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416 relations: ACAMPs, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Adipokinetic hormone, Adipose tissue macrophages, Aerobiological engineering, Aeromonas, AKR1B1, Alkaline phosphatase, Allan Macfadyen, Allergy, Amebocyte, Ames test, Aminoglycoside, Animal product, Anorexia (symptom), Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial peptides, AOAH, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Apolipoprotein A1, Arenicin, Asthma, Atlantic horseshoe crab, ATP-binding cassette transporter, Bacteria, Bacterial capsule, Bacterial cell structure, Bacterial effector protein, Bacterial morphological plasticity, Bacterial outer membrane, Bacterial outer membrane vesicles, Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, Bacteriophage, Bacteriovorax stolpii, Beta defensin, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, Bifidobacterium, Bioaerosol, Bioremediation of radioactive waste, Blood–brain barrier, Bordetella trematum, Borrelia burgdorferi, BPI fold-containing family B member 2, Bruce Beutler, Brucellosis, Buchnera (bacterium), Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Byssinosis, ..., Calcium chloride transformation, Campylobacter jejuni, Canine parvovirus, Cannabinoid receptor type 1, Caspase, Caspase 11, Caspase 12, Cāng zhú, CCL16, CCL20, CD14, Cell encapsulation, Cell envelope, Cell membrane, Cell wall, Central nervous system fatigue, Ceramide, Chancroid, Chemokine, Chlorella, Chronic periodontitis, Citrinin, Clean-in-place, Coley's toxins, Colistin, Colitis-X, Colitose, Collectin, Congo red, Core oligosaccharide, Cortisol, Corynebacterium, Cotton fever, Criticism of fast food, Cucurbitacin E, Cyanobacteria, Cyanocobalamin, Cyanotoxin, Cystathionine gamma-lyase, Cystovirus, Cytostasis, Damage-associated molecular pattern, Depyrogenation, Detergent, Development of analogs of thalidomide, Diallyl disulfide, Dipshikha Chakravortty, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Dopamine receptor D5, E-selectin, Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X), Edobacomab, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, 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sclerosis, Pattern recognition receptor, PD-L1, Percoll, Peripheral membrane protein, Pertussis vaccine, Peter Ludvig Panum, Phage P22 Tailspike Protein, Phage therapy, Phagocyte, Pharmaceutical microbiology, Phi X 174, Phikmvlikevirus, Phillips Robbins, Phloxine, Phospholipid-derived fatty acids, Pinoline, Plant matrix metalloproteinase, Polyadenylation, Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate, Polysaccharide, Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, Porencephaly, Potomac horse fever, Poultry farming, Programmed cell death protein 1, Properdin, Prophenoloxidase, Propionispira raffinosivorans, Prostacyclin receptor, Prostaglandin EP3 receptor, Prostaglandin F receptor, Protegrin, Protein C, Protein detoxification, Protein inhibitor of activated STAT, Protein production, Proteobacteria, Proteus penneri, Proximal tubule, Psychrobacter, Psychrobacter arcticus, Psychrobacter cryohalolentis, Pulpitis, Radiation-induced cognitive decline, Raz Yirmiya, Reactive nitrogen species, 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Trimeric autotransporter adhesin, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Type three secretion system, Tyrosine kinase 2, UDP-3-O-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase, UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucuronate dehydrogenase, Upper gastrointestinal series, Urban legends about drugs, Uridine diphosphate glucose, Vasoconstriction, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio vulnificus, Vinpocetine, Virulence factor, Vitamin B12, Volemitol, Will Rogers Institute, Z-FA-FMK, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 1998 in science, 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid, 3-deoxyoctulosonase, 3-Hydroxymorphinan, 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. 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ACAMPs
Apoptotic-cell associated molecular patterns (ACAMPs) are molecular markers present on cells which are going through apoptosis, i.e. programmed cell death (similarly, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are markers of invading pathogens and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are markers of damaged tissue).
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (previously Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, respiratory pathogen found in pigs.
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Adipokinetic hormone
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is a short peptide hormone that has been studied in insects.
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Adipose tissue macrophages
Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident macrophages present in adipose tissue.
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Aerobiological engineering
Aerobiological engineering is the science of designing buildings and systems to control airborne pathogens and allergens in indoor environments.
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Aeromonas
Aeromonas is a genus of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that morphologically resemble members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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AKR1B1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B1 (AKR1B1), also known as aldose reductase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR1B1 gene.
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Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) or basic phosphatase is a homodimeric protein enzyme of 86 kilodaltons.
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Allan Macfadyen
Allan Macfadyen (26 May 1860 in Glasgow – 1 March 1907 in Hampstead, London) was a Scottish bacteriologist, a pioneer in immunization against bacterial infection.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Amebocyte
An amebocyte or amoebocyte is a mobile cell (moving like an amoeba) in the body of invertebrates including echinoderms, molluscs, tunicates, sponges and some chelicerates.
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Ames test
The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism.
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Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial therapeutic agents that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar); the term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains aminosugar substructures.
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Animal product
An animal product is any material derived from the body of an animal.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory, or antiinflammatory, refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling.
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Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defense peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life.
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AOAH
Acyloxyacyl hydrolase, also known as AOAH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AOAH gene.
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Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a brackish and freshwater species of cyanobacteria found around the world, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes.
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Apolipoprotein A1
Apolipoprotein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA1 gene.
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Arenicin
Arenicins are a group of antimicrobial peptides being studied to combat Gram-negative bacteria.
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Atlantic horseshoe crab
The Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), also known as the American horseshoe crab, is a species of marine and brackish chelicerate arthropod.
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ATP-binding cassette transporter
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are members of a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and is possibly one of the oldest families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial capsule
Some bacterial cells are surrounded by a viscous substance forming a covering layer or envelope around the cell wall.
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Bacterial cell structure
Bacteria, despite their simplicity, contain a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity.
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Bacterial effector protein
Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into the cells of their host, usually using a type 3 secretion system (TTSS/T3SS), a type 4 secretion system (TFSS/T4SS) or a Type VI secretion system (T6SS).
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Bacterial morphological plasticity
Bacterial morphological plasticity refers to changes in the shape and size that bacterial cells undergo when they encounter stressful environments.
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Bacterial outer membrane
The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria.
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Bacterial outer membrane vesicles
Bacteria communicate among themselves and with other living forms in their environment via nano-scale membrane vesicles in their bacterial outer membranes.
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Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a 456-residue (~50kDa) protein that is part of the innate immune system.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Bacteriovorax stolpii
Bacteriovorax stolpii is a species of bacterium in the family Bacteriovoracaceae.
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Beta defensin
Beta defensins are a family of mammalian defensins.
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Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase
In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.
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Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria.
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Bioaerosol
Bioaerosols (short for biological aerosols) are a subcategory of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere.
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Bioremediation of radioactive waste
Bioremediation of radioactive waste or bioremediation of radionuclides is an application of bioremediation based on the use of biological agents bacteria, plants and fungi (natural or genetically modified) to catalyze chemical reactions that allow the decontamination of sites affected by radionuclides.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Bordetella trematum
Bordetella trematum is a species of Gram-negative bacteria identified in 1996 by comparison of 10 strains of B. trematum against other well characterized Bordetella and Alcaligenes species.
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Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the genus Borrelia.
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BPI fold-containing family B member 2
BPI fold-containing family B member 2 (BPIFB2) also known as bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-like 1 (BPI-like 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB2 gene.
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Bruce Beutler
Bruce Alan Beutler (born December 29, 1957) is an American immunologist and geneticist.
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Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.
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Buchnera (bacterium)
Buchnera aphidicola, a member of the Proteobacteria, is the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and has been studied in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
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Burkholderia mallei
Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus Burkholderia causing glanders; the Latin name of this disease (malleus) gave its name to the species causing it.
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Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderia pseudomallei (also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium.
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Burkholderia thailandensis
Burkholderia thailandensis is a nonfermenting motile, Gram-negative bacillus that occurs naturally in soil.
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Byssinosis
Byssinosis, also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever", is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments.
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Calcium chloride transformation
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation is a laboratory technique in prokaryotic (bacterial) cell biology.
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Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States and in Europe.
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Canine parvovirus
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2, colloquially parvo) is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs, and thought to originate in cats.
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Cannabinoid receptor type 1
The cannabinoid type 1 receptor, often abbreviated as CB1, is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor located in the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Caspase
Caspases (cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases) are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death (including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis) and inflammation.
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Caspase 11
Murine caspase-11, and its human homologs caspase-4 and caspase-5, are mammalian intracellular receptor proteases activated by TLR4 and TLR3 signaling during the innate immune response.
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Caspase 12
Caspase 12 is a protein that belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases which cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues.
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Cāng zhú
Cāng zhú (苍术 or 蒼术 or 蒼朮), also known as black atractylodes rhizome or Rhizoma Atractylodes, is a Chinese herbal medicine.
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CCL16
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine (LEC) and Monotactin-1 (MTN-1).
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CCL20
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC) or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP3A) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family.
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CD14
CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human gene.
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Cell encapsulation
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc.
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Cell envelope
The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium, if present, plus a bacterial outer membrane (i.e. in gram-negative bacteria).
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Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
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Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.
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Central nervous system fatigue
Central nervous system fatigue, or central fatigue, is a form of fatigue that is associated with changes in the synaptic concentration of neurotransmitters within the central nervous system (CNS; including the brain and spinal cord) which affects exercise performance and muscle function and cannot be explained by peripheral factors that affect muscle function.
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Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.
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Chancroid
Chancroid (also known as soft chancre and ulcus molle) is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chlorella
Chlorella is a genus of single-celled green algae belonging to the division Chlorophyta.
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Chronic periodontitis
Chronic periodontitis is a common disease of the oral cavity consisting of chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues that is caused by accumulation of profuse amounts of dental plaque, that may or may not be caused genetically.
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Citrinin
Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminate long-stored food and it causes different toxic effects, like nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Citrinin is mainly found in stored grains, but sometimes also in fruits and other plant products.
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Clean-in-place
Clean-in-place (CIP) is a method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes, vessels, process equipment, filters and associated fittings, without disassembly.
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Coley's toxins
Coley's toxins (also called Coley's toxin, Coley's vaccine, Coley vaccine, Coley's fluid or mixed bacterial vaccine) is a mixture consisting of killed bacteria of species Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens, named after William Coley, a surgical oncologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who developed the mixture in the late 19th century as a treatment for cancer.
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Colistin
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antibiotic produced by certain strains of the bacteria Paenibacillus polymyxa.
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Colitis-X
Colitis X, equine colitis X or peracute toxemic colitis is a catchall term for various fatal forms of acute or peracute colitis found in horses, but particularly a fulminant colitis where clinical signs include sudden onset of severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, shock, and dehydration.
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Colitose
Colitose (or GDP-colitose) is a mannose-derived 3,6-dideoxysugar produced by certain bacteria.
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Collectin
Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune system.
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Congo red
Congo red is an organic compound, the sodium salt of 3,3′-(-4,4′-diyl)bis(4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid).
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Core oligosaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide. The core includes both the inner and outer core. Core oligosaccharide (or Core-OS) is a short chain of sugar residues within Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
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Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.
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Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-positive and aerobic.
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Cotton fever
Cotton fever is a condition that is often associated with intravenous drug use, specifically with the use of cotton to filter drugs like heroin.
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Criticism of fast food
Criticism of fast food includes claims of negative health effects, alleged animal cruelty, cases of worker exploitation, children targeted marketing and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in people's eating patterns away from traditional foods.
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Cucurbitacin E
Cucurbitacin E is a biochemical compound from the family of cucurbitacins.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cyanocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of 12.
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Cyanotoxin
Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by bacteria called cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae).
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Cystathionine gamma-lyase
Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH or CSE; also cystathionase) is an enzyme which breaks down cystathionine into cysteine, α-ketobutyrate, and ammonia.
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Cystovirus
Cystovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Cystoviridae.
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Cytostasis
Cytostasis (cyto – cell; stasis – stoppage) is the inhibition of cell growth and multiplication.
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Damage-associated molecular pattern
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also known as danger-associated molecular patterns, danger signals, and alarmin, are host biomolecules that can initiate and perpetuate a noninfectious inflammatory response.
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Depyrogenation
Depyrogenation refers to the removal of pyrogens from solution, most commonly from injectable pharmaceuticals.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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Development of analogs of thalidomide
The development of analogs of thalidomide was precipitated by the discovery of the anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of the drug yielding a new way of fighting cancer as well as some inflammatory diseases after it had been banned in 1961.
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Diallyl disulfide
Diallyl disulfide (DADS or 4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene) is an organosulfur compound derived from garlic and a few other genus Allium plants.
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Dipshikha Chakravortty
Dipshikha Chakravortty is an Indian microbiologist, molecular pathologist and a professor at the department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at the Indian Institute of Science.
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels.
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Dopamine receptor D5
Dopamine receptor D5, also known as D1BR, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD5 gene.
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E-selectin
E-selectin, also known as CD62 antigen-like family member E (CD62E), endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), or leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 2 (LECAM2), is a cell adhesion molecule expressed only on endothelial cells activated by cytokines.
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Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)
Echigoshirayukidake (Japanese: 越後白雪茸), commonly called Basidiomycetes-X or BDM-X, is a hybrid of Agaricus blazei, but may be considered a new species.
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Edobacomab
Edobacomab, codenamed E5, is a mouse monoclonal antibody that was investigated as a possible treatment for sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Ehrlichia canis
Ehrlichia canis is an obligate, intracellular bacterium that acts as the causative agent of Ehrlichiosis, a disease most commonly affecting canine species.
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Ehrlichia ewingii
Ehrlichia ewingii is a species of rickettsiales bacteria.
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Elusimicrobium minutum
Elusimicrobium minutum is an ultramicrobacterium and first accepted member to be cultured of a major bacterial lineage previously known only as candidate phylum Termite Gut 1 (TG1), which has accordingly been renamed phylum Elusimicrobia.
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Endothelial progenitor cell
Endothelial progenitor cell (or EPC) is a term that has been applied to multiple different cell types that play roles in the regeneration of the endothelial lining of blood vessels.
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Enterobacter
Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Enterobacteria phage T4
Enterobacteria phage T4 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria.
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Enterobacteriaceae
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Enterotoxin
An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines.
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Eobacteria
Eobacteria is a proposed clade characterized by Cavalier-Smith.
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Epigenetics of diabetes Type 2
In recent years it has become apparent that the environment and underlying mechanisms affect gene expression and the genome outside of the central dogma of biology.
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Equine proximal enteritis
Proximal enteritis, also known as anterior enteritis or duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ), is inflammation of the duodenum and upper jejunum.
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Eritoran
Eritoran is an investigational drug for the treatment of severe sepsis, an excessive inflammatory response to an infection.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Escherichia coli O104:H4
Escherichia coli O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative ''Escherichia coli'' strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and the cause of the 2011 ''Escherichia coli'' O104:H4 outbreak.
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Eurybacteria
Eurybacteria is a taxon created by Cavalier-Smith, which includes several groups of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Exotoxin
An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria.
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Factor XII
Coagulation factor XII, also known as Hageman factor, is a plasma protein.
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FDC-SP
FDC-SP or follicular dendritic cell-secreted protein, is a small, secreted protein, located on chromosome 4 in humans.
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Fetal bovine serum
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) comes from the blood drawn from a bovine fetus via a closed system of collection at the slaughterhouse.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Flagellum
A flagellum (plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Flunixin
Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses, cattle and pigs.
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Fusobacterium
Fusobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacteria, similar to Bacteroides.
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G-CSF factor stem-loop destabilising element
The G-CSF factor stem-loop destabilising element (SLDE) is an RNA element secreted by fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and by activated macrophages.
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Gaseous signaling molecules
Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesised internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.
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Gemmata obscuriglobus
Gemmata obscuriglobus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, motile bacterium of the phylum Planctomycetes, first described in 1984 as the only described species in the genus Gemmata.
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Gene silencing
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene.
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Genetically modified food controversies
Genetically modified food controversies are disputes over the use of foods and other goods derived from genetically modified crops instead of conventional crops, and other uses of genetic engineering in food production.
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Genetically modified rice
Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified (also called genetic engineering).
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Gentamicin
Gentamicin, sold under brand names Garamycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections.
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Gingivitis
Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that occurs around the teeth.
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Glycoconjugate
Glycoconjugates is the general classification for carbohydrates covalently linked with other chemical species such as proteins, peptides, lipids and saccharides.
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Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long unbranched polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide unit.
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Glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond.
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GPR132
G protein coupled receptor 132, also termed G2A, is classified as a member of the proton sensing G protein coupled receptor (GPR) subfamily.
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GPR84
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 84 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR84 gene.
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Gracilicutes
Gracilicutes (Latin: gracilis, slender, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) is a controversial taxon in bacterial taxonomy.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.
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Gram-negative bacterial infection
Gram-negative bacterial infection refers to a disease caused by gram-negative bacteria.
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Gram-positive bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their cell wall.
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Gray wolf
The gray wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the timber wolf,Paquet, P. & Carbyn, L. W. (2003).
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GSDMD
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GSDMD gene on chromosome 8.
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Guillain–Barré syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.
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Hafnia (bacterium)
Hafnia is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily
The haloacid dehydrogenase superfamily (HAD superfamily) is a superfamily of enzymes that include phosphatases, phosphonatases, P-type ATPases, beta-phosphoglucomutases, phosphomannomutases, and dehalogenases, and are involved in a variety of cellular processes ranging from amino acid biosynthesis to detoxification.
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Harvestman anatomy
Harvestmen are an order of arachnids, with which they share many characteristics: their body is divided into two body regions (tagmata), the abdomen (opisthosoma) and the cephalothorax (prosoma); however, unlike in spiders, the juncture is often poorly defined.
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Hay steaming
Hay steaming is a method of treating hay to reduce the airborne respirable dust which naturally occur in hay, causing respiratory problems in both humans and horses when in close contact.
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HDAC7
Histone deacetylase 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC7 gene.
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Health management system
The health management system (HMS) is an evolutionary medicine regulative process proposed by Nicholas Humphrey reprinted from in which actuarial assessment of fitness and economic-type cost–benefit analysis determines the body’s regulation of its physiology and health.
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Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.
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Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis, also spelled haemodialysis, commonly called kidney dialysis or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally.
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Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a disease of dogs characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea.
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Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure.
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Hepatorenal syndrome
Hepatorenal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure.
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High Affinity K+ transporter HAK5
High Affinity K+ transporter HAK5 is a transport protein found on the cell surface membrane of plants.
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Horace Hodes
Horace Louis Hodes (December 21, 1907 – April 24, 1989) was an American pediatrician and infectious disease researcher.
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Horse colic
Colic in horses is defined as abdominal pain, but it is a clinical sign rather than a diagnosis.
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Host tropism
Host tropism is the infection specificity of certain pathogens to particular hosts and host tissues.
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HSP60
Heat shock proteins are generally responsible for preventing damage to proteins in response to high levels of heat.
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Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid (HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
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Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia (or; 'hyper' from Greek ὑπέρ (huper, “over”), '-algesia' from Greek algos, ἄλγος (pain)) is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves and can cause hypersensitivity to stimulus, stimuli which would normally not be cause for a pain reaction (ex/ eyes or brain having a painful reaction to daylight).
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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.
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IκB kinase
The IκB kinase (IKK) is an enzyme complex that is involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation.
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Immune-selective anti-inflammatory derivative
Immune Selective Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives (ImSAIDs) are a class of peptides being that have anti-inflammatory properties.
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Immunologic activation
In immunology, activation is the transition of leucocytes and other cell types involved in the immune system.
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Immunologic adjuvant
In immunology, an adjuvant is a component that potentiates the immune responses to an antigen and/or modulates it towards the desired immune responses.
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Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
This is a list of AIDS-related topics, many of which were originally taken from the public domain U.S. Department of Health Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Inhibitor of apoptosis
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a highly regulated process used by many multicellular organisms.
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Innate immune system
The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.
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Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
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Interleukin 15
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2).
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Interleukin 18
Interleukin-18 (IL18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene.
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Interleukin 19
Interleukin 19 (IL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL19 gene.
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Interleukin-1 family
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.
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IRAK4
IRAK-4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4), in the IRAK family, is a protein kinase involved in signaling innate immune responses from Toll-like receptors.
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Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction
A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a reaction to endotoxin-like products released by the death of harmful microorganisms within the body during antibiotic treatment.
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Johannes Hoffmann (vascular surgeon)
Johannes Hoffmann (born 1968) is a German medical specialist in vascular surgery.
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Jos van der Meer
Jos W.M. van der Meer (born April 15, 1947) is emeritus professor and former chairman at the department of internal medicine of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre in Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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Kauffman–White classification
The Kauffmann–White classification or Kauffman and White classification scheme is a system that classifies the genus Salmonella into serotypes, based on surface antigens.
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Ketoprofen
Ketoprofen, (RS)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (chemical formula C16H14O3) is one of the propionic acid class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects.
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Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a large, multisubunit, oxygen-carrying, metalloprotein that is found in the hemolymph of the giant keyhole limpet, Megathura crenulata, a species of keyhole limpet that lives off the coast of California, from Monterey Bay to Isla Asuncion off Baja California.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Kupffer cell
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids.
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Laminitis
Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates, and is found mostly in horses and cattle.
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LCCL domain
In molecular biology, the LCCL domain is a protein domain which has been named after several well-characterised proteins that were found to contain it, namely Limulus clotting factor C, Coch-5b2 (Cochlin) and Lgl1.
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LECT2
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) is a protein first described in 1996 as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils, i.e. it stimulated human neutrophils to move directionally in an in vitro assay system.
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Legionella jordanis
Legionella jordanis is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which was isolated from the Jordan River in Bloomington, Indiana and from the sewage in DeKalb County, Georgia.
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Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, nonspore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Legionella.
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Lemierre's syndrome
Lemierre's syndrome (or Lemierre's disease, also known as postanginal shock including sepsis and human necrobacillosis) refers to infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein.
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Leptospira
Leptospira (Greek leptos, "fine, thin" and Latin spira, "coil") is a genus of spirochaete bacteria, including a small number of pathogenic and saprophytic species.
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Leptospira noguchii
Leptospira noguchii is a gram-negative, pathogenic organism.
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Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira.
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Let-7 microRNA precursor
The Let-7 microRNA precursor was identified from a study of developmental timing in C. elegans, and was later shown to be part of a much larger class of non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs.
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Leukocyte extravasation
Leukocyte extravasation, less commonly called diapedesis, is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection.
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Leukotriene B4 receptor 2
Leukotriene B4 receptor 2, also known as BLT2, BLT2 receptor, and BLTR2, is a Integral membrane protein that is encoded by the LTB4R2 gene in humans and the Ltbr2 gene in mice.
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Limulus amebocyte lysate
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from the Atlantic horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus.
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Lipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.
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Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
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Lipid droplet
Lipid droplets, also referred to as lipid bodies, oil bodies or adiposomes, are lipid-rich cellular organelles that regulate the storage and hydrolysis of neutral lipids and are found largely in the adipose tissue.
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Lipid-binding serum glycoprotein
In molecular biology, the lipid-binding serum glycoproteins family, also known as the BPI/LBP/Plunc family or LBP/BPI/CETP family represents a family which includes mammalian lipid-binding serum glycoproteins.
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Lipoarabinomannan
Lipoarabinomannan, also called LAM, is a glycolipid, and a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis.
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Lipopolysaccharide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-galactose and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its two products are UDP and 3-alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide glucose.
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Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LBP gene.
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Lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase I is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its two products are UDP and D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
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Lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase II
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide glucosyltransferase II is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its two products are UDP and alpha-D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
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Lipopolysaccharide kinase (Kdo/WaaP) family
In molecular biology, the lipopolysaccharide kinase (Kdo/WaaP) family is a family of kinases.
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Lipopolysaccharide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its two products are UDP and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyllipopolysaccharide.
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Lipopolysaccharide N-acetylmannosaminouronosyltransferase
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide N-acetylmannosaminouronosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminouronate and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its two products are UDP and N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosaminouronosyl-1,4-lipopolysaccharide.
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Lipopolysaccharide-transporting ATPase
In enzymology, a lipopolysaccharide-transporting ATPase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and lipopolysaccharide, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and lipopolysaccharide.
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Lipopolysacharide
No description.
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List of acronyms: L
(Main list of acronyms).
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List of biochemists
Articles about notable biochemists include: Note that the definition of biochemist is fairly loose here, and noted chemical biologists, biophysicists and others are included.
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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/L
Category:Lists of words.
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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/S
Category:Lists of words.
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List of human clusters of differentiation
The following is a list of human clusters of differentiation (or CD) molecules.
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List of MeSH codes (C01)
The following is a list of the "C" codes for MeSH.
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List of MeSH codes (D09)
This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.
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List of MeSH codes (D10)
This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.
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List of MeSH codes (D23)
This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.
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List of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
This is a list of therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive monoclonal antibodies, antibodies that are clones of a single parent cell.
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Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis.
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LOCAD
The Lab-on-a-Chip Applications Development (LOCAD) element is a set of related lab-on-a-chip projects at NASA.
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Los
LOS, or Los, or LoS may refer to.
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LPS
LPS may refer to.
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LRBA deficiency
LRBA deficiency is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system.
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Lyme disease microbiology
Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia, which has 52 known species.
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Lymphocyte antigen 96
Lymphocyte antigen 96, also known as "MD2," is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY96 gene.
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Lysozyme
Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Macrophage inflammatory protein
Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins (MIP) belong to the family of chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines.
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Macrophage polarization
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophage expresses different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals.
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Mangrove horseshoe crab
The mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda), also known as the round-tailed horseshoe crab, is a chelicerate arthropod found in tropical marine and brackish waters in India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, China and Hong Kong.
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MARCO
Macrophage receptor MARCO also known as macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MARCO gene.
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Mary Jane Osborn
Mary Jane Osborn (born September 24, 1927) is an American biochemist and molecular biologist.
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Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics
The Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics (German: Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie und Epigenetik) in Freiburg, Germany is an interdisciplinary research institute that conducts basic research in modern immunobiology and developmental biology.
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Meconium aspiration syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants.
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Melioidosis
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, found in soil and water.
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Membrane vesicle trafficking
Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of important biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific 'release' locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell, in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs).
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Meningococcal disease
Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococcus).
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Methyltransferase/kinase WbdD
Methyltransferase/kinase WbdD and WbdD is a bifunctional enzyme that regulates the length of the LPS O-antigen polysaccharide chain.
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Microbial toxin
Microbial toxins are toxins produced by micro-organisms, including bacteria and fungi.
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Microcystis aeruginosa
Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of freshwater cyanobacteria which can form harmful algal blooms of economic and ecological importance.
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MiR-132
In molecular biology miR-132 microRNA is a short non-coding RNA molecule.
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Mir-663 microRNA precursor family
In molecular biology mir-663 microRNA is a short RNA molecule.
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Mitochondrial ROS
Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS or mROS) are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced by mitochondria.
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Mitogen
A mitogen is a chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans.
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Moraxella osloensis
Moraxella osloensis is a Gram-negative oxidase-positive, aerobic bacterium within the family Moraxellaceae in the gamma subdivision of the purple bacteria.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Mulikevirus
Mulikevirus (synonyms: Mu-like phages, Mu-like viruses) is a genus of viruses in the order Caudovirales, in the family Myoviridae.
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Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), also known as multiple organ failure (MOF), total organ failure (TOF) or multisystem organ failure (MSOF), is altered organ function in an acutely ill patient requiring medical intervention to achieve homeostasis.
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Murepavadin
Murepavadin also known as POL7080 is a Pseudomonas specific peptidomimetic antibiotic.
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N-Acetylserotonin
N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical precursor and intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin.
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Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology.
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Negativicutes
The Negativicutes are a class of firmicute bacteria, whose members have a peculiar cell wall with a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane which stains Gram-negative, unlike most other members of the Firmicutes.
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Neisseria
Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular), or gonococci (plural) is a species of gram-negative diplococci bacteria isolated by Albert Neisser in 1879.
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Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis, often referred to as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis.
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Neisseria RNA thermometer
RNA thermometers (RNATs) regulate gene expression in response to temperature, allowing pathogens like ''Neisseria meningitis'' to switch on silent genes after entering the host organism.
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Neurogenic inflammation
Neurogenic inflammation is inflammation arising from the local release by afferent neurons of inflammatory mediators such as Substance P, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), neurokinin A (NKA), and endothelin-3 (ET-3).
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Neutrophil extracellular traps
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens.
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NF-κB
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.
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NFKBIZ
NF-kappa-B inhibitor zeta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIZ gene.
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Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS2 gene.
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NR58-3.14.3
NR58.3-14-3 is a cyclic peptide consisting of 11 D-amino acids.
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Octave Gengou
Octave Gengou (27 February 1875, Ouffet – 25 April 1957, Brussels) was a Belgian bacteriologist.
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Omega-6 fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω-6 fatty acids or n-6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ''n''-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.
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OmpT
OmpT is an aspartyl protease found on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.
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Omptin
Omptins (protease VII, protease A, gene ompT proteins, ompT protease, protein a, Pla, OmpT) are a family of bacterial proteases.
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Oral and maxillofacial pathology
Oral and maxillofacial pathology (also termed oral pathology, stomatognathic disease, dental disease, or mouth disease) refers to the diseases of the mouth ("oral cavity" or "stoma"), jaws ("maxillae" or "gnath") and related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin (the skin around the mouth).
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P110δ
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform also known as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta isoform or p110δ is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3CD gene.
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P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Pain in crustaceans
The question of whether crustaceans experience pain is a matter of scientific debate.
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Palatine tonsil
Palatine tonsils, commonly called the tonsils and occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are tonsils located on the left and right sides at the back of the throat, which can often be seen as flesh-colored, pinkish lumps.
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Paneth cell
Paneth cells are one of the principal cell types of the epithelium of the small intestine, along with goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells.
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Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
Professor Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli (born September 14, 1948), is an Italian Immunologist presently Scientific Director of in Siena and former Scientific Director and founder of the Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), a research institute of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR).
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Parachlamydiaceae
Parachlamydiaceae is a family of bacteria in the order Chlamydiales.
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Paratyphoid fever
Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of Salmonella enterica.
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Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative, nonmotile, penicillin-sensitive coccobacillus belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family.
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Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
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Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (Anglicized to; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS in which activated immune cells invade the central nervous system and cause inflammation, neurodegeneration, and tissue damage.
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Pattern recognition receptor
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system.
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PD-L1
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) also known as cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274) or B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD274 gene.
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Percoll
Percoll is a tool for more efficient density separation in biochemistry that was first formulated by Pertoft and colleagues.
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Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated.
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Pertussis vaccine
Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against whooping cough (pertussis).
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Peter Ludvig Panum
Peter Ludvig Panum (19 December 1820 – 2 May 1885) was a Danish physiologist and pathologist born on the island of Bornholm in Rønne.
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Phage P22 Tailspike Protein
The tailspike protein (P22TSP) of Enterobacteria phage P22 mediates the recognition and adhesion between the bacteriophage and the surface of Salmonella enterica cells.
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Phage therapy
Phage therapy or viral phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
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Pharmaceutical microbiology
Pharmaceutical Microbiology is an applied branch of Microbiology.
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Phi X 174
The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus and the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced.
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Phikmvlikevirus
Phikmvlikevirus is a genus of viruses that infect bacteria.
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Phillips Robbins
Phillips Wesley Robbins is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the Boston University School of Dental Medicine.
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Phloxine
Phloxine B (commonly known simply as phloxine) is a water-soluble red dye used for coloring drugs and cosmetics in the United States and coloring food in Japan.
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Phospholipid-derived fatty acids
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA) are widely used in microbial ecology as chemotaxonomic markers of bacteria and other organisms.
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Pinoline
Pinoline is a methoxylated tryptoline (5-methoxytryptoline) long claimed to be produced in the pineal gland during the metabolism of melatonin, however its pineal occurrence remains controversial.
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Plant matrix metalloproteinase
Plant matrix metalloproteinases are metalloproteins and zinc enzymes found in plants.
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Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA.
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Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PIGR gene.
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Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate
Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate (PMSPH) is a material use for sorption detoxification.
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, PVPP, crospovidone, crospolividone or E1202) is a highly cross-linked modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
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Porencephaly
Porencephaly is an extremely rare cephalic disorder involving encephalomalacia.
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Potomac horse fever
Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) is a potentially-fatal febrile illness affecting horses caused by the intracellular bacterium Neorickettsia risticii.
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Poultry farming
Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.
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Programmed cell death protein 1
Programmed cell death protein 1, also known as PD-1 and CD279 (cluster of differentiation 279), is a protein found on the surface of cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity.
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Properdin
Properdin is the only known positive regulator of complement activation that stabilizes the alternative pathway convertases.
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Prophenoloxidase
Prophenoloxidase (proPO) is a modified form of the complement response found in some invertebrates, including insects, crabs and worms.
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Propionispira raffinosivorans
Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria.
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Prostacyclin receptor
The Prostacyclin receptor, also termed the prostaglandin I2 receptor or just IP, is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors.
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Prostaglandin EP3 receptor
Prostaglandin EP3 receptor (53kDa), also known as EP3, is a prostaglandin receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) encoded by the human gene PTGER3;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5733 it is one of four identified EP receptors, the others being EP1, EP2, and EP4, all of which bind with and mediate cellular responses to PGE2 and also, but generally with lesser affinity and responsiveness, certain other prostanoids (see Prostaglandin receptors).
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Prostaglandin F receptor
Prostaglandin F receptor (FP) is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors.
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Protegrin
Protegrins are small peptides containing 16-18 amino acid residues.
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Protein C
Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogen, the activated form of which plays an important role in regulating anticoagulation, inflammation, cell death, and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.
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Protein detoxification
Protein detoxification is the process by which proteins containing methylated arginine are broken down and removed from the body.
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Protein inhibitor of activated STAT
Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that regulates transcription in mammals.
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Protein production
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein.
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Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living (non-parasitic), and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, it was named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes and is not named after the genus Proteus. Some Alphaproteobacteria can grow at very low levels of nutrients and have unusual morphology such as stalks and buds. Others include agriculturally important bacteria capable of inducing nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants. The type order is the Caulobacterales, comprising stalk-forming bacteria such as Caulobacter. The Betaproteobacteria are highly metabolically diverse and contain chemolithoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs. The type order is the Burkholderiales, comprising an enormous range of metabolic diversity, including opportunistic pathogens. The Hydrogenophilalia are obligate thermophiles and include heterotrophs and autotrophs. The type order is the Hydrogenophilales. The Gammaproteobacteria are the largest class in terms of species with validly published names. The type order is the Pseudomonadales, which include the genera Pseudomonas and the nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter. The Acidithiobacillia contain only sulfur, iron and uranium-oxidising autotrophs. The type order is the Acidithiobacillales, which includes economically important organisms used in the mining industry such as Acidithiobacillus spp. The Deltaproteobacteria include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria and are important contributors to the anaerobic side of the sulfur cycle. The type order is the Myxococcales, which includes organisms with self-organising abilities such as Myxococcus spp. The Epsilonproteobacteria are often slender, Gram-negative rods that are helical or curved. The type order is the Campylobacterales, which includes important food pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. The Oligoflexia are filamentous aerobes. The type order is the Oligoflexales, which contains the genus Oligoflexus.
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Proteus penneri
Proteus penneri is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Proximal tubule
The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle.
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Psychrobacter
Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria.
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Psychrobacter arcticus
Psychrobacter arcticus is a Gram-negative, nonmotile species of bacteria first isolated from Siberian permafrost.
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Psychrobacter cryohalolentis
Psychrobacter cryohalolentis is a Gram-negative, nonmotile species of bacteria.
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Pulpitis
Pulpitis is inflammation of dental pulp tissue.
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Radiation-induced cognitive decline
Radiation-induced cognitive decline describes the possible correlation between radiation therapy and mild cognitive impairment.
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Raz Yirmiya
Raz Yirmiya (Hebrew: רז ירמיה) (born 1956) is an Israeli behavioral neuroscientist and director of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.
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Reactive nitrogen species
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
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Recurrent airway obstruction
Recurrent airway obstruction, also known as broken wind, heaves, wind-broke horse, or sometimes by the term usually reserved for humans, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or disorder (COPD) – it is a respiratory disease or chronic condition of horses involving an allergic bronchitis characterised by wheezing, coughing and laboured breathing.
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RELA
Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELA gene.
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Resistin
Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1) is a cysteine-rich adipose-derived peptide hormone that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene.
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Resolvin
Resolvins are metabolic byproducts of omega-3 fatty acids, primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as well as docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and clupanodonic acid.
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Reverse vaccinology
Reverse vaccinology is an improvement on vaccinology that employs bioinformatics, pioneered by Rino Rappuoli and first used against Serogroup B meningococcus.
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Rhamnolipid
Rhamnolipids are a class of glycolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, amongst other organisms, frequently cited as the best characterised of the bacterial surfactants.
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Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer
Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer FRS (27 March 1858 – 15 September 1945) was a German physician and bacteriologist.
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Role of microglia in disease
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the Central Nervous System, similar to peripheral macrophages.
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Roquefort
Roquefort (or;; from Occitan ròcafòrt) is a sheep milk cheese from the south of France, and together with Bleu d'Auvergne, Stilton, and Gorgonzola is one of the world's best known blue cheeses.
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RVD-Hpα
RVD-Hpα is an endogenous neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, which was originally proposed to act as a selective agonist for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.
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S-layer
An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria.
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Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Saussurea
Saussurea is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the thistle tribe within the daisy family, native to cool temperate and arctic regions of Asia, Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine habitats in the Himalaya and central Asia.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Septic shock
Septic shock is a serious medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is organ injury or damage in response to infection, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular metabolism.
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Septicemic plague
Septicemic plague is one of the three main forms of plague.
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Serum amyloid A
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma.
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Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or municipal wastewater.
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Shock (circulatory)
Shock is the state of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function.
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Shwartzman phenomenon
Shwartzman phenomenon, also known as Shwartzman reaction, is a rare reaction of a body to particular types of toxins, called endotoxins, which cause thrombosis in the affected tissue.
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Sialic acid
Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.
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Sickness behavior
Ancher, Michael, "The Sick Girl", 1882, Statens Museum for Kunst. Sickness behavior is a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection.
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SIGLEC
Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are cell surface proteins that bind sialic acid.
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Simkaniaceae
Simkaniaceae is a family of bacteria in the order Chlamydiales, class Chlamydiae, phylum Chlamydiae, domain Bacteria.
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Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet
Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, Bt, CB, FRCS, Legion of Honour (4 July 1856 – 16 January 1943), was a British surgeon and physician.
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Somatic antigen
A somatic antigen is an antigen located in the cell wall of a gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium.
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Sphingomonas
Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria.
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Sphingomonas paucimobilis
Sphingomonas paucimobilis is a strictly aerobic Gram-negative bacillus that has a single polar flagellum with slow motility.
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Staining
Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.
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Stilbonematinae
Stilbonematinae is a subfamily of the nematode worm family Desmodoridae that is notable for its symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Stromal cell-derived factor 1
The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL12 gene on chromosome 10.
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Succinic acid
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
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Superantigen
Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.
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Surfactin
Surfactin is a very powerful surfactant commonly used as an antibiotic.
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Swine brucellosis
Swine brucellosis is a zoonosis affecting pigs, caused by the bacterium Brucella suis.
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T-even bacteriophages
T-even phages, also known as the E. coli phages, are a group of double-stranded DNA bacteriophages from the family Myoviridae.
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T7 phage
Bacteriophage T7 (or the T7 phage) is a bacteriophage, a virus that infects susceptible bacterial cells, that is composed of DNA and infects most strains of Escherichia coli.
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TCIRG1
V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a isoform 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TCIRG1 gene.
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Tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase
Tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates the 4'-position of a tetraacyldisaccharide 1-phosphate precursor (DS-1-P) of lipopolysaccharide lipid A. This lipid forms outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Thrombotic microangiopathy
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathology that results in thrombosis in capillaries and arterioles, due to an endothelial injury.
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Thromboxane receptor
The thromboxane receptor (TP) also known as the prostanoid TP receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBXA2R gene, The thromboxane receptor is one among the five classes of prostanoid receptors and was the first eicosanoid receptor cloned.
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Thymidine diphosphate glucose
Thymidine diphosphate glucose (often abbreviated dTDP-glucose or TDP-glucose) is a nucleotide-linked sugar consisting of deoxythymidine diphosphate linked to glucose.
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TIGIT
TIGIT (also called T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) is an immune receptor present on some T cells and Natural Killer Cells(NK).
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Timeline of cholera
This is a timeline of cholera, a disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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TLR2
Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene.
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TLR4
Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.
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Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
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Tom Shires
George Thomas Shires (November 22, 1925 – October 18, 2007) was an American trauma surgeon.
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Total organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
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Toxin
A toxin (from toxikon) is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded.
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Tracheal cytotoxin
Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) is a 921 dalton glycopeptide released by Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transient receptor potential channel
Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types.
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Treatment of equine lameness
The treatment of equine lameness is a complex subject.
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Trichostatin A
Trichostatin A (TSA) is an organic compound that serves as an antifungal antibiotic and selectively inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes, but not class III HDACs (i.e., sirtuins).
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TRIL (gene)
KIAA0644, also known as TRIL or TLR4 interactor with leucine rich repeats, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0644 gene.
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Trimeric autotransporter adhesin
In molecular biology, trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs), are proteins found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Type three secretion system
Type three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria.
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Tyrosine kinase 2
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYK2 gene.
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UDP-3-O-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase
In molecular biology, UDP-3-O-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (also known as UDP-3-O- N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase or UDP-3-O-acyl-GlcNAc deacetylase),, is a bacterial enzyme involved in lipid A biosynthesis.
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UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucuronate dehydrogenase
UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucuronate dehydrogenase (WlbA, WbpB) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucuronate:NAD+ 3-oxidoreductase.
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Upper gastrointestinal series
An upper gastrointestinal series, also called an upper gastrointestinal study or contrast radiography of the upper gastrointestinal tract, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract for abnormalities.
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Urban legends about drugs
Many urban legends and misconceptions about drugs have been created and circulated among young people and the general public, with varying degrees of veracity.
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Uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine diphosphate glucose (uracil-diphosphate glucose, UDP-glucose) is a nucleotide sugar.
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
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Vibrio anguillarum
Vibrio anguillarum is a species of Gram-negative bacteria with a curved-rod shape and one polar flagellum.
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Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved, rod-shaped (bacillus), pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio.
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Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine (brand names: Cavinton, Intelectol; chemical name: ethyl apovincaminate) is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine (sometimes described as "a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine"), an extract from the lesser periwinkle plant.
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Virulence factor
Virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that add to their effectiveness and enable them to achieve the following.
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Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
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Volemitol
Volemitol is a naturally occurring seven-carbon sugar alcohol.
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Will Rogers Institute
The Will Rogers Institute's mission is to perpetuate the memory of Will Rogers by promoting and engaging in medical research pertaining to cardiopulmonary diseases and educating the public on topics of health and fitness.
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Z-FA-FMK
Z-FA-FMK, abbreviating for benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-alanyl-fluoromethyl ketone, is a very potent irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases, including cathepsins B, L, and S, cruzain, and papain.
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12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid
12-Hydroxyheptadecatrenoic acid (also termed 12-HHT, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, or 12(S)-HHTrE) is a 17 carbon metabolite of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid.
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15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 15-HETE, 15(S)-HETE, and 15S-HETE) is an eicosanoid, i.e. a metabolite of arachidonic acid.
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1998 in science
The year 1998 in science and technology involved many events, some of which are included below.
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3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid or keto-deoxyoctulosonate (KDO) is an ulosonic acid of a 2-ketooctose which is used by bacteria in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides.
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3-deoxyoctulosonase
In enzymology, a 3-deoxyoctulosonase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3-deoxyoctulosonyl-lipopolysaccharide and H2O, whereas its two products are 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and lipopolysaccharide.
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3-Hydroxymorphinan
3-Hydroxymorphinan (3-HM), or morphinan-3-ol, is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan family.
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5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE, 5(S)-HETE, or 5S-HETE) is an eicosanoid, i.e. a metabolite of arachidonic acid.
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Core polysaccharide, Endotoxemia, Endotoxic, Endotoxic shock, Endotoxin, Endotoxins, Gram negative shock, Lipooligosaccharide, Lipopolysaccharides, Lipopolysacchride, Lipopolysacharides, O antigen, O side chain.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide
