Kingdom of León

The Kingdom of León (Astur-Leonese: Reinu de Llïón, Reino de León, Reino de León, Reino de Leão, Regnum Legionense) was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. ^[1]

A Rúa

A Rúa is a mostly rural Galician municipality in the comarca of Valdeorras, eastern province of Ourense, 101 km (63 mi) from the provincial capital, Ourense.

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Abbadid dynasty

The Abbadid dynasty or Abbadids (Arabic,بنو عباد) was an Arab Muslim dynasty which arose in Al-Andalus on the downfall of the Caliphate of Cordoba (756–1031).

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Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos

Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey (Monasterio de Santo Domingo de Silos) is a Benedictine monastery in the village of Santo Domingo de Silos in the southern part of Burgos Province in northern Spain.

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Abd ar-Rahman III

Abd ar-Rahman III (′Abd ar-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn ′Abd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn ′abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Hakam ar-Rabdi ibn Hisham ibn ′abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil; عبد الرحمن الثالث; 11 January 889/9115 October 961) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba (912–961) of the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus.

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Afonso I of Portugal

Afonso IOr also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence.

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Afonso V of Portugal

Afonso V KG (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), called the African, was King of Portugal and of the Algarves.

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Aftasid dynasty

The Aftasid dynasty (from the Arabic بنو الأفطس Banu-l'Aftas or Banu al-Aftas) was a Berber Miknasa dynasty centered in Badajoz (1022–1094) in Al Andalus (Moorish Iberia).

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Age of Empires II: The Conquerors

Age of Empires II: The Conquerors is the expansion pack to the 1999 real-time strategy game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings.

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Agnes of Babenberg

Not to be confused with Agnes of Brandenburg Agnes of Babenberg (Agnes von Babenberg, Agnieszka Babenberg; b. ca. 1108/13 – d. 24/25 January 1163), was a German noblewoman, a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Al-Hakam II

Al-Hakam II (Abū'l-ʿĀs al-Mustansir bi-llāh al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd ar-Rahmān; January 13, 915 – October 16, 976) was the second Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd-ar-Rahman III and Murjan.

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Al-Mundhir of Córdoba

Al-Mundhir (المنذر) (c. 842 – 888) was Emir of Córdoba from 886 to 888.

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Alcalde

Alcalde, or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions.

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Aldonza Martínez de Silva

Aldonza Martínez de Silva (Portuguese: Aldonça Martins da Silva, died after 1236) a Portuguese noblewoman, daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva and his wife Urraca Rodríguez, was one of the mistresses of King Alfonso IX of León and afterwards, the wife of Diego Froilaz.

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Alférez

In medieval Iberia, an alférez or alferes was a high-ranking official in the household of a king or magnate.

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Alfonso de la Cerda

Alfonso de la Cerda, (Valladolid 1270 - Ávila 1333), called "the disinherited," was the elder son of Ferdinand de la Cerda and his wife Blanche of France, and was a grandson of Alfonso X of Castile.

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Alfonso Fróilaz

Alfonso Fróilaz, called the Hunchback (Spanish el Jorobado), was briefly the king of the unified kingdom of Asturias, Galicia and León in 925.

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Alfonso I of Asturias

Alfonso I of Asturias, called the Catholic (el Católico), (c. 693 – 757) was the third King of Asturias, reigning from 739 to his death in 757.

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Alfonso III of Asturias

Alfonso III (20 December 910), called the Great (el Magno), was the king of León, Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death.

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Alfonso IV of León

Alfonso IV (s933), called the Monk (el Monje), was King of León from 925 (or 926) and King of Galicia from 929, until he abdicated in 931.

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Alfonso IX of León

Alfonso IX (15 August 117123 or 24 September 1230) was king of León and Galicia from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death.

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Alfonso of Molina

Alfonso of León, Lord of Molina (1202 – 6 January 1272) was an infante (prince) of León and Castile, the son of King Alfonso IX of León and his second wife Queen Berengaria of Castile.

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Alfonso Ramírez (count)

Alfonso Ramírez (fl. 1150–1185) was a Spanish nobleman of the Kingdom of León, who ruled the Bierzo intermittently between 1167 and his death.

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Alfonso the Battler

Alfonso I (1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (el Batallador), was the king of Aragon and Pamplona from 1104 until his death in 1134.

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Alfonso und Estrella

(Alfonso and Estrella), 732, is an opera with music by Franz Schubert, set to a German libretto by Franz von Schober, written in 1822.

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Alfonso V of León

Alfonso V (9947 August 1028), called the Noble, was King of León from 999 to 1028.

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Alfonso VI of León and Castile

Alfonso VI (1 July 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was the son of King Ferdinand I of León and Queen Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V and sister of Bermudo III.

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Alfonso VII of León and Castile

Alfonso VII (1 March 110521 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126.

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Alfonso VIII of Castile

Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of the Navas (el de las Navas), was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo.

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Alfonso X of Castile

Alfonso X (also occasionally Alphonso, Alphonse, or Alfons, 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284), called the Wise (el Sabio), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284.

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Alfonso XI of Castile

Alfonso XI of Castile (13 August 131126/27 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia.

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Alfonso XII of Spain

Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a revolution deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Aljafería

The Aljafería Palace (Palacio de la Aljafería; قصر الجعفرية, tr. Qasr al-Jaʿfariya) is a fortified medieval Islamic palace built during the second half of the 11th century in the Taifa of Zaragoza of Al-Andalus, present day Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.

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Almanzor

Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad bin ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir, al-Ḥājib al-Manṣūr (أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر الحاجب المنصور) (c. 938 – August 8, 1002), better known as Almanzor, was for 24 years (978–1002) the de facto ruler of Muslim Iberia (al-Andalus) under the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (Khilāfat Qurṭuba).

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Almoravid dynasty

The Almoravid dynasty (Imṛabḍen, ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⴻⵏ; المرابطون, Al-Murābiṭūn) was an imperial Berber Muslim dynasty centered in Morocco.

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Alonso Díaz de Montalvo

Alonso Díaz de Montalvo (1405–1499) was a Spanish jurist.

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Anne de Mortimer

Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (27 December 1390 – c. 22 September 1411), was the mother of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and the grandmother of King Edward IV and King Richard III.

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Anscarids

The Anscarids (Anscarii) or the House of Ivrea were a medieval Frankish dynasty of Burgundian origin which rose to prominence in Italy in the tenth century, even briefly holding the Italian throne.

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Ansur Fernández

Ansur, Assur, or Asur Fernández (died 947/50) was a powerful Castilian nobleman and military leader in the Kingdom of León during the reign of Ramiro II.

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Antipope Gregory VIII

Gregory VIII (died 1137), born Mauritius Burdinus (Maurice Bourdin), was antipope from 10 March 1118 until 22 April 1121.

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Archivo General de Simancas

The General Archive of Simancas (also known by its acronym, AGS) is an official archive located in the castle of Simancas, province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain.

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Ardón

Ardón is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Arias Pérez

Arias Pérez or Peres (fl. 1110–1129) was a Galician knight and military leader in the Kingdom of León.

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Arrigorriaga

Arrigorriaga is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.

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Astorga, Spain

Astorga is a municipality and city of Spain located in the central area of the province of León, in the autonomous community of Castilla y León, southwest of the provincial capital.

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Astur-Leonese dynasty

The Asturian or Astur-Leonese dynasty (dinastía asturiana or astur-leonesa), known in Arabic as the Beni Alfons or Banu Alfonso ("sons of Alfonso"), was the ruling family of Asturias, Galicia and León from about 740 until 1037.

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Astur-Leonese languages

Astur-Leonese is a group of closely related Romance languages of the West Iberian branch, including.

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Asturian architecture

Pre-Romanesque architecture in Asturias is framed between the years 711 and 910, the period of the creation and expansion of the kingdom of Asturias.

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Asturias

Asturias (Asturies; Asturias), officially the Principality of Asturias (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies), is an autonomous community in north-west Spain.

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Asturias de Oviedo

Asturias de Oviedo is one of the historical comarcas in the Kingdom of Asturias.

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Auberge de Castille

The Auberge de Castille (Berġa ta' Kastilja) is an auberge in Valletta, Malta.

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Auberge de Castille et Portugal

The Auberge de Castille et Portugal (Berġa ta' Kastilja u Portugall) was an auberge in Birgu, Malta.

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August 13

No description.

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Álvaro Herraméliz

Álvaro Herraméliz (fl. 923–931), was a Spanish noble and the count of Lantarón and of Álava in the region that today would be considered the Basque Country in northern Spain.

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Álvaro Núñez de Lara (died 1218)

Álvaro Núñez de Lara (11701218) was a Castilian nobleman who played a key role, along with other members of the House of Lara, in the political and military affairs of the Kingdoms of León and Castile around the turn of the 13th century.

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Úbeda

Úbeda (from Arabic Ubbada al-`Arab and this from Iberian Ibiut) is a town in the province of Jaén in Spain's autonomous community of Andalusia, with some 36,025 inhabitants.

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Badajoz

Badajoz (formerly written Badajos in English) is the capital of the Province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain.

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Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias

Balthasar Charles (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias, Prince of Girona, Duke of Montblanc, Count of Cervera, and Lord of Balaguer, Prince of Viana was heir apparent to all the kingdoms, states and dominions of the Spanish monarchy until his death.

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Banu Gómez

The Banu Gómez (Beni Gómez) were a powerful but fractious noble family living on the Castilian marches of the Kingdom of León from the 10th to the 12th centuries.

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Banu Qasi

The Banu Qasi, Banu Kasi, Beni Casi (بني قسي or بنو قسي, meaning "sons" or "heirs of Cassius") or Banu Musa were a Hispano-Roman Muwallad dynasty that ruled the upper Ebro valley in the 9th century, before being displaced in the first quarter of the 10th century.

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Battle of Aguioncha

The Battle of Aguioncha or Aguiuncias, the culmination of a Galician–Portuguese civil war in the Kingdom of León, was fought at the hill called Aguioncha on the river Salas in the province of Ourense between two aristocratic factions.

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Battle of Alarcos

Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was a battle between the Almohads led by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur and King Alfonso VIII of Castile.

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Battle of Alhandic

The Battle of Alhandic (Batalla de Alhandic), also known as Zamora's trench Battle (Batalla del Foso de Zamora), was a battle that occurred on August 5, 939 in the city of Zamora, Spain.

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Battle of Aljubarrota

The Battle of Aljubarrota was a battle fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile on 14 August 1385.

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Battle of Atapuerca

The Battle of Atapuerca was fought on 1 September 1054 at the site of Piedrahita ("standing stone") in the valley of Atapuerca between two brothers, King García Sánchez III of Navarre and King Ferdinand I of Castile.

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Battle of Cabra

The Battle of Cabra took place in 1079 in southern Iberia (now Spain) between two Islamic states, Granada and Seville.

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Battle of Cerneja

The Battle of Cerneja took place at Cernesa (Cerneja), an unidentified site in Galicia, in 1139/40, between the County of Portugal and the Kingdom of León.

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Battle of Cervera

The Battle of Cervera took place near Espinosa de Cervera on 29 July 1000 between the Christian troops of counts Sancho García of Castile and García Gómez of Saldaña and the Muslim Caliphate of Córdoba under the hajib Almanzor.

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Battle of Consuegra

The Battle of Consuegra was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista fought on August 15, 1097 near the village of Consuegra in the province of Castile-La Mancha between the Castilian and Leonese army of Alfonso VI and the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

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Battle of Golpejera

The Battle of Golpejera also known as Golpejar, was an internecine battle among Christian kingdoms fought in early January, 1072.

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Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.

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Battle of Llantada

The Battle of Llantada or Llantadilla was a border skirmish fought on 19 July 1068 on the banks of the Pisuerga near the frontier between León and Castile.

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Battle of Moclín (1280)

The Battle of Moclín, also known as the Disaster of Moclín, was a battle fought in the Granadian municipality of Moclín on June 23, 1280.

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Battle of Mollerussa

The Battle of Mollerussa (or Mollerusa) took place in the south of the county of Urgell on 11 or 14 September 1102.

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Battle of Ourique

The Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139: St. James Day) saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques (of the House of Burgundy) defeat the Almoravid led by Ali ibn Yusuf.

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Battle of Paterna

The Battle of Paterna (Paterna, 1065) took place between the troops of the Kingdom of Leon, under the command of Ferdinand I of León and Castile, and those of the Taifa of Valencia, commanded by Abd al-Malik ben Abd al-Aziz al-Mansur.

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Battle of Rueda

The Battle of Rueda (981) was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista between the Muslim forces of Al-Andalus, commanded by Almanzor, and the combined forces of the Christian kingdoms of Leon and Navarre, plus the County of Castile, led by King Ramiro III of Leon, García Fernández of Castile and Sancho II of Pamplona.

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Battle of Sagrajas

The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqa (translit), was a battle between the Almoravid army led by the Almoravid king Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI.

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Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917)

The Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz was a battle of the Spanish Reconquista which occurred in the year 917.

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Battle of São Mamede

The Battle of São Mamede (Batalha de São Mamede) took place on 24 June, 1128 near Guimarães and is considered the seminal event for the foundation of the Kingdom of Portugal and the battle that ensured Portugal's Independence.

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Battle of Simancas

The Battle of Simancas (also called Alhandega or al-Khandaq) was a military battle that started on July 19, 939, in the Iberian Peninsula between the troops of the king of León Ramiro II and Cordovan caliph Abd al-Rahman III near the walls of the city of Simancas.

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Battle of Uclés (1108)

The Battle of Uclés was fought on 29 May 1108 during the Reconquista period near Uclés just south of the river Tagus between the Christian forces of Castile and León under Alfonso VI and the forces of the Muslim Almoravids under Tamim ibn-Yusuf.

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Battle of Valdejunquera

The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in a valley called Iuncaria (val de Junquera) on 26 July 920 between the Islamic emirate of Córdoba and the Christian armies of the kingdoms of León and Navarre.

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Battle of Valdevez

The Battle of Valdevez (Torneio de Arcos de Valdevez) took place at Arcos de Valdevez on the banks of the river Vez between the Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Portugal in the summer of 1140 or 1141.

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Battle of Viadangos

The Battle of Viadangos or Fontedangos (Fonte de Angos) was fought in the autumn of 1111 between the forces of Alfonso I of Aragon and the Galician allies of his estranged wife, Urraca of León and Castile, at Villadangos north of Luna, some twenty kilometres from León.

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Beltrán de Risnel

Beltrán (or Bertrán) de Risnel, also called Bertrand de Laon (died 17 July 1134), was a French-born Aragonese political and military leader during the reign of Alfonso the Battler, who was his cousin.

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Benavente, Portugal

Benavente is a municipality and parish in Santarém District in Portugal.

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Berengaria of Barcelona

Berenguela or Berengaria of Barcelona (1116 – January 15, 1149) was Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia.

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Berengaria of Castile

Berengaria (Castilian: Berenguela; nicknamed the Great (Castilian: la Grande); 1179 or 1180 – 8 November 1246) was queen regnant of Castile in 1217 and queen consort of León from 1197 to 1204.

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Bermudo II of León

Bermudo (or Vermudo) II (c. 953 – September 999), called the Gouty (el Gotoso), was first a rival king in Galicia (982–984) and then king of the entire Kingdom of León (984–999).

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Bermudo III of León

Bermudo III or Vermudo III (c. 1017 – 4 September 1037) was the king of León from 1028 until his death.

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Bermudo Núñez

Bermudo Núñez (died c. 955), was a magnate from León and the first Count of Cea.

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Bermudo Ovéquiz

Bermudo Ovéquiz (fl. 1044–1092) (also known as Vermudo) was a member of the highest ranks of the nobility of Asturias, León, and Galicia who lived in the 11th-century.

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Bermudo Pérez de Traba

Bermudo Pérez de Traba (died 1168), the eldest son of Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and his first wife Urraca Fróilaz, was a member of the most important medieval lineage in Galicia.

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Bernardo del Carpio

Bernald del Carpio, also Bernaldo del Carpio and Bernardo del Carpio, is a legendary hero of medieval Kingdom of Asturias, comparable to other legendary medieval Iberian heroes like El Cid.

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Blanche of Portugal (1259–1321)

Blanche of Portugal (25 February 1259 in Santarém, – 17 April 1321 in Burgos; Branca in Portuguese and Blanca in Spanish), was an infanta, the firstborn child of King Afonso III of Portugal and his second wife Beatrice of Castile.

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Bordure

In heraldry, a bordure is a band of contrasting tincture forming a border around the edge of a shield, traditionally one-sixth as wide as the shield itself.

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Boso of Sant'Anastasia

Boso (Italian Bosone) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino (1116–1122) and bishop of Turin (1122–1126×28).

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Bragança, Portugal

Bragança (Bergáncia; Brigantia, Braganza) is a city and municipality in north-eastern Portugal, capital of the district of Bragança, in the Alto Trás-os-Montes subregion of Portugal.

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Burgos

Burgos is a city in northern Spain and the historic capital of Castile.

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Cabildo (council)

A cabildo or ayuntamiento was a Spanish colonial, and early post-colonial, administrative council which governed a municipality.

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Camino Primitivo

The Primitive Way (Camino Primitivo) is one of the paths of the Camino de Santiago.

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Cantalapiedra

Cantalapiedra is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Carballo (name)

Carballo is originally a (Spanish, Galician, Catalan and Basque), surname.

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Castile (historical region)

Castile is a vaguely defined historical region of Spain.

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Castile and León

Castile and León (Castilla y León; Leonese: Castiella y Llión; Castela e León) is an autonomous community in north-western Spain.

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Castilian Civil War

The Castilian Civil War was a war of succession over the Kingdom of Castile that lasted from 1351 to 1369.

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Castilian Kingdom of Toledo

The Kingdom of Toledo (Spanish: Reino de Toledo) was a realm in the Iberian Peninsula, created after Alfonso VI of León's capture of Toledo in 1085.

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Castilians

Castilians (Spanish: castellanos) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha excluding Albacete, and the Community of Madrid, who are the source of the Spanish language (Castilian) among other aspects of cultural identity.

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Castle of Algoso

The Castle of Algoso (Castelo de Algoso) is a medieval castle in the civil parish of Algoso, Campo de Víboras e Uva, municipality of Vimioso, in the Portuguese district of Bragança.

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Castle of Alva

The Castle of Alva (Castelo de Alva) is a medieval castle located in the civil parish of Viade de Baixo e Fervidelas, in the municipality of Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Portuguese district of Bragança.

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Castle of Braga

Castle of Braga (Castelo de Braga) is a historical fortification and defensive line encircling the city of Braga.

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Castle of Bragança

The Castle of Bragança (Portuguese: Castelo de Bragança) is a well-preserved medieval castle located in the historic center of the city of Santa Maria, district of Bragança, Portugal.

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Castle of Campo Maior

The Castle of Campo Maior (Castelo de Campo Maior) is a medieval military fortification, in the civil parish of São João Bapista, municipality of Campo Maior, part of a first line of defense in the Portuguese Alentejo, oriented towards Spain, in conjunction with the military forts of Ouguela, Elvas, Olivença and Juromenha.

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Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães

The Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães (Castelo de Carrazeda de Ansiães), normally shortened to Castle of Ansiães, is a medieval castle in the civil parish of Lavandeira, municipality of Carrazeda de Ansiães of Portugal.

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Castle of Castelo Bom

The Castle of Castelo Bom (Castelo de Castelo Bom), is a medieval castle in the civil parish of Castelo Bom, municipality of the Almeida in the district of Guarda in the Centre region of Portugal.

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Castle of Castelo Melhor

The Castle of Castelo Melhor (Castelo de Castelo Melhor) is a medieval castle located in the civil parish of Castelo Melhor, in the municipality of Vila Nova de Foz Côa, Portuguese Guarda.

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Castle of Guimarães

The Castle of Guimarães (Castelo de Guimarães), is the principal medieval castle in the municipality Guimarães, in the northern region of Portugal.

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Castle of Ouguela

The Castle of Ouguela (Castelo de Ouguela) is a medieval castle erected in the civil parish of São João Baptista, municipality of Campo Maior, in the Portuguese district of Portalegre.

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Castle of Pena de Aguiar

The Castle of Pena de Aguiar (Castelo de Pena de Aguiar) is a medieval castle, alternately the Castle of Aguiar da Pena, situated in the civil parish of Telões, in the municipality of Vila Pouca de Aguiar, in the Portuguese district og Vila Real.

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Castle of Santa Maria da Feira

The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira is a Portuguese castle in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, district of Aveiro.

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Castrillo de la Valduerna

Castrillo de la Valduerna, is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Catherine of Lancaster

Catherine of Lancaster (Castilian: Catalina; 31 March 1373 – 2 June 1418) was Queen of Castile by marriage to King Henry III of Castile.

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Cebrones del Río

Cebrones del Río, Cebrones del Ríu in Leonese language, is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Centum Cellas

Centum Cellas, also referred to as Centum Cellæ, Centum Celli, or Centum Cœli, is a Roman villa rustica that dates back to the 1st Century AD, located in the Mount of Santo Antão in Belmonte, Castelo Branco district, Portugal.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.

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Chaves, Portugal

Chaves is a city and a municipality in the north of Portugal.

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Christina of Norway, Infanta of Castile

Christina of Norway (Kristina Håkonsdotter; 1234 – 1262) was the daughter of Håkon IV and his wife, Margrete Skuledotter.

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Chronica latina regum Castellae

The Chronica latina regum Castellae, known in Spanish as the Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla, both meaning "Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile", is a medieval Latin history of the rulers of Castile from the death of Count Fernán González in 970 to the reconquest of Córdoba by King Ferdinand III in 1236–39.

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Chronica Naierensis

The Chronica Naierensis or Crónica najerense (originally edited under the title Crónica leonesa) was a late twelfth-century chronicle of universal history composed at the Benedictine monastery of Santa María la Real in Nájera.

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Chronicon Compostellanum

The Chronicon Compostellanum (Cronicón compostelán, Cronicón compostelano) is a narrative Latin chronicle of the history of Spain from the arrival of the Visigoths (which it dates to 362) until the death of Queen Urraca of León on 8 March 1126.

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Cistierna

Cistierna is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Ciudad Rodrigo

Ciudad Rodrigo is a small cathedral city in the province of Salamanca, in western Spain, with a population in 2016 of 12,896.

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Civilization Revolution

Sid Meier's Civilization Revolution is a 4X turn-based strategy video game, developed in 2008 by Firaxis Games with Sid Meier as designer.

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Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz

Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña (Madrid April 7, 1893 – Ávila July 8, 1984) was an eminent Spanish medieval historian, statesman, and president of the Spanish Republican government in Exile during the rule of Francisco Franco.

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Coat of arms of Alabama

The coat of arms of Alabama depicts a shield upon which is carried the symbols of the five nations which have at various times held sovereignty over a part or the whole of what is now Alabama.

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Coat of arms of Castile and León

The coat of arms of Castile and León depicts the traditional arms of Castile (the yellow castle) quartered with the arms of León (the purple lion).

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Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, or Charles I of Spain, was the heir of four of Europe's leading royal houses.

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Coat of arms of Melilla

Similar to the coat of arms of Ceuta, the coat of arms of Melilla combine elements from different earlier coats of arms, in this instance those of Castile and León.

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Coat of arms of Puerto Rico

The coat of arms of Puerto Rico was first granted by the Spanish Crown in 1511, making it the oldest heraldic achievement still currently in use in the Americas.

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Coat of arms of Spain

The coat of arms of Spain represents Spain and the Spanish nation.

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Coat of arms of the King of Spain

The coat of arms of the King of Spain is the heraldic symbol representing the monarch of Spain.

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Coat of arms of the Philippines

The Coat of Arms of the Philippines (Sagisag ng Pilipinas) or sometimes in (Escudo de Filipinas) features the eight-rayed sun of the Philippines with each ray representing the eight provinces (Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac) which were placed under martial law by Governor-General Ramón Blanco during the Philippine Revolution, and the three five-pointed stars representing the three primary geographic regions of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

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Coat of arms of the Prince of Asturias

The blazon of the coat of arms of the Princess of Asturias is given by a Royal Decree 979 on 30 October 2015 which was an amendment of the Royal Decree 1511 dated Madrid 21 January 1977, which also created her guidon (military personal ensign) and her standard.

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Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain

The Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain was set out in the Spanish Decree 814 of 22 April 1971, by which the Rules for Flags, Standards, Guidons, Banners, and Badges were adopted.

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Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic

The Coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic was the emblem of the Second Spanish Republic, the democratic government that existed in Spain between April 14, 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country, and April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered to Francoist forces at the end of the Spanish Civil War.

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Coat of arms of Toledo (Spain)

The coat of arms of Toledo may refer to the City of Toledo and for the Province of Toledo.

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Coats of arms of Europe

This is a list of the national coats of arms or equivalent emblems used by countries and dependent territories in Europe.

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Coats of arms of Spanish monarchs in Italy

The Spanish monarchs of the House of Habsburg and Philip V used separate versions of their royal arms as sovereigns of the Kingdom of Naples-Sicily, Sardinia and the Duchy of Milan with the arms of these territories.

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Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire

Over its long history, the Holy Roman Empire used many different heraldic forms, representing its numerous internal divisions.

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Columbus Monument, Barcelona

The Columbus Monument (Monument a Colom,; Monumento a Colón or Mirador de Colón) is a tall monument to Christopher Columbus at the lower end of La Rambla, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

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Conceyu Xoven

Conceyu Xoven ("Young Council" in Leonese) was a Spanish political youth organization that demanded the self-determination of the proposed Leonese Country.

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Constance of Burgundy

Constance of Burgundy (8 May 1046 – 1093) was the daughter of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and Helie de Semur-en-Brionnais.

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Cortes of León of 1188

The Cortes of León from year 1188 was a parliamentary body in the medieval Kingdom of León.

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County of Álava

The County of Álava (Arabako konderria) was one of the Basque ''señoríos'', a feudal territory during the 9th and 13th centuries that corresponds to present-day Álava, in the Basque Country.

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County of Monzón

The County of Monzón was a marcher county of the Kingdom of León in the tenth and eleventh centuries, during a period of renewed external threat (the Caliphate of Córdoba) and disintegration of royal authority.

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County of Portugal

The County of Portugal (Condado de Portugal, Condado Portucalense, Condado de Portucale; in documents of the period the name used was Portugalia) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Braga and Porto, today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal. It is the first state within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed, there the first Portuguese nation state and a predecessor to modern Portugal. The county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and later the Kingdoms of Galicia and León, before being abolished as a result of a rebellion against the king of Galicia. A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished by the king of León in the late 11th century and lasted until the mid-12th century when its count elevated it into an independent Kingdom of Portugal.

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Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, 17th Duke of Veragua

Vice admiral Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal y Maroto, 17th Duke of Veragua, 16th Duke of la Vega, 18th Marquess of Aguilafuente, 15th Marquess of Jamaica, GE, OIC, OSH, KOS, OCC, OVN, OMY, OMC (born 29 January 1925 – 6 February 1986) was a Spanish Navy officer, statesman and a direct descendant of Christopher Columbus.

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Cristina Bermúdez

Cristina Bermúdez (pronunciation) (c. 982-Cornellana, 1051/1067), was an infanta of León, daughter of King Bermudo IIHer filiation, as the daughter of King Bermudo II, is attested in a charter dated 22 December 1037 granted by Mumadomna, the widow of Count Gundemaro Pinióliz confirmed by Cristina Ueremudi regis filia and in another charter in the Cathedral of Oviedo where she is referred to as an infanta, the title given to the offspring of Iberian monarchs.

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Cronista Rey de Armas

The Cronista Rey de Armas (Chronicler King of Arms) in the Kingdoms of Spain was a civil servant who had the authority to grant armorial bearings.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715. The Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of (Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. "King of Castile" also remains part of the full title of Felipe VI of Spain, the current King of Spain according to the Spanish constitution of 1978, in the sense of titles, not of states.

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Culture of Portugal

The culture of Portugal is the result of a complex flow of different civilizations during the past millennia.

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Daniel De Leon

Daniel De Leon (December 14, 1852 – May 11, 1914) was an American socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician, and trade union organizer.

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De León (surname)

De León or de León or De Leon is a Spanish origin surname, often toponymic, in which case it may possibly indicate an ultimate family origin in the Kingdom of León or the later Province of León.

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De rebus Hispaniae

De rebus Hispaniae or Historia gothica is a history of the Iberian peninsula written in Latin by Archbiship of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in the first half of the thirteenth century on behalf of King Ferdinand III of Castile.

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December 19

No description.

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Demographics of Spain

As of 1 January 2014, Spain had a total population of 46,507,760, which represents a 0.5% decrease since 2013.

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Diego Deza

Diego de Deza (1444 – 9 June 1523) was a theologian and inquisitor of Spain.

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Diego Fernández de Oviedo

Diego Fernández (fl. 1020 – c. 1046), also known as Diego Fernández de Oviedo, was a member of one of the most noble lineages of the Kingdom of León as the son of Fernando Flaínez and Elvira Peláez, daughter of count Pelayo Rodríguez.

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Diego López II de Haro

Diego López II de Haro called the Good or the Bad (c. 1152 – 16 September 1214).

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Diego López V de Haro

Diego López V de Haro, nicknamed el Intruso (c. 1250 – 1310), was a Spanish noble of the House of Haro and held the title of the Lord of Biscay which he took from the pretender to the title, John of Castile.

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Diogo Fernandes (count)

Diogo Fernandes (d. before 1 December 928), (Spanish: Diego Fernández) was a count in the Kingdom of León whose filiation has not been documented although, from his patronymic, it is known that his father was named Fernando, and that he was possibly from Castile.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Ebles II of Roucy

Ebles II (died May 1103), also called Eble or Ebale, was the second Count of Roucy (1063–1103) of the House of Montdidier.

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Ecclesiastical history of Braga

The region around the city of Braga, in modern Portugal, was an important centre for the spreading of Christendom in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Economic history of Portugal

The economic history of Portugal covers the development of the economy throughout the course of Portuguese history.

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Egas Moniz o Aio

Egas Moniz de Riba Douro, also known as o Aio ('the Tutor') (1080-1146) was a Portuguese nobleman, who served in the Portuguese Crown as the tutor of Afonso Henriques.

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El Bierzo

El Bierzo (O Bierzo) is a comarca in the province of León, Spain.

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El Cid

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (1099) was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain.

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El Cid: The Legend

El Cid: The Legend (Spanish: El Cid: La leyenda) is a Spanish animated film released on 19 December 2003, written by José Pozo, and based on the historical legend of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, also known as El Cid.

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Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)

Eleanor of Castile (?Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2007) Alfonso VIII: rey de Castilla y Toledo (1158-1214). Ediciones Trea, S.L. 272 págs. pág 51 –1244) was a daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England.

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Elisabeth of Swabia

Elisabeth of Swabia (renamed Beatrice; March/May 1205 – 5 November 1235), was a German princess member of the House of Hohenstaufen and by marriage Queen consort of Castile and Leon.

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Elvira Menéndez (died 1022)

Elvira Menéndez, (Portuguese and Galician: Elvira Mendes; 2 December 1022), was a queen consort of Leon by marriage to King Alfonso V.

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Elvira Menéndez (died 921)

Elvira Menéndez, (Portuguese and Galician: Elvira Mendes; died between 20 February and 12 October 921), was Queen Consort of León due to her marriage with King Ordoño II.

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Elvira of Toro

Elvira (Elvira de Toro; 1038/9 – 15 November 1101) was a Leonese infanta and the Lady of Toro, Zamora, the daughter of Ferdinand I of León and Castile and Sancha of León, and granddaughter-namesake of Elvira Menéndez, and also an aunt of Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily.

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Elvira Ramírez

Elvira Ramírez (c. 935 – aft. 986) was a Leonese princess who served as regent of the kingdom during the minority of her nephew Ramiro III of León.

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Emanuele d'Astorga

Emanuele d'Astorga (20 March 16801757, by one report) was an Italian composer known mainly for his Stabat Mater.

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Encastellation

Encastellation (sometimes castellation, which can also mean crenellation) is the process whereby the feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted with castles, from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours', and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms.

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Encinedo

Encinedo, Encinéu in Leonese language, is a municipality located in the province of León, Cabreira shire, Spain.

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Epistola Adefonsi Hispaniae regis

The Epistola Adefonsi Hispaniae regis anno 906 (“letter of Alfonso, king of Spain in the year 906”) is a letter purportedly written by Alfonso III of Asturias to the clergy of the cathedral of Saint Martin's at Tours in 906.

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Ero Fernández

Ero Fernández (died c. 926) was a Galician magnate, count in Lugo, grandfather of St. Rudesind, and ancestor of several noble Galician and Portuguese lineages who married into the highest ranks of the nobility of the kingdoms of León and Castile.

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Escurquela

Escurquela is a small town in the north of Portugal.

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Estefanía Ramírez

Estefanía Ramírez (died 1183), daughter of Count Ramiro Fróilaz, was the wife of Count Ponce de Minerva.

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Estoria de España

The Estoria de España, also known in the 1906 edition of Ramón Menéndez Pidal as the Primera Crónica General, is a history book written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile "El Sabio" ("the Wise"), who was actively involved in the editing.

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Eva González (writer)

Eva González Fernández (17 January 1918 – 25 April 2007) was a Leonese language writer; she was born in Palacios del Sil (León Province, Spain) in 1918 and died in León in 2007.

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Examples of feudalism

Examples of feudalism are helpful to fully understand feudalism and feudal society.

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Extremaduran language

Extremaduran (autonym: estremeñu, represents a variable vowel -->) is a Romance linguistic variety, spoken by several hundred thousand people in Spain, in an area covering the north-western part of the autonomous community of Extremadura and adjoining areas in the province of Salamanca.

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Ferdinand I of León

Ferdinand I (c. 1015 – 24 December 1065), called the Great (el Magno), was the Count of Castile from his uncle's death in 1029 and the King of León after defeating his brother-in-law in 1037.

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Ferdinand II of Aragon

Ferdinand II (Ferrando, Ferran, Errando, Fernando) (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon from 1479 until his death.

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Ferdinand II of León

Ferdinand II (c. 1137 – 22 January 1188) was King of León and Galicia from 1157 to his death.

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Ferdinand III of Castile

Ferdinand III (Spanish: Fernando III), 1199/1201 – 30 May 1252, called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231.

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Ferdinand IV of Castile

Ferdinand IV of Castile (6 December 1285 – 7 September 1312) called the Summoned (el Emplazado), was a King of Castile and León from 1295 until his death.

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Ferdinand of Portugal, Lord of Eça

Ferdinand of Portugal, later de Eza or de Eça (Ferdinand) (1378 – Eza?) was the son of Portuguese Infant João, Duke of Valencia de Campos.

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Fernando Ansúrez II

Fernando Ansúrez II (died 978, shortly after 23 April) was the Count of Monzón, Peñafiel, and Campos from 950 and one of the most powerful noblemen of his generation in the Kingdom of León.

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Fernando Bermúdez de Cea

Fernando Bermúdez (died c. 978), the second Count of Cea, was the son of Bermudo Núñez and his wife Argilo.

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Fernando Díaz

Fernando Díaz (floruit 1071–1106) was a Spanish nobleman and military leader in the Kingdom of León, the most powerful Asturian magnate of the period.

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Fernando Díaz (count in Lantarón and Cerezo)

Fernando Díaz (fl. 917–924) was the count and tenente of Lantarón and Cerezo on the eastern frontier of the Kingdom of León in 923–24.

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Fernando Fernández de Carrión

Fernando Fernández or Fernán Fernándiz de Carrión (fl. 1107–1125) was a count in the Kingdom of León during the reign of Queen Urraca.

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Fernando Flaínez

Fernando Flaínez (fl.) was a powerful magnate from the Kingdom of León, member of the aristocratic lineage of the Flaínez.

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Fernando González de Traba

Fernando González de Traba or Fernão Gonçalves (fl. 1159–1165) was a Galician magnate and the head of the House of Traba in the Kingdom of León during the reign of Ferdinand II.

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Fernando Núñez de Lara

Fernando Núñez de Lara (fl. 1173–1219) was a count of the House of Lara.

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Fernando Pérez de Traba

Fernando (or Fernán) Pérez de Traba (c.1090–1 November 1155), also Fernão Peres de Trava in Portuguese, was a nobleman and count of the Kingdom of León who for a time held power over all Galicia.

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Fernando Ponce de Cabrera el Mayor

Fernando Ponce de Cabrera (fl. 1161–1171), called el Mayor ("the elder"), was an important nobleman of the Kingdom of León, the second son of three of Ponce de Cabrera, a Catalan baron who had emigrated to León, and his first wife, Sancha (?Núñez), who was deceased by 1142.

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Fernando Ponce de Cabrera el Menor

Fernando Ponce de Cabrera (fl. 1163–1200), called el Menor ("the younger"), was an important nobleman of the Kingdom of León.

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Fernando Rodríguez de Castro

Fernando Rodríguez (or Fernán Ruiz) de Castro (Ferdinandus Roderici) (1125–1185) was a Castilian nobleman, statesman and military leader who made his career in León.

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Fernán González of Castile

Fernán González (died 970) was the first autonomous count of Castile, son of Gonzalo Fernández de Burgos, who had been named count of Arlanza and the Duero around the year 900, and by tradition a descendant of semi-legendary judge Nuño Rasura.

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Ferrol, Galicia

Ferrol (In the neighbourhood of Strabo's Cape Nerium, modern day Cape Prior), is a city in the Province of A Coruña in Galicia, on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain.

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Flag of Castile and León

The flag of Castile and León is the official flag of the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Flag of Extremadura

The flag of Extremadura, according to Article 4-1 of the Statute of Autonomy, consists of three horizontal stripes of green, white, and black.

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Flag of León

Flag of León can refer to the flag of the City of León, the flag of the Province of León, historical flags of the Kingdom of León or other flags representing the region known as León or the Leonese Country.

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Flag of Los Angeles

The flag of Los Angeles, California, consists of a background of three notched stripes of green, gold and red.

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Flag of Portugal

The Flag of Portugal (Bandeira de Portugal) is a rectangular bicolour with a field unevenly divided into green on the hoist, and red on the fly.

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Flag of Spain

The flag of Spain (Bandera de España, colloquially known as "la Rojigualda"), as it is defined in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow stripe being twice the size of each red stripe.

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Flag of the Hispanic People

The Flag of the Hispanicity (Spanish: Bandera de la Hispanidad) is a flag sometimes used to represent the Hispanic people or Hispanic community.

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Flag of the Philippines

The National Flag of the Philippines (Pambansang Watawat ng Pilipinas) is a horizontal flag bicolor with equal bands of royal blue and scarlet, and with a white, equilateral triangle at the hoist.

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Flag of the Second Spanish Republic

The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as la tricolor, was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977.

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Flags of Europe

This is a list of international, national and subnational flags used in Europe.

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Fort San Pedro

Fuerte de San Pedro is a military defense structure in Cebu (Philippines), built by the Spanish under the command of Miguel López de Legazpi, first governor of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.

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Francisco de Quiñones

Francisco de Quiñones, O.F.M., (Latin: Franciscus Cardinal Quignonius) (also Francisco de los Angeles) (ca. 1482 in Kingdom of León – November 5, 1540 in Veroli, Papal States) was a Spanish Franciscan friar and later cardinal who was responsible for some reforms in the Catholic Church in Spain.

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Francisco Espoz y Mina

Francisco Espoz Ilundáin (17 June 1781 – 24 December 1836), being better known as Francisco Espoz y Mina, was a Spanish guerrilla leader and general.

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Froila Muñoz

Froila (or Fruela) Muñoz was a Leonese count.

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Froila Ramírez

Froila Ramírez, also spelled Fruela or Froilán (fl. 11501202), was a Leonese nobleman and a member of the Flagínez family.

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Fruela Díaz

Fruela (or Froila) Díaz (died 1119), known in contemporary sources as Froila Didaci or Didaz, was a nobleman in the Kingdom of León, the dominant figure in the centre of the realm during the late reign of Alfonso VI and the early reign of Urraca.

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Fruela II of Asturias

Fruela II (Froila II) (c. 875–July 925) was the King of Asturias from the death of his father, Alfonso III of Asturias, in 910 to his own death.

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Galicia (Spain)

Galicia (Galician: Galicia, Galiza; Galicia; Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.

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Galician language

Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.

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Galician-Portuguese

Galician-Portuguese (galego-portugués or galaico-portugués, galego-português or galaico-português), also known as Old Portuguese or Medieval Galician, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Galician-Portuguese lyric

In the Middle Ages, the Galician-Portuguese lyric, also known as trovadorismo in Portugal and trobadorismo in Galicia, was a lyric poetic school or movement.

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Galicians

Galicians (galegos, gallegos) are a national, cultural and ethnic group whose historic homeland is Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.

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García Fernández de Villamayor

García Fernández de Villamayor (1170 – 1241) was a Castilian nobleman.

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García Fernández of Castile

García Fernández, called of the White Hands (Burgos, Córdoba, 995), was the count of Castile and Alava from 970 to 995.

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García Gómez

García Gómez (died after 1017) was a Leonese count, at least from 971.

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García I of León

García I (c. 871 – 19 January 914) was the King of León from 910 until his death and eldest of three succeeding sons of Alfonso III the Great by his wife Jimena.

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García II of Galicia

García II (1041/April 104322 March 1090), King of Galicia and Portugal, was the youngest of the three sons and heirs of Ferdinand I, King of Castile and León, and Sancha of León, whose Leonese inheritance included the lands García would be given.

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García Ramírez of Navarre

García Ramírez (Gartzea Remiritz), sometimes García IV, V, VI or VII (1112 - 21 November, 1150), called the Restorer (el Restaurador, Basque: Berrezarlea), was the King of Navarre (Pamplona) from 1134.

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García Sánchez I of Pamplona

García Sánchez I (Basque: Gartzea I.a Santxez; c. 919 – 970), also known as García I, was King of Pamplona from 925 until his death in 970.

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García Sánchez II of Pamplona

García Sánchez II (Basque: Gartzea II.a Santxez; dead c. 1000), was King of Pamplona and Count of Aragon from 994 until his death c. 1000.

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García Sánchez III of Pamplona

García Sánchez III (Gartzea III.a Sanoitz; 1012 – 15 September 1054),Europäische Stammtafeln: II #56, III.1 #145; Moriarty, Plantagenet Ancestry of King Edward III and Queen Philippa of Hainault, p80, 109 nicknamed García from Nájera (Gartzea Naiarakoa, García el de Nájera) was King of Pamplona from 1034 until his death.

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Gaspar de Lemos

Gaspar de Lemos (15th century) was a Portuguese explorer and captain of the supply ship of Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet that discovered Brazil.

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Gómez González de Manzanedo

Gómez González de Manzanedo (died 12 October 1182) was a Castilian magnate who governed Calahorra and defended the border with Navarre in the 1150s and 1160s.

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Gómez González de Traba

Gómez González de Traba (fl. 1164–1209) was a Galician nobleman, a count from 1169, and a wealthy and influential figure in the Kingdom of León.

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Gómez Núñez

Gómez Núñez (or Gomes Nunes in Portuguese; floruit 1071–1141) was a Galician and Portuguese political and military leader in the Kingdom of León.

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Gerald the Fearless

The city of Évora honours Gerald with a place on its coat-of-arms.

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Gonzalo Menéndez

Gonzalo Menéndez (or Gonçalo Mendes) (fl. 950–997) was a Count of Portugal in the Kingdom of León.

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Gonzalo Núñez de Lara

Gonzalo Núñez (fl. 10591106) was an early member of the House of Lara, whom modern historians and genealogists agree is the first clearly identifiable member of this lineage.

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Gonzalo of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza

Gonzalo Sánchez (1020 – 26 June 1043) was ruler of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, two small Pyrenean counties.

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Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón

Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón (1160–1231), also known as Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, firstborn son of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and María de Guzmán, was one of Castile's wealthiest and most powerful nobles.

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Gonzalo Ruiz

Gonzalo Ruiz or Rodríguez (fl. 1122–1180 or 1146–1202) was the feudal lord of La Bureba (or Burueba) throughout much of the mid-twelfth century.

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Gonzalo Ruiz Girón

Gonzalo Ruiz Girón (died 1280) was a Spanish nobleman from Palencia.

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Gonzalo Téllez

Gonzalo Téllez (died c. 915) was a nobleman who was Count of Lantarón and Cerezo (c. 897–c. 915) and is also mentioned in a document dated 903 as Count of Castile.

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Guadalajara, Castilla–La Mancha

Guadalajara is a city and municipality in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, Spain, and in the natural region of La Alcarria.

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Guiraut de Calanso

Giraut or Guiraut de Calanso or Calanson (fl. 1202–1212)Gaunt and Kay, 286.

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Gutier Menéndez

Gutier Menéndez (c. 865 – 934) was the most powerful Galician magnate of his time in the Kingdom of León.

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Gutierre Fernández

Gutierre (or Guter) Fernández (floruit 1084–1117) was a Leonese nobleman who served as the majordomo (1110–17) of Queen Urraca until he was removed after imprisoning the queen's lover.

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Gutierre Fernández de Castro

Gutierre Fernández de Castro (flourished 1124–66) was a nobleman and military commander from the Kingdom of Castile.

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Gutierre Rodríguez de Castro

Gutierre Rodríguez de Castro also known as Gutierre Ruiz de Castro and nicknamed el Escalabrado (died) was a Castilian nobleman, member of the House of Castro as the son of Rodrigo Fernández de Castro and his wife Elo Álvarez, daughter of Álvar Fáñez and his wife Mayor Pérez, daughter of Count Pedro Ansúrez.

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Gutierre Vermúdez

Gutierre Vermúdez (or Gutier Bermúdez) (died 1130) was a nobleman of the Kingdom of León, with interests primarily in Galicia, mainly in the northeast, around Lugo.

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Habsburg Spain

Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).

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Hasdai ibn Shaprut

Hasdai (Abu Yusuf ben Yitzhak ben Ezra) ibn Shaprut (חסדאי אבן שפרוט) born about 915 at Jaén, Spain; died about 970 at Córdoba, Andalusia, was a Jewish scholar, physician, diplomat, and patron of science.

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Henry III of Castile

Henry III of Castile (4 October 1379 – 25 December 1406), called the Mourner, was the son of John I and Eleanor of Aragon.

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Henry IV of Castile

Henry IV of Castile (Castilian: Enrique IV) (5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), King of the Crown of Castile, nicknamed the Impotent (ruled 1454–1474), was the last of the weak late medieval kings of Castile.

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Henry, Count of Portugal

Henry (Portuguese: Henrique, French: Henri; 10661112), Count of Portugal, was the first member of the Capetian House of Burgundy to rule Portugal and the father of the country's first king, Afonso Henriques.

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Hermenegildo González

Hermenegildo González or Mendo I Gonçalves (died ca. 943–950) was a Galician count in the 10th century Kingdom of León, tenente in Deza, and the ancestor of one of the most relevant Galaico-Portuguese lineages of the Early Middle Ages.

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Hermenegildo Gutiérrez

Hermenegildo Gutiérrez (Hermenegildo Guterres in Portuguese) (c. 850 – after May 912), was a distinguished Galician noble who lived during the 9th and 10th centuries.

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Hidalgo (nobility)

An hidalgo or a fidalgo is a member of the Spanish or Portuguese nobility; the feminine forms of the terms are hidalga, in Spanish, and fidalga, in Portuguese and Galician.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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Historia silense

The Historia silense, also called the Chronica silense or Historia seminense, and more properly Historia legionense, is a medieval Latin narrative history of the Iberian Peninsula from the time of the Visigoths (409–711) to the first years of the reign of Alfonso VI of León and Castile (1065–1073).

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History of Austria

The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states, from the early Stone Age to the present state.

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History of Galicia

The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for at least 500,000 years, first by Neanderthals and then by modern humans.

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History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages

The history of Gwynedd in the High Middle Ages is a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th through the 13th centuries.

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History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes

The early domes of the Middle Ages, particularly in those areas recently under Byzantine control, were an extension of earlier Roman architecture.

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History of Parliamentarism

The first parliaments date back to the Middle Ages.

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History of Póvoa de Varzim

Old Town of Varzim, probable site of a Roman villa which prompted the development of the modern city. The history of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, and its development as a maritime trade and fishing hub, have been greatly influenced by its location at the entrance to one of Portugal's best natural ports.

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History of Portugal

The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis.

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History of Portuguese

The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin spoken by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC.

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History of Soria

Soria is a city located in modern-day north-central Spain.

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History of the Basques

The Basques (Euskaldunak) are an indigenous ethno-linguistic group mainly inhabiting Basque Country (adjacent areas of Spain and France).

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History of the Caribbean

The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the 15th century.

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History of the University of Santo Tomas

The University of Santo Tomas is one of the oldest existing universities and holds the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia.

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House of Lara

The House of Lara (Spanish: Casa de Lara) is a noble family from the medieval Kingdom of Castile.

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Hugh of Cluny

Hugh of Cluny (May 13, 1024 – April 28, 1109) was an Abbot of Cluny, who is sometimes referred to as "Hugh the Great" or "Hugh of Semur".

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Iberian federalism

Iberian federalism, Pan-Iberism or simply Iberism (Spanish and Iberismo, Iberisme) are the names for the pan-nationalist ideology supporting the federation of all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.

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Ibn Hud

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami (died 1238), commonly known as Ibn Hud, was a taifa emir of Andalusia from 1228 to 1237.

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Iglesia de Santa María del Temple (Ceinos de Campos)

The Iglesia de Santa María del Temple (Church of Saint Mary of the Templars) was a Romanesque church located in the town of Ceinos de Campos, in Castile and León (Spain).

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Imperator totius Hispaniae

Imperator totius Hispaniae is a Latin title meaning "Emperor of all Spain".

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Infanta Cristina of Spain

Infanta Cristina of Spain (Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Santísima Trinidad de Borbón y de Grecia, born 13 June 1965) is the younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía.

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Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo

Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (Elena María Isabel Dominica de Silos de Borbón y de Grecia; born 20 December 1963) is the first child and elder daughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and Queen Sofía of Spain, and third in the line of succession to the Spanish throne.

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Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria

Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria, Duchess of Hernani, Grandee of Spain (Margarita María de la Victoria Esperanza Jacoba Felicidad Perpetua de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born 6 March 1939), is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and aunt of the reigning King Felipe VI of Spain.

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Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz

Infanta Pilar of Spain, Duchess of Badajoz, Dowager Viscountess of la Torre (Spanish: María del Pilar Alfonsa Juana Victoria Luisa Ignacia y Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; born 30 July 1936), sometimes known more simply as Pilar de Borbón is the elder daughter of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona and Princess María Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, and older sister of King Juan Carlos I. She has also a younger sister, Infanta Margarita of Spain.

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Infanta Sofía of Spain

Infanta Sofía of Spain (Sofía de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz; born 29 April 2007) is the second child of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia.

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Infante

Infante (f. infanta), also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and León), and Portugal, to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, sometimes with the exception of the heir apparent to the throne who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.

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Irmandiño revolts

The Irmandiño revolts (or Irmandiño Wars) were two revolts that took place in 15th-century Kingdom of Galicia against attempts by the regional nobility to maintain their rights over the peasantry and the bourgeoisie.

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Isaac de Leon

Isaac de Leon, who lived at Ocaña, in Toledo, Spain, was one of the last rabbis of Castile.

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January 1

January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar.

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January 19

No description.

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Jaun Zuria

Jaun Zuria (Basque for "the White Lord") is the mythical first Lord, and founder, of the Lordship of Biscay, who defeated the Leonese and Asturian troops in the also mythical Battle of Padura, in which he chased off the invasors to the Malato Tree, establishing there the borders of Biscay.

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Jean de la Cassière

Fra' Jean l'Evesque de la Cassière (1502 – 21 December 1581) was the 51st Grand Master of the Order of Malta, from 1572 to 1581.

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Jiménez dynasty

The Jiménez or Giménez/Ximenes, alternatively called the Jimena, the Sancha, the Banu Sancho, the Abarca or the Banu Abarca,Alberto Cañada Juste, "¿Quién fue Sancho Abarca?, Príncipe de Viana, 73: 79-132.

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Jimena Muñoz

Jimena Muñoz or Muñiz (d. 1128) was a noblewoman from the El Bierzo region of the medieval Kingdom of León, the mistress of king Alfonso VI of León and Castile during the late 1070s and early 1080s.

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Joan, Countess of Ponthieu

Joan of Dammartin (Jeanne de Dammartin; c. 1220 – 16 March 1279) was Queen consort of Castile and León by marriage to Ferdinand III of Castile.

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John II of Castile

John II of Castile (Juan; 6 March 1405 – 20 July 1454) was King of Castile and León from 1406 to 1454.

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John of Brienne

John of Brienne (1170 – 27 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237.

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John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos

John of Castile, called the "el de Tarifa" (Juan de Castilla "el de Tarifa"; 1262–25 June 1319) was an infante of Castile and León.

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José Aragón Escacena

José Aragón Escacena (born 1891 in Astorga, (León Province), Spain; died 1945 in Spain) was a Leonese language writer.

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Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) reigned as King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.

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Juan del Encina

Juan del Enzina – the spelling he used – or Juan del Encina – modern Spanish spelling – (born July 12, 1468 – died late 1529 or early 1530)Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed.

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Juan Fernández de Heredia

Juan Fernández de Heredia (in Aragonese Johan Ferrández d'Heredia, pronounced; – 1396) was the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 24 September 1377 to his death.

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Juan Vélaz

Juan Vélaz (sometimes Juan Vélez or Juan Vela) was the lord of Álava from 1174 until 1179.

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June 1

No description.

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Kenneth Moir

Sir Kenneth Moir was a champion knight and Knights Templar who, in 1330, rode with James Douglas, Lord of Douglas and the Crusaders to Spain with the heart of Robert the Bruce to defeat the Moors who had laid siege to the fortress at Battle of Teba in Andalusia.

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King Leo

King Leo, also Leon, Levon, and Lewon may refer to.

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Kingdom of Asturias

The Kingdom of Asturias (Regnum Asturorum) was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded in 718 by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius of Asturias (Asturian: Pelayu, Spanish: Pelayo).

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of Galicia

The Kingdom of Galicia (Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Reino de Galicia; Reino da Galiza; Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal (Regnum Portugalliae, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of modern Portugal.

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Kingdom of Viguera

The Kingdom of Viguera (Basque: Viguerako Erresuma) was a small, short-lived kingdom centered on the town of Viguera from 970 to 1005.

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La Bañeza

La Bañeza is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Language secessionism

Language secessionism (also known as linguistic secessionism or linguistic separatism) is an attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety considered as a distinct language.

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Lantarón

Lantarón (Basque: Lantaron) is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.

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Laviana

Laviana (Asturian: Llaviana) is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, located in Spain.

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Law of Portugal

The Law of Portugal is the legal system that applies to Portugal.

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León (historical region)

The region of León or Leonese region (Leonese: rexón de Llïón, región de León and rexón de Llión) is a historic territory defined by the 1833 Spanish administrative organisation.

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León Cathedral

Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is situated in the city of León in north-western Spain.

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León, Spain

León is the capital of the province of León, located in the northwest of Spain.

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León, Spain (disambiguation)

León, Spain can mean.

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Legal rights of women in history

The legal rights of women refers to the social and human rights of women.

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Leon

Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to.

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Leon Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota

Leon Township is a township in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States.

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Leon, New York

Leon is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States.

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Leonese people

The Leonese (Leonese: Llïoneses; Spanish: Leoneses) are the native inhabitants of León whose homeland is the former Kingdom of León.

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Leonese People's Union

The Leonese People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Leonés, UPL) is a regional political party in Castilla y León, Spain.

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Liber feudorum maior

The Liber feudorum maior (or LFM, medieval Latin for "great book of fiefs"), originally called the Liber domini regis ("book of the lord king"), is a late twelfth-century illuminated cartulary of the Crown of Aragon.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class D -- History, General and Old World

Class D: History, General and Old World is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Libro de los juegos

The Libro de los Juegos, ("Book of games"), or Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas, ("Book of chess, dice and tables", in Old Spanish) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283,Sonja Musser Golladay, (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 31.

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Lion (heraldry)

The lion is a common charge in heraldry.

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List of ancient peoples of Portugal

In what is today's mainland Portugal territory, before the rule of the Roman Empire, several peoples and tribes were living there for many centuries and they had their own culture, language and political organization (tribal chiefdoms, tribal confederations and early forms of kingdoms and states), these peoples and tribes were in the Iron Age.

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List of Asturian consorts

This is a list of the queens consort of the Kingdom of Asturias.

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List of Asturian monarchs

This is a list of the rulers of the Kingdom of Asturias, which was a Kingdom in the Iberian peninsula.

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List of battles 301–1300

No description.

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List of Castilian battles

The following is an incomplete list of Castilian Battles fought by the Kingdom of Castile, organized by date.

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List of Castilian counts

This is a list of counts of Castile.

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List of cultural icons of Spain

This List of cultural icons of Spain is a list of links to potential cultural icons of Spain.

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List of etymologies of country subdivision names

This article provides a collection of the etymology of the names of country subdivisions.

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List of flags of the Philippines

This is the list of all the flags used and being used in the Philippines.

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List of former monarchies

Note: entries in bold refer to groups of kingdoms.

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List of Galician monarchs

Galicia is an autonomous community and historical nationality in modern-day northwestern Spain on the Iberian Peninsula, which was and continues to be a major part of the Roman province known as Gallaecia prior to 409.

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List of Grand Masters of the Order of Santiago

This page is a list of the grand masters of the Order of Santiago.

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List of kingdoms and royal dynasties

Monarchism is a movement that supports the monarchy as a form of government.

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List of Knights Templar

This is a list of some members of the Knights Templar, a powerful Christian military order during the time of the Crusades.

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List of Leonese consorts

This is a list of the royal consort of the Kingdom of León.

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List of Leonese monarchs

In the reign of Ordoño I of Asturias (850–866), the kingdom began to be known as that of León.

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List of medieval universities

The list of medieval universities comprises universities (more precisely, studium generale) which existed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

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List of Mexican state name etymologies

This article provides a collection of the etymologies of the names of the states of Mexico.

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List of monarchies

There are and have been throughout recorded history a great many monarchies in the world.

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List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century

This is a list of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 13th century.

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List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 16th century

This is a list of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 16th century. This list currently holds 27 countries.

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List of municipalities in Salamanca

This is a list of the municipalities in the province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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List of national founders

The following list of national founding figures is a record, by country, of people who were credited with establishing their nation.

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List of national independence days

An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state; more rarely after the end of a military occupation; and in the unique case of Singapore, expulsion from Malaysia.

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List of national monuments of Portugal

The national monuments of Portugal (Monumentos Nacionais) were constructed throughout the Portuguese territory, and date back to the period of pre-historic settlement of occupation.

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List of oldest heraldry

This list of oldest heraldry aims to include the oldest documented, non-attributed heraldic achievements for individuals, families, locations or institutions.

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List of oldest universities in continuous operation

This article contains a list of the oldest existing universities in continuous operation in the world.

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List of place names of Spanish origin in the United States

As a consequence of former Spanish and, later, Mexican sovereignty over lands that are now part of the United States, there are many places in the country, mostly in the southwest, with names of Spanish origin.

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List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area from 50,000 to 100,000 square kilometers

No description.

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List of political entities in the 10th century

;Political entities in the 9th century – Political entities in the 11th century – Political entities by year This is a list of political entities in the 10th century (901–1000) AD.

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List of political entities in the 11th century

;Political entities in the 10th century – Political entities in the 12th century – Political entities by year This is a list of political entities in the 11th century (1001–1100) AD.

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List of pre-modern states

This article lists the many extinct states, countries, nations, empires or territories from Ancient History to just before the Early Modern period, grouped geographically.

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List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Europe and their predecessors.

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List of royal saints and martyrs

This list of royal saints and martyrs enumerates Christian monarchs, other royalty, and nobility who have been beatified or canonized, or who are otherwise venerated as or conventionally given the appellation of "saint" or "martyr".

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List of sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

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List of sovereign states in 1143

The notion of a sovereign state arises in the 16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.

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List of sovereign states in 1494

The notion of a sovereign state arises in the mid-16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.

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List of sovereign states in 1495

The notion of a sovereign state arises in the mid-16th century with the development of modern diplomacy.

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List of Spanish flags

This is a list of Spanish flags, with illustrations.

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List of state leaders in 1001

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List of state leaders in 1002

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List of state leaders in 1003

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List of state leaders in 1004

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List of state leaders in 1005

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List of state leaders in 1006

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List of state leaders in 1007

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List of state leaders in 1008

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List of state leaders in 1009

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List of state leaders in 1010

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List of state leaders in 1011

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List of state leaders in 1012

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List of state leaders in 1013

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List of state leaders in 1014

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List of state leaders in 1015

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List of state leaders in 1016

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List of state leaders in 1017

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List of state leaders in 1018

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List of state leaders in 1019

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List of state leaders in 1020

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List of state leaders in 1021

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List of state leaders in 1022

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List of state leaders in 1023

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List of state leaders in 1024

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List of state leaders in 1025

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List of state leaders in 1026

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List of state leaders in 1027

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List of state leaders in 1028

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List of state leaders in 1029

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List of state leaders in 1030

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List of state leaders in 1031

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List of state leaders in 1032

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List of state leaders in 1033

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List of state leaders in 1034

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List of state leaders in 1035

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List of state leaders in 1036

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List of state leaders in 1037

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List of state leaders in 1038

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List of state leaders in 1039

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List of state leaders in 1040

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List of state leaders in 1041

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List of state leaders in 1042

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List of state leaders in 1043

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List of state leaders in 1044

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List of state leaders in 1045

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List of state leaders in 1046

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List of state leaders in 1047

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List of state leaders in 1048

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List of state leaders in 1049

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List of state leaders in 1050

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List of state leaders in 1051

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List of state leaders in 1052

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List of state leaders in 1053

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List of state leaders in 1054

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List of state leaders in 1055

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List of state leaders in 1056

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List of state leaders in 1057

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List of state leaders in 1058

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List of state leaders in 1059

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List of state leaders in 1060

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List of state leaders in 1061

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List of state leaders in 1062

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List of state leaders in 1063

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List of state leaders in 1064

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List of state leaders in 1065

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List of state leaders in 1066

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List of state leaders in 1070

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List of state leaders in 1071

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List of state leaders in 1072

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List of state leaders in 1073

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List of state leaders in 1079

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List of state leaders in 1080

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List of state leaders in 1084

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List of state leaders in 1086

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List of state leaders in 1087

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List of state leaders in 1090

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List of state leaders in 1091

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List of state leaders in 1092

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List of state leaders in 1093

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List of state leaders in 1094

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List of state leaders in 1095

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List of state leaders in 1096

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List of state leaders in 1097

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List of state leaders in 1098

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List of state leaders in 1099

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List of state leaders in 1100

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List of state leaders in 1101

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List of state leaders in 1102

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List of state leaders in 1103

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List of state leaders in 1104

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List of state leaders in 1105

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List of state leaders in 1106

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List of state leaders in 1107

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List of state leaders in 1108

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List of state leaders in 1109

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List of state leaders in 1110

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List of state leaders in 1111

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List of state leaders in 1112

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List of state leaders in 1113

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List of state leaders in 1114

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List of state leaders in 1115

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List of state leaders in 1116

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List of state leaders in 1117

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List of state leaders in 1118

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List of state leaders in 1119

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List of state leaders in 1120

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List of state leaders in 1121

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List of state leaders in 1122

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List of state leaders in 1123

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List of state leaders in 1124

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List of state leaders in 1125

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List of state leaders in 1126

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List of state leaders in 1127

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List of state leaders in 1128

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List of state leaders in 1129

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List of state leaders in 1130

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List of state leaders in 1131

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List of state leaders in 1132

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List of state leaders in 1133

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List of state leaders in 1135

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List of state leaders in 1136

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List of state leaders in 1137

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List of state leaders in 1140

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List of state leaders in 1150

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List of state leaders in 1158

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List of state leaders in 1159

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List of state leaders in 1160

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List of state leaders in 1161

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List of state leaders in 1162

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List of state leaders in 1163

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List of state leaders in 1164

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List of state leaders in 1165

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List of state leaders in 1166

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List of state leaders in 1170

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List of state leaders in 1278

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List of state leaders in 1388

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List of state leaders in 1389

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List of state leaders in 1391

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List of state leaders in 1392

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List of state leaders in 1475

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List of state leaders in 1476

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List of state leaders in 1477

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List of state leaders in 1478

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List of state leaders in 1480

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List of state leaders in 1482

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List of state leaders in 1484

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List of state leaders in 1487

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List of state leaders in 1499

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List of state leaders in 955

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List of state leaders in the 11th century

;State leaders in the 10th century – State leaders in the 12th century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 11th century (1001–1100) AD.

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List of states during the Middle Ages

Post-classical history (also called the Post-classical Era) is the period of time that immediately followed the end of ancient history.

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List of titles and honours of Felipe VI of Spain

Felipe VI has received titles, decorations, and honorary appointments as monarch of Spain and before as heir apparent to the throne of Spain: his titles and styles are listed by precedence of rank, nobility, and honour.

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List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I of Spain

Juan Carlos I of Spain has received numerous decorations and honorary appointments as monarch of Spain.

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List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown

The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as "the Crown of Spain" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply rey/reina de España:Constitution, article 56(2) that is, "king/queen of Spain".

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of wars 1000–1499

This is a list of wars that began between 1000 to 1499. Other wars can be found in the historical lists of wars and the list of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity.

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List of wars involving Armenia

This is a list of wars, battles, and conflicts that Armenia or Armenians have been involved in.

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List of wars involving England

This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of England prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain via the Acts of Union 1707.

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List of wars involving Portugal

This is an incomplete list of wars and conflicts involving Portugal since end of the Leonese rule in 1139.

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List of wars involving Spain

This is a list of wars fought by the Kingdom of Spain or on Spanish territory.

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List of women who died in childbirth

This is a list of notable women, either famous themselves or closely associated with someone well known, who suffered maternal death as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): Note that this wording includes abortion, miscarriage, stillbirth, and ectopic pregnancy.

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Lobera (sword)

The sword Lobera (la espada lobera, literally: "the wolf-slaying sword") was the symbol of power used by Saint Ferdinand III of Castile, instead of the more traditional rod, and so the king will be depicted with orb and sword in hand.

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Lope Díaz I de Haro

Lope Díaz I de Haro (c. 1105 – 6 May 1170) was the fourth Lord of Biscay (from at least 1162).

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Lope de Barrientos

Lope de Barrientos (1382–1469), sometimes called Obispo Barrientos ("Bishop Barrientos"), was a powerful clergyman and statesman of the Crown of Castile during the 15th century, although his prominence and the influence he wielded during his lifetime is not a subject of common study in Spanish history.

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Lopo Fernandes Pacheco

Lopo Fernandes Pacheco (died 22 December 1349), was the first of his lineage to accede to the highest ranks of the nobility, that of a rico-homem, in the Kingdom of Portugal.

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Lucas de Tuy

Lucas de Tuy (or el Tudense) (died 1249) was a Leonese cleric and intellectual, remembered best as a historian.

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Luis Antonio Folgueras y Sión

Luis Antonio Folgueras y Sión (Villavaler, León, 13 December 1769 - Granada, 1850) was a Spanish ecclesiastic, first Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and archbishop of Granada.

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Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva

Luis de Carvajal (sometimes Luis de Carabajal y de la Cueva) (c. 1537–1591) was governor of the Spanish province of Nuevo León in present-day Mexico, an alleged slave trader, and the first Spanish subject known to have entered Texas from Mexico across the lower Rio Grande.

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Luis de la Cerda

Luis de La Cerda, also called Louis of Spain (France, 1291 - Lamotte-du-Rhône, July 5, 1348) was an expatriate royal prince of the Crown of Castile, who lived and served in the Kingdom of France.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole.

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Manifestis Probatum

Manifestis Probatum was a papal bull dated May 23, 1179, in which Pope Alexander III officially recognised Afonso Henriques as the first King of Portugal.

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Manrique Pérez de Lara

Manrique Pérez de Lara (died 1164) was a magnate of the Kingdom of Castile and its regent from 1158 until his death.

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Mansilla de las Mulas

Mansilla de las Mulas, Mansiella in Leonese language, is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Maraña

Maraña is a small village in Spain in the province of León, in the Picos de Europa, close to Asturias.

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María de Molina

María Alfonso Téllez de Meneses (c. 1265 – 1321), known as María de Molina, was queen consort of Castile and León from 1284 to 1295 by marriage to Sancho IV of Castile, and served as regent for her minor son Ferdinand IV (1295 - c.1301) and later her grandson Alfonso XI of Castile (1312-1321).

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March 10

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Martín Alfonso de León

Martín Alfonso de León (c. 1220before April 1272) was an illegitimate son of Alfonso IX of León by Teresa Gil de Soverosa, a Portuguese noble woman, daughter of Gil Vasques de Soverosa and María Aires de Fornelos, also mistress of King Sancho I of Portugal with whom she had a son and daughter.

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Martín Flaínez

Martín Flaínez (or Laíñez) (died May 1108) was "one of the most powerful and distinguished members" of the Leonese aristocracy during the reign of Alfonso VI (1065–1109), with which the length of his public life almost exactly coincided.

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Martos

Martos is a city in the province of Jaén in the autonomous community of Andalusia in south-central Spain.

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Marvão

Marvão is a municipality in Portalegre District in Portugal.

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Matilda of Savoy, Queen of Portugal

Matilda of Savoy (Mathilde, Mafalda; – 3 December 1157/58) was Queen of Portugal.

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Matos (surname)

Matos or Mattos, sometimes de Matos or de Mattos, is a Portuguese language surname.

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May 29

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May 30

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Mayorga, Spain

Mayorga de Campos is a town and municipality in Valladolid province, Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Medina de Rioseco

Medina de Rioseco is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León and Spain.

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Mendo Nunes

Mendo Nunes (Spanish: Menendo Núñez; (1020/10281050/1054) was a Count of Portugal from the family of Vímara Peres as the son of Nuno Alvites and Ilduara Mendes.

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Menendo González

Menendo González (Portuguese and Galician: Mendo Gonçalves; died 6 October 1008) was a semi-autonomous Duke of Galicia and Count of Portugal (997–1008) and a dominant figure in the Kingdom of León around the turn of the second millennium.

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Merino

The Merino is one of the most historically relevant and economically influential breeds of sheep, very prized for its wool.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal

Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Prince of Asturias (Miguel da Paz de Trastâmara e Avis,; Miguel de la Paz de Avís y Trastámara, "Michael of Peace") (23 August 1498 – 19 July 1500) was a Portuguese royal prince, son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias (1470-1498).

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Military history of Portugal

The military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, from before the emergence of the independent Portuguese state.

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Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada) is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

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Miranda do Douro

Miranda do Douro or Miranda de l Douro is a town and a municipality in the district of Bragança, northeastern Portugal.

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Mirandese language

The Mirandese language (autonym: mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; mirandês or língua mirandesa) is an Astur-Leonese language that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso.

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Mogadouro

Mogadouro is a municipality in Portugal.

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Monarchies in Europe

Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.

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Monarchy of Spain

The monarchy of Spain (Monarquía de España), constitutionally referred to as the Crown (La Corona), is a constitutional institution and historic office of Spain.

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Monasteries in Spain

Monasteries in Spain have a rich artistic and cultural tradition, and serve as testament to Spain's religious history and political-military history, from the Visigothic Period to the Middle Ages.

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Monastery of Carracedo

The Monastery of Saint Mary of Carracedo or the Monasterio de Santa María de Carracedo is an inactive abbey and palace complex, now in semi-restored state near the town of Carracedelo, province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Monastery of San Miguel de Escalada

San Miguel de Escalada is a monastery in the province of León, Spain, located 10 km from the Way of St. James pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela.

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Monsanto (Idanha-a-Nova)

Monsanto is a village and a former civil parish in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal.

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Montes de León

The Montes de León (Spanish for "mountains of León", named after the ancient Kingdom of León) is a mountain range in north-western Spain, in the provinces of León and Zamora.

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Moors

The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Moses de León

Moses de León (c. 1240 – 1305), known in Hebrew as Moshe ben Shem-Tov (משה בן שם-טוב די-ליאון), was a Spanish rabbi and Kabbalist who is considered the composer or redactor of the Zohar.

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Mudéjar

Mudéjar (Mudèjar, مدجن trans. Mudajjan, "tamed; domesticated") is also the name given to Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity.

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Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266

The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 (la revuelta mudejár de 1264–66), or the Revolt of the Mudéjars, was a Muslim (Mudéjar) rebellion in the Lower Andalusia and Murcia regions of the Crown of Castile.

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Muhammad I of Granada

Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (1195 – 22 January 1273), also known as Ibn al-Aḥmar (ابن الأحمر) and by his epithet al-Ghalib billah ("The Victor by the Grace of God"), was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty.

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Multinational state

A multinational state is a sovereign state that comprises two or more nations.

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Muniadona of Castile

Muniadona of Castile (1066), also called Mayor or Munia, was Queen of Pamplona (10111035) by her marriage with King Sancho Garcés III, who later added to his domains the Counties of Ribagorza (1017) and Castile (1028) using her dynastic rights to these territories.

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Munio Vélaz

Munio Vélaz or Vigílaz (died before 931) was the count of Álava and probably also of Biscay.

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Mutiny of the Trout

The Mutiny of the Trout (Spanish: Motín de la Trucha) was a semi-legendary popular revolt in Zamora, Spain, in late 1157.

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Name of Galicia

The name of Galicia, a nation on the Iberian Peninsula that is currently a part of Spain, derives from the Latin toponym Callaecia, later Gallaecia, related to the name of an ancient tribe that resided north of the Douro river, the Gallaeci or Callaeci in Latin, or Kallaikói (καλλαικoι) in Greek.

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Names given to the Spanish language

There are two names given in Spanish to the Spanish language: español ("Spanish") and castellano ("Castilian").

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National and regional identity in Spain

Both the perceived nationhood of Spain, and the perceived distinctions between different parts of its territory are said to derive from historical, geographical, linguistic, economic, political and social factors.

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National coat of arms

A national coat of arms is a symbol which denotes an independent state in the form of a heraldic achievement.

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New Kingdom of León

The New Kingdom of León (Nuevo Reino de León), was an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire, politically ruled by the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

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Nodicia de kesos

In the early 20th century, Zacarías García Villada discovered the Nodicia de kesos on the backside of a tenth-century parchment recording a gift to the monastery of San Justo y Pastor, which was located in either Chozas de Abajo or Ardón del Esla in the Kingdom of León.

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November 26

No description.

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Nuño Fernández

Nuño Fernández (fl. 920–27) was a nobleman of the Kingdom of León.

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Nuño Rasura

Nuño Rasura was one of two legendary judges of Castile, the other being his son-in-law Laín Calvo.

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Nuevo León

Nuevo León, or New Leon, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León (Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León), is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, compose the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.

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Order of Alcántara

The Order of Alcántara (Leonese: Orde de Alcántara, Orden de Alcántara), also called the Knights of St.

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Order of Calatrava

The Order of Calatrava (Orden de Calatrava Ordem de Calatrava) was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval.

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Order of Monfragüe

The Order of Monfragüe (Orden de Monfragüe) was a Spanish military order founded at the castle of Monfragüe near Plasencia on the Tagus in 1196.

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Order of Queen Maria Luisa

The Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa is an Order created by King Charles IV of Spain by royal decree in April 21, 1792 at the request of his wife Queen Maria Luisa, to reward noble women who distinguished themselves for their services and talents.

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Order of Saint Michael of the Wing

The Royal Equestrian and Military Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Ordo equitum Sancte Michaelis sive de Ala, Real Ordem Equestre e Militar de São Miguel da Ala), also called the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing, is a Portuguese Roman Catholic dynastic order that is believed to have been founded in 1147 in the Alcobaça Monastery in Alcobaça, Portugal, by King Afonso I of Portugal, in commemoration of the Conquest of Santarém from the Moors in 1147.

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Order of Santiago

The Order of Santiago (Orde de Santiago, Orden de Santiago), also known as "The Order of St.

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Ordoño Bermúdez

Ordoño Bermúdez or Ordoño Vermúdez (fl. 1001–1042) was one of the sons that King Bermudo II of León had out of wedlock.

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Ordoño II of León

Ordoño II (c. 873 – June 924, León) was a king of Galicia from 910, and king of Galicia and León from 914 until his death.

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Ordoño III of León

Ordoño III (–956) was the King of León from 951 to 956, son and successor of Ramiro II (931–951).

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Ordoño IV of León

Ordoño IV, called the Wicked or the Bad (c. 926–Córdoba, c. 962 or 963) was the king of León from 958 until 960, interrupting the reign of Sancho the Fat for a two-year period.

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Outline of Portugal

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Portugal: The Portuguese Republic, commonly known as Portugal, is a sovereign country principally located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe.

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Paintings from Arlanza

The paintings from Arlanza are a set of frescos belonging to the mural decoration of a Benedictine monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza, in the Province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain, dating to around 1210, and now dispersed among a number of collections.

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Palau Nacional

The Palau Nacional (Catalan for ‘National Palace’) was the main site of the 1929 International Exhibition on the hill of Montjuïc in Barcelona.

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Pantheon of Asturian Kings

The Pantheon of Asturian Kings in a chapel of Nuestra Señora del Rey Casto in the Cathedral of San Salvador, Oviedo, Spain.

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Parias

In medieval Spain, parias (from medieval Latin pariāre, "to make equal ", i.e. pay) were a form of tribute paid by the taifas of al-Andalus to the Christian kingdoms of the north.

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Parliament

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.

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Pedro Alfonso de León

Pedro Alfonso de León (born c. 1196 – died 1226) was a Leonese Spanish noble of the House of Burgundy.

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Pedro Ansúrez

Pedro Ansúrez (floruit 1065–1117; died 9 September 1118) was a Castilian count of Liébana, Saldaña and Carrión in the closing decades of the eleventh century and the opening decades of the twelfth.

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Pedro de Ponte

Pedro de Ponte (floruit 1163–90), possibly a Galician, was the royal chancellor of the Kingdom of León from 1170 to 1172 and the second bishop of the newly founded see of Ciudad Rodrigo from 1174 until his death.

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Pedro López de Monforte

Pedro López de Monforte (Petrus Lupi; floruit 1103–35) was an Iberian nobleman and castellan, probably originally from the Rioja.

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Pedro Ponce de Cabrera

Pedro Ponce de Cabrera (died 1248/1254), was a magnate from the Kingdom of León, son of Ponce Vela de Cabrera and his wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón, daughter of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and his first wife María de Guzmán.

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Pedro Suárez de Deza (died 1206)

Pedro Suárez de Deza (died 1206) was a Spanish prelate, the bishop of Salamanca from 1166 until his transfer to the archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela in 1173, where he remained until his death.

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Pelayo Rodríguez (count)

Pelayo Rodríguez (fl. 985–1007) was an important magnate and a count (comes) of the Kingdom of León and a common presence at the courts of Bermudo II (984–999) and Alfonso V (999–1028).

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Peque, Zamora

Peque is a village and municipality in the province of Zamora, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Pero Fromarigues de Guimarães

Pero Fromarigues de Guimarães (c.1080-?) was a Portuguese nobleman, Lord of Melo.

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Personal union

A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct.

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Peter González

The Blessed Peter González, O.P. (1190 - 1246), sometimes referred to as Pedro González Telmo, Saint Telmo, or Saint Elmo, was a Castilian Dominican friar and priest, born in 1190 in Frómista, Palencia, Kingdom of Castile and Leon.

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Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona

Peter I (Pedro, Pero, Petri; 1068 - 1104) was King of Aragon and also Pamplona from 1094 until his death in 1104.

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Peter of Castile

Peter (Pedro; 30 August 133423 March 1369), called the Cruel (el Cruel) or the Just (el Justo), was the king of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369.

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Petty kingdom

A petty kingdom is a kingdom described as minor or "petty" by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the numerous kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England unified into the Kingdom of England in the 10th century, or the numerous Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland as the Kingdom of Ireland in the 16th century).

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Philippine ten centavo coin

The Philippine ten-centavo coin (10¢) coin was a denomination of the Philippine peso.

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Ponce de Minerva

Ponce de Minerva (1114/1115 – 27 July 1175) was a nobleman, courtier, governor, and general serving, at different times, the kingdoms of León and Castile.

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Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera

Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera (floruit 1105–1162), called Ponç Guerau (or Grau) in Catalan or Pons in Occitan, was a Catalan nobleman, courtier and military leader in the kingdoms of León and Castile.

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Ponce Vela de Cabrera

Ponce Vela de Cabrera, also known as Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera (died 24 September 1202), was a noble from the Kingdom of León who played an important role during the reign of Alfonso IX.

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Ponte do Prado

The Bridge of Prado (Ponte do Prado) is a bridge constructed over the Cávado River, in the civil parish of Vila de Prado, municipality of Vila Verde, in Norte Region, Portugal northern Portugal.

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Pope Callixtus II

Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II (c. 1065 – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was pope of the western Christian church from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124.

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Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II (Lucius II; died 15 February 1145), born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was Pope from 9 March 1144 to his death in 1145.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Portugal in the Middle Ages

The kingdom of Portugal was established from the county of Portugal in the 1130s, ruled by the Alfonsine Dynasty.

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Portugal–Spain border

The Portugal–Spain border is the international boundary between Portugal and Spain.

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Portuguese Army

The Portuguese Army (Exército Português) is the land component of the Armed Forces of Portugal and is also its largest branch.

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Portuguese Cortes

In the Medieval Kingdom of Portugal, the Cortes was an assembly of representatives of the estates of the realm - the nobility, clergy and bourgeoisie.

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Portuguese discoveries

Portuguese discoveries (Portuguese: Descobrimentos portugueses) are the numerous territories and maritime routes discovered by the Portuguese as a result of their intensive maritime exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Portuguese House of Burgundy

The Portuguese House of Burgundy or the Afonsine Dynasty is a cadet branch of the House of Burgundy, descended from Henry, Count of Portugal.

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Portuguese name

A Portuguese name is typically composed of one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, seldom more).

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Portuguese nobility

The Portuguese nobility was the class of legally privileged and titled persons (nobility) recognized by the Kingdom of Portugal.

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Primacy of the Diocese of Toledo

The Primacy of the Archdiocese of Toledo is the primacy of the Diocese (later Archdiocese) of Toledo over the other episcopal sees in the Roman Catholic Church in Spain.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.

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Province of Burgos

The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Province of León

León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Province of Salamanca

Salamanca is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León (Castilla y León).

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Province of Toledo

Toledo is a province of central Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha.

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Province of Valladolid

Valladolid is a province of northwest Spain, in the central part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Province of Zamora

Zamora is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Provinces of Portugal

The term "provinces" (províncias) has been used throughout history to identify regions of continental Portugal.

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Public art in Barcelona

Public art in Barcelona is a designated group of monuments and outdoor sculptures in the city.

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Purple

Purple is a color intermediate between blue and red.

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Purpure

In heraldry, purpure is a tincture, more or less the equivalent of the colour "purple", and is one of the five main or most usually used colours (as opposed to metals).

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Qadi

A qadi (قاضي; also cadi, kadi or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of the Shariʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.

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Queen Letizia of Spain

Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano (born 15 September 1972) is the current Queen of Spain as the wife of King Felipe VI.

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Queen Sofía of Spain

Sofía of Greece and Denmark (Greek: Σοφία; born 2 November 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family who served as Queen of Spain during the reign of her husband, King Juan Carlos I, from 1975 to 2014.

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Quintana del Castillo

Quintana del Castillo is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Ramiro Fróilaz

Ramiro Fróilaz (floruit 1120–1169) was a Leonese magnate, statesman, and military leader.

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Ramiro Garcés of Viguera

Ramiro Garcés (Basque: Ramiro Gartzia; died 9 July 981) was the first King of Viguera, since the establishment of the kingdom in 970 until his death in 981.

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Ramiro II of León

Ramiro II (c. 900 – 1 January 951), son of Ordoño II, was a King of León from 931 until his death.

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Ramiro III of León

Ramiro III (961 – 26 June 985), king of León (966–984), was the son of Sancho the Fat and his successor at the age of only five.

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Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona

Ramon Berenguer IV (c. 1114 – 6 August 1162, Anglicized Raymond Berengar IV), sometimes called the Saint, was the Count of Barcelona who brought about the union of his County of Barcelona with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the Crown of Aragon.

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Reconquista

The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

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Regalia of Spain

The Spanish Royal Crown may refer to either the heraldic crown, which does not exist physically; or the crown known as the corona tumular, a physical crown used during proclamation ceremonies since the 18th century.

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Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country

Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (Partido Regionalista del País Leonés) is a regional political party in Castilla y León, Spain. PREPAL strives to establish a separate autonomous community (País Leonés or Autonomous Community of País Leonés) for the provinces of Salamanca, Zamora and León, (parts of the old Kingdom of León), now in the Autonomous Community of Castile and León. PREPAL was founded in 1980 by Francisco Iglesias Carreño.

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Repoblación art and architecture

The designation arte (or arquitectura) de (la) repoblación (literally, "art or architecture of repopulation") was first proposed by José Camón Aznar in 1949 to replace the term Mozarabic as applied to certain works of architecture from the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain between the end of the 9th and beginning of the 11th centuries.

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Representative assembly

A representative assembly is a political institution in which a number of persons representing the population or privileged orders within the population of a state come together to debate, negotiate with the executive (originally the king or other ruler) and legislate.

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Riaño, León

Riaño (Riañu, in Leonese dialect), is a former small municipality located along the Esla River in the mountains of the province of León, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, northern Spain.

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Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge

Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (c. 20 July 1375 – 5 August 1415) was the second son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and Isabella of Castile.

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Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile

Richeza of Poland (also known as of Silesia) (Ryksa Polska or Śląska) (c. 1140 – 16 June 1185) was a Polish princess of the House of Piast in the Silesian branch.

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Rock of the Three Kingdoms

The Rock of the Three Kingdoms (Portuguese: Penedo dos Três Reinos) is a mountain of 1025 m of elevation in the Serra de Marabón (Sierra del Marabón), part of the mountainous system of Sierra de la Culebra (Serra da Coroa).

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Roda Codex

The Roda Codex (Codex of Roda, Códice de Roda, Códice de Meyá) is a medieval manuscript that represents a unique source for details of the 9th and early 10th century Kingdom of Navarre and neighbouring principalities, now kept in Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, cód.

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Rodrigo Álvarez

Rodrigo Álvarez (Rudericus Aluari) (died 1187) was a Galician magnate in the Kingdom of León.

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Rodrigo González de Lara

Rodrigo González de Lara (floruit 1078–1143) was a Castilian nobleman of the House of Lara.

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Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón

Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón (died 1193) was a magnate and ricohombre from Palencia who played a key role in the Medieval history of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Rodrigo Martínez

Rodrigo Martínez (Rudericus Martini) (died July 1138) was a Leonese nobleman, landowner, courtier, military leader, governor, and diplomat, "the most powerful lay figure in the region of the western Tierra de Campos," who "emerges as far and away the most regular visitor to the court of Alfonso VII between 1127 and 1138." He was a member of the Flagínez family, rose to the highest rank in the kingdom and met his end on the battlefield.

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Rodrigo Muñoz (Asturian count)

Rodrigo Muñoz (floruit 1084–1116), son of Count Munio González and Mayor Muñoz, was a Castilian magnate in the kingdoms of León and Castile.

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Rodrigo Muñoz (Galician count)

Rodrigo Muñoz (floruit 1073–23 October 1086) was a Galician count in the Kingdom of León, best known for his death at the Battle of Sagrajas fighting for Alfonso VI of León.

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Rodrigo Pérez de Traba

Rodrigo Pérez de Traba (floruit 1111–1158/65), called el Velloso ("the Hairy"), was a Galician magnate whose career corresponds to the entire period from the coronation of Alfonso VII as co-ruler of León (1111) until his death (1157).

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Roman bridge of Salamanca

The Roman bridge of Salamanca (in Spanish: Puente romano de Salamanca), also known as Puente Mayor del Tormes is a Roman bridge crossing the Tormes River on the banks of the city of Salamanca, in Castile and León, Spain.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Astorga

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Astorga (Asturicensis) is a diocese whose seat is in the city of Astorga, in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of León in Spain

The Diocese of León (Legionen(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of León in the ecclesiastical province of Oviedo in Spain.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Salamanca

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Salamanca (Salmantin(us)) is a diocese located in the city of Salamanca in the Ecclesiastical province of Valladolid in Spain.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora in Spain

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora (Zamoren(sis)) is a diocese in the city of Zamora in the Ecclesiastical province of Valladolid in Spain.

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Royal Armoury of Madrid

The Royal Armoury of Madrid or Real Armería de Madrid, between many other things, the collection contains the personal arms of the Kings of Spain, and also houses present military weapons and diplomatic works of art like mixed tapestries, paintings and other works of art and trophies.

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Royal Arms of England

The Royal Arms of England are the arms first adopted in a fixed form at the start of the age of heraldry (circa 1200) as personal arms by the Plantagenet kings who ruled England from 1154.

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Royal Standard of Spain

The Royal Standard of Spain (Estandarte Real or Estandarte del Rey) is the official flag of the King of Spain.

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Salamanca

Salamanca is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León.

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Sampiro

Sampiro (c. 956 – 1041) was a Leonese cleric, politician, and intellectual, one of the earliest chroniclers of post-conquest Spain known by name.

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San Juan Bautista de Corias

The Abbey of San Juan Bautista de Corias (San Xuan Bautista de Courias) is a former Benedictine monastery in Corias on the right bank of the Narcea River, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, in the Province of Asturias.

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San Justo, Zamora

San Justo is a municipality in the province of Zamora, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Sancha Ponce de Cabrera

Sancha Ponce de Cabrera (died in 1176) was a daughter of Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, and his first wife, Sancha Núñez.Even though she appears in some genealogies as the daughter of Ponce's second wife, María Fernández de Traba, years later, her children Juan, Fernando and Maria make a donation to the Monastery of Santa María de Meira in Galicia of some properties that they had inherited from their grandmother Sancha Núñez. Cfr. Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez (1991), pp. 60–61See, María Mercedes Domínguez Casal She was the wife of the important magnate from the Kingdom of León, Vela Gutiérrez. In 1149, King Alfonso VIII of León gave the couple as a wedding gift the villa of Nogales which they, in turn, donated to Aldara Pérez, abbess at the Monastery of San Miguel de Bóveda in Ourense. The abbess was entrusted with the task of bringing nuns from her monastery to the new one which would be governed by the Rule of Saint Benedict. When Vela Gutiérrez, her husband, died, the nuns returned the new monastery, the construction of which was not yet completed, to Sancha who, in 1164, donated it to the Monastery of Santa María de Moreruela that had been founded by her father, Count Ponce, and it was then turned into a monastery governed by the Cistercian Order. She had previously made arrangements to have three sarcophagi carved from stone; one for her deceased husband, another one for a son who had died previously, and one for herself. These were placed in the main chapel of the church of Nogales Abbey which had been consecrated in 1172. Sancha died in 1176 and her remains, as well as those of her husband and son, received burial at the newly founded monastery.

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Sancha Raimúndez

Sancha Raimúndez of León (c. 1095/110228 February 1159) was a Leonese infanta, the daughter of Raymond of Burgundy and Queen Urraca of León and the older sister of Alfonso VII of León.

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Sancho Alfónsez

Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida.

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Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo

Sancho Garcés (c. 1038 – 6 January 1083) was an illegitimate son of King García Sánchez III of Pamplona and first cousin of King Alfonso VI of León.

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Sancho I of León

Sancho I, called the Fat (c. 932 – 19 December 966) was a king of León.

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Sancho I of Pamplona

Sancho Garcés I (Basque: Antso Ia. Gartzez; c. 860 – 10 December 925), also known as Sancho I, was King of Pamplona from 905 until 925.

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Sancho I of Portugal

Sancho I, nicknamed "the Populator" ("o Povoador"), King of Portugal (Coimbra, 11 November 115426 March 1211) was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fifth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy.

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Sancho II of Castile and León

Sancho II (1036/1038 – 7 October 1072), called the Strong (el Fuerte), was King of Castile (1065–72), Galicia (1071–72) and León (1072).

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Sancho II of Pamplona

Sancho Garcés II (Basque: Antso II.a Gartzez, c. 938 – dead 994), also known as Sancho II.

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Sancho III of Castile

Sancho III (1134 – 31 August 1158), called the Desired (el Deseado), was King of Castile and Toledo for one year, from 1157 to 1158.

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Sancho III of Pamplona

Sancho Garcés III (994 – 18 October 1035), also known as Sancho the Great (Sancho el Mayor, Antso Gartzez Nagusia), was the King of Pamplona from 1004 until his death in 1035.

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Sancho IV of Castile

Sancho IV of Castile (12 May 1258 – 25 April 1295) called the Brave (el Bravo), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1284 to his death.

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Sancho IV of Pamplona

Sancho Garcés IV (Antso IV.a Gartzez; 1039 – 4 June 1076), nicknamed Sancho of Peñalén (Antso Peñalengoa, Sancho el de Peñalén) was King of Pamplona from 1054 until his death.

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Sancho Ramírez

Sancho Ramírez (1042 – 4 June, 1094) was King of Aragon from 1063 until 1094 and King of Pamplona from 1076 under the name of Sancho V (Antso V.a Ramirez).

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Sancho VI of Navarre

Sancho Garcés VI (Antso VI.a; 21 April 1132 - 27 June 1194), called the Wise (Jakituna, el Sabio) was King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194.

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Santa María del Monte de Cea

Santa María del Monte de Cea is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Santa María la Real of Nájera

Santa María la Real is a monastery in the small town of Nájera in the La Rioja community, Spain.

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Santiago de Peñalba

The Mozarabic church of Santiago de Peñalba is located in the Valle del Silencio (Valley of Silence) in the region of El Bierzo, province of León, Community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Sayago

Sayago is a comarca (county, but with no administrative role) in the province of Zamora, central Spain.

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Sea-lion

In heraldry, the term sea-lion (sometimes called a morse) refers to a legendary creature that has the head and upper body of a lion, but with webbed forelimbs and a fish tail.

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Seal of Manila

The Seal of Manila is composed of the city's modern coat-of-arms, with colors mirroring those of the National Flag.

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Seal of the City of Los Angeles

The Seal of the City of Los Angeles is, since 1905, the official seal of the City of Los Angeles, a city located in the southern portion of the U.S. state of California.

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Seal of the President of the Philippines

The Seal of the President of the Philippines (Sagisag ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is a symbol used to represent the history and dignity of the President of the Philippines.

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Second Crusade

The Second Crusade (1147–1149) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.

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Severiano Álvarez

Severiano Álvarez (1933 – September 23, 2013) was a Leonese language writer.

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Siege of Bayonne

The Siege of Bayonne was launched by Alfonso the Battler, King of Aragon and Navarre, apparently against the Duke of Aquitaine, William X, and lasted from October 1130 to October 1131.

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Siege of Córdoba (1236)

During the reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (1236) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711.

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Siege of Coria (1138)

The Siege of Coria in July 1138 was the first and shorter of two attempts to take the city of Coria by Alfonso VII of León.

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Siege of Coria (1142)

The second Siege of Coria by the Emperor Alfonso VII of León was begun in early May 1142 and ended with the taking of the town in June.

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Siege of Lisbon

The Siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October, 1147, was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords.

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Siege of Málaga (1487)

The Siege of Málaga (1487) was an action during the Reconquest of Spain in which the Catholic Monarchs conquered the city of Málaga from the Muslims.

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Siege of Oreja

The Siege of Oreja was a siege by the forces of Alfonso VII, Emperor of Spain, on the Spanish town Colmenar de Oreja that lasted from April until October 1139 when the Almoravid garrison surrendered.

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Siege of Santarém (1184)

The Siege of Santarém, lasted from June 1184 to July 1184.

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Sierra Suroeste

Sierra Suroeste is a comarca (county, with no administrative role) located in southwestern province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, western Spain.

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Siete Partidas

The Siete Partidas ("Seven-Part Code") or simply Partidas was a Castilian statutory code first compiled during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284), with the intent of establishing a uniform body of normative rules for the kingdom.

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Sigma Delta Pi

Sigma Delta Pi (ΣΔΠ) is the National Collegiate Hispanic Honor Society (La Sociedad Nacional Honoraria Hispánica) and was established on November 14, 1919, at the University of California at Berkeley.

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Slavery in medieval Europe

Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom.

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Soria

Soria is a municipality and a Spanish city, located on the Douro river in the east of the autonomous community of Castile and León and capital of the province of Soria.

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Soto de la Vega

Soto de la Vega, Soutu de la Veiga, in Leonese language, is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spain in the Middle Ages

In many ways, the history of Spain is marked by waves of conquerors who brought their distinct cultures to the peninsula.

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Spaniards in Mexico

Spanish Mexicans are citizens or residents of Mexico who identify as Spanish as a result of nationality or ancestry.

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Spanish Adoptionism

Spanish Adoptionism was a Christian theological position which was articulated in Umayyad and Christian-held regions of the Iberian peninsula in the 8th- and 9th centuries.

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Spanish architecture

Spanish architecture refers to architecture carried out in any area in what is now Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide.

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Spanish heraldry

The tradition and art of heraldry first appeared in Spain at about the beginning of the eleventh century AD and its origin was similar to other European countries: the need for knights and nobles to distinguish themselves from one another on the battlefield, in jousts and in tournaments.

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Spanish military orders

The Spanish military orders or Spanish Medieval knights orders are a set of religious-military institutions which arose in the context of the Reconquista, the most important are arising in the 12th century in the Crowns of León and Castile (Order of Santiago, Order of Alcántara and Order of Calatrava) and in 14th century in the Crown of Aragon (Order of Montesa); preceded by many others that have not survived, such as the Aragonese Militia Christi of Alfonso of Aragon and Navarre, the Confraternity of Belchite (founded in 1122) or the Military order of Monreal (created in 1124), which after being refurbished by Alfonso VII of León and Castile took the name of Cesaraugustana and in 1149 with Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, are integrated into the Knights Templar.

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Stain (heraldry)

In heraldry, a stain (sometimes termed stainand colour or staynard colour) is one of a few non-standard tinctures or colours (namely murrey, sanguine and tenné), which are only known to occur in post-medieval heraldry and are thought to denote a rebatement of honour.

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Structure of the Spanish Army

The current structure of the Spanish Army is as follows.

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Structure of the Spanish Army in 1989

The Order of Battle of the Spanish Army in 1989 is given below.

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Style of the Portuguese sovereign

The style of Portuguese sovereign has varied over the years.

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Suero de Quiñones

Suero de Quiñones (c. 1409 – 11 July 1456), called El del Passo ("he of the pass"), was a Leonese knight and author.

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Suero Gundemáriz

Suero Gundemáriz (flourished 968–991) was a Leonese count in the region of Galicia, notable mainly for leading the region in rebellion.

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Suero I (bishop of Coria)

Suero I was a twelfth-century Spanish prelate.

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Suero Vermúdez

Suero Vermúdez (or Bermúdez) (died 12 August 1138) was an Asturian nobleman, extensive landowner, patron of churches, territorial governor, and military leader.

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Sulayman ibn al-Hakam

Sulayman ibn al-Hakam or Sulayman al-Musta'in bi-llah (سليمان المستعين بالله; died 1016) was the fifth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, ruling from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016 in Al-Andalus.

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Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom

The Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom (also known as Supreme Central Junta, the Supreme Council, and Junta of Seville; Junta Suprema Central) formally was the Spanish organ that accumulated the executive and legislative powers during the Napoleonic occupation of Spain.

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Taifa of Badajoz

The Taifa of Badajoz (from طائفة بطليوس) was a medieval Islamic Moorish kingdom located in what is now parts of Portugal and Spain.

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Taifa of Lisbon

The Taifa of Lisbon (from Arabic: طائفة لشبونة Taa'ifatu Lishbunah) was a medieval Islamic taifa kingdom of Gharb Al-Andalus.

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Teresa Fernández de Traba

Teresa Fernández de Traba (died 6 February 1180 in León) was the Queen consort of León (1178–1180) during the reign of Ferdinand II.

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Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal

Teresa of León (Portuguese: Teresa; Galician-Portuguese: Tareja) (1080 – 11 November 1130) was Countess and Queen of Portugal.

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The Long Ships

The Long Ships or Red Orm (original Swedish: Röde Orm meaning Red Serpent or Red Snake) is an adventure novel by the Swedish writer Frans G. Bengtsson.

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Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León

Theresa of Portugal (October 4, 1178 – June 18, 1250) was Queen of Léon as the first wife of King Alfonso IX of León.

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Tierra de La Bañeza

La Tierra de La Bañeza is a Leonese comarca or historical region whose capital is the city of La Bañeza.

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Tierras de León

Tierra de León or Tierras de León (Tierras de Llión in the Leonese language) is a shire (comarca) in the province of León.

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Timeline of Galician history

No description.

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Timeline of historical geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world.

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Timeline of LGBT history

The following is a timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) history.

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Timeline of Portuguese history

This is a timeline of Portuguese history.

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Timeline of Portuguese history (First County)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

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Timeline of Portuguese history (First Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

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Timeline of Portuguese history (Second County)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

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Timeline of sovereign states in Europe

This timeline lists sovereign states in Europe, both current and defunct, since the 11th century.

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Timeline of Spanish history

This is a timeline of Spanish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Spain and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

This is a timeline of notable events during the period of Muslim presence in Iberia, starting with the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century.

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Toda of Pamplona

Toda Aznárez (Basque: Tota Aznar; 876 – 958), known as Toda of Pamplona, was Queen consort of Pamplona by her marriage with Sancho I of Pamplona.

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Toro, Zamora

Toro is a town and municipality in the province of Zamora, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Trabancos (river)

The Trabancos is a river in Spain that flows between the Zapardiel and the Guareña rivers, and is a tributary of the Duero river.

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Treaty of Granada (1491)

The Treaty of Granada was signed and ratified on November 25, 1491 between Boabdil, the sultan of Granada, and Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily.

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Treaty of Sahagún (1158)

The Treaty of Sahagún ended a state of war between the Castile and León, establishing pacem et ueram amiciciam (peace and true friendship) between their respective monarchs, Sancho III and Ferdinand II, who called themselves boni fratres et boni amici (good brothers and good friends).

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Treaty of Zamora

The Treaty of Zamora (5 October 1143) recognized Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León.

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Tripoint

A tripoint, trijunction, triple point or tri-border area is a geographical point at which the boundaries of three countries or subnational entities meet.

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Truchas, León

Leonese language is widely spoken in this area.

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Trujillo, Cáceres

Trujillo (Trugillu) is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain.

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Turibius of Mogrovejo

Saint Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo (16 November 1538 – 23 March 1606) was a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the Archbishop of Lima from 1579 until his death.

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Uberto Lanfranchi

Uberto Lanfranchi (or Humbert) (died 1137) was the Cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata (appointed by Pope Calixtus II no later than 1123), then the Cardinal-priest of San Clemente (appointed by Honorius II in 1126), and finally the Archbishop of Pisa (appointed by Innocent II in 1132/3. Lanfranchi was from northern Italy, either from Pisa, where he had been a regular canon, or from Bologna.Richard A. Fletcher (1984), Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 216. Uberto subscribed a Papal bull on 6 April 1123 when he was a cardinal-deacon and as cardinal-priest he undersigned bulls between 28 March 1126 and 2 September 1133. In 1129 Humber was sent as a Papal legate to the Kingdom of León. Upon his arrival (probably late in 1129 or in the early days of 1130) he met with Diego Gelmírez, the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela and an important intermediary between the Papacy and king Alfonso VII, for eight days. Afterwards he travelled into Portugal before returning to Carrión, where he presided over an important synod in February. Uberto, Diego, Oleguer Bonestruga, and the king met privately on the eve of the council to determine the agendum. The council opened on 4 February and closed on the 7th, but a copy its full acta (decrees) has not survived. Three bishops—Pelagius of Oviedo, Diego of León, and Muño of Salamanca—and the abbot of Samos were deposed by the council for having opposed the marriage of Alfonso to Berenguela of Barcelona on grounds of consanguinity. The main source for Uberto's legation to Spain is the Historia Compostellana, which gives him a deferential tone when speaking with Diego. A letter from Humber to Diego dated 1131 is friendly. The date of Uberto's election to the archdiocese of Pisa falls between 13 December 1132 and 21 February 1133. He received episcopal consecration in September 1133 and probably resigned his cardinal's title then. During the papal schism caused by the election of Antipope Anacletus II (1130–38), Uberto remained faithful to Innocent II. In 1135 Uberto established Porto Torres as the perpetual seat of the Papal legation in Sardinia.

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Uc de Saint Circ

Uc de Saint Circ (San Sir) or Hugues (Hugh) de Saint Circq (fl. 1217–1253Aubrey, The Music of the Troubadours, 22–23.) was a troubadour from Quercy.

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University of Salamanca

The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the city of Salamanca, west of Madrid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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Urraca López de Haro

Urraca López de Haro (c. 1160 – c. 1230), daughter of Count Lope Díaz de Haro, Lord of Biscay and his wife countess Aldonza, founders of the monastery of Cañas was Queen consort of León (1185/1187–1188) following her marriage to King Ferdinand II (1137–1188).

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Urraca of León

Urraca (April 1079 – 8 March 1126) called the Reckless (la Temeraria), was Queen of León, Castile, and Galicia from 1109 until her death in childbirth.

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Urraca of Portugal

Urraca of Portugal ((Coimbra, 1148 – Wamba, Valladolid, 1211) was an infanta of Portugal, daughter of Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal, and his wife, Queen Maud of Savoy. She was queen consort of León as the wife of King Ferdinand II and the mother of Alfonso IX.

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Urraca of Zamora

Urraca of Zamora (1033/34 – 1101) was a Leónese infanta, one of the five children of Ferdinand I the Great, who received the city of Zamora as her inheritance and exercised palatine authority in it.

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Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona

Urraca Sánchez of Pamplona was a Queen consort of León and princess of Pamplona.

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Valdés (surname)

Valdés is a Spanish toponymic surname of Asturian origin.

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Valdepeñas

Valdepeñas is a municipality in the province of Ciudad Real, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain.

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Valderas

Valderas is a town and a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Valença, Portugal

Valença (locally), also known as Valença do Minho, is a municipality and a town in Portugal.

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Valencia de Don Juan

Valencia de Don Juan (Coyanza in Leonese language) is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Valparaíso Region

The Valparaíso Region is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.

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Vegaquemada

Vegaquemada is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Vegas del Condado

Vegas del Condado, Vegas del Condáu, in Leonese language, is a municipality located in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Vela Gutiérrez

Vela Gutiérrez (died 1160) was a Leonese nobleman.

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Vela Jiménez

Vela Jiménez who appears also as Vigila Scemeniz, is documented on two occasions as Count of Álava between 882 and 883 in the Codex Vigilanus, compiled in 881 with two large paragraphs added subsequently describing the events that took place in 882 and 883.

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Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena; 24 October 1887 – 15 April 1969) was Queen of Spain as the wife of King Alfonso XIII.

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Vila Nova de Gaia

Vila Nova de Gaia, or simply Gaia (Cale) is a city and a municipality in Porto District in Norte Region, Portugal.

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Villablino

Villablino (Leonese: Vitsablinu) is a municipality located in the Laciana comarca, province of León, Castile and León, Spain.

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Villalpando

Villalpando is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain.

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Violant of Aragon

Violant or Violante of Aragon, also known as Yolanda of Aragon (8 June 1236–1301), was Queen consort of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284 as the wife of King Alfonso X of Castile.

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Viscount of Paço de Nespereira

The Viscount of Paço de Nespereira (Visconde de Paço de Nespereira) is a Portuguese title bestowed by King Luís I of Portugal in 1886 to a member of the Lobo Machado family, Gaspar de Sousa Lobo Machado, 9th Lord of Santão, even though the lordship of Paço de Nespereira was traditionally of held in the hands of the Amaral-Cardoso-de-Menezes clan.

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Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic Kingdom or Kingdom of the Visigoths (Regnum Gothorum) was a kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.

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Voto de Santiago

The Voto de Santiago was an offering rendered by the Christian kingdoms of Asturias, Galicia, León and Castille to Saint James and his cathedral at Santiago de Compostella in thanks for the saint's miraculous intervention, which they believed had enabled them to win the legendary battle of Clavijo against the Moors.

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War of the Castilian Succession

The War of the Castilian Succession, more accurately referred to as "Second War of Castilian Succession" or simply "War of Henry IV's Succession" to avoid confussion with other Castilian succession wars, was the military conflict contested from 1475 to 1479 for the succession of the Crown of Castile fought between the supporters of Joanna 'la Beltraneja', reputed daughter of the late monarch Henry IV of Castile, and those of Henry's half-sister, Isabella, who was ultimately successful.

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Władysław II the Exile

Vladislaus II the Exile (Władysław II Wygnaniec) (1105 – 30 May 1159) was a High Duke of Poland and Duke of Silesia from 1138 until his expulsion in 1146.

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Western Roman Empire

In historiography, the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with that administering the eastern half, then referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Widsith

"Widsith" ("Ƿidsið") is an Old English poem of 143 lines.

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William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

William IX (Guilhèm de Peitieus; Guilhem de Poitou Guillaume de Poitiers) (22 October 1071 – 10 February 1127), called the Troubador, was the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitou (as William VII) between 1086 and his death.

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Zamora, Spain

Zamora is a city in Castile and León, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora.

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1003

Year 1003 (MIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1007

Year in topic Year 1007 (MVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1015

Year in topic Year 1015 (MXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1017

Year 1017 (MXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1022

Year 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1028

Year 1028 (MXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1072

Year 1072 (MLXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1086

Year 1086 (MLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1108

Year 1108 (MCVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1126

Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1134

Year 1134 (MCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1139

Year 1139 (MCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1143

Year 1143 (MCXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1144

Year 1144 (MCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1167

Year 1167 (MCLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1179

Year 1179 (MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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11th century

The 11th century is the period from 1001 to 1100 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

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1218

Year 1218 (MCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1230

Year 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1267

Year 1267 (MCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1280

Year 1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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12th century

The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era.

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1379

Year 1379 (MCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1383

Year 1383 (MCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1390

Year 1390 (MCCCXC) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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1434

Year 1434 (MCDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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871

Year 871 (DCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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873

Year 873 (DCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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875

Year 875 (DCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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900

Year 900 (CM) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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910

Year 910 (CMX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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912

Year 912 (CMXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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914

Year 914 (CMXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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917

Year 917 (CMXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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921

Year 921 (CMXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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924

Year 924 (CMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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925

Year 925 (CMXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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926

Year 926 (CMXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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931

Year 931 (CMXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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932

Year 932 (CMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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933

Year 933 (CMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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935

Year 935 (CMXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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939

Year 939 (CMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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951

Year 951 (CMLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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953

Year 953 (CMLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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956

Year 956 (CMLVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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961

Year 961 (CMLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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962

Year 962 (CMLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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963

Year 963 (CMLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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966

Year 966 (CMLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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974

Year 974 (CMLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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978

Year 978 (CMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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984

Year 984 (CMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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985

Year 985 (CMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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988

Year 988 (CMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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994

Year 994 (CMXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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996

Year 996 (CMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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997

Year 997 (CMXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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999

Year 999 (CMXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

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9th century

The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era.

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Redirects here:

Kingdom of Leon, Kingdom of León and Castile, Kingdom of León-Castile, Kingdom of leon, Leons, The Kingdom of León.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_León

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