism and other communists' view of religious, bourgeois, and Zionist Jews as enemies of communism. The stereotype of Żydokomuna originated as anti-communist propaganda at the time of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–21) and continued through the interwar period, despite only 2-7% of Polish Jews having voted for the Communist Party and its fronts, while most Polish Jews supported the Piłsudski government. After Piłsudski died in 1935, rising state antisemitism attracted secular, non-Zionist Polish Jews to a Soviet alternative; in the 1939-1941 Soviet annexation of eastern Poland, the stereotype was reinforced when Moscow initially put local Polish Jewish communists in positions of authority before replacing them with their own officials. The "Jew-communism" stereotype endured in postwar Poland (1944–56) because Polish anti-communists saw Poland's Soviet-controlled communist government as the fruition of prewar communist anti-Polish agitation and associated it with the Soviets' appointment of Jews to positions of responsibility in the Polish government. The stereotype was again reinforced by the prominent role of a small number of Jews in Poland's Stalinist regime: 37.1% of postwar Poland's Security Office and communist authorities were of Jewish origin, a group that was less than 0.1% of the total Polish Jewish population. It was described in intelligence reports as very loyal to the Soviets.Krzysztof Szwagrzyk, OBEP Wrocław,, Biuletyn IPN (Bulletin of the Institute of National Remebrance"), 11/2005. Some Polish historians have questioned the loyalty of Jews who returned to Poland from the USSR after the Soviet takeover of Poland, raising concern about potential revival of the Żydokomuna concept.

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Banner of Poland

Throughout most of the history of Poland, the banner of Poland was one of the main symbols of the Polish State, normally reserved for use by the head of state.

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Bartłomiej Świderski

Bartłomiej Świderski (born 7 March 1973 in Wrocław, Poland) is a Polish actor and singer.

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Baruch Steinberg

Baruch or Boruch Steinberg (17 December 1897–after 9 April 1940) was a Polish rabbi and military officer.

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Battle of Łowczówek

Battle of Łowczówek was a battle during World War I, fought on 22–25 December 1914 at Łowczówek, between the First Brigade of the Polish Legions, fighting for Austria-Hungary, and troops of Imperial Russia.

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Battle of Berezina (1919)

The First Battle of Berezina was a battle fought around the Russian town Berezina in the Polish-Soviet war.

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Battle of Cyców

The Battle of Cyców (Bitwa pod Cycowem) took place during the Polish-Bolshevik War on August 15 and 16, 1920.

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Battle of Dęblin and Mińsk Mazowiecki

The Battle of Deblin and Minsk Mazowiecki took place on August 16–18, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War.

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Battle of Głębokie

The Battle of Głębokie took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21).

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Battle of Jastków

The Battle of Jastków was a World War I battle that took place July 31–August 3, 1915, near the village of Jastków, then part of the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Kock (1920)

The Battle of Kock was fought between August 14 and 16, 1920 in the vicinity of the town of Kock in east-central Poland.

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Battle of Komarów

The Battle of Komarów, or the Zamość Ring, was one of the most important battles of the Polish-Soviet War.

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Battle of Konary

The battle of Konary took place during the Great War, in May and June 1915 in the Sandomierz Uplands, near the town of Klimontów, Poland, between the Russian Army and the forces of Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legions.

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Battle of Kostiuchnówka

The Battle of Kostiuchnówka was a World War I battle that took place July 4–6, 1916, near the village of Kostiuchnówka (Kostyukhnivka) and the Styr River in the Volhynia region of modern Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire.

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Battle of Koziatyn

The Battle of Koziatyn (also known as the Raid on Koziatyn and Koziatyn Envelopment) of 25–27 April 1920 was one of the most spectacular raids of the Polish cavalry during the Polish-Soviet War.

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Battle of Krzywopłoty

The Battle of Krzywoploty took place on November 17 - 18, 1914, near the village of Krzywoploty, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and was located near the border with Austrian Galicia.

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Battle of Laski and Anielin

The Battle of Laski and Anielin took place on October 22–26, 1914, during World War I. 1st Brigade, Polish Legions, a unit of the Austro-Hungarian Army commanded by Józef Piłsudski, clashed with the Imperial Russian Army near Anielin and Laski.

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Battle of Lida (1919)

The Battle of Lida took place on 16 and 17 April 1919 around the city of Lida during the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–20.

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Battle of Nasielsk

The Battle of Nasielsk was fought on August 14 and August 15 of 1920 between Polish and Soviet forces.

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Battle of Radzymin (1920)

The Battle of Radzymin (Bitwa pod Radzyminem) took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21).

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Battle of Tarłów

The Battle of Tarlow took place on June 30 – July 2, 1915, near the town of Tarlow, which at that time belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland.

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Battle of the Niemen River

The Battle of the Niemen River was the second-greatest battle of the Polish–Soviet War.

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Battle of Warsaw (1920)

The Battle of Warsaw refers to the decisive Polish victory in 1920 during the Polish–Soviet War.

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Battle of Warsaw 1920

Battle of Warsaw 1920 (pol. Bitwa warszawska 1920) is a Polish historical film directed by Jerzy Hoffman depicting the events of the Battle of Warsaw (1920) of the Polish–Soviet War.

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Battle of Wołodarka

The Battle of Wołodarka was a clash between the Polish Army and Siemion Budionnyi's First Cavalry Army.

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Battle of Zadwórze

Battle of Zadwórze (sometimes referred to as the "Polish Thermopylae") was a battle of the Polish-Soviet War.

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BBWR

The initials BBWR relate to two distinct Polish political organizations.

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Belarusian minority in Poland

The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people according to the Polish census of 2011.

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Belarusian resistance movement

Belarusian resistance movement are the resistance movements on the territory of contemporary Belarus.

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Belweder

Belweder (in full Pałac Belwederski, Belweder Palace, from the Italian belvedere) is a palace in Warsaw, near the Łazienki Park.

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Bender Uprising

The Bendery Uprising of 1919 was an armed uprising by Bolsheviks and their working-class allies in the city of Bendery.

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Bereza Kartuska prison

The Bereza Kartuska prison (Miejsce Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej, literally "Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska") was a Detention Camp in the Second Polish Republic, based in Bereza Kartuska, Polesie Voivodeship (today Biaroza in Belarus).

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Bernard Mond

Bernard Stanisław Mond (Spanier) (November 14, 1887 in Stanisławów – July 5, 1957 in Kraków) was a Jewish general of the Polish Army in the interwar period.

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Bezdany raid

Bezdany raid was a train robbery carried out on the night of 26/27 September 1908Note that some sources give April as the date of the raid.

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Bezdonys

Bezdonys (Bezdany; Russian and Belarusian: Безданы) is a town in Lithuania, located to the north of Vilnius, within the Vilnius district municipality.

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Białystok

Białystok (Bielastok, Balstogė, Belostok, Byalistok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship.

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Białystok railway station

Białystok railway station is the most important railway station in the city of Białystok, Poland.

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Biskupin

The archaeological open-air museum Biskupin is an archaeological site and a life-size model of an Iron Age fortified settlement in Poland (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship).

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Biuro Szyfrów

The Biuro Szyfrów (Polish for "Cipher Bureau") was the interwar Polish General Staff's Second Department's unit charged with SIGINT and both cryptography (the use of ciphers and codes) and cryptanalysis (the study of ciphers and codes, for the purpose of "breaking" them).

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Bloody Wednesday (Poland)

Bloody Wednesday (Krwawa środa) refers to the events of 15 August 1906 in the (Congress) Kingdom of Poland, where the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party (OB PPS) carried out a series of attacks on Russians, primarily police officers and informants.

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Blue Army (Poland)

The Blue Army (Polish: Błękitna Armia), or Haller's Army was a Polish military contingent created in France during the latter stages of World War I. The name came from the French-issued blue military uniforms worn by the soldiers.

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Bogdan Hutten-Czapski

Bogdan Franciszek Serwacy Hutten-Czapski h. Leliwa (b 13 May 1851 in Smogulec, d. 7 September 1937 in Poznan) was a Polish Count, politician, curator of the University of Warsaw and the Warsaw University of Technology, President of the Association of Polish Knights of Malta.

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Bohdan Pniewski

Bohdan Wiktor Kazimierz Pniewski (born 26 August 1897 in Warsaw, died 5 September 1965 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist architect, professor at the Warsaw University of Technology and the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw.

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Bohdan Urbankowski

Bohdan Urbankowski (born 19 May 1943 in Warsaw) is a Polish writer, poet and philosopher.

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Bolesław Limanowski

Bolesław Limanowski (18 October 1835 - 15 February 1935) was a Polish socialist politician, as well as historian and journalist and advocate of Agrarianism.

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Bolesław Mościcki

Bolesław Euzebiusz Mościcki was a Colonel of both Imperial Russian Army and Polish Army.

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Bolesław Roja

Brig. Gen. Bolesław Jerzy Roja (4 April 1876 − 27 May 1940) was an officer of the Polish Legions in World War I, a general, and a politician in the Second Polish Republic, recipient of some of the highest Polish military awards including Virtuti Militari.

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Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski

Bolesław Ignacy Florian Wieniawa-Długoszowski (22 July 1881 – 1 July 1942) was a Polish general, adjutant to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski, politician, diplomat, poet, artist, and formally, for one day, President of the Republic of Poland.

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Border states (Eastern Europe)

Border states or European buffer states was a political term used in the West before World War II, and referring to the European nations that won their independence from the Russian Empire after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ultimately the defeat of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in World War I. During the 20th century interwar period the nations of Western Europe implemented a border states policy which aimed at uniting these nations in defense against the Soviet Union and communist expansionism.

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BPF Party

The BPF Party (Partyja BNF or ПБНФ PBNF), is a political party in Belarus.

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Brest trials

The Brest trials (Proces brzeski) were among the most famous trials conducted under the Second Polish Republic.

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Brigadier

Brigadier is a military rank, the seniority of which depends on the country.

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Bronisław Piłsudski

Bronisław Piotr Piłsudski (Zalavas, 2 November 1866 – Paris, 17 May 1918), brother of Józef Piłsudski, was a Polish cultural anthropologist who conducted research on the indigenous people like Ainu, Oroks and Nivkhs on Sakhalin Island.

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Bronisław Pieracki

Bronisław Wilhelm Pieracki (28 May 1895 in Gorlice - 15 June 1934 in Warsaw) was a Polish military officer and politician.

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Bronisław Szwarce

Bronisław Antoni Szwarce (October 7, 1834 The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)–February 18, 1904) was a Polish engineer and political activist.

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Bronisława Wieniawa-Długoszowska

Bronisława Wieniawa-Długoszowska (1886 – August 26, 1953 Paris) was of Russian Jewish origin.

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Brzeg

Brzeg (Latin: Alta Ripa, former German name: Brieg) is a town in southwestern Poland with 36,381 inhabitants (2016) and the capital of Brzeg County.

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Brzustów, Masovian Voivodeship

Brzustów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Garbatka-Letnisko, within Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, or Byelorussian SSR; Bielaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika; Belorusskaya SSR.), also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia, was a federal unit of the Soviet Union (USSR).

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Cabinet of Leon Kozłowski

Cabinet of Leon Kozłowski (Rząd Leona Kozłowskiego) - cabinet headed by Prime Minister Leon Kozłowski, appointed by President Ignacy Mościcki on May 15, 1934 and serving until its resignation on March 28, 1935.

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Camp of Great Poland

Camp of Great Poland (Obóz Wielkiej Polski, OWP) was a far-right,, Encyklopedia PWN nationalist political organization of National Democracy in interwar Poland.

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Camp of National Unity

Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego (Camp of National Unity; abbreviated "OZN"; and often called "Ozon" (Polish for "ozone") was a Polish political party founded in 1937 by sections of the leadership in the Sanacja movement. A year after the 1935 death of Poland's Chief of State Marshal Józef Piłsudski, in mid-1936, one of his followers, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły, attempted to unite the various government factions under his leadership. The attempt failed as another (opposing) Sanacja politician, President Ignacy Mościcki, likewise had a large following; nevertheless, substantial numbers of people did throw their lot in with Rydz-Śmigły. On February 21, 1937, diplomat and Colonel Adam Koc formally announced the formation of OZN. Its stated aims were to improve Poland's national defense and to safeguard the April 1935 Constitution. OZN was strongly pro-military, and its politicians sought to portray Marshal Rydz-Śmigły as Marshal Józef Piłsudski's heir, describing Rydz-Śmigły as the "second person in the country" after President Mościcki—a claim that had no foundation in the Polish Constitution. The OZN adopted 13 theses on the Jewish question. Modeled after the Nuremberg laws, they labelled Jews as a foreign element that should be deprived of all civil rights and ultimately expelled altogether. However, because the OZN was a political grouping without actual concrete political power, these laws remained theoretical and were never implemented or enforced in pre-war Poland. OZNs first official leader was Adam Koc, and its second was General Stanisław Skwarczyński. After the 1939 German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II, OZN leadership passed to Colonel Zygmunt Wenda. In 1937, OZN claimed some 40,000–50,000 members; in 1938, 100,000. During World War II and the German occupation of Poland, OZNs underground military arm, created in 1942, was known as Obóz Polski Walczącej (the Camp of Fighting Poland).

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Casa Capșa

Casa Capșa is a historic restaurant in Bucharest, Romania, first established in 1852.

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Casimir Markievicz

Casimir Dunin Markievicz (Kazimierz Dunin-Markiewicz, 15 March 1874 – 2 December 1932), known as Count Markievicz, was a Polish playwright, theatre director, and painter, and the husband of the Irish revolutionary Constance Markievicz.

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Causes of the Polish–Soviet War

In the Polish–Soviet War of 1919-1921, Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine were in combat with the newly independent Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).

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Centrolew

The Centrolew (Center-Left) was a coalition of several Polish political parties (Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", Polish People's Party "Piast", National Workers' Party, Polish Socialist Party, Stronnictwo Chłopskie and Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji) after the 1928 ''Sejm'' elections.

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Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland

The Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów), or KPRM, is the executive office for the Prime Minister of Poland.

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Charge of Rokitna

The Charge of Rokitna (Szarża pod Rokitną) was a charge of a cavalry squadron of the 2nd Brigade of Polish Legions, fighting for the Austro-Hungarian Army.

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Charles S. Dewey

Charles Schuveldt Dewey (November 10, 1880 – December 27, 1980) was a banker and politician from Illinois.

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Chjeno-Piast

Chjeno-Piast was an unofficial (yet common) name of a coalition of Polish political parties formed in 1923.

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Chortkiv offensive

The Chortkiv offensive (Чортківська офензива) (7–28 June 1919), sometimes also referred to as the June Offensive, was a surprise military operation by the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) on the newly founded Second Polish Republic Polish-Ukrainian War for Eastern Galicia.

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Christ of Europe

The idea of the Christ of Europe, a messianic doctrine based in the New Testament, first became widespread among Poland and other various European nations through the activities of the Reformed Churches in the 16th to the 18th centuries.

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Christian Union of National Unity

Christian Union of National Unity (Chrześcijański Związek Jedności Narodowej, commonly known as Chjena - the word pronounced as hiena, being the Polish name for hyena) was an electoral coalition of Polish Christian Democratic for the Polish legislative election, 1922.

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Chrzanów

Chrzanów is a town in southern Poland with 39,704 inhabitants.

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Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party

The Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party (Organizacja Bojowa Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej, abbreviated OBPPS), also translated as Fighting Organization of the Polish Socialist Party; also known as bojówki (paramilitary units); Organizacja Spiskowo-Bojowa PPS (PPS Underground-Combat Organization); Koła Bojowe Samoobrony Robotniczej (Workers' Self-Defense Combat Circles) and Koła Techniczno-Bojowe (Combat-Technical Circles), was an illegal Polish guerrilla organization founded in 1904 by Józef Piłsudski.

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Communist Party of Poland

The Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) was a communist party in Poland.

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Confederation of Independent Poland

Confederation of Independent Poland (KPN, Konfederacja Polski Niepodległej) is a Polish nationalist political party founded on 1 September 1979 by Leszek Moczulski and others declaring support for the pre-war traditions of Sanacja and Józef Piłsudski.

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Constantin Stere

Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (Romanian; Константин Егорович Стере, Konstantin Yegorovich Stere or Константин Георгиевич Стере, Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere; also known under his pen name Șărcăleanu; June 1, 1865 – June 26, 1936) was a Romanian writer, jurist, politician, ideologue of the Poporanist trend, and, in March 1906, co-founder (together with Garabet Ibrăileanu and Paul Bujor — the latter was afterwards replaced by the physician Ioan Cantacuzino) of the literary magazine Viața Românească.

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Corruption in Poland

Corruption in Poland has declined over time in the recent years.

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Council of National Defense (Poland)

The Council of National Defense (Rada Obrony Państwa) was an extraordinary temporary governmental body created by a decree of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic, of 1 July 1920.

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Cross of Liberty (Estonia)

The Cross of Liberty was a medal established by then Prime Minister of Estonia, Konstantin Päts, on 24 February 1919 to honor people for their services during the Estonian War of Independence and conferred in three grades, each in three classes.

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Culture in Białystok

Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.

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Curzon Line

The history of the Curzon Line, with minor variations, goes back to the period following World War I. It was drawn for the first time by the Supreme War Council as the demarcation line between the newly emerging states, the Second Polish Republic, and the Soviet Union.

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Daniel Olbrychski

Daniel Marcel Olbrychski (born 27 February 1945) is a Polish actor best known for leading roles in several Andrzej Wajda movies and also known for playing a defector and spymaster Vassily Orlov, alongside Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie in the movie Salt.

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Death and state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński

Lech Kaczyński, the fourth President of the Republic of Poland, died on 10 April 2010, after a Polish Air Force Tu-154 crashed outside of Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 aboard.

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Death of a President (1977 film)

Death of a President (Śmierć prezydenta) is a 1977 Polish drama film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz.

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December 1922

The following events occurred in December 1922.

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December 5

No description.

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Declarations of war during World War II

This is a timeline of formal declarations of War during World War II.

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Definitions of pogrom

This article provides a list of definitions of the term pogrom.

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Demographic history of the Vilnius region

The city of Vilnius, now the capital of Lithuania, and its surrounding region have at various times come under Polish-Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, German, and Soviet rule.

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Diplomatic history of World War I

The Diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories see Home front during World War I. For a longer-term perspective see International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) and Causes of World War I. For the following era see International relations (1919–1939).

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Dmitry Filosofov

Dmitry Vladimirovich Filosofov (Дми́трий Влади́мирович Филосо́фов; in Saint Petersburg – 4 August 1940 in Otwock, Poland) was a Russian author, essayist, literary critic, religious thinker, newspaper editor and political activist, best known for his role in the influential early 1900s Mir Iskusstva circle and part of quasi-religious Troyebratstvo (The Brotherhood of Three), along with two of his closest friends and spiritual allies, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius.

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Dmitry Merezhkovsky

Dmitry Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky (p; – December 9, 1941) was a Russian novelist, poet, religious thinker, and literary critic.

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Dmowski's Line

Dmowski's Line (Linia Dmowskiego) was a proposed border of Poland after World War I. It was proposed by the Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and it was named after Roman Dmowski, Polish foreign minister.

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Do prostego człowieka

Do prostego człowieka (To the Simple Man) is a poem by Julian Tuwim.

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Dorota Dziekiewicz-Pilich

Dorota Dziekiewicz-Pilich (born 25 June 1969 in Szczecinek, Poland) is a Polish sculptor and drawing artist.

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Druskininkai

Druskininkai (Druskieniki, Друскенiкi, דרוזגעניק Druzgenik, Друскеники) is a spa town on the Nemunas River in southern Lithuania, close to the borders of Belarus and Poland.

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Edmund Charaszkiewicz

Edmund Kalikst Eugeniusz Charaszkiewicz (Poniec, 14 October 1895 – 22 December 1975, London) was a Polish military intelligence officer who specialized in clandestine warfare.

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Edmund Heldut-Tarnasiewicz

Edmund Wacław Heldut - Tarnasiewicz alias " Heldut " (born July 17, 1892 in Radom, Poland and died April 2, 1952 in London, United Kingdom).

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Edward Rydz-Śmigły

Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły (11 March 1886 – 2 December 1941; nom de guerre Śmigły, Tarłowski, Adam Zawisza), also called Edward Śmigły-Rydz, was a Polish politician, statesman, Marshal of Poland and Commander-in-Chief of Poland's armed forces, as well as painter and poet.

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Emil August Fieldorf

Emil August Fieldorf “Nil” (20 March 1895 – 24 February 1953) was a Polish brigadier general and a Second World War hero.

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Erik de Laval

Erik Patrik Honoré de Laval (28 April 1888 – 9 November 1973) was a Swedish modern pentathlete who won a silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

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Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski

Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (30 December 1888, Kraków – 22 August 1974, Kraków) was a Polish politician and economist, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, government minister and manager of the Second Polish Republic.

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Eustachy Sapieha

Eustachy Kajetan Sapieha (2 August 1881 – 20 February 1963) was a Polish nobleman, prince of the Sapieha family, politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, and deputy to the Polish parliament (Sejm).

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Far-right politics in Poland

Like in other nations across the world, there are several far-right organizations and parties operating in Poland.

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Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski

Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (9 June 1885,http://www.generals.dk/general/S%C5%82awoj-Sk%C5%82adkowski/Felicjan/Poland.html Gąbin – 31 August 1962) was a Polish physician,Waclaw Jedrzejewicz Piłsudski: A Life for Poland Hippocrene, 1982 Page 246 general and politician who served as Minister of Internal Affairs and is 28th Prime Minister of Poland before World War II.

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Feliks Kon

Feliks Yakovlevich Kon (May 18, 1864 – July 30, 1941) was a Polish communist activist.

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Feliks Koneczny

Feliks Karol Koneczny (1 November 1862, Kraków – 10 February 1949, Kraków) was a Polish historian and social philosopher.

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Feliks Młynarski

Feliks Młynarski (20 November 1884 – 13 April 1972) was a Polish banker, philosopher and economist.

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Felix Dzerzhinsky

Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Russian: Фе́ликс Эдму́ндович Дзержи́нский; Polish: Feliks Dzierżyński; 20 July 1926), nicknamed Iron Felix, was a Polish and Soviet Bolshevik revolutionary, leader and statesman.

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Firlej

Firlej is a village in Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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First Battle of Grodno (1920)

The First Battle of Grodno took place between July 19 and July 20, 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War.

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First Cadre Company

The First Cadre Company (Pierwsza Kompania Kadrowa) was a Polish military formation created in the Austro-Hungarian Army at the outbreak of World War I. The company was founded by Józef Piłsudski on August 3, 1914 in Cracow.

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First Lady of Poland

First Lady of the Republic of Poland (Pierwsza Dama Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej) is an informal designation customarily applied to the wife of the President of the Republic of Poland (as so far all Polish presidents have been male).

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Flight of Poles from the USSR

The flight and uprooting of Poles from all territories east of the boundary of modern-day Poland, pertains to the dramatic decrease of Polish presence in the former Soviet Union in the first half of the 20th century.

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Football in Poland

Football is the most popular sport in Poland.

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Franciszek Latinik

Franciszek Ksawery Latinik (17 July 1864 – 29 August 1949) was a Polish military officer, Colonel of Austro-Hungarian Army and Major General of the Polish Army.

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Franciszek Maurer

Franciszek Maurer was born on November 7, 1918 in Łącko near Nowy Sącz in southern part of Poland.

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Franciszek Sikorski

Franciszek Jozef Sikorski (October 4, 1889 Lwow - spring 1940 Kharkov) was a Polish engineer, General brygady of the Polish Army and a victim of the Katyn massacre.

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Franciszka Arnsztajnowa

Franciszka Arnsztajnowa (in full: Franciszka Hanna Arnsztajnowa; 19 February 1865 – August 1942) was a Polish poet, playwright, and translator of Jewish descent.

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Franco-Polish alliance (1921)

The Franco-Polish alliance was the military alliance between Poland and France that was active between 1921 and 1940.

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Funchal

Funchal is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.

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Fundusz Obrony Narodowej

Fundusz Obrony Narodowej ("National Defense Fund") was an attempt by both the government of the Second Polish Republic and the Polish nation to collect funds necessary for improving fighting ability of the Polish Army before the increasingly likely World War II.

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Gabriel Czechowicz

Gabriel Czechowicz (1876-1938) was a Polish lawyer, economist and politician.

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Gabriel Narutowicz

Gabriel Narutowicz (17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the 1st President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office.

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Garwolin

Garwolin is a town on the Wilga river in eastern Poland, capital of Garwolin County, situated in the southeast part of the Garwolin plateau in Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999, before: Siedlce Voivodeship), 62 km southeast of Warsaw, 100 km northwest of Lublin.

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Głogów Małopolski

Głogów Małopolski is a town in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz

Gdańska Street is one of the main street of downtown Bydgoszcz, Poland.

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General Inspector of the Armed Forces

General Inspector of the Armed Forces (Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych; GISZ) was an office created in the Second Polish Republic in 1926, after the May Coup.

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Georgian emigration in Poland

The documented ties between Georgia and Poland reach back to the 15th century, when the Georgian (Kartlian) Constantine I sent a diplomatic mission to the Polish King Alexander Jagiellon.

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German–Polish customs war

The German–Polish customs war was a political and economic conflict between the Second Polish Republic and the Weimar Republic, which began in June 1925 (shortly after the death of German president Friedrich Ebert from SPD) and ended officially in March 1934.

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German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact

The German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact (Deutsch-polnischer Nichtangriffspakt; Polsko-niemiecki pakt o nieagresji) was an international treaty between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic, signed on January 26, 1934.

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Ghetto benches

Ghetto benches (known in Polish as getto ławkowe) was a form of official segregation in the seating of students, introduced in 1935 at the Lwow Polytechnic.

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Giedroyc Doctrine

The Giedroyc doctrine (doktryna Giedroycia) or Giedroyc–Mieroszewski doctrine was a political doctrine that urged reconciliation among East-Central and East European countries.

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Governance of Białystok

Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a city county (powiat grodzki).

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Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)

The Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919, or Wielkopolska uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku; Großpolnischer Aufstand) or Posnanian War was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region (German: Grand Duchy of Poznań or Provinz Posen) against German rule.

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Grzegorz Przemyk

Grzegorz Przemyk (May 17, 1964 – May 14, 1983) was a young, aspiring Polish poet from Warsaw, who was murdered by members of the Communist People's Milicja Obywatelska.

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Gustaw Orlicz-Dreszer

Gustaw Konstanty Orlicz-Dreszer (October 2, 1889 − July 16, 1936) was a Polish general, and a political and social activist.

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Halszka Wasilewska (soldier)

Halszka Wasilewska, sometimes called Halina, (21 March 1899 – 8 February 1961), WW2 Nom-de-guerre Krystyna, was one of the first women to attain the rank of Major in the Polish Armed Forces.

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Henryk Dobrzański

Major Henryk Dobrzański aka "Hubal" (22 June 1897 - 30 April 1940) was a Polish soldier, sportsman and partisan.

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Henryk Józewski

Henryk Józewski (Kiev, August 6, 1892 - April 23, 1981, Warsaw) was a Polish visual artist, politician, a member of government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, later an administrator during the Second Polish Republic.

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Henryk Minkiewicz

Henryk Minkiewicz (19 January 1880 – 9 April 1940) was a Polish socialist politician and a General of the Polish Army.

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Henryk Pająk

Henryk Pająk (born 1937) is a Polish writer, journalist and publisher.

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Herman Diamand

Herman Diamand (March 30, 1860 in Lviv – February 26, 1931 in Lviv) was a Polish lawyer and socialist politician, Member of the Imperial Council in Vienna, where he held XI and XII terms; during the Second Polish Republic he was a Member of Parliament of the Legislative, and for the first and second Sejm.

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Herman Lieberman

Herman Lieberman (4 January 1870 – 21 October 1941) was a Polish lawyer and socialist politician.

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Hieronim Dekutowski

Hieronim Dekutowski (noms de guerre "Zapora", "Odra", "Rezu", "Stary", "Henryk Zagon") was a Polish boyscout and soldier, who fought in Polish September Campaign, was a member of the elite forces Cichociemni, fought in the Home Army and after World War II, fought the communist regime as one of commanders of Wolnosc i Niezawislosc.

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History of Belarus

This article describes the history of Belarus.

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History of Kraków

Kraków (Cracow) is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 756,441 (2008).

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History of liberalism

Liberalism, the belief in freedom and human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu.

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History of Lithuania

The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.

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History of Poland

The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.

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History of Poland (1795–1918)

In 1795 the third and the last of the three 18th-century partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of Poland (1918–1939)

The History of interwar Poland comprises the period from the re-recreation of the independent Polish state in 1918, until the joint Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II.

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History of Poland (1939–1945)

The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany to the end of World War II.

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History of Poland during World War I

While Poland did not exist as an independent state during World War I, its geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much fighting and terrific human and material losses occurred on the Polish lands between 1914 and 1918.

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History of Polish intelligence services

This article covers the history of Polish Intelligence services dating back to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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History of Pomerania (1933–1945)

History of Pomerania between 1933 and 1945 covers the period of one decade of the long history of Pomerania, lasting from the Adolf Hitler's rise to power until the end of World War II in Europe.

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History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)

The history of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world.

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History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland

Following the re-emergence of sovereign Poland after World War I and during the interwar period the number of Jews in the country grew rapidly.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland

The history of the Ukrainian minority in Poland dates back to the Late Middle Ages, preceding the 14th century Galicia–Volhynia Wars between Casimir III the Great of Poland, and Liubartas of Lithuania.

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History of Vilnius

This article is about the history of Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania.

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History of Warsaw

The history of Warsaw spans over 1400 years.

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Holocaust in Bolekhiv

During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of over 3000 in Bolekhiv (Yiddish: Bolechov, בולוחוב or באלעכוב, Polish: Bolechów) in 1940, with additional thousands of Jews brought in from the surrounding villages and towns in 1941 and 1942, was mostly annihilated, brutally, by the Germans with local Ukrainian collaborators.

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Hotel "Pod Orlem" in Bydgoszcz

Hotel Pod Orłem (Under The Eagle) is a historical hotel building on Gdańska Street N°14, in the city of Bydgoszcz.

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Hugh S. Gibson

Hugh Simons Gibson (August 16, 1883 – December 12, 1954) was an American diplomat.

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Hugo Hecht tenement in Bydgoszcz

The Hugo Hecht tenement is a historical habitation building located in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

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Hugo Steinhaus

Władysław Hugo Dionizy Steinhaus (January 14, 1887 – February 25, 1972) was a Jewish-Polish mathematician and educator.

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Hugo W. Koehler

Hugo William Koehler (July 19, 1886 – June 17, 1941) (pronounced KAY-ler) was a United States Navy commander, secret agent and socialite.

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Ice (Dukaj novel)

Ice (Lód) is a Janusz A. Zajdel, European Union Prize for Literature and Kościelski awards-winning novel written in 2007 by the Polish science fiction writer Jacek Dukaj, published in Poland by Wydawnictwo Literackie.

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Ideas of European unity before 1945

"Europe" as a cultural sphere is first used in the Carolingian period to encompass the Latin Church (as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy).

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Ignacy Daszyński

Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński (Zbaraż, 26 October 1866 – 31 October 1936, Bystra Śląska) was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and very briefly Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic's first government, formed in Lublin in 1918.

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Ignacy Jan Paderewski

Ignacy Jan Paderewski (– 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer, politician, statesman and spokesman for Polish independence.

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Ignacy Matuszewski

Ignacy Hugo Matuszewski (born September 10, 1891 in Warsaw, died on August 3, 1946 in New York City) was a Polish politician, publicist, diplomat, Minister of Treasury of the Second Polish Republic, colonel, infantry officer and intelligence agent of the Polish Army, member of the International Olympic Committee.

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Ignacy Mościcki

Ignacy Mościcki (1 December 18672 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland from 1926 to 1939.

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Ignacy Oziewicz

Ignacy Oziewicz (pseudonyms: Czesław, Czesławski, Netta, Jenczewski;7 May 1887 – 10 January 1966) was a Polish military colonel.

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Ignacy Skorupka

Ignacy Skorupka (31 July 1893 – 14 August 1920) was a Polish priest, chaplain of the Polish Army.

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Inspector general

An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization.

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Intermarium

Międzymorze, known in English as Intermarium, was a plan pursued after World War I by Polish leader Józef Piłsudski for a federation of Central and Eastern European countries.

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Ion Antonescu

Ion Antonescu (– June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships.

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Ivan Bunin

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (or; a; – 8 November 1953) was the first Russian writer awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.

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Jadwiga Piłsudska

Jadwiga Piłsudska-Jaraczewska (28 February 1920 – 16 November 2014) was a Polish pilot, who served in the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War.

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Jakob Jonilowicz

Jakob Jonilowicz יעקב יונילוביץ (1908–1975) was an Israeli cinematographer.

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Jan Henryk Dąbrowski

Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (also known as Johann Heinrich Dąbrowski (Dombrowski) in German and Jean Henri Dombrowski in French; 29 August 1755 – 6 June 1818) was a Polish general and statesman, widely respected after his death for his patriotic attitude, and described as a national hero.

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Jan Jagmin-Sadowski

Jan Jagmin-Sadowski (April 24, 1895 in Grójec – October 5, 1977 in Warsaw), was a general of the Polish Army, having served in World War I as a member of Józef Piłsudski's legions, as well as commanding Polish forces during the invasion of Poland in 1939.

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Jan Karski

Jan Karski (24 June 1914 – 13 July 2000) was a Polish World War II resistance-movement soldier, and later a professor at Georgetown University.

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Jan Lechoń

Leszek Józef Serafinowicz (pen name: Jan Lechoń; March 13, 1899 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – June 8, 1956 in New York City) was a Polish poet, literary and theater critic, diplomat, and co-founder of the Skamander literary movement and the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

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Jan Mazurkiewicz

Jan Mazurkiewicz (27 August 1896, Lwów – 4 May 1988, Warsaw), nom de guerre Radosław, was a Polish soldier, veteran of World War I, and a colonel in the Polish anti-Nazi resistance Armia Krajowa (AK) during World War II.

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Jan Piłsudski

Jan Piłsudski (1876 – 1950), was a Polish politician and younger brother of Marshal Józef Piłsudski.

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Jan Romer

Jan Romer (1869 in Lwów – 1934 in Warsaw) was a Polish general and military commander.

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Janko Prunk

Janko Prunk (born 30 December 1942) is a Slovenian historian of modern history.

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January Uprising

The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.

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Janusz Cisek

Janusz Waldemar Cisek (born 1955 in Stalowa Wola) is a Polish historian, academic lecturer, former executive director of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America in New York City and of the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, and former Polish under-secretary of state at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

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Janusz Jędrzejewicz

Janusz Jędrzejewicz (21 June 1885 – 16 March 1951) was a Polish politician and educator, a leader of the Sanacja political group, and 24th Prime Minister of Poland from 1933 to 1934.

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Janusz Radziwiłł (1880–1967)

Prince Janusz Franciszek Radziwiłł (3 September 1880 – 4 October 1967) was a Polish nobleman and politician.

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Jauch family

The Jauch family of Germany is a Hanseatic family which can be traced back till the Late Middle Ages.

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Józef Ładowski

Józef Ładowski (Josek Ładowski, Gruby Josek, Fat Yosl, Yosek) (b. C. 1900, d. Oct. 7, 1932 in Warsaw) - Polish restaurateur, the hero of the ballad Bal u starego Joska.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Józef Łukaszewicz

Józef Łukaszewicz (December 13, 1863 – October 19, 1928) was a Polish physicist, geologist and mineralogist, as well as a 19th-century revolutionary.

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Józef Beck

Józef Beck (4 October 1894 – 5 June 1944) was a Polish statesman who served the Second Republic of Poland as a diplomat and military officer, and was a close associate of Józef Piłsudski.

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Józef Biniszkiewicz

Józef Biniszkiewicz (1875, Czempiń – July 9, 1940, Buchenwald) was a Silesian socialist politician.

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Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki

Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki (Iosif Romanovich while in the Russian military; sometimes also Dowbór-Muśnicki; 25 October 1867 – 26 October 1937) was a Russian military officer and Polish general, serving with the Imperial Russian and then Polish armies.

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Józef Englicht

Józef Englicht (1891–1954) was a Polish Army lieutenant colonel and intelligence officer.

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Józef Garbień

Józef Daniel Garbień (December 11, 1896 — May 3, 1954), was a Polish football striker who played for both Pogoń Lwów and the national team.

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Józef Gosławski (sculptor)

Józef Gosławski (24 April 1908 – 23 January 1963) was a Polish sculptor and medallic artist.

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Józef Haller

Józef Haller von Hallenburg (13 August 1873 – 4 June 1960) was a Lieutenant General of the Polish Army, a legionary in the Polish Legions, harcmistrz (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland), the President of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist.

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Józef Kasparek

Józef Kasparek (1915–2002) was a Polish lawyer, historian and political scientist.

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Józef Kustroń

Józef Rudolf Kustroń (born October 16, 1892 in Stryj - died September 16, 1939 in the village of Ulazow, during the Polish September Campaign) was a Brigadier General of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic, commandant of the 21st Mountain Infantry Division.

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Józef Piłsudski Institute for Research in Modern History of Poland

The Józef Piłsudski Institute for Research in Modern History of Poland (Instytut Józefa Piłsudskiego Poświęcony Badaniu Najnowszej Historii Polski) is an institution founded in Warsaw in 1923 to preserve and study the recent history of Poland.

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Józef Piłsudski Institute of America

The Józef Piłsudski Institute of America (full name: Józef Piłsudski Institute of America for Research in the Modern History of Poland) was created in New York City in July 1943.

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Józef Piłsudski monument, Turek

The Józef Piłsudski monument in Turek is a notable Turek statue, located in The Żermina Składkowska's Park.

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Józef Piłsudski Monument, Warsaw

The Józef Piłsudski Monument in Warsaw was erected to honor Józef Piłsudski, a military leader, Marshal of Poland and one of the main figures responsible for Poland's regaining its independence.

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Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw (Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie) is a public institution of higher learning in Warsaw, Poland.

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Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality

Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality developed around the figure of Józef Piłsudski, Polish military commander and politician, starting with the interwar period and continuing after his death in 1935 till the present day.

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Józef Pluskowski

Józef Pluskowski (22 December 1896 – 28 November 1950) was a Polish poet, teacher, administrator and member of the Polish Resistance under the pseudonym "Mierzwa".

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Józef Wrycza

Józef Wrycza (February 4, 1884 – December 4, 1961) was a Roman Catholic priest, social activist, and military chaplain.

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Jędrzej Moraczewski

Jędrzej Edward Moraczewski (13 January 1870 – 5 August 1944) was a Polish socialist politician who served as the first Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic between November 1918 and January 1919.

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Jędrzejów

Jędrzejów is a town in Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about southwest of Kielce.

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Jędrzejewicz reform

Jędrzejewicz reform was a major reform of the education in the Second Polish Republic, implemented in 1932.

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Jedwabne pogrom

The Jedwabne pogrom (Pogrom w Jedwabnem) was a World War II massacre committed in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941.

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Jerzy Duszyński

Jerzy Duszyński was one of the most popular actors in a post-war Poland.

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Jerzy Giedroyc

Jerzy Władysław Giedroyc (27 July 1906 – 14 September 2000) was a Polish writer and political activist.

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Jerzy Niezbrzycki

Jerzy Niezbrzycki (aka Ryszard Wraga) was a captain of the Polish Army, officer of the Polish intelligence service, whose main field of interest was the Soviet Union.

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Jerzy Sosnowski

Jerzy Ksawery Franciszek Sosnowski (December 3 or 4, 1896 in Lwów – 1942, 1944 or 1945 in Poland or the Soviet Union) was a major of the Second Department of the General Headquarters of the Polish Army (called Dwójka) and a Polish spy in Weimar Germany (1926–1934), using pseudonyms Georg von Nałęcz-Sosnowski and Ritter von Nalecz.

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Jerzy Zdziechowski

Jerzy Zdziechowski (27 August 1880, Rozdół, Podolia Governorate – 25 April 1975, Kraków) was a Polish politician, economist and economical activist, author of economical works.

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Joanna Narutowicz

Joanna Narutowicz (Joana Narutavičienė) (1868-1948) was a Polish teacher and the last owner of the manor in Brewiki (Brevikiai, Lithuania).

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John Cudahy

John Clarence Cudahy (December 10, 1887 – September 6, 1943) was an American real estate developer and diplomat.

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Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language.

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Joseph Piłsudski

No description.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Jozef

Jozef or Józef is a Dutch, Polish and Slovak version of masculine given name Joseph.

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Juliusz Łukasiewicz

Juliusz Łukasiewicz (May 6, 1892 - April 6, 1951) was a Polish diplomat, an ambassador of Poland to the Soviet Union and France, and a Polish Freemason.

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Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski

Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski (24 February 1885 in Rzeszów – 8 August 1944 in Warsaw) was a Polish journalist and novelist.

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Juliusz Rómmel

Juliusz Karol Wilhelm Rómmel (3 June 1881 – 8 September 1967) was a Polish military commander, a general of the Polish Army and a member of the civil rights movement.

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Juliusz Słowacki

Juliusz Słowacki (23 August 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantic poet.

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July 1917

The following events occurred in July 1917.

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Karol Tchorek

Karol Tchorek (born 30 October 1904, in Serock, died 10 April 1985, in Warsaw) was a Polish sculptor, art dealer and art collector.

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Kasztanka

Kasztanka (Polish for "chestnut mare"; born 1909 or 1910, died November 23, 1927) was the famous mare that belonged to interwar Poland's leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski.

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Katorga

Katorga (p; from medieval and modern Greek: katergon, κάτεργον, "galley") was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union).

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Katowice

Katowice (Katowicy; Kattowitz; officially Miasto Katowice) is a city in southern Poland, with a population of 297,197 and the center of the Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2.2 million.

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Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna

Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna (6 August 1892 – 16 February 1983) was a Polish poet, prose writer, playwright and translator.

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Kazimierz Świtalski

Kazimierz Stanisław Świtalski (4 March 1886, Sanok – 28 December 1962, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish politician, diplomat, soldier, military officer in the Polish Legions and 18th Prime Minister of Poland between April and December 1929.

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Kazimierz Bartel

Kazimierz Władysław Bartel (Casimir Bartel; 3 March 1882 – 26 July 1941) was a Polish mathematician, scholar, diplomat and politician who served as 15th, 17th and 19th Prime Minister of Poland three times between 1926 and 1930 and the Senator of Poland from 1937 until the outbreak of World War II.

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Kazimierz Pużak

Kazimierz Pużak (1883–1950) was a Polish politician of the interwar period.

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Kazimierz Sosnkowski

General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (19 November 1885 in Warsaw – 11 October 1969 in Arundel, Quebec) was a Polish nobleman, independence fighter, diplomat, architect, politician and a Polish Army general.

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Kielce

Kielce is a city in south central Poland with 199,475 inhabitants.

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Kierbedź Bridge

The Kierbedź Bridge was the first steel bridge over the Vistula River in Warsaw.

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Kiev Offensive (1920)

The 1920 Kiev Offensive (or Kiev Operation), sometimes considered to have started the Soviet-Polish War, was an attempt by the armed forces of the newly re-emerged Poland led by Józef Piłsudski, in alliance with the Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which fell under the Soviet control after the Bolshevik Revolution.

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King Matt the First

King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy) is a children's novel by Polish author, physician, and child pedagogue Janusz Korczak.

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Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

The Kingdom of Lithuania was a short-lived constitutional monarchy created towards the end of World War I when Lithuania was under occupation by the German Empire.

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Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)

The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne), was a proposed puppet state of the German Empire during World War I.The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history; by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland; by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History; and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe ("The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn ").

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Kirensk

Kirensk (p) is a town and the administrative center of Kirensky District in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kirenga and Lena Rivers, north of Irkutsk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Klaipėda Region

The Klaipėda Region (Klaipėdos kraštas) or Memel Territory (Memelland or Memelgebiet) was defined by the Treaty of Versailles in 1920 and refers to the most northern part of the German province of East Prussia, when as Memelland it was put under the administration of the Council of Ambassadors.

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Kościesza coat of arms

Kościesza (Strzegomia, Strzegomya) - is a Polish coat of arms used by szlachta families in the times of Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Kordian Józef Zamorski

Kordian Józef Zamorski (Rzepiennik, near Gorlice, April 1, 1890 – December 19, 1983, London) was a Polish military officer and (1935–39) chief of the Polish State Police (Policja Państwowa).

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Kremenets

Kremenets (Крем'янець, Кременець, translit. Kremianets', Kremenets'; Krzemieniec; Kremenits) is a city of regional significance in the Ternopil Oblast (province) of western Ukraine.

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Kresy

Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy (Eastern Borderlands, or Borderlands) was the Eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period constituting nearly half of the territory of the state.

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Kresy Zachodnie

Kresy Zachodnie (Western Borderlands) is a term used by Poles, mostly in a historical context, to refer to the western parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that in the partitions were annexed by Prussia.

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Krystyna Dąbrowska

Krystyna Dąbrowska (26 November 1906 – 1 September 1944) was a Polish sculptor and painter, and a Warsaw Uprising insurgent.

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Krzemieniec Lyceum

Liceum Krzemienieckie (Крем'янецький ліцей); sometimes referred to as "the Volhynian Athens" and "Czacki's School") was a renowned Polish secondary school which existed 1805-31 and later, in the Interbellum, in 1922-39 in Krzemieniec (now Kremenets in Ukraine).

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KS Cracovia (football)

KS Cracovia, commonly known simply as Cracovia, is a Polish sports club based in Kraków.

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Kuban People's Republic

The Kuban People's Republic (Кубанская Народная Республика; Кубанська Народна Республiка) was an anti-Bolshevik state during the Russian Civil War, comprising the territory of the modern-day Kuban region in Russia.

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Kultura

Kultura (Culture)—sometimes referred to as Kultura Paryska ("Paris Culture")—was a leading Polish-émigré literary-political magazine, published from 1947 to 2000 by Instytut Literacki (the Literary Institute), initially in Rome, then Paris.

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Kurgan

In English, the archaeological term kurgan is a loanword from East Slavic languages (and, indirectly, from Turkic languages), equivalent to the archaic English term barrow, also known by the Latin loanword tumulus and terms such as burial mound.

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Kutno

Kutno is a town located in central Poland with 44,718 inhabitants (2016) and an area of.

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Kutno Rose Festival

The Rose Festival is an annual exhibition of roses and florist arrangements which takes place in Kutno, Poland.

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Labor Party (Partia Pracy)

Partia Pracy ("Labor Party" or "Party of Work") was a Polish political party active in the interwar period, created in 1925.

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Lanckorona Pact

Lanckorona Pact (Pakt lanckoroński) was an agreement between Polish center (Polish People's Party "Piast") and right wing parties (primarily Związek Ludowo-Narodowy and Polskie Stronnictwo Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji and several smaller parties, known as the Christian Union of National Unity alliance or Chjena) on 17 May 1923 in Warsaw.

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Law and Justice

Law and Justice (Polish), abbreviated to PiS, is a national-conservative, and Christian democratic political party in Poland.

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Lech Wałęsa

Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a retired Polish politician and labour activist.

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Left-wing nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, leftist nationalism or socialist nationalism describes a form of nationalism based upon social equality (not necessary political equality), popular sovereignty and national self-determination.

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Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic)

Legislative Sejm (Sejm Ustawodawczy) of the Second Polish Republic was the first national parliament (Sejm) of the newly independent Second Polish Republic.

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Legitimacy (family law)

Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce.

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Leon Kozłowski

Leon Tadeusz Kozłowski (6 June 1892 – 11 May 1944) was a Polish archaeologist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Poland from 1934 to 1935, before being convicted and sentenced to death for Treason during World War II.

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Leon Wasilewski

Leon Wasilewski (1870–1936) was an activist of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), a coworker of Józef Piłsudski, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, designer of much of Second Polish Republic policy towards Eastern Europe, historian and father of Halszka Wasilewska and of Wanda Wasilewska.

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Leonard Skierski

Leonard Wilhelm Skierski (26 April 1866 – 1940) was a Polish military officer and a general of the Imperial Russian Army and then the Polish Army.

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Leopold Endel-Ragis

Leopold Endel-Ragis (1894–1943) was soldier of the Polish Legions in World War I and the Austro-Hungarian Army, and colonel of infantry of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic (1918 - 1939).

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Leopold Lis-Kula

Leopold Lis-Kula (nom de guerre Lis) was a Colonel of Infantry of the Polish Army, and recipient of the Virtuti Militari.

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Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland (Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is a historical region (dzielnica) of Poland; its capital is the city of Kraków.

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Leszek Lichota

Leszek Lichota (born 17 August 1977 in Wałbrzych, Poland) is a Polish actor, best known for playing Grzegorz in Polish soap opera Na Wspólnej.

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Leszek Moczulski

Leszek Moczulski (born 7 June 1930) is a Polish historian and politician, a member of various organizations, first supporting then supposedly opposing the communist regime in the People's Republic of Poland while dividing the opposition movement.

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Leytonstone

Leytonstone is an area of East London, and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest.

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List of air show accidents and incidents in the 20th century

This is a year-by-year list of aviation accidents that have occurred at airshows worldwide in the 20th century.

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List of ambassadors of Poland to China

The Polish Ambassador to China is the official representative of the Government in Warsaw to the Government of the People's Republic of China.

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List of atheists in politics and law

There have been many atheists who have participated in politics or law.

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List of chess players

This list of chess players includes people who are primarily known as chess players and have an article on the English Wikipedia.

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List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government

This is a list of countries by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a democratic- republic form of government.

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List of coups d'état and coup attempts

This is a chronological list of coups d'état and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.

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List of coups d'état and coup attempts by country

This is a list by country of coups d'état and coup attempts, in chronological order.

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List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)

This is a list of people appearing on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in the 1920s.

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List of cults of personality

The cult of personality is a phenomenon that took place in several countries in the world, when a leader or an authority figure creates an idealized or heroic persona that becomes the center of quasi-worshipful adoration among the general population.

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List of eponyms (L–Z)

An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) whose name has become identified with a particular object or activity.

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List of equestrian statues in Poland

This is a list of equestrian statues in Poland.

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List of films made in Poland in the Interwar Period

Poland existed as a state for the first time in over a hundred years with the proclamation of the Second Polish Republic in 1918.

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List of Grand Cordons of the Order of Leopold

The Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold is the highest and oldest rank of chivalrie and a formal diplomatic gift of the Kingdom of Belgium.

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List of heads of state and government who died in office

This is a list of heads of state and government who died in office.

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List of heads of state of Poland

This list concerns the Polish heads of state since World War I. For a list of historical monarchs of Poland from the Middle Ages to 1795 and 19th and early 20th century claimants to the Polish throne see List of Polish monarchs.

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List of historical horses

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List of honorary citizens of Warsaw

Recipients of the honorary citizenship of Warsaw (Honorowi Obywatele miasta stołecznego Warszawy), in order of date of presentation.

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List of Légion d'honneur recipients by name (P)

The following is a list of some notable Légion d'honneur recipients by name.

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List of people from Suwałki

Over the centuries Suwałki has produced a number of persons who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts.

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List of people from Vilnius

The following is a list of notable people from Lithuania's capital city of Vilnius (historically known by the names of Vilna/Wilna/Wilno).

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List of people on banknotes

This is a list of people on the banknotes of different countries.

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List of personal coats of arms of Presidents of Poland

Many of the Presidents of Poland have borne arms; mostly through inheritance or (in one instance) via membership in foreign orders of chivalry, namely the Swedish Order of the Seraphim.

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List of Polish divisions in World War I

The following is a list of Polish brigade and division-sized military units during World War I and the subsequent Russian Civil War.

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List of Polish divisions in World War II

This is a list of Polish divisions in World War II.

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List of Polish films of the 1930s

List of films produced in the Cinema of Poland in the 1930s.

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List of Polish generals

The following is a list of Polish generals, that is the people who held the rank of general, as well as those who acted as de facto generals by commanding a division or brigade.

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List of Polish people

This is a partial list of notable Polish or Polish-speaking or -writing persons.

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List of Polish Socialist Party politicians

A list of notable Polish politicians of the historical Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna).

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List of Polish television series

The following is a list of television series produced in Poland.

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List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office

This article lists national heads of government and heads of state who held an active military rank while in office.

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List of Prime Ministers of Poland

This is a list of Prime Ministers of Poland.

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List of recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta

The List of recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta includes notable recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta sorted by their profession.

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List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

Squadrons are the main form of flying unit of the Royal Air Force (RAF).

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List of rulers of Belarus

History of Belarusian states can be traced far to Principality of Polotsk.

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List of state leaders in 1918

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List of state leaders in 1919

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List of state leaders in 1920

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List of state leaders in 1921

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List of state leaders in 1922

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List of state leaders in 1926

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List of state leaders in 1927

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List of state leaders in 1928

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List of state leaders in 1929

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List of state leaders in 1930

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List of state leaders in 1931

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List of state leaders in 1932

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List of state leaders in 1933

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List of state leaders in 1934

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List of state leaders in 1935

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List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)

;State leaders in the 19th century – State leaders: 1951–2000 – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.

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List of titles used by dictators

This is a list of titles used by authoritarian political leaders.

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List of wars involving Poland

This is a chronological list of military conflicts in which Polish armed forces won or took place on Polish territory from the reign of Mieszko I (960–992) to the ongoing military operations.

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Lithuania–Poland relations

Polish–Lithuanian relations date from the 13th century, after the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Mindaugas acquired some of the territory of Rus' and thus established a border with the then-fragmented Kingdom of Poland.

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Lithuania–Russia relations

Lithuania–Russia relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between Lithuania and Russia.

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Lithuanian Education Society Rytas

The Lithuanian Education Society Rytas (Lietuvių švietimo draugija „Rytas“; "rytas" means morning or dawn) was a Roman Catholic society fostering education in the Lithuanian language mostly in the Vilnius Region, then fiercely contested between Lithuania and the Second Polish Republic, now split between Lithuanian and Belarus.

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Lithuanian minority in Poland

The Lithuanian minority in Poland consists of 8,000 people (according to the Polish census of 2011) living chiefly in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the north-eastern part of Poland.

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Lithuanian Wars of Independence

The Lithuanian Wars of Independence, also known as the Freedom Struggles (Laisvės kovos), refer to three wars Lithuania fought defending its independence at the end of World War I: with Bolshevik forces (December 1918 – August 1919), Bermontians (June 1919 – December 1919), and Poland (August 1920 – November 1920).

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Lithuanian–Soviet War

The Lithuanian–Soviet War or Lithuanian–Bolshevik War (karas su bolševikais) was fought between newly independent Republic of Lithuania and the proto-Soviet Union (Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Lithuanian–Belorussian SSR) in the aftermath of World War I. It was part of the larger Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919.

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Locarno Treaties

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, on 5–16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, and return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (the Weimar Republic).

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Louis Maurin

Louis Félix Thomas Maurin (5 January 1869 – 6 June 1956) was a French army general who was twice Minister of War in the 1930s.

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Lucjan Żeligowski

Lucjan Żeligowski (1865–1947) was a Polish general, politician, military commander and veteran of World War I, the Polish-Soviet War and World War II.

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Ludomił Rayski

Ludomił Antoni Rayski (December 29, 1892 – April 11, 1977) was a Polish engineer, pilot, military officer and aviator.

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Ludwik Idzikowski

Ludwik Idzikowski (August 24, 1891 – July 13, 1929) was a Polish military aviator.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Maciej Rataj

Maciej Rataj (19 February 1884 – 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician and writer.

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Main Beskid Trail

The Kazmierz Sosnowski Main Beskid Trail (Polish Główny Szlak Beskidzki imienia Kazmierza Sosnowskiego, "GSB") is a long-distance trail marked in red that leads from Ustroń in the Silesian Beskids to Wołosate in the Bieszczady Mountains.

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Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh

Mammad Amin Rasulzadeh (Məmməd Əmin Rəsulzadə, Mehmet Emin Resulzade; 31 January 1884 – 6 March 1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and the first and only president of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–1920).

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March 1928

The following events occurred in March 1928.

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Maria Piłsudska

Maria Piłsudska, née Koplewska (1865 – 17 August 1921), was the first wife of Poland's Marshal Józef Piłsudski and ostensibly the first lady of Poland during most of his service as Poland's Chief of State.

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Maria Rogowska-Falska

Maria Rogowska-Falska, also known as Maryna Falska (2 February 1877, Dubno – 7 September 1944, Warsaw) – was a teacher, pedagogue, activist.

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Marian Kamil Dziewanowski

Marian Kamil Dziewanowski (May 1913, Zhytomyr – 18 February 2005, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) was a historian of Poland, Russia and modern Europe.

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Marian Porwit

Marian Porwit (1895-1988) was a Polish military officer, a Colonel of the Polish Army and a military historian.

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Marian Rejewski

Marian Adam Rejewski (16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who reconstructed the Nazi German military Enigma cipher machine sight-unseen in 1932.

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Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski

Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski (16 March 1892, Pandėlys, Kovno Governorate – 12 April 1946 near Woking) was a Polish politician and military officer who served as voivode of Białystok Voivodeship in 1930-1934, Mayor of Warsaw in 1934 and 27th Prime Minister of Poland from 1935 to 1936.

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Market Square (Lviv)

Rynok Square (Площа Ринок, Rynek we Lwowie) is a central square of the city of Lviv, Ukraine.

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Marshal Józef Piłsudski Stadium

Marszałek Piłsudski Stadium (formerly Stadion Cracovia or Stadion Cracovii) is a football stadium located in Kraków, Poland.

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Marshal of Poland

Marshal of Poland (Marszałek Polski) is the highest rank in the Polish Army.

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Marszałek

Marszałek (Marshal, Маршалак) was one of the highest officials in the Polish royal court since the 13th century and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 15th century.

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Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw

Marszałkowska (lit. Marshal Street) is one of the main thoroughfares of Warsaw's city center.

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Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia (rzeź wołyńska, literally: Volhynian slaughter; Волинська трагедія., Volyn tragedy), were part of an ethnic cleansing operation carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) against Poles in the area of Volhynia, Polesia, Lublin region and Eastern Galicia beginning in 1943 and lasting up to 1945.

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Maxime Weygand

Maxime Weygand (21 January 1867 – 28 January 1965) was a French military commander in World War I and World War II.

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May 12

No description.

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May 1901

The following events occurred in May 1901.

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May 1926

The following events occurred in May 1926.

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May 1935

The following events occurred in May 1935.

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May 7

No description.

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May Coup (Poland)

The May Coup d'État (Przewrót majowy or zamach majowy) was a coup d'état carried out in Poland by Marshal Józef Piłsudski between 12 and 14 May 1926.

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Mazowiecka Cavalry Brigade

Mazowiecka Cavalry Brigade (Mazowiecka Brygada Kawalerii) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, which took part in the Polish September Campaign.

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Mūsų senovė

Mūsų senovė (literally: our past) was a Lithuanian-language academic magazine published in Kaunas, Lithuania in 1921–1922 (edited by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, published by the Ministry of Education) and in 1937–1940 (edited by Mykolas Biržiška, published by Vytautas Magnus University).

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Merian C. Cooper

Merian Caldwell Cooper (October 24, 1893 – April 21, 1973) was an American aviator, United States Air Force and Polish Air Force officer, adventurer, screenwriter, film director, and producer.

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Michał Grażyński

Michał Grażyński (May 12, 1890, in Gdów – December 10, 1965, in London, United Kingdom) was a Polish military leader, social and political activist, doctor of philosophy and law, voivode of the Silesian Voivodeship, Scouting activist and president of Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego.

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Michał Pius Römer

Michał Pius Römer (originally Michael von Römer, later using the Lithuanian form Mykolas Römeris) (1880 in Bagdoniškis – 1945 in Vilnius) was a Lithuanian lawyer, scientist and politician.

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Michał Rola-Żymierski

Michał Rola-Żymierski (September 4, 1890October 15, 1989) was a Polish high-ranking Communist Party leader, communist military commander, NKVD secret agent, and Marshal of Poland by Joseph Stalin's order from 1945 until his death.

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Mieczysław Jałowiecki

Mieczysław Pieriejasławski-Jałowiecki (2 December 1876 – 1962 or 1963) was a Polish diplomat, agronomist, writer and nobleman.

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Mieczysław Mackiewicz

Mieczysław Mackiewicz (9 May 1880 near Kowno – 6 August 1954 in Bangor, Wales) was a Polish general.

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Mieczysław Smorawiński

Brigadier General Mieczysław Makary Smorawiński (1893–1940), was a Polish military commander and officer of the Polish Army.

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Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski

Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski (Jazgarzew, near Warsaw, 1896–1989, London), also known as "Rygor-Słowikowski," was a Polish Army officer whose intelligence work in North Africa facilitated Allied preparations for the 1942 Operation Torch landings.

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Mikashevichy

Mikashevichy is a city in the southwestern Belarusian Brest Region.

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Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский; – June 12, 1937) was a leading Soviet military leader and theoretician from 1918 to 1937.

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Military dictatorship

A military dictatorship (also known as a military junta) is a form of government where in a military force exerts complete or substantial control over political authority.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych) is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations.

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Ministry of National Defence (Poland)

Ministry of National Defense (Polish: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej) is the office of government in Poland under the Minister of National Defense.

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Ministry of Post and Telegraphs (Poland)

Ministry of Post and Telegraphs (Polish: Ministerstwo Poczt i Telegrafów, MPiT) was a ministry in the Second Polish Republic.

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Modern history of Ukraine

Ukraine emerges as the concept of a nation, and the Ukrainians as a nationality, with the Ukrainian National Revival which is believed started sometime at the end of 18th and the beginning of 19th century.

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Mokotów Field

Pole Mokotowskie (Polish for "Mokotów Field" is a large park in Warsaw. Part of it is called "Józef Piłsudski Park." Located between Warsaw's Mokotów district and the city center, the park is one of the largest in Warsaw. Until World War II, a major part was occupied by an airfield and the Warsaw Polytechnic aircraft works. Pole Mokotowskie was also, until 1934, the site of Warsaw Airport and, until 1939, of the Warsaw Horse Racing Track. Located within the park is the Polish National Library. The park is also famous for its bars. Just to the south is a Warsaw Metro station, the Pole Mokotowskie station.

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Morgenthau Report

The Morgenthau report was a report compiled by Henry Morgenthau, Sr., as member of the "Mission of the United States to Poland" which was appointed by the American Commission to Negotiate Peace formed by President Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I. The mission consisted of three American members: former US ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Brigadier General Edgar Jadwin of Engineer Corps, and professor of law Homer H. Johnson from Cleveland; and from the British side Sir Stuart M. Samuel.

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MS Piłsudski

M/S Piłsudski (later renamed ORP Piłsudski) was a medium-size ocean liner of the Polish Merchant Marine, named for Marshal Józef Piłsudski, a national hero of Poland.

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Naczelnik

Naczelnik is a Polish word meaning 'leader' or 'chief' (from na czele 'at the forefront').

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Naczelnik Państwa

Naczelnik Państwa (Chief of State) was the title of Poland's head of state in the early years of the Second Polish Republic.

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Nakielska street in Bydgoszcz

Nakielska Street is an important street in Bydgoszcz, Poland.

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National Committee of Americans of Polish Extraction

National Committee of Americans of Polish Extraction, (Polish: Komitet Narodowy Amerykanów Polskiego Pochodzenia or KNAPP)also known as the National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent or its Polish abbreviation KNAPP, was a Polish-American organization active in the years 1942-1959 in the United States.

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National Democracy

National Democracy (Narodowa Demokracja, also known from its abbreviation ND as "Endecja") was a Polish political movement active from the second half of the 19th century under the foreign partitions of the country until the end of the Second Polish Republic.

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National Independence Day (Poland)

National Independence Day (Narodowe Święto Niepodległości) is a national day in Poland celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918 from the German, Austrian and Russian Empires.

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National Radical Camp Falanga

The Falanga National Radical Camp (Ruch Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga, RNR-Falanga, colloquially ONR-Falanga), was a minor Polish far-right political grouping of the 1930s, one of two to emerge following the split of the National Radical Camp (Oboz Narodowo Radykalny, ONR) in 1934.

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National road 43 (Poland)

National road 43 is a national road in Poland.

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National Workers' Party

The National Workers' Party (Narodowa Partia Robotnicza, NPR) was a political party in Poland.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.

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Návsí

(Polish:, Cieszyn Silesian) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America

For a number of decades after its establishment in August 1901, the Socialist Party of America produced or inspired a vast array of newspapers and magazines in an array different languages.

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Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government

The Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem,; abbreviated BBWR) was a "non-political" organization in the interwar Second Polish Republic, in 1928–35.

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Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms

The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform), abbreviated BBWR, was an officially nonpartisan organization (but, in fact, a political party) affiliated with Lech Wałęsa.

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North Sheen Cemetery

North Sheen Cemetery is a cemetery in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames (historically in North Sheen, Surrey).

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Northern Dancer sire line

The following list shows the line of descent for some of the major winners from the Northern Dancer sire line, focusing on winners of the principal three-year-old Classic races, as these have long been used to evaluate a stallion's success, and some of the highest quality races for older horses around the world based on International Federation of Horseracing Authorities rankings.

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November 11

No description.

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November 1926

The following events occurred in November 1926.

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November 1930

The following events occurred in November 1930.

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Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki

Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, often simply referred to as Nowy Dwór, is a town in east-central Poland with ca.

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Nowy Korczyn

Nowy Korczyn is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Oath crisis

The Oath crisis (Kryzys przysięgowy) was a World War I political conflict between the Imperial German Army command and the Józef Piłsudski-led Polish Legions.

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Ożarów

Ożarów is a town in Poland, in the province of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Opatów county (Powiat of Opatów), historic Lesser Poland, with 4,906 inhabitants as of December 31, 2004.

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October 1926

The following events occurred in October 1926.

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October 1931

The following events occurred in October 1931.

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Official state car

An official state car is a car used by a government to transport its head of state or head of government in an official capacity, which may also be used occasionally to transport other members of the government or visiting dignitaries from other countries.

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Opatowiec

Opatowiec is a village in Kazimierza County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Operation Minsk

Operation Mińsk was a military offensive of the Polish Army resulting in the recapture of Minsk from the Bolsheviks around August 8, 1919.

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Opoczno

Opoczno) is a town in south-central Poland, in eastern part of Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998). It has a long and rich history, and in the past it used to be one of the most important urban centers of northwestern Lesser Poland. Currently, Opoczno is an important road and rail junction; its patron saint is Saint Cecilia, and the town is famous across Poland for its folklore.

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Opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign

Germany and Poland were the main opposing forces in the Polish September Campaign.

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Order of Carol I

The Order of Carol I (Romanian: Ordinul Carol I) was the highest ranking of the Romanian honours of the Kingdom of Romania until the abolition of the monarchy in 1947.

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Order of Lāčplēsis

The Order of Lāčplēsis (Lāčplēša Kara ordenis), the first and the highest Latvian military award, was established in 1919 on the initiative of the Commander of Latvian Army, during the Latvian War of Independence, Jānis Balodis.

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Order of Michael the Brave

The Order of Michael the Brave (Ordinul Mihai Viteazul) is Romania's highest military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I during the early stages of the Romanian Campaign of the First World War, and was again awarded in the Second World War.

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Order of Polonia Restituta

The Order of Polonia Restituta (Order Odrodzenia Polski, Order of the Rebirth of Poland) is a Polish state order established 4 February 1921.

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Order of the Rising Sun

The is a Japanese order, established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji of Japan.

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Order of the Supreme Sun

The Order of the Supreme Sun (Order of the Sun, Nishan-i-Lmar-i-Ala) was a decoration of the former Kingdom of Afghanistan.

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Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

The Order of the White Eagle (Order Orła Białego) is Poland's highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits.

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Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Організація Українських Націоналістів, (ОУН), Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins'kykh Natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna; it first operated in Western Ukraine (at the time part of interwar Poland).

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ORP Wicher (1928)

ORP Wicher, the lead ship of the, was a Polish Navy destroyer.

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Otto Strandman

Otto August Strandman (– 5 February 1941) was an Estonian politician, who served as Prime Minister (1919) and State Elder of Estonia (1929–1931).

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Otwock

Otwock is a town in central Poland, some southeast of Warsaw, with 42,765 inhabitants (2004).

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Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn

Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn (Aušros Vartų Dievo Motina, Matka Boska Ostrobramska, Маці Божая Вастрабрамская, Остробрамская икона Божией Матери) is the prominent Catholic painting of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated by the faithful in the Chapel of the Gate of Dawn in Vilnius, Lithuania.

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Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia

The Pacification of Ukrainians was the punitive action by police and military of the Second Polish Republic against the Ukrainian minority in Poland (in Eastern Galicia — against the Ukrainian majority) in September–November 1930 in response to a wave of more than 2,200 acts of sabotage against Polish property in the region.

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Pact Ribbentrop - Beck

Pact Ribbentrop - Beck (Polish: Pakt Ribbentrop - Beck) is an alternative history novel by Polish journalist and writer Piotr Zychowicz.

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Palace in Otwock Wielki

Palace at Otwock Wielki or Otwock Grand Palace is otherwise known as the Jezierscy Family palace (Polish: Pałac Jezierskich) or Bielińscy Family palace (Polish: Pałac Bielińskich).

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Parioli

Parioli is the 2nd quartiere of Rome, identified by the initials Q. II.

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Park im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego, Września

Marshal Józef Piłsudski Park, Września (English: Marshal Józef Piłsudski Park, Września) is a park and memorial in Wrześniain (Września County, in Poland).

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Pęcławice Górne

Pęcławice Górne is a village in Gmina Bogoria, Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in south-central Poland.

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Peace of Riga

The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga (Traktat Ryski), was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine.

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Philippe Pétain

Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.

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Piaseczno

Piaseczno is a town in central Poland with 44,483 inhabitants.

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Piast Concept

The Piast concept is a political idea of Polish state based on its initial territories under the Piast dynasty, and containing mostly Polish population.

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Piłsudczyk (armoured train)

Piłsudczyk ("Piłsudskiite") was a Polish armoured train of the early 20th century.

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Piłsudski (disambiguation)

Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935) was a Polish politician, military leader, marshal and Chief of State Bronisław Piłsudski (1866–1918) was a cultural anthropologist Pilsudski or Piłsudski may also refer to.

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Piłsudski (surname)

Piłsudski (feminine: Piłsudska, plural: Piłsudscy) is a Polish surname.

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Piłsudski coat of arms

Piłsudski is a Polish coat of arms.

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Piłsudski family

The Piłsudski family (Pilsūdai) is a family of nobility that originated in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and increased in notability under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Second Polish Republic.

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Piłsudski Square

Piłsudski Square (plac marsz.), previously Victory Square (plac Zwycięstwa, 1946), is the largest square of Poland's capital, located in the Warsaw city centre.

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Piłsudski's colonels

Piłsudski's colonels,, TIME, Monday, April 07, 1930, TIME, Monday, December 25, 1933 or the colonels' regime (in Polish called simply "the colonels"), dominated the government of the Second Polish Republic from 1926 to 1939.

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Piłsudski's Mound

Piłsudski's Mound (also known as Independence Mound or Freedom Mound) (Polish Kopiec Piłsudskiego) is located in Kraków, Poland, and was established by the Polish nation in honor of Józef Piłsudski.

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Piłsudskiite

A Piłsudskiite was a supporter of Poland's Marshal Józef Piłsudski, founder of the World War I-era Polish Legions and the first Chief of State of the Second Republic of Poland.

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Pilsudski (horse)

Pilsudski (foaled 23 April 1992) is a retired Thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was bred in Ireland, but trained in the United Kingdom during a racing career which lasted from 1994 to 1997.

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Piotrków Trybunalski

Piotrków Trybunalski (also known by alternative names) is a city in central Poland with 74,694 inhabitants (2016).

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PKO Bank Polski

Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności Bank Polski Spółka Akcyjna (also known as PKO Bank Polski, PKO BP) is Poland's largest bank.

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Plan East

Plan East (Plan Wschód) was a Polish defensive military plan, created in the 1920s and 1930s in case of war with the Soviet Union.

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Plan West

Plan Zachód (Plan West) was a military plan of the Polish Army of the Second Polish Republic, for defence against invasion from Nazi Germany.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Poland Is Not Yet Lost

"Mazurek Dąbrowskiego", also known by its incipit, "Poland Is Not Yet Lost", is the national anthem of Poland.

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Poles in Lithuania

The Polish minority in Lithuania numbered 200,317 persons, according to the Lithuanian census of 2011, or 6.6% of the total population of Lithuania.

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Poles in the United Kingdom

The Polish community in the United Kingdom since the mid-20th century largely stems from the Polish presence in the British Isles during the Second World War, when Poles made a substantial contribution to the Allied war effort.

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Polish 13th Infantry Regiment

13th Children of Krakow Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 13 Pulk Piechoty Dzieci Krakowa, 13 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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Polish 1st Legions Infantry Regiment

First Legions Infantry Regiment of Józef Piłsudski (Polish language: 1 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego; 1 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army in 1914-1939.

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Polish 24th Uhlan Regiment

24th Uhlan Regiment of Crown Hetman Stanislaw Zolkiewski (Polish: 24 Pulk Ulanów im. Hetmana Wielkiego Koronnego Stanislawa Zolkiewskiego, 24 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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Polish Academy of Literature

The Polish Academy of Literature (Polska Akademia Literatury, PAL) was one of the most important state institutions of literary life in the Second Polish Republic, operating between 1933–1939 with the headquarters in Warsaw.

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Polish Armed Forces in the East (1914–20)

Polish Armed Forces in the East around World War I is a term used for several Polish military formations formed in Russia and operating in the period of 1914–1920 (First World War, Russian Revolution of 1917, and the early stages of the Polish-Ukrainian War and Polish-Soviet War. Early formations were part of the Imperial Russian Army. Later, during the Russian Revolution, the Polish formations were mainly allied to the White Russian forces and the Western powers (both the German Empire and the Entente). All the formations (or their remains) were eventually incorporated into the Polish Army by 1920.

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Polish Armed Forces in the West

The Polish Armed Forces in the West refers to the Polish military formations formed to fight alongside the Western Allies against Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II.

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Polish Army oaths

The following is a list of the Polish military oaths, both historical and contemporary.

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Polish Army Stadium

Marshal Józef Piłsudski Legia Warsaw Municipal Stadium (Stadion Miejski Legii Warszawa im.), traditionally also referred to as the Polish Army Stadium (Stadion Wojska Polskiego) in Warsaw, Poland, is an all-seater, highest fourth category football-specific stadium.

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Polish coins and banknotes

Current Polish coins and banknotes issued by the National Bank of Poland.

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Polish contribution to World War II

The European theatre of World War II opened with the German invasion of Poland on Friday September 1, 1939 and the Soviet invasion of Poland on September 17, 1939.

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Polish Corridor

The Polish Corridor (Polnischer Korridor; Pomorze, Korytarz polski), also known as Danzig Corridor, Corridor to the Sea or Gdańsk Corridor, was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Germany from the province of East Prussia.

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Polish culture in the Interbellum

Polish culture in the interwar period witnessed the rebirth of Polish sovereignty.

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Polish General Staff

Polish General Staff, also the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces (Polish: Sztab Generalny Wojska Polskiego) is the highest professional body within the Polish Armed Forces.

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Polish Jacobins

Polish Jacobins (or Huguenots) was the name given to a group of late 18th century radical Polish politicians by their opponents.

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Polish Legions in World War I

The Polish Legions (Legiony Polskie) was a name of the Polish military force (the first active Polish army in generations) established in August 1914 in Galicia soon after World War I erupted between the opposing alliances of the Triple Entente on one side (including the British Empire, the French Republic and the Russian Empire); and the Central Powers on the other side, including the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.

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Polish legislative election, 1919

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 January 1919, electing the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic.

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Polish legislative election, 1928

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 4 March 1928, with Senate elections held a week later on 11 March.

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Polish legislative election, 1930

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 16 November 1930, with Senate elections held a week later on 23 November.

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Polish legislative election, 1957

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 20 January 1957.

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Polish literature

Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland.

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Polish Military Organisation

Polish Military Organisation, PMO ('Polska Organizacja Wojskowa', POW) was a secret military organization created by Józef Piłsudski in August 1914, and officially named in November 1914, during World War I. Its tasks were to gather intelligence and sabotage the enemies of the Polish people.

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Polish National Committee (1914–17)

Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) was formed in Russian partition during World War I, and grouped Polish politicians who wanted to advance the Polish cause by supporting Russia in World War I. The Committee was recognized by the Entente, and was primarily opposed to Polish factions supporting the Central Powers (in particular, Józef Piłsudski).

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Polish National Department

Polish National Department (PND, Wydział Narodowy Polski, WNP) was a major organization of Polish-American Polonia in United States around and after World War I. It organized relief for war-torn and newly independent Second Polish Republic.

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Polish National Organization

Polish National Organization (Polska Organizacja Narodowa) was a Polish political organisation formed by Józef Piłsudski after the split of Supreme National Committee (Naczelny Komitet Narodowy) on 5 September 1914.

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Polish national songs

This is a list of Polish national and patriotic songs.

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Polish Naval Academy

Polish Naval Academy (PNA) of the Heroes of Westerplatte is a naval university supervised by the Ministry of National Defence Republic of Poland, with the history, uninterrupted by World War II, dating back to 1922.

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Polish Navy

The Polish Navy (Marynarka Wojenna, "War Navy") is a military branch of the Polish Armed Forces responsible for naval operations.

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Polish Northern Front (1920)

The Northern Front was one of the largest strategic formations of the Polish Army.

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Polish population transfers (1944–1946)

The Polish population transfers in 1944–46 from the eastern half of prewar Poland (also known as the expulsions of Poles from the Kresy macroregion), refer to the forced migrations of Poles toward the end – and in the aftermath – of World War II.

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Polish presidential election, 1933

In the Polish Presidential election, 1933 Professor Ignacy Mościcki was re-elected President of the Second Republic of Poland on May 8 1933 for a further period of seven years, having previously been elected to the position in 1926.

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Polish presidential election, 9 December 1922

The 1922 presidential election was the first Polish presidential election in history.

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Polish presidential election, May 1926

Polish presidential election in 1926 took place on 31 May by the National Assembly and were held in a single round.

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Polish presidential elections, 1926

Two elections for President of the Republic of Poland were held in May 1926 after a May Coup, which forced President Stanisław Wojciechowski and Prime Minister Wincenty Witos to resign and gave effective power to coup leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski.

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Polish Rifle Squads

The Polish Rifle Squads (Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie, PDS) was a Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization, founded in 1911 by the Youth Independence Organization Zarzewie in the Austro-Hungarian sector of partitioned Poland.

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Polish Socialist Party

The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was a left-wing Polish political party.

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Polish Socialist Party – Left

Polish Socialist Party – Left (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna – Lewica, PPS–L), also known as the Young Faction (Młodzi), was one of two factions into which Polish Socialist Party divided itself in 1906.

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Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction

The Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna – Frakcja Rewolucyjna, PPS–FR) also known as the Old Faction (Starzy) was one of two factions into which the Polish Socialist Party split in 1906.

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Polish Telegraphic Agency

Polish Telegraphic Agency (PAT) was a Polish state-owned news agency established on October 31, 1918.

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Polish Workers' Party

The Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948.

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Polish złoty

The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.

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Polish-Lithuanian identity

The Polish-Lithuanian identity describes individuals and groups with histories in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or with close connections to its culture.

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Polish–Georgian alliance

The Polish–Georgian alliance was a short-lived alliance (1920–1921) between the Second Polish Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Polish–Lithuanian War

The Polish–Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict primarily concerned territorial control of the Vilnius Region, including Vilnius, and the Suwałki Region, including the towns of Suwałki, Augustów, and Sejny.

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Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)

The Polish–Muscovite War or the Polish–Russian War (1605–1618), also known as the Dimitriads, was a sequence of military conflicts and eastward invasions carried out by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the private armies and mercenaries led by the magnates (the Commonwealth aristocracy).

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Polish–Romanian Alliance

The Polish–Romanian Alliance was a series of treaties signed in the interwar period by the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania.

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Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was fought by the Second Polish Republic, Ukrainian People's Republic and the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine) for control of an area equivalent to today's western Ukraine and parts of modern Belarus.

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Polish–Soviet War in 1920

The Polish–Soviet war erupted in 1919 in the aftermath of World War I. The root causes were twofold: a territorial dispute dating back to Polish-Russian wars in the 17–18th centuries; and a clash of ideology due to USSR's goal of spreading communist rule further west, to Europe (Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19).

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Polish–Ukrainian War

The Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).

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Polonization

Polonization (or Polonisation; polonizacja)In Polish historiography, particularly pre-WWII (e.g., L. Wasilewski. As noted in Смалянчук А. Ф. (Smalyanchuk 2001) Паміж краёвасцю і нацыянальнай ідэяй. Польскі рух на беларускіх і літоўскіх землях. 1864–1917 г. / Пад рэд. С. Куль-Сяльверставай. – Гродна: ГрДУ, 2001. – 322 с. (2004). Pp.24, 28.), an additional distinction between the Polonization (polonizacja) and self-Polonization (polszczenie się) has been being made, however, most modern Polish researchers don't use the term polszczenie się.

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Polska Siła Zbrojna

Royal Polish Army contemptuously nicknamed die Polnische Wehrmacht by Imperial Germany (Polska Siła Zbrojna) was a military formation created during World War I in direct response to Piłsudski's refusal to swear an oath of allegiance to Germany.

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Poniatowski Bridge

Poniatowski Bridge (Most Poniatowskiego) is a notable and historic bridge in Warsaw, Poland.

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Popular National Union

Związek Ludowo-Narodowy (ZLN; Popular National Union) was a Polish political party aligned with the National Democracy political movement during the Second Polish Republic, gathering together right-wing politicians with conservative and nationalist opinions.

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Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union

There were people and organizations who predicted that the USSR would fall before the eventual dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

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President of Poland

The President of the Republic of Poland (Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, shorter form: Prezydent RP) is the head of state of Poland.

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Presidential election

A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President.

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Presidential Palace, Warsaw

The Presidential Palace (in Polish, Pałac Prezydencki; also known as Pałac Koniecpolskich, Lubomirskich, Radziwiłłów, and Pałac Namiestnikowski) in Warsaw, Poland, is the elegant classicist latest version of a building that has stood on the Krakowskie Przedmieście site since 1643.

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Prime Minister of Poland

The President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów), colloquially referred to as the Prime Minister of Poland (Polish: Premier Polski), is the leader of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland.

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Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Proclamation to the Inhabitants of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a bilingual proclamation, formulated by Józef Piłsudski and distributed mainly in Vilnius (Wilno) on April 22, 1919.

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Prometheism

Prometheism or Prometheanism (Polish: Prometeizm) was a political project initiated by Poland's Józef Piłsudski.

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Provisional Council of State

Provisional Council of State (tymczasowa Rada Stanu, German:Provisorische Staatsrat im Koenigreich Polen) was the first government of the Kingdom of Poland, a new state created by the military authorities of Germany and Austria on some Polish lands during First World War.

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Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland

The Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej), also known as the Government of Ignacy Daszyński, was established on 7 November 1918 in Lublin, Austrian Galicia, as one of the precursors of Poland's sovereignty following World War I. It proclaimed the creation of a constitutional republic with the right to parliamentary elections, nationalization of key industries, as well as social, labour, and land reforms.

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Puławy

Puławy is a city in eastern Poland, in Lublin Province of northern Lesser Poland, located at the confluence of the Wisła and Kurówka rivers.

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Puławy Legion

Puławy Legion (Legion Puławski) was a Polish military formation of World War I, as part of the Imperial Russian Army.

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PZL.37 Łoś

The PZL.37 Łoś (moose) was a Polish twin-engined medium bomber designed and manufactured by national aircraft company PZL.

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Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic

Rada (Council) of the Belarusian Democratic Republic (Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі, Рада БНР, Rada BNR) (Рада Белорусской Народной Республики, Рада БНР, Rada BNR) is the supreme governing body of the Belarusian People's Republic.

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Radom

Radom (ראָדעם Rodem) is a city in east-central Poland with 219,703 inhabitants (2013).

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Radziwiłł family

The Radziwiłł family (Radvila; Радзівіл, Radzivił; Radziwill) was a powerful magnate family originating from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.

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Rasos Cemetery

Rasos Cemetery (Rasų kapinės, cmentarz Na Rossie w Wilnie, Могілкі Росы) is the oldest and most famous cemetery in the city of Vilnius, Lithuania.

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Recovery of Orthodox Churches in the Second Polish Republic

The Recovery of Orthodox Churches in the Second Polish Republic was an action led by successive governments of the Polish state from 1919 to 1939.

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Regency Council (Poland)

Regency Council: Ostrowski, Kakowski, Lubomirski The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland was a semi-independent and temporarily appointed highest authority (head of state) in the Partitioned Poland during World War I. It was formed by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary within the war-torn, and historically Polish lands around September 1917.

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Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

The relations between the Catholic Church and the state have been constantly evolving with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect.

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Republic of Central Lithuania

The Republic of Central Lithuania or Middle Lithuania (Republika Litwy Środkowej, Vidurio Lietuvos Respublika, Рэспубліка Сярэдняе Літвы / Respublika Siaredniaje Litvy), or Central Lithuania (Litwa Środkowa, Vidurio Lietuva or Vidurinė Lietuva, Сярэдняя Літва / Siaredniaja Litva), was a short-lived political entity, which did not gain international recognition.

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Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)

There were many resistance movements in partitioned Poland between 1795 and 1918.

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Revolution

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolt against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic).

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Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)

The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), also known as the Polish Revolution of 1905, was a major part of the Russian Revolution of 1905 in Russian-partitioned Poland (see Congress Poland and Privislinsky Krai).

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Rhythm Orchestra (Hartford/ Springfield)

The Rhythm Orchestra Teraz Rhythm band was a Polish musical group that was active from the early 1970s to early 1990s in New England and eastern Canada.

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Riflemen's Association

The Polish Riflemen's Association known as Związek Strzelecki (or more commonly, in the plural form as Związki Strzeleckie) formed in great numbers prior to World War I. One of the better known associations called "Strzelec" (Riflemen's Association "Rifleman") was a Polish paramilitary cultural and educational organization created in 1910 in Lwów as a legal front of Związek Walki Czynnej, and somewhat reinstated in present-day Poland in 1991, after the fall of communism.

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Right-wing dictatorship

A right-wing dictatorship (sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship) is an authoritarian (or sometimes totalitarian) regime whose policy could be called right-wing.

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Robert Lamezan de Salins

Robert Lamezan de Salins (1869–1930), also known as Robert Graf von Lamezan-Salins, was a Polish Jan Rydel, W służbie cesarza i króla: generałowie i admirałowie narodowości polskiej w siłach zbrojnych Austro-Węgier w latach 1868-1918.

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Robotnik (1894–1939)

Robotnik (The Worker) was the bibuła (underground) newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), and distributed in most major cities and towns in Poland under Partitions.

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Rom Landau

Romauld Landau (1899–1974) was born in Poland, but later became a British citizen whilst serving as a volunteer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław

The Archdiocese of Wrocław (Archidiecezja wrocławska; Erzbistum Breslau; Arcidiecéze vratislavská; Archidioecesis Vratislaviensis) is a Latin Rite archdiocese of the Catholic Church named after its capital Wrocław in Poland.

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Roman Dmowski

Roman Stanisław Dmowski (9 August 1864 – 2 January 1939) was a Polish politician, statesman, and co-founder and chief ideologue of the right-wing National Democracy ("ND": in Polish, "Endecja") political movement.

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Roman Wapiński

Roman Wapiński (8 March 1931 – 14 May 2008) was a Polish historian, lecturer at the University of Gdańsk.

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Romanian occupation of Pokuttya

The Romanian occupation of Pokuttya took place in early 1919, when, as a result of alliances concluded between Romania and Poland, the former entered the southeastern corner of the former Austro-Hungarian ruled province of Galicia.

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Russo-Japanese War

The Russo–Japanese War (Russko-yaponskaya voina; Nichirosensō; 1904–05) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea.

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Ryszard Kaczorowski

Ryszard Kaczorowski, GCMG (26 November 1919 – 10 April 2010) was a Polish statesman.

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Salvador Minguijón Adrián

Salvador Minguijón Adrián (1874-1959) was a Spanish law scholar, political theorist and politician.

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Sanation

Sanation (Sanacja) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 ''Coup d'État'', and came to power in the wake of that coup.

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Saxon Palace

The Saxon Palace (pałac Saski w Warszawie) was one of the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw, Poland.

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Schwartzbard trial

The Schwartzbard trial was a sensational 1927 French murder trial in which Sholom Schwartzbard was accused of murdering the Ukrainian immigrant and head of the Ukrainian government-in-exile Symon Petliura.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Sejm

The Sejm of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.

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Sejny Uprising

The Sejny Uprising or Seinai Revolt (Powstanie sejneńskie, Seinų sukilimas) refers to a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny (Lithuanian: Seinai).

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Self-Defence of Lithuania and Belarus (1918)

Self-Defence of Lithuania and Belarus (Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi) was a voluntary military formation created during the reconstitution of sovereign Poland towards the end of World War One in the Kresy macroregion.

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Senate of Poland

The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the 'Sejm'.

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Sergei Trofimenko

Jozef Pilsudski Sergei G. Trofimenko (10 (22) September 1899 in Ryovny – 16 October 1953 in Moscow) was a Soviet military commander, active in the Russian Civil War and Second World War.

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Seweryn Wysłouch

Seweryn Wysłouch (March 19, 1900 in Pirkowicze near Drohiczyn – February 28, 1968 in Wrocław) was a legal historian and vice-rector of Wrocław University.

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Shmuel Zytomirski

Shmuel Zytomirski (שמואל ז'יטומירסקי, Szmuel Żytomirski; September 16, 1900 – 1944) was a well-known figure at the Jewish community of Lublin before and during World War II and the father of Henio Zytomirski.

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Sholom Schwartzbard

Shalom-Shmuel Schwarzbard (Самуил Исаакович Шварцбурд, Samuil Isaakovich Shvartsburd, שלום-שמואל שװאַרצבאָרד, Samuel (Sholem) Schwarzbard; 18 August 1886 – 3 March 1938) was a Russian-born French Yiddish poet of Jewish descent.

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Siedlce pogrom

Siedlce pogrom refers to the events of September 8–10 or 11, 1906, in Siedlce, (Congress) Kingdom of Poland.

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Siegmund Glücksmann

Siegmund Glücksmann (born May 30, 1884, Radocza, d. October 6, 1942, Bukhara) was a German-Jewish socialist politician.

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Sigismund Bell

The Royal Sigismund Bell (Królewski Dzwon Zygmunt or Dzwon Zygmunta) is the largest of the five bells hanging in the Sigismund Tower of the Wawel Cathedral in the Polish city of Kraków.

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Silesian Socialist Party

The Silesian Socialist Party (Śląska Partia Socjalistyczna, ŚPS) was a political party in Silesia, Poland.

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Small Constitution of 1919

The Small Constitution of 1919 was the first constitution of the Second Polish Republic.

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Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

The Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy, SDKPiL), originally the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland (SDKP), was a Marxist political party founded in 1893.

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Sokół

Sokół, or in full the "Falcon" Polish Gymnastic Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne "Sokół"), is the Polish offshoot of the Czech (pan-Slavic oriented) Sokol movement, and the oldest youth movement organization of Poland.

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Soviet invasion of Poland

The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.

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Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19

The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 was part of the campaign by the proto-Soviet Union into areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany following that country's defeat in World War I. The initially successful offensive against the Republic of Estonia ignited the Estonian War of Independence which ended with the Soviet recognition of Estonia.

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Sport in Września

Sport in Września - there are several sports facilities in Września, Poland.

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Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz

Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz (Станіслаў Булак-Балаховіч, Станисла́в Була́к-Балахо́вич; 12 November 1883 – 28 November 1940) was a notable general, military commander and veteran of World War I, Russian Civil War, Estonian War of Independence, Polish-Bolshevik War and the Invasion of Poland at the start of World War II.

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Stanisław Car

Stanisław Car was a Polish politician, lawyer, Marshal of the Sejm, deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Justice.

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Stanisław Grabski

Stanisław Grabski (April 5, 1871 in Borów, Łowicz County – May 6, 1949 in Sulejówek) was a Polish economist and politician, member of the Sejm, associated with the National Democracy political camp.

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Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki

Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki (1894–1939) was a Polish military commander and a general of the Polish Army.

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Stanisław Haller

Stanisław Haller (April 26, 1872 – April 1940) was a Polish politician and general, also cousin of General Józef Haller von Hallenburg of Haller coat of arms.

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Stanisław Janikowski

Stanisław Leopold Janikowski (February 17, 1891 – September 23, 1965) was a Polish diplomat and an Etruscologist.

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Stanisław Mackiewicz

Stanisław "Cat" Mackiewicz (18 December 1896 in Saint Petersburg, Russia – 18 February 1966 in Warsaw, Poland) was a conservative Polish writer, journalist and monarchist.

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Stanisław Maczek

General Stanisław Maczek (31 March 1892 – 11 December 1994) was a Polish tank commander of World War II, whose division was instrumental in the Allied liberation of France, closing the Falaise pocket, resulting in the destruction of 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions.

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Stanisław Mikołajczyk

Stanisław Mikołajczyk (18 July 1901 – 13 December 1966) was a Polish politician.

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Stanisław Narutowicz

Stanisław Narutowicz (Stanislovas Narutavičius) (2 September 1862, Brewiki, Kovno Governorate – 31 December 1932, Kaunas, Lithuania) was a lawyer and politician, one of the twenty signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania and brother to the first president of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz.

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Stanisław Patek

Stanisław Patek (May 1, 1866 – August 25, 1944), Polish lawyer and diplomat, served as Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1919 to 1920.

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Stanisław Stroński

Stanisław Stroński (1882 – 1955) was a Polish philologist, publicist and politician (a National Democracy Sejm deputy).

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Stanisław Szeptycki

Count Stanisław Maria Szeptycki (3 November 1867 – 9 October 1950) was a Polish count, general and military commander.

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Stanisław Wojciechowski

Stanisław Wojciechowski (15 March 1869 – 9 April 1953) was a Polish politician, scholar, and activist in the cooperative movement.

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Stanisław Zakrzewski

Stanisław Zakrzewski (December 13, 1873 in Warsaw – March 15, 1936 in Lwow) was a Polish historian.

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Stanislaw Kostka Łukomski

Stanislaw Kostka Łukomski (21 October 1874 – 4 November 1948) was a leading Polish bishop and right wing political activist of the early 20th century, who was possibly assassinated shortly after World War II.

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Stefan Garwatowski

Stefan Adam Garwatowski or Gerwatowski (born 1931) is a Polish painter.

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Stefan Jędrychowski

Stefan Jędrychowski (19 May 1910 – 26 May 1996) was a Polish journalist and communist politician, who served as deputy prime minister, foreign minister and finance minister in Poland.

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Stefan Kossecki

Stefan Kossecki (1889 - 1940) was a soldier of the Imperial Russian Army, and Colonel of Infantry of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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Stefan Starzyński

Stefan Bronisław Starzyński (August 19, 1893, Warsaw – between December 21 and 23, 1939) was a Polish statesman, economist, military officer and Mayor of Warsaw before and during the Siege of 1939.

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Stepan Fedak

Stepan Smok Fedak (1901 in Lviv – 1945 in Berlin; aka Smok, "Dragon") was a Ukrainian independence activist who, on September 25, 1921, attempted to assassinate Poland's Chief of State, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, as the latter visited Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) for the opening of that city's first Eastern Trade Fair.

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Stephen Báthory

Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).

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Street names of Warsaw

Warsaw is the capital of Poland.

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Strike of the generals

The strike of the generals was a joint resignation of a group of officers of the Polish Army in October 1924.

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Stronnictwo Chłopskie

Stronnictwo Chłopskie (Peasant Party) was a Polish political party, active from 1926 to 1931 in the Second Polish Republic.

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Sulejówek

Sulejówek is a town in Poland, about 18 km east of Warsaw city centre and part of its metropolitan area.

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Supreme Audit Office (Poland)

The Supreme Audit Office (abbreviated NIK) is the supreme audit institution and also one of the oldest state institutions in Poland, created under the Second Republic on February 7, 1919, barely 3 months after the restoration of Poland's independence.

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Supreme National Committee

Naczelny Komitet Narodowy (Supreme National Committee, NKN) was a quasi-government for the Poles in Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 1914-1917.

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Suwałki Agreement

The Suwałki Agreement, Treaty of Suvalkai, or Suwalki Treaty (Umowa suwalska, Suvalkų sutartis) was an agreement signed in the town of Suwałki between Poland and Lithuania on October 7, 1920.

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Symon Petliura

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist.

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Sypniewski

The surname Sypniewski is of Polish origin and centered on the Oder region where families bearing this surname are still found today.

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Szlama Grzywacz

Szlama Grzywacz (1909-1944) was one of the members of the French resistance executed at the fort of Mont Valérien as a member of the Manouchian group, a volunteer of the French liberation army FTP-MOI.

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Sztafeta

Sztafeta (English: Relay Race) is a 1939 compendium of literary reportage written by Melchior Wańkowicz.

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Szymon Askenazy

Szymon Askenazy (December 24, 1865, Zawichost – June 22, 1935, Warsaw) was a Jewish-Polish historian, educator, statesman and diplomat, founder of the Askenazy school.

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Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz

Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz (1852January 9, 1916) was a Polish realist painter from around the turn-of-the-century, best known for his battle-scenes, portraits, landscapes and paintings of horses.

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Tadeusz Hołówko

Tadeusz Hołówko (September 17, 1889 – August 29, 1931), codename Kirgiz, was an interwar Polish politician, diplomat and author of many articles and books.

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Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski

Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski (19 May 1866 – 18 October 1928) was a Polish military commander, diplomat, and politician, a general of the Austro-Hungarian Army and then the Polish Army.

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Tadeusz Pełczyński

Tadeusz Pełczyński (codenames: Grzegorz, Adam, Wolf, Robak; Warsaw, 14 February 1892 – 3 January 1985, London) was a Polish Army major general (generał brygady), intelligence officer and chief of the General Staff's Section II (the military intelligence section).

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Tadeusz Pruszkowski

Tadeusz Pruszkowski (15 April 1888, Borucice - 30 June 1942, Warsaw) was a Polish painter and art teacher, known primarily for his portraits.

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Tadeusz Puszczyński

Tadeusz Puszczyński (nom de guerre: "Konrad Wawelberg"; February 2, 1895 in Piotrków Trybunalski – February 24, 1939 in Warsaw) was a Polish military intelligence officer who commanded the Polish General Staff's Destruction Group during the Third Silesian Uprising.

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Tadeusz Schaetzel

Tadeusz Schaetzel de Merxhausen (1891–1971) was a Polish Army colonel, intelligence officer, Promethean leader, diplomat and politician.

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Targi Wschodnie

The Eastern Trade Fair or Targi Wschodnie in Polish was a major trade fair in interbellum Poland.

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Temple of Divine Providence

The Temple of Divine Providence (Świątynia Opatrzności Bożej), in southern Warsaw's Wilanów district, is one of the most important Roman Catholic buildings in Poland.

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Temporary Commission of Confederated Independence Parties

The Temporary Coordinating Commission of Confederated Independence Parties (Komisja Tymczasowa Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodległościowych, KTSSN) formed on 10 November 1912 in the Austrian Partition on the eve of World War One.

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Ternopil

Ternopil (Ternopil',; Tarnopol; Ternopol'; Tarnopol; Ternepol/Tarnopl; Tarnopol) is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River.

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The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma

The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma (Polish title: Kariera Nikodema Dyzmy) is a 1932 Polish bestselling novel by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz.

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The Chairman's Ear

The Chairman's Ear (Polish: Ucho Prezesa) is a Polish political satire web series broadcast since 9 January 2017 on YouTube, and since 15 February 2017 on Showmax.

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The March of Time

The March of Time is an American short film series sponsored by Time Inc. and shown in movie theaters from 1935 to 1951.

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The Seven Lancers of Belina

The Seven Lancers of Belina, also called The Belina’s Seven and The Seven Uhlans (Polish: Ulanska siodemka) was a name given to a mounted reconnaissance group of the Riflemen's Association.

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Timeline of Polish history

This is a timeline of Polish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Poland and its predecessor states.

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Tomasz Arciszewski

Tomasz Stefan Arciszewski (4 November 1877 – 20 November 1955) was a Polish socialist politician, a member of the Polish Socialist Party and the 31st Prime Minister of Poland, 3rd Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile in London from 1944 to 1947, presiding over the period when the government lost the recognition of the Western powers.

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Toruń

Toruń (Thorn) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River.

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Toruń gingerbread

Toruń gingerbread (pierniki toruńskie, Thorner Lebkuchen) is a traditional Polish gingerbread that has been produced since the Middle Ages in the city of Toruń.

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Treaty of Warsaw (1920)

The Treaty of Warsaw (also the Polish-Ukrainian or Petliura-Piłsudski Alliance or Agreement) of April 1920 was a military-economical alliance between the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petliura, against Bolshevik Russia.

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Truskavets

Truskavets (Трускавець, translit. Truskavets; Truskawiec; טרוסקעוויץ Truskevitz) is a city in western Ukraine's Lviv Oblast (region), near the border with Poland.

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Tunka

Tunka (Тунка) is a village (selo) in Tunkinsky District of the Buryat Republic, Russia, located southwest of Irkutsk in the Tunka Valley.

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Tytus Filipowicz

Tytus Filipowicz (1873–1953) was a Polish politician and diplomat.

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Uhlan

Uhlans (Polish: Ułan; German: Ulan) were Polish light cavalry armed with lances, sabres and pistols.

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Ukrainian Military Organization

The Ukrainian Military Organization (Українська Військова Організація, UVO) was a Ukrainian nationalist resistance and sabotage movement active in the Poland's Eastern part of Lesser Poland (Eastern Galicia) during the years between the world wars.

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Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic, or Ukrainian National Republic (abbreviated to УНР), was a predecessor of modern Ukraine declared on 10 June 1917 following the Russian Revolution.

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Ukrainian War of Independence

The Ukrainian War of Independence was a period of sustained warlike conflict lasting from 1917 to 1921, which resulted in the establishment and development of a Ukrainian republic, later a part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Ukrainian–Soviet War

The Ukrainian–Soviet War (Українсько-радянська війна) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks.

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Union of Active Struggle

Związek Walki Czynnej (abbreviation: ZWC; Union of Active Struggle; also translated as Union for Active Struggle and Union for Active Resistance) was a Polish secret military organization founded in June 1908 in Lwów by Józef Piłsudski, Marian Kukiel, Kazimierz Sosnkowski and Władysław Sikorski, all members of the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party's Revolutionary Faction.

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University of Warsaw

The University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Universitas Varsoviensis), established in 1816, is the largest university in Poland.

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Vasil Tkachuk

Vasil Tkachuk (Ukrainian: Василь Ткачук) (13 January 1916 in Illintsi village (ukr.: Іллінці), nowadays Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (ukr.: Івано-Франківська область) – 19 October 1944 in East Prussia), Ukrainian self-taught writer-poet, eulogist of hutsulshtchina (ukr.: Гуцульщина), political and social activist.

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Vasily Korzh

Vasily (Vasil) Zakharovich Korzh (Васіль Захаравіч Корж, Василий Захарович Корж; 13 January 18995 May 1967), also known under the Soviet partisan nom de guerre "Komarov", was a Belarusian communist activist and Soviet World War II hero.

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Veli bek Jedigar

Veli bek Jedigar (1897 - 1971) was a soldier of the Imperial Russian Army and officer of both the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic and the Home Army.

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Viche Maidan (Ivano-Frankivsk)

Viche Maidan (Вічевий майдан) is a city square located in the center of Ivano-Frankivsk.

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Vilna offensive

The Vilna offensive was a campaign of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921.

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Vilnius

Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,221.

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Vilnius County

Vilnius County (Vilniaus apskritis) is the largest of the 10 counties of Lithuania, located in the east of the country around the city Vilnius.

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Vilnius University

Vilnius University (Vilniaus universitetas; former names exist) is the oldest university in the Baltic states and one of the oldest in Northern Europe.

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Virtuti Militari

The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: "For Military Virtue", Polish: Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.

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Volochysk

Volochysk (Волочиськ, וואָלאָטשיסק) is a small city located on the left bank of the Zbruch River in Khmelnytskyi Oblast (province) of western Ukraine.

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Volunteer Army (Poland)

The Volunteer Army (Armia Ochotnicza) was a military formation of the Polish Army, created at the height of the Polish–Soviet War.

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Wacław Gluth-Nowowiejski

Wacław Gluth-Nowowiejski (Wacek) (born 10 June 1926 in Warsaw) is a former soldier of the Polish Home Army (AK), a participant in the Warsaw Uprising, and after the war, a publicist and author.

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Wacław Jędrzejewicz

General Wacław Jędrzejewicz (29 January 1893 – 30 November 1993) was a Polish Army officer, diplomat, politician and historian, and subsequently an American college professor.

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Wacław Kostek-Biernacki

Wacław Kostek-Biernacki (1882–1957) was a Polish interwar politician and a popular fantasy writer (pen name Brunon Kostecki) Collection of short stories and novellas.

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Wacław Lipiński

Wacław Lipiński (1896–1949) was a Polish historian, military officer and resistance fighter, lieutenant colonel in the Polish Army of the Second Polish Republic, recipient of Polish highest military decoration, the Order of Virtuti Militari.

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Wacław Stachiewicz

Wacław Teofil Stachiewicz (19 November 1894 – 12 November 1973) was a Polish writer, geologist, military commander and a general of the Polish Army.

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Walerian Czuma

Walerian Czuma (24 December 1890 – 7 April 1962) was a Polish general and military commander.

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Walery Roman

Walery Roman (1877-1952) was a Polish lawyer and politician.

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Walery Sławek

Walery Jan Sławek (2 November 1879 – 3 April 1939) was a Polish politician, military officer and activist, who in the early 1930s served three times as Prime Minister of Poland.

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Walrus moustache

The walrus moustache is characterized by whiskers that are thick, bushy, and drop over the mouth.

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Wanda Gertz

Major Wanda Gertz (13 April 1896 – 10 November 1958) was a Polish woman of noble birth, who began her military career in the Polish Legion during World War I, dressed as a man, under the pseudonym of "Kazimierz 'Kazik' Zuchowicz".

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Wanda Piłsudska

Wanda Piłsudska (7 February 1918 – 16 January 2001) was a daughter of Józef Piłsudski, and a psychiatrist by profession.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warsaw Accord

The Warsaw Accord was signed on 17 March 1922 by Finland, Poland, Estonia and Latvia, but the Finnish parliament failed to ratify it and therefore it never entered into force.

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Warsaw Citadel

Warsaw Citadel (Polish: Cytadela Warszawska) is a 19th-century fortress in Warsaw, Poland.

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Wawel

Wawel is a fortified architectural complex erected over many centuries atop a limestone outcrop on the left bank of the Vistula river in Kraków, Poland, at an altitude of 228 metres above sea level.

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Wawel Cathedral

The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.

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Władysław Anders

Władysław Albert Anders (11 August 1892 – 12 May 1970) was a general in the Polish Army and later in life a politician and prominent member of the Polish government-in-exile in London.

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Władysław Belina-Prażmowski

Władysław Zygmunt Belina-Prażmowski (3 May 1888 in Ruszkowiec – 13 October 1938 in Venice), was a Polish cavalryman, colonel and politician.

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Władysław Broniewski

Władysław Broniewski (December 17, 1897, Płock – February 10, 1962, Warsaw) was a Polish poet and soldier.

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Władysław Filipkowski

Władysław Filipkowski (noms de guerre Cis and Janka; May 1, 1892–April 17, 1950) was a Polish military commander and a professional officer of the Polish Army.

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Władysław Langner

Władysław Langner (18 June 1896, Jaworów — 28 September 1972) was a Polish general, best known as commander of the Siege of Lwów in 1939.

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Władysław Marian Jakowicki

Władysław Maria Jakowicki (1885 – ca.1940/1942) was a Polish soldier, physician and an academic.

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Władysław Mazurkiewicz (physician)

Władysław Mazurkiewicz (1871–1933) was a Polish physician and professor at the University of Warsaw.

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Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski

Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski (1899–1962) was a Polish soldier, historian and journalist.

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Władysław Raczkiewicz

Władysław Raczkiewicz (28 January 1885 – 6 June 1947) was a Polish politician, lawyer, diplomat and the first president of the Polish government in exile from 1939 until his death in 1947.

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Władysław Sikorski

Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (20 May 1881 – 4 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.

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Władysław Studnicki

Władysław Gizbert-Studnicki, a Polish politician and publicist, was born on November 15, 1867 in Daugavpils, Russian Empire (current Latvia), into a patriotic Polish noble family of the Kresy region.

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Władysław Tatarkiewicz

Władysław Tatarkiewicz (3 April 1886, Warsaw – 4 April 1980, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, historian of philosophy, historian of art, esthetician, and ethicist.

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Władysław Wejtko

Władysław Wejtko (1859-1933) was an Imperial Russian Army general of Polish descent.

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Władysław Wróblewski

Władysław Wróblewski (21 March 1875, Kraków – 19 August 1951, Łódź) was a Polish szlachcic, politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer.

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Włatcy móch

Włatcy móch is a Polish adult animated comedy series, which had been on the Polish TV channel TV4 between November 2006 and December 2011.

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Włodzimierz Zagórski (general)

Włodzimierz Zagórski of the Clan of Ostoja (born January 21, 1882 in Saint-Martin-Lantosque, France – disappeared August 6, 1927 en route from Wilno to Warsaw) was an Austro-Hungary military intelligence soldier, Polish brigadier general, staff officer, and aviator.

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We Are the First Brigade

"My, Pierwsza Brygada" (We Are the First Brigade), also known as Marsz Pierwszej Brygady (The March of the First Brigade) and Legiony to żołnierska nuta (The Legions Are a Soldiers' Song), was one of the best-known songs of the Polish Legions formed during World War I by Józef Piłsudski.

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Wesoła

Wesoła is one of the districts of Warsaw, and has been since October 27, 2002.

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West Ukrainian People's Republic

The West Ukrainian People's Republic (Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка., Zakhidnoukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika, ZUNR) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia.

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Western Belorussia

Western Belorussia or Western Belarus (Заходняя Беларусь: Zachodniaja Biełaruś; Zachodnia Białoruś; Западная Белоруссия: Zapadnaja Belorussija) is a historical region of modern-day Belarus comprising the territory which belonged to the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period in accordance with the international peace treaties.

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Western Krai

Western Krai (Западный край) is an unofficial name of the westernmost parts of the Russian Empire, excluding the territory of Congress Poland.

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Wiesław Adamski

Wiesław Adamski (26 July 1947 – 10 February 2017) was a Polish sculptor.

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Wilhelm Orlik-Rückemann

Wilhelm Orlik-Rückemann (1894–1986) was a Polish general, military commander and one of the pioneers of armoured warfare in Poland.

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Wilno school massacre

The Wilno school massacre was a school shooting that occurred on May 6, 1925 at the Joachim Lelewel High School in Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania).

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Wincenty Kowalski

Wincenty Kowalski (1892–1984) was a Polish military commander and a general of the Polish Army.

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Wincenty Witos

Wincenty Witos (22 January 1874 – 31 October 1945) was a prominent member of the Polish People's Party (PSL) from 1895, and leader of its "Piast" faction from 1913.

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Wojciech Korfanty

Wojciech Korfanty (born Adalbert Korfanty, IPA) (20 April 1873 - 17 August 1939) was a Polish activist, journalist and politician, who served as a member of the German parliaments, the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, and later, in the Polish Sejm.

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Woman in Bronze

Woman in Bronze is a novel by Canadian-Lithuanian Antanas Sileika.

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Workers' Defence Committee

The Workers' Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR) was a Polish civil society group that was founded by Antoni Macierewicz to give aid to prisoners and their families after the June 1976 protests and ensuing government crackdown.

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Wrocław Główny railway station

Wrocław Główny (Polish for Wrocław main station) is the largest and most important passenger station of the southwestern Polish city of Wrocław.

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Yefim Baranovich

Yefim Vikentyevich Baranovich (Ефи́м Вике́нтьевич Бара́нович; 1884–1948) was an Imperial Russian and Soviet career military officer whose service spanned the Russo-Japanese War, World War I, the Russian Civil War and the concurrent Polish-Soviet War, and World War II.

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Zakopane

Zakopane is a town in the extreme south of Poland.

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Zalavas

Zalavas (Zułowo, Зулаў, Zulaŭ) is a small village in Švenčionys district municipality, Lithuania.

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Zalewski

Zalewski (feminine: Zalewska, plural: Zalewscy) is a Polish-language surname.

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Zalishchyky

Zalishchyky (Zalishchyky), also spelled Zalischyky, is a small city located on the Dniester river in the southern part of the Ternopil Oblast (province), in western Ukraine.

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Zamach stanu

Zamach stanu (film) is a Polish historical film.

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Zbigniew Kabata

Zbigniew 'Bob' Kabata, CM (17 March 1924 – 4 July 2014) was a Polish parasitologist, veteran of the Polish Armia Krajowa during World War II,Marian S. Mazgaj, "In the Polish Secret War: Memoir of a World War II Freedom Fighter", McFarland, 2008, pg.

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Zdzisław Krasnodębski

Zdzisław Krasnodębski alias Król (10 July 1904 in Wola Osowińska – 3 July 1980 in Toronto) was a pilot, founder and commander of Squadron 303.

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Zdzisław Lubomirski

Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski (1865–1943) was a Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, a conservative politician and social activist.

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Zdzisław Zakrzewski

Zdzisław Zakrzewski, of the Jastrzębiec coat of arms (11 November 1919 in Lwów – 21 March 2013 in Hayward, California) was a Polish-American optical engineer, philanthropist, banker, a veteran of Poland’s defensive struggle in September 1939, and a social and political activist.

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Zinaida Gippius

Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius (– 9 September 1945) was a Russian poet, playwright, novelist, editor and religious thinker, one of the major figures in Russian symbolism.

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Zofia Praussowa

Zofia Praussowa (September 3, 1878 - January 27, 1945) was a Polish politician, activist of the Polish Socialist Party, member of Polish Sejm (1922-1930), labor inspector and feminist.

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Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet

Związek Pracy Obywatelskiej Kobiet (ZPOK) was a Polish women's organisation.

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Zygmunt Berling

Zygmunt Henryk Berling (27 April 1896 – 11 July 1980) was a Polish general and politician.

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Zygmunt Janiszewski

Zygmunt Janiszewski (June 12, 1888 – January 3, 1920) was a Polish mathematician.

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Zygmunt Marek

Zygmunt Marek (born March 17, 1872 in Kraków, died 1931 in Kraków) was a Polish socialist politician.

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Zygmunt Szczotkowski

Zygmunt Franciszek Szczotkowski (b. September 17, 1877All dates in this article, unless specified otherwise, are written according to the New Style in Warsaw, died February 9, 1943 in Bieżanów) was a Polish mining engineer and the first Polish manager of the Janina Coal Mine in Libiąż.

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Zygmunt Wojciechowski

Zygmunt Wojciechowski (27 April 1900 – 14 October 1955) was a Polish historian and nationalist politician.

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10 złotych note

The 10 Polish Złotych note is the lowest value złoty banknote and has been used since the redenomination of the złoty in 1995.

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10th Infantry Regiment (Poland)

10th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 10 Pulk Piechoty, 10 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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11th Infantry Regiment (Poland)

11th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 11 Pulk Piechoty, 11 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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11th Legions Uhlan Regiment

11th Legions Infantry Regiment of Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz (Polish language: 11 Pulk Ulanów Legionowych im. Marszalka Edwarda Smiglego-Rydza, 11 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army, which existed in 1918 - 1939.

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12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment

12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 12 Pulk Ulanów Podolskich, 12 p. ul) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army.

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13th Infantry Division (Poland)

13th Kresy Infantry Division (Polish: 13 Kresowa Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period.

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13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment

The 13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment (13 Pułk Ułanów Wileńskich) was a unit of the Polish army between World War I and World War II.

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14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment

14th Jazlowiec Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 14 Pulk Ulanów Jazlowieckich, 14 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic, also a unit of Polish Armed Forces in the West and the Home Army.

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15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment

15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment (15 Pułk Ułanów Poznańskich; 15 p.uł.) – unit of Polish cavalry, part of Greater Polands Army, Polish Army of Second Republic and Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II.

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15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Poland)

15th Wolves Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 15 Pulk Piechoty Wilkow, 15 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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16th Army (RSFSR)

The 16th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War era.

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16th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 16th Pomeranian Infantry Division (16.) is a military unit of the Polish Army.

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1867

No description.

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18th Infantry Regiment (Poland)

18th Infantry Regiment (Polish language: 18 Pulk Piechoty, 18 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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18th Reconnaissance Regiment

18th Reconnaissance Regiment (18 Pułk Rozpoznawczy) is a unit of the Polish Land Forces and is based in Białystok.

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1918

This year is famous for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the flu pandemic, that killed 50-100 million people worldwide.

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1919 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1919.

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1919 Polish coup attempt

The Polish Coup of early January 1919 was an unsuccessful coup d'etat in Poland.

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1919 Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania

The Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania refers to a failed attempt by Polish statesman Józef Piłsudski to overthrow the existing Lithuanian government of Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževičius, and install a pro-Polish cabinet that would agree to a union with Poland.

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1920s

The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929.

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1921 in France

Events from the year 1921 in France.

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1923 Kraków riot

The 1923 Kraków riot was a violent riot that took place during a strike on 6 November 1923 in Kraków, Poland.

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1926

No description.

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1926 Lithuanian coup d'état

The 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état (Lithuanian: 1926-ųjų perversmas) was a military coup d'état in Lithuania that resulted in the replacement of the democratically elected government with a conservative authoritarian government led by Antanas Smetona.

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1930s

The 1930s (pronounced "nineteen-thirties", commonly abbreviated as the "Thirties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1930, and ended on December 31, 1939.

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1935

No description.

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1936 in Poland

On May 15, 1936, president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki designed the government under prime minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, who replaced Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski.

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1937 in Poland

On May 15, 1936, president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki designed the government under prime minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski.

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1938 in Poland

On May 15, 1936, president of Poland Ignacy Mościcki designed the government under prime minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski.

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1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania

The 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania was an ultimatum delivered to Lithuania by Poland on March 17, 1938.

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1939 New York World's Fair

The 1939–40 New York World's Fair, which covered the of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair), was the second most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St.

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19th Relief of Lwow Infantry Regiment

19th Relief of Lwów Infantry Regiment (Polish: 19 Pulk Piechoty Odsieczy Lwowa, 19 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment

19th Volhynian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 19. Pulk Ulanów Wolynskich, 19 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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1st Brigade, Polish Legions

Brigade I of the Polish Legions (I Brygada Legionów Polskich) was a unit of Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Poles under Austrian occupation, part of the Polish Legions in World War I, existing from 1914 to 1917.

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1st Cavalry Division (Poland)

The Polish 1st Cavalry Division (Polish: 1 Dywizja Jazdy, later 1 Dywizja Kawalerii) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars.

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1st Legions Infantry Division (Poland)

Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division (1. Dywizja Piechoty Legionów) was a tactical unit of the Polish Army between the World Wars.

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23rd Grodno Uhlan Regiment

23rd Grodno Uhlan Regiment (Polish: 23 Pulk Ulanow Grodzienskich, 23 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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29th Infantry Division (Poland)

29th Grodno Infantry Division (Polish: 29 Grodzienska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army during the interbellum period.

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2nd Brigade, Polish Legions

Brigade II of the Polish Legions (II Brygada Legionów Polskich), also known as the Iron (Żelazna) or Carpathian (Karpacka) Brigade, a unit of Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Austrian Poles, part of the Polish Legions in World War I, that existed from 1914 or 1915 till 1918.

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36th Infantry Regiment (Poland)

The 36th Infantry Regiment of the Academic Legion (Polish 36 pułk piechoty Legii Akademickiej, 36pp) was a Polish military unit.

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3rd Brigade, Polish Legions

Brigade III of the Polish Legions (III Brygada Legionów Polskich) was a unit of the Austro-Hungarian Army, manned by Austrian Poles.

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3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

The 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held during 25 April - 10 May 1905 in London, UK.

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3rd Silesian Uhlan Regiment

Third Silesian Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 3 Pulk Ulanów Slaskich, 3 pul) was a cavalry regiment of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic and armoured regiment of the Polish Armed Forces in the West.

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4th Cavalry Brigade (Poland)

The IV Cavalry Brigade (Polish IV Brygada Kawalerii) was a unit of the Polish Army during the Polish-Bolshevik War and later in the inter-war period.

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4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment

4th Niemen Uhlan Regiment (Polish language: 4 Pulk Ulanów Zaniemenskich, 4 pul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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4th Rifle Division (Poland)

The Polish 4th Rifle Division (4.) was a Polish military unit, forming, together with the Polish 5th Rifle Division of the Blue Army, the only part of the Polish military which took part in the Russian Civil War.

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5th Infantry Division (Poland)

5th Lwów Infantry Division (Polish: 5 Lwowska Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period, with headquarters stationed in Lwów.

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5th Legions' Infantry Regiment

5th Legions Infantry Regiment of Józef Piłsudski (Polish: 5 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego, 4 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army in 1918–1939.

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6th Legions' Infantry Regiment

6th Legions Infantry Regiment of Józef Piłsudski (Polish: 6 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego, 6 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Legions and the Polish Army.

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7th Lublin Uhlan Regiment

7th Lublin Uhlan Regiment of General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (Polish language: 7 Pulk Ulanow Lubelskich im. gen. Kazimierza Sosnkowskiego, 7 p.ul.) was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic and in the Polish Armed Forces in the West.

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8th Legions' Infantry Regiment

8th Legions Infantry Regiment (Polish: 8 Pulk Piechoty Legionow, 8 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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9th Infantry Division (Poland)

The 9th Infantry Division (9 Dywizja Piechoty) was a unit of the Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

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9th Legions' Infantry Regiment

9th Legions Infantry Regiment (Polish: 9 Pulk Piechoty Legionow, 9 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army.

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Redirects here:

Josef Clemens Pilsudski, Josef Klemens Pilsudski, Josef Pilsudski, Joseph Pilsudski, Joseph Pisudski, Jozef Klemens Pilsudski, Jozef Pilsucki, Jozef Pilsudski, Jozef Pilsudsky, Jozef Pilsudzki, Jozef Piłsudski, Jósef Clemens Pilsudski, Józef Klemens Piłsudski, Józef Pilsucki, Józef Pilsudski, Józef Piłsudzki, Marshal Piłsudski, Marszałek Piłsudski, Pilsudski, Pilsudski, Jozef Klemens, Pilsudsky, Piłsudski, Piłsudski, Józef Klemens.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Józef_Piłsudski

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