Communication

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Dodd Research Center, Thomas Kretschmer, Thomas Watson Jr., Thor Halvorssen (human rights activist), Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Tikhonov's Second Government, Tim Sebastian, Time Person of the Year, Timeline of Edinburgh history, Timeline of events in the Cold War, Timeline of Gulf War (1990–1991), Timeline of modern American conservatism, Timeline of modern Armenian history, Timeline of Russian history, Timeline of science fiction, Timeline of Soviet coup d'état attempt 1991, Timeline of the 20th century, Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009), Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. 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A Matter of Time (Cook novel)

A Matter of Time is a novel by Glen Cook, combining elements of science fiction (specifically, time travel), crime fiction and spy thriller.

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A Miracle of Science

A Miracle of Science is a science fiction webcomic written by Jon Kilgannon, with art by Mark Sachs.

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A Night at the Met

A Night at the Met is the third official album release by Robin Williams on August 9, 1986.

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A Very Private Plot

A Very Private Plot is a 1994 historical spy novel by William F. Buckley, Jr. It is the tenth of 11 novels in the Blackford Oakes series.

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A Word to the People

"A Word to the People" (Russian: «Слово к народу») was an open letter signed by twelve Soviet public figures.

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A World of Difference (novel)

A World of Difference is a 1990 science fiction novel by American writer Harry Turtledove.

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Aşağı Ağcakənd

Aşağı Ağcakənd (also known as Ashagi Agchakand, Ashagy Agdzhakend, Nerkishen, Nizhniy Agdzhakend, Novo Agdzhakend, Shahoumian, Shahumyan, Shaumyan (Շահումյան), and Shaumyanovsk) is a village in the Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Abdollah Javadi-Amoli

Abdollah Javadi-Amoli (عبدالله جوادی آملی) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja.

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Abdurrahman Vazirov

Abdurrahman Vazirov Khalil oglu (Əbdürrəhman Vəzirov Xəlil oğlu) (born May 26, 1930) was the 13th First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the leader of the Azerbaijan SSR from 1988 till January, 1990.

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Abel Aganbegyan

Abel Gyozevich Aganbegyan (Աբել Գյոզի Աղանբեկյան; Абе́л Гёзевич Аганбегя́н; born 8 October 1932) is a leading Soviet and Russian economist of Armenian descent, a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and an honorary doctor of business administration of Kingston University, the founder and first editor of the journal EKO.

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Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Абхазская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика; აფხაზეთის ავტონომიური საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა; Аҧснытәи Автономтә Советтә Социалисттә Республика), abbreviated as Abkhaz ASSR (Абхазская АССР; აფხაზეთის ასსრ; Аҧснытәи АССР) was an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union within the Georgian SSR.

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Abkhazia

Abkhazia (Аҧсны́; აფხაზეთი; p) is a territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, south of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in northwestern Georgia.

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Abkhazian Letter

The so-called Abkhazian Letter was an 87-page document signed by 60 important representatives of the Abkhaz intelligentsia.

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ACCENT Speakers Bureau

ACCENT Speakers Bureau is the student government-run speakers' bureau of the University of Florida.

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Acqui Award of History

The Acqui Award of History (Premio Acqui Storia) is an Italian prize.

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Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania

The Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania or Act of March 11 (Aktas dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomos valstybės atstatymo) was an independence declaration by the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted on March 11, 1990, signed by all members of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania led by Sąjūdis.

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Acting (law)

In law, when someone is said to be acting in a position it can mean one of three things.

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Active measures

Active measures (активные мероприятия) is a term for the actions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, FSB) to influence the course of world events, in addition to collecting intelligence and producing "politically correct" assessment of it.

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Admiral's House

The Admiral's House is located in the Nolan Park area of Governors Island in New York Harbor.

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Adrian Taylor (producer)

Adrian Clemens "Clem" Taylor (January 27, 1954 – March 21, 2014) was an American television news producer, noted for his work on 60 Minutes, The Early Show and CBS News.

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Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)

This article covers the Afghan history from the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan on 15 February 1989 until 27 April 1992, the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start serving on 28 April 1992.

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Agriculture in Russia

Agriculture in Russia survived a severe transition decline in the early 1990s as it struggled to transform from a command economy to a market-oriented system.

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Agriculture in the Soviet Union

Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots.

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Ahmad Shah Massoud

Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari Persian: احمد شاه مسعود; September 2, 1953September 9, 2001) was an Afghan political and military leader.

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Ajay Goyal

Ajay Goyal (born 12 July 1965) is the founder, owner, and president of Zening Resorts Ltd.

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Alabuga Special Economic Zone

Alabuga (Алабуга) is a special economic zone of an industrial and production type located in a 20 km² area in the Yelabuzhsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Kama Innovative Territorial Production Cluster 10 km from Yelabuga, 25 km from Naberezhnye Chelny, 40 km from Nizhnekamsk and 210 km from the regional center — Kazan.

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Alan Hunter (VJ)

Alan Caldwell Hunter (born February 14, 1957) is one of the original five video jockeys (VJs) on MTV from 1981 to 1987 (along with Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Martha Quinn, and J.J. Jackson).

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Albert Einstein Peace Prize

The Albert Einstein Peace Prize is/was a peace prize awarded annually since 1980 by the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.

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Alcohol consumption in Russia

Alcohol consumption in Russia remains among the highest in the world.

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Aleksander Wojtkiewicz

Aleksander Wojtkiewicz (Aleksandrs Voitkevičs; January 15, 1963 – July 14, 2006) was a Polish chess grandmaster.

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Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)

Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov (Александр Владимирович Власов; 20 January 1932 – 9 June 2002) was a Soviet politician, who held different positions, including interior minister and prime minister.

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Aleksandre Chikvaidze

Aleksandre Chikvaidze (Georgian: ალექსანდრე ჩიკვაიძე; Russian: Александр Давидович Чикваидзе) (19 January 1932, Tbilisi – 2012) was a former Soviet, Russian, and Georgian statesman and diplomat.

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Alex Konanykhin

Alex Konanykhin (born Alexander Pavlovich Konanykhin (Александр Павлович Конаныхин) September 25, 1966) is an entrepreneur and former banker.

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Alex Moscovitch

Alex Moscovitch (English: Alex Moskovitch, French: Alex Moscovitch, Ukrainian: Oleksiy Oleksandrovych Moscovitch, Russian: Aleksey Aleksandrovich Moscovitch) (1911, Kyiv (Kiev) – 1996, Paris) was a French politician and analyst.

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Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)

Alexander Alexandrovich Bessmertnykh (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Бессме́ртных; born 10 November 1933) is a Russian diplomat who briefly served as foreign minister of the Soviet Union.

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Alexander Bovin

Alexander Bovin (Александр Евгеньевич Бовин, transliteration: Alexandr Yevgenyevich Bovin) (9 August 1930 – 29 April 2004) was a Soviet and Russian journalist, political scientist and diplomat, notable for being the first Soviet, and then Russian ambassador to Israel after the re-establishment of Soviet-Israeli diplomatic relations.

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Alexander Goldfarb (biologist)

Alexander Davidovich Goldfarb (a.k.a. Alex Goldfarb, Александр Давидович Гольдфарб) (born 1947 in Moscow) is a Russian-American microbiologist, activist, and author.

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Alexander Isaakovich Gelman

Alexander Isaakovich Gelman (Алекса́ндр Исаа́кович Ге́льман; born 25 October 1933 in Donduşeni), original given name Shunya (Шу́ня), is a Bessarabian-born Soviet and Russian playwright, writer, and screenwriter.

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Alexander Ivanov (art collector)

Alexander Ivanov (Russian: Александр Иванов, born 27 October 1962) is a Russian art collector who lives in Moscow.

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Alexander Lebedev

Alexander Yevgenievich Lebedev (p; born 16 December 1959) is a Russian businessman, referred to as one of the Russian oligarchs.

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Alexander Marinesko

Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko (Александр Иванович Маринеско, Олександр Iванович Марiнеско, Aleksandr Ivanovich Marinesko, Alexander Marinesco; Alexandru Marinescu) (15 January 1913 – 25 November 1963) was a Soviet naval officer and, during World War II, the captain of the S-13 submarine that sank the German refugee transport ship Wilhelm Gustloff.

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Alexander Podrabinek

Alexander Pinkhosovich Podrabinek (Алекса́ндр Пи́нхосович Подраби́нек; born 8 August 1953, Elektrostal) is a Russian journalist and commentator.

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Alexander Prokhanov

Alexander Andreyevich Prokhanov (Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Проха́нов; born on 26 February 1938) is a Russian writer, a member of the secretariat of the Writers Union of the Russian Federation and the author of more than 30 novels and short story collections.

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Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)

Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Я́ковлев; 2 December 1923 – 18 October 2005) was a Soviet politician and historian.

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Alexandr Shilov

Alexander Maxovich Shilov (Александр Максович Шилов; born 6 October 1943) is a prominent Soviet and Russian portrait painter.

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Alexei Navalny

Alexei Anatolievich Navalny (Алексе́й Анато́льевич Нава́льный,; born June 4, 1976) is a Russian lawyer and political activist.

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Alexey Lushnikov

Alexey Germanovich Lushnikov (Алексе́й Ге́рманович Лу́шников; born June 10, 1966) is a Russian painter, television host, writer, producer, documentary filmmaker, political scientist, journalist, actor and philanthropist.

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Alexey Obukhov

Alexey Alexandrovich Obukhov (Алексе́й Алекса́ндрович О́бухов; born 12 November 1937 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, is a Russian diplomat, Deputy Soviet Foreign Minister in 1990-1991, Deputy Russian Foreign Minister in 1990-1991, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Cand.Sc. (history) and author.

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Aliyah

Aliyah (עֲלִיָּה aliyah, "ascent") is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel (Eretz Israel in Hebrew).

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Alla Yaroshinskaya

Alla Yaroshinskaya (born in Zhytomyr Oblast) is a Ukrainian politician and journalist.

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Allan Chumak

Allan Vladimirovich Chumak (Russian: А́ллан Влади́мирович Чума́к, 26 May 1935, Moscow – 9 October 2017, Moscow) was a Russian faith healer who came to prominence at the height of Gorbachev's Perestroika.

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Almaty

Almaty (Алматы, Almaty; Алматы), formerly known as Alma-Ata (Алма-Ата) and Verny (Верный Vernyy), is the largest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of 1,797,431 people, about 8% of the country's total population.

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Alvin Toffler

Alvin Toffler (October 4, 1928 – June 27, 2016) was an American writer, futurist, and businessman known for his works discussing modern technologies, including the digital revolution and the communication revolution, with emphasis on their effects on cultures worldwide.

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American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, also known as the Joint or the JDC, is a Jewish relief organization based in New York City.

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Amir Taheri

Amir Taheri (born 9 June 1942 in Ahvaz) is an Iranian-born conservative author based in Europe.

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Anatole Klyosov

Anatole A. Klyosov (born 20 November 1946 in Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Oblast of Russian SFSR) is a scientist who worked in the fields of physical chemistry, enzyme catalysis, and industrial biochemistry.

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Anatoliy Golitsyn

Anatoliy Mikhaylovich Golitsyn CBE (August 25, 1926 – December 29, 2008) was a Soviet KGB defector and author of two books about the long-term deception strategy of the KGB leadership.

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Anatoly Chernyaev

Anatoly Sergeevich Chernyaev (May 26, 1921 – March 12, 2017) was a Russian historian and writer who was a principal foreign-policy advisor to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev during the final days of the Soviet Union.

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Anatoly Lukyanov

Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov (Анатолий Иванович Лукьянов) (born 7 May 1930 in Smolensk) is a Russian Communist politician who was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR between 15 March 1990 and 22 August 1991.

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Anatoly Marchenko

Anatoly Tikhonovich Marchenko (Анато́лий Ти́хонович Ма́рченко, 23 January 1938 – 8 December 1986) was a Soviet dissident, author, and human rights campaigner, who became one of the first two recipients (along with Nelson Mandela) of the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought of the European Parliament when it was awarded to him posthumously in 1988.

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Anatoly Sobchak

Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak (p, 10 August 1937 – 20 February 2000) was a Russian politician, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg, and a mentor and teacher of both Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev.

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And you are lynching Negroes

"And you are lynching Negroes" ("А у вас негров линчуют") and the later "And you are hanging blacks" are catchphrases satirizing Soviet propaganda's response to American criticisms of its human rights violations.

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Andreas Meyer-Landrut

Andreas Meyer-Landrut (born 31 May 1929) is a former German diplomat.

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Andreas Paraschos

Andreas Paraschos (born April 1958) is the editor-in-chief of Kathimerini, a daily morning newspaper published in Athens.

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Andrei Gavrilov

Andrei Gavrilov (in Russian Андрей Гаврилов, born September 21, 1955) is a Swiss pianist of Russian background.

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Andrei Gromyko

Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet communist politician during the Cold War.

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Andrei Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (p; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Russian nuclear physicist, dissident, and activist for disarmament, peace and human rights.

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Andrey Makarevich

Andrey Vadimovich Makarevich PAR (Андре́й Вади́мович Макаре́вич; born 11 December 1953 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a Soviet and Russian rock musician and the founder of Russia's oldest still active rock band Mashina Vremeni (Time Machine).

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Andrzej Grzegorczyk

Andrzej Grzegorczyk (22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.

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Angela Stent

Angela Stent is a foreign policy expert specialising in US and European relations with Russia and Russian foreign policy.

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Angus Roxburgh

Angus Roxburgh (born 1954) is a British journalist, broadcaster, former PR adviser to the Russian government, and singer-songwriter.

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Ann Coulter

Ann Hart Coulter (born December 8, 1961) is an American conservative social and political commentator, writer, syndicated columnist, and lawyer.

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Ann Leslie

Dame Ann Elizabeth Mary Leslie, DBE (born 28 January 1941) is a British journalist who writes for the Daily Mail.

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Anne Sinclair

Anne Sinclair (born Anne-Élise Schwartz, 15 July 1948) is an American-born French television and radio interviewer.

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Anthony Pratt (businessman)

Anthony Joseph Pratt (born 11 April 1960 in Melbourne, Victoria), an Australian businessman and billionaire, is the Executive Chairman of Visy Industries and Pratt Industries in America, which is the world’s largest privately owned packaging and paper company.

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Anti-Katyn

Anti-Katyn (Anty-Katyń, Анти-Катынь) is a propaganda campaign intended to reduce the impact of the Katyn massacre of 1940 — when approximately 22,000 Polish citizens were murdered by the NKVD on the orders of Joseph Stalin — by referencing the deaths of thousands of Russian and Red Army soldiers at Polish internment camps from 1919–1924.

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Anti-organized crime institutions in Russia

Anti-organized crime institutions in Russia are being developed.

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Anti-Party Group

The Anti-Party Group (r) was a group within the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that unsuccessfully attempted to depose Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Party in June 1957.

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Anti-Soviet agitation

Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda (ASA) (Антисове́тская агита́ция и пропага́нда (АСА)) was a criminal offence in the Soviet Union.

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Anti-Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.

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Antoine Arnault

Antoine Arnault (born 4 June 1977) is the CEO of Berluti and is also chairman of Loro Piana.

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April 2

No description.

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April 9 tragedy

The April 9 tragedy (also known as Tbilisi massacre or Tbilisi tragedy) refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet demonstration was dispersed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 21 deaths and hundreds of injuries.

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Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

The Arab Socialist Bath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Qutr Suriya), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi.

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Archie Brown

Archibald Haworth Brown, (born 10 May 1938), commonly known as Archie Brown, is a British political scientist and historian.

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Architect amidst the Ruins

Architect amidst the Ruins (Архитектор у развалин, other versions: Архитектор развалин - 'The Architect of the Ruins', Архитектору развалины - 'To the Architect of the Ruins') was an open letter by Gennady Zyuganov, then a relatively little known party functionary (later leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation) to Alexander Yakovlev, the ideological founder of perestroika, who was also known as the "architect of perestroika".

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Arkady Volsky

Arkady Ivanovich Volsky (15 May 1932 – 9 September 2006) was a Russian politician and businessman.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

Armenia (translit,; Армения; Armeniya), officially the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Armenian SSR; translit; translit), also commonly referred to as Soviet Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in December 1922 located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenians in Central Asia

Armenians in Central Asian states: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, were mainly settled there during the Soviet era for various reasons.

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Artūras Zuokas

Artūras Zuokas (born 21 February 1968 in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian politician.

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Artek (camp)

Artek (Cyrillic: Арте́к) is an international children center (a former Young Pioneer camp) on the Black Sea in the town of Hurzuf located on the Crimean Peninsula, near Ayu-Dag.

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Arthur D. Nicholson

Arthur D. Nicholson (7 June 1947 – 24 March 1985) was a United States Army military intelligence officer shot by a Soviet sentry while engaged in intelligence-gathering activities as part of an authorized Military Liaison Mission which operated under reciprocal U.S. - Soviet authority.

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Arthur J. Finkelstein

Arthur Jay Finkelstein (May 18, 1945 – August 18, 2017) was a New York State-based Republican Party (GOP) consultant who has worked for conservative and right-wing candidates in the United States, Canada, Israel, Central and Eastern Europe over the past four decades.

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Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution

Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution placed limitations on the political rights of Soviet citizens.

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Askar Akayev

Askar Akayevich Akayev (Kyrgyz: Аскар Акаевич Акаев, Asqar Aqayeviç Aqayev) (born 10 November 1944) is a Kyrgyz politician who served as President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until his overthrow in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution.

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Assassination of Boris Nemtsov

The assassination of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian politician opposed to the government of Vladimir Putin, happened in central Moscow on Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge at 23:31 local time on 27 February 2015.

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Atlantic Club of Bulgaria

The Atlantic Club of Bulgaria is a non-governmental, non-partisan organization dedicated to fostering the common values of the Euro-Atlantic community.

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Atomic Age

The Atomic Age, also known as the Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear ("atomic") bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II.

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August 19

No description.

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August 20

No description.

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August 21

No description.

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August 24

No description.

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August Uprising

The August Uprising (აგვისტოს აჯანყება, agvistos adjanq’eba) was an unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from late August to early September 1924.

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Augustana University

Augustana University is a private, Norwegian-heritage liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

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Aung San Suu Kyi

Aung San Suu Kyi (born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese politician, diplomat, and author, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (1991).

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Australia–Russia relations

Australia–Russia relations (Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when the Russian warship ''Neva'' arrived in Sydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe.

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Avi Benlolo

Avi Benlolo is a Canadian human rights activist, president, and chief executive officer of Friends of Simon Wiesenthal Center for Holocaust Studies (FSWC), the Canadian branch of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Azerbaijan (Азәрбајҹан; Azərbaycan), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası, Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Azerbajdžanskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) and the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası, Азәрбајҹан Республикасы), also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991.

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Đorđe Marjanović

Đorđe Marjanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Марјановић, born 30 October 1931) is a Serbian and Yugoslav retired singer.

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ŽS series 412

The JŽ class 412/416 is an electric multiple unit built for Yugoslav Railways.

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Ba'athist Iraq

Ba'athist Iraq, formally the Iraqi Republic, covers the history of Iraq between 1968 and 2003, during the period of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's rule.

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Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı

Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı (Babiali Cultural Publications in English, abbreviated as BKY) is a publishing company based in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Babrak Karmal

Babrak Karmal (Dari/ببرک کارمل, born Sultan Hussein; 6 January 1929 – 1 or 3 December 1996) was an Afghan politician who was installed as President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union when they invaded in 1979.

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Back in the USSA

Back in the USSA is a collection of seven short stories by Eugene Byrne and Kim Newman, which was published in 1997 by Mark V. Ziesing Books.

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Background of the Russo-Georgian War

This article describes the background of the Russo-Georgian War.

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Backwardness

Backwardness is a lack of progress by a person or group to some perceived cultural norm of advancement, such as for example traditional societies relative to modern scientific and technologically advanced industrialized societies.

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Bad Samaritan

The Bad Samaritan is a fictional character published by DC Comics.

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Bad Taste (record label)

Bad Taste (known as Smekkleysa in Icelandic, literally Tastelessness) is one of Iceland’s most important record labels; located in Reykjavík and known worldwide for being home to The Sugarcubes, it also publishes poetry books, short films, greeting cards and Icelandic gifts.

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Badaling

Badaling is the site of the most visited section of the Great Wall of China, approximately northwest of urban Beijing city in Yanqing District, which is within the Beijing municipality.

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Baku pogrom

The Baku pogrom was a pogrom directed against the ethnic Armenian inhabitants of Baku, Azerbaijan SSR.

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Bal des débutantes

le Bal des Débutantes in Paris, also known simply as 'le Bal' or 'Crillon Ball', is a fashion event held annually in November that brings together 20–25 girls aged 16 to 22 from about a dozen countries.

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Bald–hairy

Bald–hairy (лысый–волосатый) is a common joke in Russian political discourse, referring to the empirical rule of the state leaders' succession defined as a change of a bald leader to a hairy one and vice versa.

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Baldin Collection

The Baldin Collection is a group of 364 masterpieces removed from Germany to the Soviet Union by Russian Army officer Victor Baldin at the end of World War II.

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Balkar and Karachay nationalism

Balkar and Karachai nationalism is the national sentiment among the Balkars and Karachai.

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Baltic Assembly

The Baltic Assembly (BA) is a regional organisation that promotes intergovernmental cooperation between Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–91)

This Baltic states were under Soviet rule from the end of World War II in 1945, from sovietization onwards until independence was regained in 1991.

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Baltic Way

The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain (also Chain of Freedom; Balti kett, Baltijas ceļš, Baltijos kelias, Балтийский путь) was a peaceful political demonstration that occurred on 23 August 1989.

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Banking in Russia

Banking in Russia is subject to significant regulations as banks in the Russian Federation have to meet mandatory Russian legislation requirements, and comply with numerous Bank of Russia instructions and regulations.

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Basel Boys Choir

The Basel Boys Choir (Knabenkantorei Basel) is a Swiss boys' choir based in Basel; it grew out of the Boys' Choir of the Protestant Church of Basel-City, founded by Hermann Ulbrich in 1927.

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Battle of Jaji

The Battle of Jaji occurred in April 1987, during the first stage of withdrawal of Soviet forces from their war in Afghanistan.

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Battles of Zhawar

The Battles of Zhawar were fought during the Soviet war in Afghanistan between Soviet Army units, and their allies of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan against Afghan mujahideen groups.

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Beatty Memorial Lectures

The Beatty Memorial Lecture is a distinguished annual lecture coordinated by McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Beit Levin

The Levin House, in Hebrew "Beit Levin" (later called Russian Embassy House), is a historic building located at 46 Rothschild Boulevard on the corner of Shadal Street in Tel Aviv, Israel, and is one of the city’s most well-known buildings.

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Belavezha Accords

The Belavezha Accords (Беловежские соглашения, Белавежскае пагадненне, Біловезькі угоди) is the agreement that declared the Soviet Union effectively dissolved and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.

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Ben Brown (journalist)

Benjamin Russell "Ben" Brown (born 26 May 1960) is a British journalist and news presenter for the BBC's rolling news channel BBC News.

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Benin–Russia relations

Benin–Russia relations (Российско-бенинские отношения) is the relationship between the two countries, Benin and Russia.

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Bering Strait

The Bering Strait (Берингов пролив, Beringov proliv, Yupik: Imakpik) is a strait of the Pacific, which borders with the Arctic to north.

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Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

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Bernard Lown

Bernard Lown (born June 7, 1921) is the original developer of the DC defibrillator and the cardioverter.

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Bernardo Neustadt

Bernardo Neustadt (pronounced /nɔɪʃtat/) (January 9, 1925 in Iasi, Romania – June 7, 2008 in Martinez, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Argentinian journalist born in Romania.

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Bernt Carlsson

Bernt Wilmar Carlsson (21 November 1938 – 21 December 1988) was a Swedish social democrat and diplomat who served as Assistant-Secretary-General of the United Nations and United Nations Commissioner for Namibia from July 1987 until he died on Pan Am Flight 103, which was blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988.

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Bertelsmann Stiftung

The Bertelsmann Stiftung is an independent foundation under private law, based in Gütersloh, Germany.

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Bertram Wieczorek

Bertram Wieczorek (born 16 January 1951) is a German physician and former politician (CDU).

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Bessarabia in Romania–Soviet Union relations

The issue of Bessarabia in Romania–Soviet Union relations was originally avoided in the 1950s, but as Romania began to distance itself from the Soviet Union, the issue of Bessarabia was brought up in Romanian public discourse (especially in a historical context) whenever relations between the two countries soured.

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Betty Glad

Betty Glad (1927–2010) was an American political scientist who specialized in the American presidency and American foreign policy.

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Bianca Jagger

Bianca Jagger (born Bianca Pérez-Mora Macías; 2 May 1945) ICorrect, 9 March 2011.

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Bianna Golodryga

Bianna Vitalievna Golodryga (born June 15, 1978) is an American journalist who is a correspondent at CBS News and a contributor on CNN.

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Big Diomede

Big Diomede Island (о́стров Ратма́нова, ostrov Ratmanova (Russian for Ratmanov Island); Inupiat: Imaqłiq) or "Tomorrow Island" (due to the International Date Line) is the western island of the two Diomede Islands in the middle of the Bering Strait.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Billy Bragg

Stephen William "Billy" Bragg (born 20 December 1957) is an English singer-songwriter and left-wing political activist.

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Biopreparat

Biopreparat (p, "Biological substance preparation") was the Soviet Union's major biological warfare agency from the 1970s on.

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Black January

Black January (Qara Yanvar), also known as Black Saturday or the January Massacre, was a violent crackdown in Baku on 19–20 January 1990, pursuant to a state of emergency during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Black Sabbath

Black Sabbath were an English rock band, formed in Birmingham in 1968, by guitarist and main songwriter Tony Iommi, bassist and main lyricist Geezer Butler, drummer Bill Ward and singer Ozzy Osbourne.

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Bloodaxe Books

Bloodaxe Books is a British publishing house specializing in poetry.

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Bloom County

Bloom County is an American comic strip by Berkeley Breathed which originally ran from December 8, 1980, until August 6, 1989.

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Bloom County Babylon

Bloom County Babylon: Five Years of Basic Naughtiness is the fourth collection of the comic strip series Bloom County by Berkeley Breathed.

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Blue (Klaus Dinger album)

Blue is a 1999 studio album released under the La! Neu? name by Captain Trip Records.

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Bob Massie (politician)

Robert Kinloch "Bob" Massie IV (born August 17, 1956) is an American activist and author who works on issues of global leadership and corporate accountability, social justice, and climate change.

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Bolshevik Platform of the KPSS

The Bolshevik Platform of the CPSU (in Russian: Большевистская платформа в КПСС) is a communist political association on the territory of the former Soviet Union.

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Bombing of Banski dvori

The bombing of Banski dvori (bombardiranje Banskih dvora) was a Yugoslav Air Force strike on the Banski dvori in Zagreb—the official residence of the President of Croatia at the time of the Croatian War of Independence.

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Borgartún

Borgartún is a street in Reykjavík, Iceland, that in years leading up to the country's economic crisis became the centre of the city's financial district.

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Boris Grebenshchikov

Boris Borisovich Grebenshchikov (Бори́с Бори́сович Гребенщико́в), stage name Boris Grebenshikov, also known as Boris Purushottama Grebenshikov, is one of the most prominent members of the generation which is widely considered the "founding fathers" of Russian rock music.

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Boris Kagarlitsky

Boris Yulyevich Kagarlitsky (Бори́с Ю́льевич Кагарли́цкий; born 29 August 1958) is a Russian Marxist theoretician and sociologist who has been a political dissident in the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet Russia.

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Boris Kuznetsov (lawyer)

Boris Avramovich Kuznetsov (Кузнецов, Борис Аврамович, born 1944) is a prominent Russian lawyer who has acted in many notable criminal and human rights cases, and who has been persecuted by the Russian authorities.

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Boris Meissner

Boris Meissner (August 10, 1915 Pskov - September 10, 2003 Cologne) was a German lawyer and social scientist, specializing in international law and Eastern European history and politics.

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Boris Pankin

Boris Dimitrievich Pankin (Борис Дмитриевич Панкин; born 20 February 1931 in Frunze) was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR for a brief period in 1991.

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Boris Pasternak

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (|p|æ|s|t|ər|ˌ|n|æ|k) (29 January 1890 - 30 May 1960) was a Soviet Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator.

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Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (p; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

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Boris Yukhananov

Boris Yukhananov–(Russian: Борис Юрьевич Юхананов) is a Russian director of theatre, video, cinema and TV, a theatre educator and theorist.

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Boston Common

Boston Common (also known as the Common) is a central public park in downtown Boston, Massachusetts.

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Boutros Boutros-Ghali

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (بطرس بطرس غالي,; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996.

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Brandenburg Gate

The Brandenburg Gate (Brandenburger Tor) is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the (temporarily) successful restoration of order during the early Batavian Revolution.

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Breaking the Ice (organization)

Breaking the Ice is a peace project founded by Heskel Nathaniel.

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Breakup of Yugoslavia

The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s.

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Brezhnev Doctrine

The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by Sergei Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries.

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Brian Lamb

Brian Patrick Lamb (born October 9, 1941) is an American journalist and the founder, executive chairman, and now retired CEO of C-SPAN; an American cable network which provides coverage of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate as well as other public affairs events.

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Bridge of Flowers (event)

The Bridge of Flowers (Podul de Flori, Мост цветов) was a massive demonstration that took place on Sunday, May 6, 1990 along the Prut River separating Romania and the Moldavian SSR.

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Bridget Kendall

Bridget Kendall MBE (born 27 April 1956) is an English journalist who was the BBC's Diplomatic correspondent working for the corporation's radio and television networks.

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Brinkmanship

Brinkmanship (also brinksmanship) is the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict.

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British space programme

The British space programme is the UK government's work to develop British space capabilities.

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Brown Journal of World Affairs

The Brown Journal of World Affairs is an American magazine of foreign policy and international relations, published biannually at Brown University.

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Bruce B. G. Clarke

Bruce Bennett Gorham Clarke (born January 26, 1943) is a former United States Army officer.

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Brunei–Russia relations

Brunei–Russia relations (Российско-брунейские отношения) is the relationship between the two countries, Brunei and Russia.

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Bryan Cartledge

Sir Bryan Cartledge (born 10 June 1931), is a former British diplomat and academic.

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Bulgaria–United States relations

Bulgarian-American relations, first formally established in 1903, have moved from missionary activity and American support for Bulgarian independence in the late 19th century to the growth of trade and commerce in the early 20th century, to reluctant hostility during World War I and open war and bombardment in World War II, to ideological confrontation during the Cold War, to partnership with the United States in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and growing political, military and economic ties in the beginning of the 21st century.

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Bulgarian Communist Party

The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP; Bulgarian: Българска Комунистическа Партия, Bâlgarska Komunisticheska Partiya (БКП)) was the Communist and Marxist-Leninist ruling party of the People's Republic of Bulgaria from 1946 until 1989 when the country ceased to be a communist state.

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Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations

Burkina Faso–Soviet Union relations refers to the historical relationship between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Republic of Burkina Faso (formerly the Republic of Upper Volta).

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Bush compound

The Bush compound is the summer home of 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush.

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Bush legs

"Bush legs" (ножки Буша nozhki Busha) is a prevailing term in the post-Soviet states that denotes chicken leg quarters from the United States.

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Bush School of Government and Public Service

The Bush School of Government and Public Service is a graduate college of Texas A&M University.

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Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia

Donald Trump has pursued business deals in Russia since 1987, and has sometimes traveled there to explore potential business opportunities.

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Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, or Byelorussian SSR; Bielaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika; Belorusskaya SSR.), also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia, was a federal unit of the Soviet Union (USSR).

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Cal Fussman

Calvin "Cal" Fussman is an American journalist and author.

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California Association of Student Councils

The California Association of Student Councils (CASC) is a non-profit, student-led youth leadership and advocacy organization.

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Campus of the University of California, Irvine

The campus of the University of California, Irvine is known for its concentric layout with academic and service buildings arrayed around a central park, and for its Brutalist architecture.

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Canada in the Cold War

During the Cold War, Canada was one of the western powers playing a central role in the major alliances.

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Canada–Soviet Union relations

Canada–Soviet Union relations were the relations between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union).

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Card Sharks (video game)

Card Sharks is a 1987 game for the Commodore 64 developed and published by Accolade.

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Carey Cavanaugh

Carey Cavanaugh (born 1955) is a former U.S. Ambassador/peace mediator who is now professor of diplomacy and conflict resolution at the University of Kentucky's Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce, leading that program as director from 2006-2016.

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, cosmologist, astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and other natural sciences.

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Caspar Weinberger

Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006) was an American politician and businessman.

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Cat Stevens

Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou), commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

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Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Moscow)

The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin Mary is a neo-Gothic Roman Catholic Church at Moscow's center, that serves as the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moscow.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.

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Center for Citizen Initiatives

The Center for Citizen Initiatives is the brainchild of an American citizen, Sharon Tennison, who in the early 1980s determined in a period of desperation to try to reduce tensions between the two superpowers.

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Center on Global Interests

The Center on Global Interests (CGI) is an independent, nonprofit 501(c)(3) research organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center conducts research and analysis on global affairs, focusing on the Russia and the post-Soviet space.

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Central Committee elected by the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 24th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 24th Congress, and was in session from 1971 until 1976.

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Central Committee elected by the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 25th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 25th Congress, and was in session from 1976 until 1981.

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Central Committee elected by the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 26th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 26th Congress, and was in session from 1981 until 1986.

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Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 27th Congress, and was in session from 1986 until 1990.

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Central Committee elected by the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 28th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 28th Congress, and was in session from 1990 until 1991, when the Communist Party was dissolved.

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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was de jure the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) between Party Congresses.

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Centre d'Etudes Diplomatiques et Stratégiques

The Center for Diplomatic and Strategic Studies (French: Centre d'Etudes Diplomatiques et Stratégiques, CEDS) is an accredited postgraduate school and a think tank in diplomacy and international relations headquartered in Paris.

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Challenging Impossibility

Challenging Impossibility is a 2011 documentary film which chronicles the weightlifting odyssey of the spiritual teacher Sri Chinmoy, who in 1985 at the age of 54 took up weightlifting and performing feats of strength using the power of meditation.

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Champaign-Decatur CSA

The Champaign-Decatur CSA, also known as East Central Illinois CSA, is a combined statistical area in Illinois.

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Champions of the Earth

The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) established Champions of the Earth in 2005 as an annual awards programme to recognize outstanding environmental leaders from the public and private sectors, and from civil society.

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Charilaos Florakis

Charilaos Florakis (also Harilaos Florakis; Χαρίλαος Φλωράκης; 20 July 1914 – 22 May 2005) was a leader of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).

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Charles Hyder

Charles Latif Hyder (April 18, 1930 – June 8, 2004), known in the USSR as "Dr Haider," was an American astrophysicist and dissident from Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Charles V European Award

The Charles V European Award is awarded by the European Academy of Yuste Foundation.

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Cheget

Cheget (Чегет) is a "nuclear briefcase" (named after Mount Cheget in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia) and a part of the automatic system for the pinnacle command and control of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF) named Kazbek (Казбек, after Mount Kazbek).

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Chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident.

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Chernobyl: The Final Warning

Chernobyl: The Final Warning is a 1991 made for television movie.

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Chic Hecht

Mayer Jacob "Chic" Hecht (November 30, 1928May 15, 2006) was a Republican United States Senator from Nevada and U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas.

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Chicago Board of Trade Building

The Chicago Board of Trade Building is a skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois.

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Chicago Council on Global Affairs

The Chicago Council on Global Affairs is a global affairs think tank, describing itself as "an independent, nonpartisan organization that provides insight – and influences the public discourse – on critical global issues.".

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Chicken Kiev speech

The Chicken Kiev speech is the nickname for a speech given by the United States president George H. W. Bush in Kiev, Ukraine, on August 1, 1991, months before a December referendum in which Ukrainians voted to withdraw from the Soviet Union, in which Bush cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".

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Chilean transition to democracy

The Chilean transition to democracy began when a Constitution establishing a transition itinerary was approved in a plebiscite.

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Chinghiz Aitmatov

Chyngyz Aitmatov (Чыңгыз Айтматов, Çıñğız Aytmatov, چىڭعىز ايتماتوۋ; Чинги́з Тореку́лович Айтма́тов, Chingiz Torekulovich Aytmatov) (12 December 1928 – 10 June 2008) was a Soviet and Kyrgyz author who wrote in both Russian and Kyrgyz.

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Choate Rosemary Hall

Choate Rosemary Hall (often known as Choate) is a private, college-preparatory, coeducational, boarding school located in Wallingford, Connecticut.

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Christian Führer

Christian (5 March 1943 – 30 June 2014) was a Protestant Pastor and one of the leading figures and organisers of the 1989 Monday demonstrations in East Germany which finally led to the German reunification and the end of the GDR in 1990.

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Christian left

The term Christian left refers to a spectrum of centre-left and left-wing Christian political and social movements that largely embrace viewpoints described as social justice and uphold a social gospel.

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Christian right

Christian right or religious right is a term used mainly in the United States to label conservative Christian political factions that are characterized by their strong support of socially conservative policies.

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Christoph Waltz

Christoph Waltz (born 4 October 1956) is an Austrian actor.

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Christophe Didillon

Christophe Didillon (born 1971 in Aurich, Germany) is an artist (acrylic paintings, collages, photos).

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Christopher Hills

Christopher Hills (April 9, 1926 – January 31, 1997) was an English-born author, philosopher, and scientist, popularly described as the "Father of Spirulina" for popularizing spirulina cyanobacteria as a food supplement.

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Christopher Mallaby

Sir Christopher Leslie George Mallaby (born 7 July 1936) is a British diplomat.

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Christopher Morris (news presenter)

Christopher Morris (born 28 March 1938) is an English news presenter, journalist and author.

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Christopher Story

Christopher Edward Harle Story FRSA (8 March 1938 – 14 July 2010) was an English writer, publisher and government adviser specialising in intelligence and economic affairs, who is perhaps best known for his collaboration with KGB defector Anatoliy Golitsyn on the 1995 book The Perestroika Deception.

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Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies

There was a succession of Soviet secret police agencies over time.

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Chuck Versus the Cat Squad

"Chuck Versus the Cat Squad" is the fifteenth episode of the fourth season of Chuck.

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Cinema for Peace

Cinema for Peace is a group based in the United States that aims to raise awareness for the social relevance of films, and to make active use of the influence of movies and documentaries on the perception and resolution of global social, political and humanitarian challenges.

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Circassian nationalism

Circassian nationalism is the desire among Circassians to reestablish an independent Circassian state in Circassia, which lost its independence in the Russian–Circassian War.

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Claus von Stauffenberg

Claus Philipp Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (15 November 1907 – 21 July 1944) was a German army officer and member of the Bavarian noble family von Stauffenberg, who was one of the leading members of the failed 20 July plot of 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler and remove the Nazi Party from power.

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Cleopatra Birrenbach

Cleopatra Broumand Birrenbach is a Persian-American designer, innovator, conceptualist, and entrepreneur in the apparel and related industries.

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Clora Bryant

Clora Bryant (born May 30, 1927) is an American jazz trumpeter.

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Club of Rome

The Club of Rome describes itself as "an organisation of individuals who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).

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Cold War (1979–1985)

The Cold War (1979–1985) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.

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Cold War (1985–1991)

The Cold War period of 1985–1991 began with the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union.

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Cold War (TV series)

Cold War is a twenty-four episode television documentary series about the Cold War that aired in 1998.

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Cold War (video game)

Cold War is a video game developed by Czech developer Mindware Studios and published by DreamCatcher Games (Linux Game Publishing for Linux).

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Cold War II

Cold War II (also called the New Cold War or Second Cold War) is a term used to describe an ongoing state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia and/or China, and the other led by the United States, European Union, and NATO.

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Colin Powell

Colin Luther Powell (born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army.

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Collective leadership

Collective leadership is a distribution of power within an organisational structure.

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Collective leadership in the Soviet Union

Collective leadership (коллективное руководство) or Collectivity of leadership (коллективность руководства), was considered an ideal form of governance in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and other socialist states espousing communism.

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Comecon

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of communist states elsewhere in the world.

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Command Performance (2009 film)

Command Performance is a 2009 American action film written and directed by Dolph Lundgren, who also starred in the film.

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Committee for a Free Britain

The Committee for a Free Britain (also known as the Campaign for a Free Britain) was a right-wing political pressure-group in the United Kingdom.

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Common European Home

The "Common European Home" was a concept created and espoused by former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS; r), also nicknamed the Russian Commonwealth (in order to distinguish it from the Commonwealth of Nations), is a political and economic intergovernmental organization of nine member states and one associate member, all of which are former Soviet Republics located in Eurasia (primarily in Central to North Asia), formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Communism

In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.

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Communism in Russia

Communism in Russia began after Tsar Nicholas II lost his power during the February Revolution.

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Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

The Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist), often abbreviated as CPB-ML, is a British Marxist-Leninist political party.

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Communist Party of Canada candidates, 1984 Canadian federal election

The Communist Party of Canada fielded several candidates in the 1984 federal election, none of whom were elected.

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Communist Party of Finland (1994)

Communist Party of Finland (Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue, SKP) is a political party in Finland.

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Communist Party of Norway

The Communist Party of Norway (Norges Kommunistiske Parti) is a small Marxist–Leninist communist party in Norway currently without parliamentary or other elected representation.

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Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики, Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiyskoy Sovetskoy Federativnoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respubliki) was a republican level branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1992)

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Коммунистическая Партия Советского Союза, Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza; short: КПСС, KPSS) is a political party led by Sergei Skvortsov operating in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

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Communist Party of Ukraine

The Communist Party of Ukraine (Комуністична партія України, Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny, KPU) is a political party founded in 1993 as the successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine, which was banned in 1991 and again in 2015.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) is a communist political party in the United States established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America.

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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments.

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Condoleezza Rice

Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat.

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Congress of People's Deputies of Russia

The Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR (Съезд народных депутатов РСФСР) and since 1991 Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation (Съезд народных депутатов Российской Федерации) was the supreme government institution in the Russian SFSR and in the Russian Federation from 16 May 1990 to 21 September 1993.

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Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union

The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (Sʺezd narodnykh deputatov SSSR) was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991.

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Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (съезд КПСС) was the gathering of the delegates of the Communist Party and its predecessors.

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Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990

The 1990 Conservative Party leadership election in the United Kingdom took place on 20 November 1990 following the decision of Michael Heseltine, former Defence and Environment Secretary, to challenge Margaret Thatcher, the incumbent Prime Minister, for leadership of the Conservative Party.

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Controversies surrounding President Mohammad Khatami

Iranian president Mohammad Khatami's two terms as president were regarded, by some people, as unsuccessful in achieving their goals of making Iran more free and democratic, and he has been criticized by conservatives, reformers, and opposition groups for various policies and viewpoints.

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Copyright law of the Soviet Union

The Copyright law of the Soviet Union went through several major revisions during its existence.

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Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (p; sometimes abbreviated to Sovmin or referred to as the Soviet of Ministers), was the de jure government comprising the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union from 1946 until 1991.

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Countdown to Zero

Countdown to Zero is a 2010 documentary film by British filmmaker Lucy Walker.

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Crime in Russia

Crime in Russia is combated by the Russian police and other agencies.

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Crisis in the Kremlin

Crisis in the Kremlin is a 1991 strategy video game with managerial aspects in which the player acts as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 2017.

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Crombie (clothing)

J&J Crombie Ltd. is a British fashion company, which produces high-end clothing and accessories under its Crombie brand.

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Crowd manipulation

Crowd manipulation is the intentional use of techniques based on the principles of crowd psychology to engage, control, or influence the desires of a crowd in order to direct its behavior toward a specific action.

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Cuba under Fidel Castro

Under the rule of Fidel Castro, the nation of Cuba underwent significant economic, political, and social changes.

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Cuban intervention in Angola

In November 1975, on the eve of Angola's independence, Cuba launched a large-scale military intervention in support of the leftist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against United States-backed interventions by South Africa and Zaire in support of two right-wing independence movements competing for power in the country, the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

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Cultural diplomacy

Cultural diplomacy a type of public diplomacy and soft power that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding".

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Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations

Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations refers to the foreign relations between the former states of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.

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Czesław Kiszczak

Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989).

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D.C. Follies

D.C. Follies is a syndicated sitcom which aired from 1987–1989 and was set in a Washington, D.C. bar, where bartender Fred Willard would welcome puppet caricatures of politicians and popular culture figures.

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Daisaku Ikeda

is a Buddhist philosopher, educator, author, and nuclear disarmament advocate.

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Daniel Isenberg

Daniel Isenberg is a Professor of Entrepreneurship Practice at Babson College Executive Education where he established the Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project.

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Daniel Rodríguez (tenor)

Daniel Rodríguez (born May 24, 1964) is a Puerto Rican American operatic tenor from New York City.

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Daniel Yergin

Daniel Howard Yergin (born February 6, 1947) is an American author, speaker, energy expert, and economic historian.

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Dartmouth Conferences (peace)

The Dartmouth Conference is the longest continuous bilateral dialogue between American and Soviet (now Russian) representatives.

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David Cregeen

David Cregeen is a British sculptor who, has had his principal home and studio for many years in Southern Turkey.

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David Hume Kennerly

David Hume Kennerly (born March 9, 1947) is an American photographer and photojournalist.

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David Riazanov

David Riazanov (Дави́д Ряза́нов), born David Borisovich Goldendakh (Дави́д Бори́сович Гольдендах; 10 March 1870 – 21 January 1938), was a political revolutionary, Marxist theoretician, and archivist.

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David Rockefeller

David Rockefeller (June 12, 1915 – March 20, 2017) was an American banker who was chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation.

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Détente

Détente (meaning "relaxation") is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation.

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De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization (Russian: десталинизация, destalinizatsiya) consisted of a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power.

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Death and funeral of Helmut Kohl

Helmut Kohl, the former Chancellor of Germany, died at 9:15 a.m. on Friday, 16 June 2017 in the Oggersheim district of Ludwigshafen, his home town, aged 87.

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Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher

Baroness Thatcher died of a stroke in London on 8 April 2013 at the age of 87.

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Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin, the first President of Russia, died of cardiac arrest on April 23, 2007, twelve days after being admitted to the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow.

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Death and state funeral of Fidel Castro

The former President and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, Fidel Castro died of natural causes at 22:29 (CST) in the evening of 25 November 2016.

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Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev

On 10 November 1982, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, the third General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the fifth leader of the Soviet Union, died aged 75 after suffering a heart attack following years of serious ailments.

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Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan

On June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, died after having suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly a decade.

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Deaths in November 2007

The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2007.

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December 19

No description.

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December 25

No description.

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December 3

No description.

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December 8

No description.

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Decommunization in Russia

Decommunization in Russia is the process of dealing with the communist legacies in terms of institutions and personnel that tends towards breaking with the Soviet past.

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Deidesheim

Deidesheim is a town in the Bad Dürkheim district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with some 3,700 inhabitants.

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Deindustrialisation by country

Deindustrialisation refers to the process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

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Delta Prize for Global Understanding

The Delta Prize for Global Understanding, presented annually by Delta Air Lines and the University of Georgia, recognizes individuals or groups whose initiatives have helped promote world peace as well as globally significant efforts that provide opportunities for greater understanding among nations and cultures.

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Democratic Russia

Democratic Russia (Russian: Демократическая Россия, abbreviation: ДемРоссия DemRossiya) was the generic name for several political entities that played a transformative role in Russia's transition from Communist rule.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production with an emphasis on self-management and/or democratic management of economic institutions within a market socialist, participatory or decentralized planned economy.

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Democratic Socialists of America

Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a multi-tendency organization of democratic socialist and left-social democratic and labor-oriented members in the United States which is often also affiliated with other political parties and/or organizations.

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Demographics of Russia

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

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Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)

Demokratizatsiya (p, democratization) was a slogan introduced by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in January 1987 calling for the infusion of "democratic" elements into the Soviet Union's single-party government.

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Den 11. time

Den 11.

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Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997), courtesy name Xixian (希贤), was a Chinese politician.

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Denis Thatcher

Sir Denis Thatcher, 1st Baronet, (10 May 1915 – 26 June 2003) was a British businessman and the husband of Margaret Thatcher, who was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

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Denys Blakeway

Denys Blakeway is a British television producer and author who is best known for documentaries and books about contemporary history.

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DePauw University

DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, is a private liberal arts college with an enrollment of approximately 2,300 students.

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Deportation of the Crimean Tatars

The deportation of the Crimean Tatars (Crimean Tatar Qırımtatar sürgünligi; Ukrainian Депортація кримських татар; Russian Депортация крымских татар) was the ethnic cleansing of at least 191,044 Tatars from Crimea in May 1944.

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Derek Boorman

Lieutenant-General Sir Derek Boorman KCB (born 30 September 1930) was a senior British Army officer.

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Derg

The Derg, Common Derg or Dergue (Ge'ez: ደርግ, meaning "committee" or "council") is the short name of the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987.

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Deutscher Fernsehfunk

Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF), known from 1972 to 1990 as Fernsehen der DDR (DDR-FS), was the state television broadcaster in East Germany (German Democratic Republic, or GDR for short).

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Diana Goodman

Diana Goodman (born 1952 in Christchurch, New Zealand) is a New Zealand-born journalist who became the BBC's first female foreign correspondent.

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Diane Francis

Diane Francis is an American-Canadian journalist, author and editor-at-large for the National Post newspaper since 1998.

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Diane Meyer Simon

Diane Meyer Simon (born Diane Irene Meyer) is an environmental activist, founder and leader of Global Green USA, member of the Green Cross International's (GCI) Honorary Board, and politician.

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Dick Cheney

Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 46th Vice President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Die Wende

Die Wende ("The Turn" or "The Turnaround") is a German term that has come to signify the complete process of change from the rule of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and a centrally planned economy to the revival of parliamentary democracy and market economy in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) around 1989 and 1990.

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Dimitri Devyatkin

Dimitri Devyatkin (born July 31, 1949) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, video artist, and journalist.

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Dinmukhamed Kunaev

Dinmukhamed (Dimash) Akhmetuly Kunaev (Дінмұхаммед (Димаш) Ахметұлы Қонаев, Dіnmuhammed (Dımash) Ahmetuly Qonaev; Динмухаммед Ахмедович Кунаев; – 22 August 1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician.

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Diocese of Artsakh

Diocese of Artsakh (Արցախի թեմ Artsakhi t'em) is one of the largest dioceses of the Armenian Apostolic Church covering the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh.

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Diomede Islands

The Diomede Islands (острова́ Диоми́да, ostrová Diomída), also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands (острова́ Гво́здева, ostrová Gvozdjeva), consist of two rocky, mesa-like islands.

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Diplomacy (book)

Diplomacy is a 1994 book written by former National Security Advisor and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

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Dmitri Pokrovsky

Dmitri Viktorovich Pokrovsky (3 May 1944 – 29 June 1996) was a Russian folk music researcher and musician best known for his efforts to rediscover authentic and often near extinct rural musical traditions from many different regions of Russia and re-enacting them with the Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble.

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Dmitri Volkogonov

Dmitri Antonovich Volkogonov (Дми́трий Анто́нович Волкого́нов) (22 March 1928 – 6 December 1995) was a Soviet/Russian historian and colonel general who was head of the Soviet military's psychological warfare department.

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Dmitry Gordon

Dmitry Ilyich Gordon (Ukrainian: Дмитро Ілліч Гордон), born October 21, 1967, Kiev, is a Ukrainian writer, journalist, TV presenter and singer.

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Dmitry Petrov (translator)

Petrov Dmitry Yuryevich (Петров, Дмитрий Юрьевич; born 16 July 1958 in Novomoskovsk, Tula Region) is a Russian polyglot, simultaneous translator, lecturer, broadcaster, teacher.

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Dmitry Rybolovlev

Dmitry Yevgenyevich Rybolovlev (Дмитрий Евгеньевич Рыболовлев;; born 22 November 1966) is a Russian businessman, investor, and philanthropist.

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Dmitry Shparo

Dmitry Shparo (born 1941) is a Russian Arctic explorer and endurance skier.

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Dmitry Ustinov

Dmitriy Fyodorovich Ustinov (Дмитрий Фёдорович Устинов; 30 October 1908 – 20 December 1984) was Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death.

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Dmitry Yazov

Dmitry Timofeyevich Yazov (Дми́трий Тимофе́евич Я́зов; born 8 November 1924) was the last Marshal of the Soviet Union to be appointed before the collapse of the Soviet Union (on 28 April 1990).

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Doctor Zhivago (novel)

Doctor Zhivagois a novel by Boris Pasternak, first published in 1957 in Italy.

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Doina Cornea

Doina Cornea (30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor.

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Doku Zavgayev

Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev (Доку Гапурович Завгаев, born 22 December 1940, Beno-Yurt, Chechnya) is Russia's ambassador to Slovenia.

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Don Cook (journalist)

Don Cook (August 8, 1920 — March 7, 1995) was one of the longest-serving, full-time, Paris-based American foreign correspondent of the twentieth century.

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Donald Akenson

Donald Harman Akenson (born May 22, 1941, Minneapolis, Minnesota) is a historian and author.

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Dorofei

Dorofei (or Dorotheus Дорофей) (2004–2014)http://sobesednik.ru/politika/20150204-u-putina-umerla-labrador-konni-a-u-medvedeva---kot-dorofey was a rare Neva Masquerade (Siberian breed) cat with blue eyes belonging to former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and his wife Svetlana Medvedeva.

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Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a British chemist who developed protein crystallography, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

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Double-barreled question

A double-barreled question (sometimes, double-direct question) is an informal fallacy.

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Dushanbe

Dushanbe (Душанбе) is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan.

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Dyson Carter

Herbert Dyson Carter known as Dyson Carter (February 2, 1910 – 1996) was a Canadian scientist, lecturer, writer, and Communist propagandist and organiser who served as president of the Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society from 1949 to 1960.

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Dzhokhar Dudayev

Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Dudin Musa-khant Dƶoxar, Дудин Муса-кӀант Джохар; Джоха́р Муса́евич Дуда́ев; 15 February 1944 – 21 April 1996) was a Soviet Air Force general and Chechen leader, the first President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, a breakaway state in the North Caucasus.

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Earth Charter

The Earth Charter is an international declaration of fundamental values and principles considered useful by its supporters for building a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century.

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East Room

The East Room is an event and reception room in the White House, the home of the President of the United States.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

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Eastern Bloc emigration and defection

Eastern Bloc emigration and defection was a point of controversy during the Cold War.

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Echo of Moscow

Echo of Moscow (Э́хо Москвы́, Ekho Moskvy) is a Russian radio station based in Moscow, broadcasting in many Russian cities, some of the former-Soviet republics (through partnerships with local radio stations), and via the Internet.

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Economic Club of New York

The Economic Club of New York is a U.S. nonprofit and non-partisan membership organization dedicated to promoting the study and discussion of social, economic and political questions.

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Economic history of the Russian Federation

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and collapse of Russia's controlled economy, a new Russian Federation was created under Boris Yeltsin in 1991.

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Economy of Armenia

The economy of Armenia grew by 7.5% in 2017 and reached a nominal GDP of $11.5 billion per annum, while per capita figure grew by 10.1% and reached $3880.

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Economy of communist Czechoslovakia

In the mid-1980s, Czechoslovakia was prosperous by the standards of the Eastern Bloc, and did quite well in comparison to many richer western countries.

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Economy of Russia

Russia has an upper-middle income, World Bank mixed economy with state ownership in strategic areas of the economy.

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Economy of the Soviet Union

The economy of the Soviet Union (экономика Советского Союза) was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning.

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Edgar Bronfman Sr.

Edgar Miles Bronfman (June 20, 1929 – December 21, 2013) was a Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist.

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Edgar Morin

Edgar Morin (born Edgar Nahoum on 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist who has been internationally recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (pensée complexe), and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology.

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Eduard Limonov

Eduard Limonov (Эдуа́рд Лимо́нов, real name Eduard Veniaminovich Savenko, Эдуа́рд Вениами́нович Саве́нко; born 22 February 1943) is a Russian writer, poet, publicist, and political dissident.

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Eduard Shevardnadze

Eduard Ambrosiyevich Shevardnadze (ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე, Eduard Ambrosis dze Šewardnadze; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Georgian politician and diplomat.

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Edward and Elaine Brown

Edward Lewis Brown (born 1942) and his wife, Elaine Alice Brown (born c. 1940), residents of the state of New Hampshire, gained national news media attention as tax protesters in early 2007 for refusing to pay the U.S. federal income tax and subsequently refusing to surrender to federal government agents after having been convicted of tax crimes.

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Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu

Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (20 October 1926 – 31 August 2015), was an English Conservative politician well known in Great Britain for founding the National Motor Museum, as well as for a pivotal cause célèbre in British gay history following his 1954 conviction and imprisonment for homosexual sex, a charge he denied.

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Edward Luttwak

Edward Nicolae Luttwak (born 4 November 1942) is a political scientist known for his works on grand strategy, military history, and international relations.

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Edward Ochab

Edward Ochab (16 August 1906 – 1 May 1989) was a Polish communist social activist and politician.

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Eesti Ekspress

Eesti Ekspress (Estonian Express) was the first politically independent newspaper in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet control of Estonia.

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Egon Krenz

Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz (born 19 March 1937) is a former East German politician who was the last communist leader of East Germany during the final months of 1989.

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Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu

Ekmeleddin Mehmet İhsanoğlu (born 26 December 1943) is a Turkish academic, politician and diplomat who was Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) from 2004 to 2014.

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El Pomar Estate

The El Pomar Estate was the Penrose House and estate of Spencer and Julie Penrose in the Broadmoor, Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in El Paso County, Colorado and the Colorado State Register of Historic Properties.

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Elective rights

Two central issues for democracies are the right to candidate, and suffrage or the franchise—that is, the decision as to who is entitled to vote.

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Electoral history of Aman Tuleyev

Electoral history of Aman Tuleyev, 2nd Governor of Kemerovo Oblast.

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Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin

Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia.

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Electoral history of Gennady Zyuganov

Electoral history of Gennady Zyuganov, Member of the State Duma (1993–present), and Leader of Communist Party (1993–present).

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Electoral history of Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Electoral history of Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Member of the State Duma (1993–present), Deputy Chairman of the State Duma (2000–2011) and Leader of Liberal Democratic Party (1991–present).

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Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is an American business magnate, investor and engineer.

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Embassy of the United Kingdom, Reykjavík

The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Reykjavík is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in Iceland.

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Emile Habibi

Imil (Emile) Shukri Habiby (إميل حبيبي, אמיל חביבי, 28 January 1922 – 2 May 1996) was an Israeli Arab writer of Arabic literature and a politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the communist parties Maki and Rakah.

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Emory University

Emory University is a private research university in the Druid Hills neighborhood of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

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End of communism in Hungary (1989)

The Communist rule in the Hungarian People's Republic came to an end in 1989.

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Enoch Powell

John Enoch Powell (16 June 19128 February 1998) was a British politician, classical scholar, author, linguist, soldier, philologist and poet.

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Enron

Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas.

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Environment Prize (German Environment Foundation)

The Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt Environment Prize (German environment prize) is a prize awarded in Germany.

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Epic Rap Battles of History

Epic Rap Battles of History, or ERB for short, is a YouTube webseries created by Peter Shukoff (a.k.a. Nice Peter) and Lloyd Ahlquist (a.k.a. EpicLLOYD).

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Era of Stagnation

The Era of Stagnation (Период застоя, Stagnation Period, also called the Brezhnevian Stagnation) was the period in the history of the Soviet Union which began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).

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Eric Burdon

Eric Victor Burdon (born 11 May 1941) is an English singer-songwriter and actor.

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Erica Chenoweth

Erica Chenoweth (born April 22, 1980) is an American political scientist as well as a faculty member and Ph.D. program co-director at the University of Denver's Josef Korbel School of International Studies.

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Erice statement

The Erice statement is a statement written by Paul Dirac, Piotr Kapitza, and Antonino Zichichi asking for freedom of expression for scientists as well as for nuclear disarmament.

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Erich Honecker

Erich Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official head of state as chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post. Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the Communist Party of Germany, a position for which he was imprisoned during the Nazi era. Following World War II, he was freed and soon relaunched his political activities, founding the youth organisation the Free German Youth in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee in the new East German state, he was the prime organiser of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, in this function, bore responsibility for the "order to fire" along the Inner German border. In 1971, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Soviet support, to his replacing Walter Ulbricht as First Secretary of the Central Committee and as chairman of the state's National Defense Council. Under his command, the country adopted a programme of "consumer socialism" and moved toward the international community by normalising relations with West Germany and also becoming a full member of the UN, in what is considered one of his greatest political successes. As Cold War tensions eased in the late 1980s under perestroika and glasnost, the liberal reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Honecker refused all but cosmetic changes to the East German political system, citing the continual hardliner attitudes of Kim Il-sung and Fidel Castro, whose respective regimes of North Korea and Cuba had been critical of reforms, leaders who ruthlessly suppressed opposition. As anticommunist protests grew, Honecker begged the USSR to intervene and suppress the protests to maintain communist rule in East Germany like the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956; Gorbachev refused. Honecker was forced to resign by his party in October 1989 in a bid to improve the government's image before the public. Honecker's eighteen years at the helm of the soon-to-collapse German Democratic Republic came to an end. Following German reunification, he sought asylum in the Chilean embassy in Moscow in 1991 but was extradited back to Germany a year later to stand trial for his role in the human rights abuses committed by the East German government. However, the proceedings were abandoned due to illness and he was freed from custody to travel to join his family in exile in Chile, where he died in May 1994 from liver cancer.

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Erich Mielke

Erich Fritz Emil Mielke (28 December 1907 – 21 May 2000) was a German communist official who served as head of the East German Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatsicherheit), better known as the Stasi, from 1957 until shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

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Erk Democratic Party

The Erk Democratic Party («Erk» Demokratik Partiyasi, "Liberty Democratic Party") is a political party in Uzbekistan, formed in 1990.

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Ernest Mandel

Ernest Ezra Mandel (also known by various pseudonyms such as Ernest Germain, Pierre Gousset, Henri Vallin, Walter; 5 April 1923 – 20 July 1995), was a Marxist economist and a Trotskyist activist and theorist.

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Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation

The Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation, consisting of the Young Pioneers and the Thälmann Pioneers, was a youth organisation of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14, in East Germany.

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Esalen Institute

The Esalen Institute, commonly called Esalen, is a non-profit American retreat center and intentional community in Big Sur, California, which focuses on humanistic alternative education.

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Estonian restoration of Independence

Estonian Restoration of Independence (juridically defined as the Restoration of the Republic of Estonia) is celebrated on the 20th of August as on that day, in 1991 at 11:02 pm local time, the Estonian Supreme Soviet, in agreement with the Estonian Committee (the executive organ of the Estonian Congress) proclaimed Estonian independence from the Soviet Union.

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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk), is a country located in the Horn of Africa.

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Ethiopia–Russia relations

Ethiopia–Russia relations (Российско-эфиопские отношения) is the relationship between the two countries, Ethiopia and Russia.

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Eugene Whelan

Eugene Francis "Gene" Whelan, was a Canadian politician, sitting in the House of Commons from 1962 to 1984, and in the Senate from 1996 to 1999.

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Eureka College

Eureka College is a private, non-profit Christian college in Eureka, Illinois, related by covenant to the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Malta)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used on rare occasions.

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Eurocommunism

Eurocommunism (adherents sometimes referred to as Gramscians) was a revisionist trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Europe whole and free

Europe Whole and Free is an idea in international relations that describes a Europe governed universally by concepts of liberal democracy espoused by the United States and the European Union.

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European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation which aimed to bring about economic integration among its member states.

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European Green Belt

The European Green Belt initiative is a grassroots movement for nature conservation and sustainable development along the corridor of the former Iron Curtain.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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Eurovision Song Contest 1987

The Eurovision Song Contest 1987 was the 32nd Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 9 May 1987 in Brussels, Belgium after Sandra Kim's win the previous year.

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Evans Wadongo

Evans Wadongo (born 11 March 1986) is a Kenyan engineer, the Co-Founder of GreenWize Energy Ltd, the Executive Director and Founder of SDFA-Kenya.

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Evgenij Kozlov

(E-E) Evgenij Kozlov (Russian: (E-E) Евгений Козло́в, tr. (Ye-Ye) Yevgueni Kozlov, IPA.

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Evgeny Lebedev

Evgeny Alexandrovich Lebedev (Russian Cyrillic: Евгений Александрович Лебедев; born 8 May 1980) is the Russian British owner of Lebedev Holdings Ltd, which owns the London Evening Standard, The Independent and the TV channel, London Live.

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Evil Empire speech

The phrase "evil empire" was first applied to the Soviet Union in 1983 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a rollback strategy that would, in his words, "write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union".

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Execution of the Romanov family

The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) and all those who chose to accompany them into imprisonment—notably Eugene Botkin, Anna Demidova, Alexei Trupp and Ivan Kharitonov—were shot, bayoneted and clubbed to death in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16-17 July 1918.

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Express Yourself (N.W.A song)

"Express Yourself" is a song recorded by American hip hop group N.W.A, performed solo by Dr. Dre.

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Ștefan cel Mare Central Park

Ştefan cel Mare Central Park (Grădina Publică „Ştefan cel Mare” / Parcul „Ştefan cel Mare”) is the main park in Central Chişinău, Moldova.

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Factory Panic

Factory Panic, originally titled, is an action game developed by JSH Co.

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Faith: A Holiday Album

Faith: A Holiday Album is the second holiday album by saxophonist Kenny G. It was released by Arista Records in 1999, and peaked at number 1 on the Contemporary Jazz Albums chart, number 4 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, number 5 on the Internet Albums chart and number 6 on the ''Billboard'' 200.

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Fall of communism in Albania

The fall of Communism in Albania, the last such event in Europe outside the USSR, started in earnest on December 1990 with student demonstrations in the capital, Tirana, although protests had begun earlier that year in other cities.

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Fall of the inner German border

The fall of the inner German border came rapidly and unexpectedly in November 1989, along with the fall of the Berlin Wall.

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Fame in the 20th Century

Fame in the 20th Century is a 1993 BBC documentary television series and book by Clive James.

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FAPSI

FAPSI (ФАПСИ) or Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAGCI) (Федеральное Агентство Правительственной Связи и Информации) was a Russian government agency, which was responsible for signal intelligence and security of governmental communications.

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Far-left politics in the United Kingdom

Far-left politics in the United Kingdom have existed since at least the late 19th century, with the formation of various organisations following ideologies such as revolutionary socialism, anarchism and syndicalism.

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Faraway, So Close!

Faraway, So Close! (In weiter Ferne, so nah!) is a 1993 German fantasy film directed by Wim Wenders.

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Farewell (2009 film)

Farewell (L'affaire Farewell; literally The Farewell Affair) is a 2009 French film directed by Christian Carion, starring Guillaume Canet and Emir Kusturica.

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Fashion in the Soviet Union

Fashion in the Soviet Union largely followed general trends of the Western world.

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Federal Counterintelligence Service

The FSK (Federalnaya Sluzhba Kontrrazvedki (Федера́льная Слу́жба Контрразве́дки), Federal Counterintelligence Service) was a state security organization, initially of the USSR, and, after its dissolution, of the Russian Federation.

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Feeding Everyone No Matter What

Feeding Everyone No Matter What: Managing Food Security After Global Catastrophe is a book written by David Denkenberger and Joshua M. Pearce and published by Elsevier under their Academic Press.

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Felipe González

Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish lawyer, professor, and politician, who was the Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997, and the 3rd Prime Minister of Spain since the restoration of democracy, from 1982 to 1996.

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Feminism in Russia

Feminism in Russia originated in the 18th century, influenced by the Western European Enlightenment and mostly confined to the aristocracy.

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Feodor Chaliapin Jr.

Feodor Chaliapin Jr. (Фёдор Фёдорович Шаля́пин; October 6, 1905 – September 17, 1992) was a Russian-born actor who appeared in many American and Italian films.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.

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Finlandia Hall

The Finlandia Hall is a congress and event venue in the centre of Helsinki on the Töölönlahti Bay.

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Finlandization

Finlandization (suomettuminen; finlandisering; Finnlandisierung) is the process by which one powerful country makes a smaller neighboring country abide by the former's foreign policy rules, while allowing it to keep its nominal independence and its own political system.

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First Chechen War

The First Chechen War (Пе́рвая чече́нская война́), also known as the First Chechen Сampaign (Пе́рвая чече́нская кампа́ния) or First Russian-Chechen war, was a rebellion by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation, fought from December 1994 to August 1996.

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First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin

The First Inauguration of Boris Yeltsin as the first President of Russia took place on Wednesday, July 10, 1991.

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Flag of Latvia

The national flag of Latvia (Latvijas karogs) was used by independent Latvia from 1918 until the country was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940.

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Flag of Ukraine

The flag of Ukraine is a banner of two equally sized horizontal bands of blue and yellow (Constitution of Ukraine, Article 20).

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Flavored fortified wine

Flavored fortified wines are inexpensive fortified wines that typically have an alcohol content between 13% and 20% alcohol by volume (ABV).

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Flemming Rose

Flemming Rose (born 11 March 1958) is a Danish journalist, author and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute.

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Food Programme

The Food Programme was carried out enhance, and improve, the conditions of Soviet agriculture by improving the planning mechanism during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981–1985) and Twelfth Five-Year Plan (1986–1990).

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Foreign media at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

Foreign media institutions and correspondents were present for much of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

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Foreign policy of Donald Trump

This article describes the foreign policy positions taken by Donald Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign.

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Foreign policy of the François Mitterrand administration

The foreign policy of the François Mitterrand administration was the foreign policy of France under François Mitterrand that emphasized European unityNuttall, Simon J. European Foreign Policy, 2000.

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Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration

The foreign policy of George H. W. Bush was the foreign policy of the United States during his presidency from 1989 to 1993.

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Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration

The foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Foreign relations of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, NATO's Partnership for Peace, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the World Health Organization, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; the Council of Europe, CFE Treaty, the Community of Democracies; the International Monetary Fund; and the World Bank.

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Foreign relations of China

The foreign relations of the People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly known to most states as China, guides the way in which China interacts with foreign nations and expresses its political, economic and cultural strengths, weaknesses and values.

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Foreign relations of Cuba

Cuba's foreign policy has been fluid throughout history depending on world events and other variables, including relations with the United States.

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Foreign relations of South Korea

The foreign relations of South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea) are South Korean relations with other governments.

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Foreign relations of the Soviet Union

At the time of the founding of the Soviet Union (the USSR) in 1922, most governments internationally regarded the Soviet state as a pariah because of its advocacy of communism, and thus most states did not give it diplomatic recognition.

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Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

Soviet foreign trade played only a minor role in the Soviet economy.

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Foros, Crimea

Foros (Форос; Форо́с, Foros, Pharos) is a resort town (an urban-type settlement, legally) in Yalta Municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea.

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Forward, Comrades

Forward, Comrades is a 2013 Chinese animated short film by Wang Liyin of the Beijing Film Academy.

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Foundation for Social Inventions

The Foundation for Social Inventions of the USSR was founded in 1986 by Gennady Alferenko, a social innovator and entrepreneur, to launch initiatives for turning Russia into an open civil society.

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Four Freedoms

The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941.

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Four Freedoms Award

The Four Freedoms Award is an annual award presented to those men and women whose achievements have demonstrated a commitment to those principles which US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed in his historic speech to United States Congress on January 6, 1941, as essential to democracy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear.

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France–Russia relations

France–Russia relations (Российско-французские отношения, Rossiysko-frantsuzskiye otnosheniya) date back to the early modern period.

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Franck Vogel

Franck Vogel (born 1977, in Strasbourg, France) is a French photographer specializing in social & environmental issues, journalist, speaker and documentary film director.

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Franco Scepi

Franco Scepi (born in 1941 in Piacenza, Italy) is an Italian artist, graphic designer and film director.

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Frank N. von Hippel

Frank N.J. von Hippel (born 1937) is an American physicist.

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Frederick Baker

Frederick Douglas Stephan "Fred" Baker (born 26 January 1965) is an Austrian-British filmmaker, media scholar, and archaeologist.

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Free German Youth

The Free German Youth, also known as the FDJ (Freie Deutsche Jugend), is a youth movement in Germany.

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Free Your Mind (MTV award)

Free Your Mind is an award being granted by MTV during its shows all over the world in order to sensitize spectators in touchy matters, the social meat and potatoes, human rights violations, of political and civil laws, promoting the environmental protection in the process non-governmental organizations as well as individuals which are dealing with the given subject matter.

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Freedom of religion in Russia

In Russia, the prominence and authority of various religious groups is closely tied to its political situation.

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Freedom of the City of Aberdeen

The Freedom of the City of Aberdeen is an honour bestowed by the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.

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Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews

Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews was the title of a national march and political rally that was held on December 6, 1987 in Washington, D.C. An estimated 250,000 participants gathered on the National Mall, calling for U.S.S.R. President Gorbachev to extend his policy of Glasnost to Soviet Jews by putting an end to their forced assimilation and allowing their emigration from the Soviet Union.

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Frei Betto

Carlos Alberto Libânio Christo, O.P., better known as Frei Betto (born August 25, 1944) is a Brazilian Roman Catholic Priest, writer, political activist, Philosopher, liberation theologian and Dominican friar.

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Friedrich Dürrenmatt

Friedrich Dürrenmatt (5 January 1921 – 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist.

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Friendly Persuasion (1956 film)

Friendly Persuasion is a 1956 Civil War film starring Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins, Richard Eyer, Robert Middleton and Phyllis Love.

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Friendship Flight '89

Friendship Flight '89 was an around-the-world journey arranged with hopes to improve Soviet-American relations.

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Friendship Games

The Friendship Games, or Friendship-84 (Дружба-84, Druzhba-84), was an international multi-sport event held between 2 July and 16 September 1984 in the Soviet Union and eight other socialist states which boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

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Front organization

A front organization is any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such as intelligence agencies, organized crime groups, banned organizations, religious or political groups, advocacy groups, or corporations.

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Frost Amphitheater

The Laurence Frost Amphitheater, commonly known as Frost Amphitheater, is a prominent amphitheater at Stanford University.

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Frost Over the World

Frost Over the World was a television interview and news talk show, with Sir David Frost as host.

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Fulton, Missouri

Fulton is the largest city in and the county seat of Callaway County, Missouri, United States.

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Fyodor Kulakov

Fyodor Davydovich Kulakov (Фёдор Давыдович Кулаков) (4 February 1918 – 17 July 1978) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War.

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Fyodor Uglov

Fyodor Grigorievich Uglov (Фёдор Григорьевич Углов; 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1904 – 22 June 2008) was in 1994 listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest practicing surgeon in the world.

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Gail Sheehy

Gail Sheehy (born Gail Henion on November 27, 1937) is an American author, journalist, and lecturer.

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Galina Brezhneva

Galina Leonidovna Brezhneva (Галина Леонидовна Брежнева; 18 April 1928 – 30 June 1998) was the daughter of Soviet politician and longtime General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and Viktoria Brezhneva.

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Galina Kravchenko

Galina Sergeevna Kravchenko (Russian: Галина Сергеевна Кравченко; 11 February 19055 March 1996) was a Russian actress.

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Gareth Evans (politician)

Gareth John Evans AC, QC (born 5 September 1944), is an Australian international policymaker and former politician.

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Garrison Institute

The Garrison Institute is a non-profit, non-sectarian organization located in Garrison, New York that is committed to harnessing the power of contemplative wisdom and practice--from many traditions, and in many different contexts--to build a more compassionate and resilient future for all.

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Gato Dumas

Gato Dumas (July 20, 1938 – May 14, 2004) was an Argentine chef and restaurateur.

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GAZ-14

The GAZ-14 is an automobile manufactured by the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ, Gorky Automobile Plant) from 1977 to 1988 as a generation of its Chaika marque.

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GAZ-24-10

The Volga GAZ-24-10 is an automobile manufactured by the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ, Gorky Automobile Plant) from 1985 to 1992 as a generation of its Volga marque.

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GAZ-3102

The Volga GAZ-3102 is an automobile manufactured by the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ, Gorky Automobile Plant) from 1982 to 2010 as a generation of its Volga marque.

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General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party is the title given to the leader of the Mongolian People's Party (previously the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party).

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General Secretary of the Communist Party

General Secretary or First Secretary is the official title of leaders of most Communist political parties.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was an office of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) that by the late 1920s had evolved into the most powerful of the Central Committee's various secretaries.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), known as First Secretary (Bí thư Thứ nhất) from 1951 to 1976, is the highest office within the Communist Party of Vietnam.

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Geneva Accords (1988)

The Geneva Accords, known formally as the agreements on the settlement of the situation relating to Afghanistan, were signed on 14 April 1988 at the Geneva headquarters of the United Nations, between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the United States and the Soviet Union serving as guarantors.

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Geneva Peace Conference (1991)

The Geneva Peace Conference was held on January 9, 1991 to find a peaceful solution to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in order to avoid a war between Iraq and the United States backed coalition.

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Geneva Summit (1985)

The Geneva Summit of 1985 was a Cold War-era meeting in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Gennadi Gerasimov

Gennadi (or Gennady) Ivanovich Gerasimov (Russian, Геннадий Иванович Герасимов, 3 March 1930, Yelabuga – 14 September 2010, Moscow) was the last Soviet, and then Russian ambassador to Portugal from 1990 to 1995.

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Gennadi Kryuchkov

Gennadi Konstantinovich Kryuchkov (Геннадий Константинович Крючков, 20 October 1926, Stalingrad, Soviet Union - 15 July 2007, Tula, Russia) was a Russian leader of the Baptist church in the Soviet Union.

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Gennadiy Seleznyov

Gennadiy Nikolayevich Seleznyov (Геннадий Николаевич Селезнёв; 6 November 1947 – 19 July 2015) was a Russian politician, the Chairman of the State Duma from 1996 to 2003.

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Gennady Alferenko

Gennady Alferenko (Russian: Генна́дий Петро́вич Алфере́нко; born December 15, 1948) is a Soviet and Russian social innovator; in 1970 he established Terpsichore, the first local community organization registered as a legal entity in the USSR; in 1985 he established the Foundation for Social Inventions of the USSR, and in 1987, the foundation for Social Innovations USA.

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Gennady Kolbin

Gennady Kolbin (Russian: Геннадий Колбин; 7 May 1927 in Nizhny Tagil – 15 January 1998) was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR from December 16, 1986 to June 22, 1989.

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Gennady Yanayev

Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (Генна́дий Ива́нович Яна́ев; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet politician who served as the first and only Vice President of the Soviet Union.

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Gennady Zyuganov

Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov (Генна́дий Андре́евич Зюга́нов; born 26 June 1944) is a Russian communist politician who has been the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 1993.

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Geochron

Geochron, Inc. is an American company founded by James Kilburg, an inventor from Luxembourg.

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Geoffrey Hosking

Geoffrey Alan Hosking OBE FBA FRHistS (born 28 April 1942) is a British historian of Russia and the Soviet Union and formerly Leverhulme Research Professor of Russian History at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) at University College, London.

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Geographical renaming

Geographical renaming is the changing of the name of a geographical feature or area.

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Geography of China

China has great physical diversity.

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Geography of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is located in Central Asia and Eastern Europe at.

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Geography of the Soviet Union

The geography of the Soviet Union includes the geographic features of the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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George Bush Presidential Library

The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States.

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George Cohon

George Alan Cohon, (born April 19, 1937) is an American-born Canadian businessman who is the founder and senior chairman of McDonald's of Canada and McDonald's of Russia.

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George Goodman

George Jerome Waldo Goodman (August 10, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American author and economics broadcast commentator, best known by his pseudonym Adam Smith (which was assigned by Clay Felker at New York magazine in order to keep his published articles about Wall Street anonymous).

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993.

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George Hewison

George Hewison (born 1944) is a folk singer, trade unionist, and formerly a long-time member of the Communist Party of Canada and was briefly its general secretary from 1988 until 1992.

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George P. Shultz

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, elder statesman, and businessman.

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George Sanford (political scientist)

George Sanford is a former professor of politics at the University of Bristol, England.

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George Sumner (artist)

George Sumner (born Aprıl 29,1940) is an American oil painter and environmental activist"Environmental artist George Sumner crusades...". who began his career by creating marine-themed abstracts in the 1970s.

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George Wald

George David Wald (November 18, 1906 – April 12, 1997) was an American scientist who studied pigments in the retina.

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Georgi Vins

Georgi Petrovich Vins (Георгий Петрович Винс; August 4, 1928 Blagoveshchensk, Russian SFSR – January 11, 1998 Elkhart, Indiana) was a Russian Baptist pastor persecuted by the Soviet authorities for his involvement in a network of independent Baptist churches.

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Georgia–Ukraine relations

Georgian-Ukrainian relations are the relations between Georgia and Ukraine and between the Georgian and Ukrainian people in particular which lasts from the Middle Ages.

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Georgian nationalism

The beginning of Georgian nationalism can be traced to the middle of the 19th century, when Georgia was part of the Russian Empire.

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Georgian wine

Georgia is one of the oldest wine regions in the world.

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Georgiy Gongadze

Georgiy Ruslanovich Gongadze (Георгій Русланович Ґонґадзе; გიორგი ღონღაძე; 21 May 1969 – 17 September 2000) was a Georgian politician and Ukrainian journalist and film director who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000.

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Georgy Arbatov

Georgy Arkadyevich Arbatov (Гео́ргий Арка́дьевич Арба́тов, 19 May 1923, Kherson – 1 October 2010, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian political scientist who served as an adviser to five General Secretaries of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and was best known in the West during the Cold War era as a representative for the policies of the Soviet Union in the United States, where his fluent English helped make him a frequent guest on American television.

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Georgy Pyatakov

Georgy (Yury) Leonidovich Pyatakov (Георгий Леонидович Пятаков; August 6, 1890 – January 30, 1937) was a Bolshevik revolutionary leader and a Politician during the Russian Revolution.

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Georgy Razumovsky

Georgy Petrovich Razumovsky (Гео́ргий Петро́вич Разумо́вский., born 19 January 1936) is a Soviet politician who was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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Georgy Shakhnazarov

Georgy Khosroevich Shakhnazarov (Գեորգի Շահնազարով; October 4, 1924 in Baku, Soviet Union - May 15, 2001 in Tula, Russia) was a Soviet-Armenian politician and political scientist.

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Gerd Ludwig

Gerd Ludwig (birth name Gerhard Erich Ludwig, born March 17, 1947 in Alsfeld, Hesse, Germany) is a German-American documentary photographer and photojournalist.

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Germain-Robin

Germain-Robin, based in Ukiah, California, is a maker of brandy.

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German Green Belt

The German Green Belt (Grünes Band Deutschland in German) is a project of Bund Naturschutz (BUND), one of Germany's largest environmental groups.

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German reunification

The German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR, colloquially East Germany; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik/DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, colloquially West Germany; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland/BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany, and when Berlin reunited into a single city, as provided by its then Grundgesetz (constitution) Article 23.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Gerontocracy

A gerontocracy is a form of oligarchical rule in which an entity is ruled by leaders who are significantly older than most of the adult population.

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Gerry Healy

Thomas Gerard Healy (3 December 1913 – 14 December 1989), was a political activist, a co-founder of the International Committee of the Fourth International and the leader of the Socialist Labour League and later the Workers Revolutionary Party.

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Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour

Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour is a worldwide concert tour by German rock band Scorpions.

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Ghurni

Ghurni (ঘূর্ণি) is a neighbourhood of Krishnanagar in Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

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Giancarlo Pallavicini

Giancarlo Pallavicini (Desio, February 12, 1931) is an economist, academic, manager, Italian writer and journalist, former adviser to the Soviet Government at the time of Gorbachev's Perestroika and member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, of which the 'Encyclopedia Treccani noted that in the 1950s anticipated the first concepts of "marketing" and, in 1960, the first foundations of corporate social responsibility, with the "Method of decomposition parameters".

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Gifhorn

Gifhorn is a town and capital of the district of Gifhorn in the east of Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Glasnost

In the Russian language the word glasnost (гла́сность) has several general and specific meanings.

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Glasnost Bowl

The Glasnost Bowl was an attempt to stage an American college football game in Moscow, USSR at the beginning of the 1989 season.

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Glasnost The Game

Glasnost The Game is a strategic board game, produced by the Cypriot company YL Games.

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Glavcosmos

Glavcosmos (Главкосмос) is a Russian launch service provider and subsidiary of the state corporation Roscosmos.

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Gleb Yakunin

Gleb Pavlovich Yakunin (Глеб Па́влович Яку́нин; 4 March 1936 – 25 December 2014) was a Russian priest and dissident, who fought for the principle of freedom of conscience in the Soviet Union.

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Glinsk Hermitage

The Glinsk Hermitage (formally known as the Nativity of the Theotokos Stavropegial Male Monastery) is a Russian Orthodox stavropegial monastery located in Ukraine, near the Russian border.

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Global Green USA

Global Green USA is the U.S. arm of Green Cross International, founded by President Gorbachev to "foster a global shift toward a sustainable and secure future".

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Global Information Network

Global Information Network, Ltd. or GIN, incorporated in 1986, is an independent, New York domestic non-profit news organization with an office in New York City that gathers and disseminates news from reporters in the field in Africa.

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Goga Ashkenazi

Goga Ashkenazi (born Gaukhar Yerkinovna Berkalieva; Гауһар Еркінқызы Берқалиева; 1 February 1980) is a Kazakh businesswoman and socialite.

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Gorbachev (surname)

Gorbachev (ɡərbɐˈtɕɵf) is a Russian surname.

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Gorbachev Peace Egg

The Gorbachev Peace Egg is a Fabergé egg by Fabergé workmaster Victor Mayer.

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Gorby

Gorby can be.

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Gorby no Pipeline Daisakusen

Gorby no Pipeline Daisakusen is a puzzle video game developed by Compile for the MSX2, Famicom, and FM Towns.

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Gordon Clough

Arthur Gordon Clough (26 August 1934, Salford, Lancashire – 6 April 1996, London), was an English radio presenter and journalist, primarily known for his work on BBC Radio 4.

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Gordon Manning

John Gordon Manning Jr. (28 May 1917 – 6 September 2006) was a news executive at CBS and NBC and a former executive editor at Newsweek.

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Gore Vidal: The United States of Amnesia

Gore Vidal: The United States of Amnesia is a 2013 documentary film about the life and career of author Gore Vidal.

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Gosbank

Gosbank (Госбанк, Государственный банк СССР, Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR—the State Bank of the USSR) was the central bank of the Soviet Union and the only bank whatsoever in the entire Union from the 1930s to 1987.

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Government simulation game

A government simulation or political simulation is a game that attempts to simulate the government and politics of all or part of a nation.

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Governors Island

Governors Island is a island in New York Harbor, approximately from the southern tip of Manhattan Island and separated from Brooklyn by Buttermilk Channel, approximately.

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Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children

The Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for works containing quality "spoken word" performances aimed at children.

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Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin

Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin is a hotel and congresscenter, it is located in Noordwijk aan Zee, South Holland, Netherlands, on the west side there is a look over the North Sea.

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Grawemeyer Award

The Grawemeyer Awards are five awards given annually by the University of Louisville.

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Great Negotiations

Great Negotiations: Agreements that Changed the Modern World is a 2010 book by Fredrik Stanton which presents narratives from modern diplomacy.

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Greek Ambassador to Russia

The Greek Ambassador to Russia is the ambassador of the Greek government to the government of Russia.

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Green Acres

Green Acres is an American sitcom starring Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor as a couple who move from New York City to a country farm.

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Green Cross Brazil

Green Cross Brazil is part of Green Cross International network.

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Green Cross International

Green Cross International (GCI) is a global independent non-profit and non-governmental environmental organisation (NGO) working to address the inter-connected global challenges of security, poverty eradication and environmental degradation through a combination of advocacy and local projects.

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Greg Weisenstein

Dr.

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Gregor Gysi

Gregor Gysi (born 16 January 1948) is a German attorney and key politician of the political party The Left (Die Linke).

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Grigori Rasputin in popular culture

The life of Grigori Rasputin has been the subject of a variety of media since his death in 1916.

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Grigory Baklanov

Grigory Yakovlevich Baklanov (Григо́рий Я́ковлевич Бакла́нов) (September 11, 1923 – December 23, 2009) was a Russian writer, well known for his novels about World War II, and as the editor of the literary magazine Znamya. Becoming the editor in 1986, during Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, Baklanov published the works that were previously banned by Soviet censors; his drive for glasnost boosted the magazine’s circulation to 1 million copies.

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Grigory Romanov

Grigory Vasilyevich Romanov (Григорий Васильевич Романов, scientific transliteration: Grigorij Vasil'evič Romanov; 7 February 1923 – 3 June 2008) was a Soviet politician and member of the Politburo and Secretariat of the CPSU.

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Grigory Tkhor

Grigory Tkhor (Григорий Илларионович Тхор;, in Podlipnoe January 1943, in Nuremberg) was a Soviet aviator, Spanish Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War volunteer, and major general of the Soviet Air Force.

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Grisha Filipov

Georgi (Grisha) Stanchev Filipov (Георги (Гриша) Станчев Филипов) (July 13, 1919 in Kadievka, Ukraine – November 2, 1994 in Sofia, Bulgaria) was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party.

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Guilford College

Guilford College is a small liberal arts college in Greensboro, North Carolina.

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Gunnar Graps

Gunnar Graps-Grāfs (27 November 1951 – 17 May 2004) was a popular Estonian musician and one of the pioneers of hard rock in Estonia and Soviet Union.

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Gus Hall

Gus Hall (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg; October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was a leader and chairman of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and its four-time U.S. presidential candidate.

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Gustáv Husák

Gustáv Husák (10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Slovak politician, president of Czechoslovakia and a long-term Secretary General of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1987).

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Gyula Horn

Gyula Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of the Republic of Hungary from 1994 to 1998.

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Hans Janitschek

Hans Janitschek (6 November 1934 – 21 February 2008) was an Austrian writer, a former Secretary General of the Socialist International, and the U.S. correspondent for the Austrian newspaper, the Kronen Zeitung.

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Hans Modrow

Hans Modrow (born 27 January 1928) is a German politician, best known as the last communist premier of East Germany.

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Harry J. Middleton

Harry Joseph Middleton Jr. (October 24, 1921 – January 20, 2017) was an American journalist, author, and library director who served as Lyndon B. Johnson's Presidential speech writer and staff assistant from 1967 to 1969.

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Harvey Prize

The Harvey Prize is an Israeli scientific distinction awarded annually for breakthroughs in science and technology, as well as contributions to Peace in the Middle East, by Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa.

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Hawke Government

The Hawke Government was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke of the Australian Labor Party from 1983 to 1991.

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Hayk Kotanjian

Hayk S. Kotanjian (Հայկ Սարգսի Քոթանջյան, born in 1945 in Gyumri, Armenia) is an Armenian military diplomat, academic and political adviser.

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Hazi Aslanov

Hazi Aslanov (Hazi Ahad oglu Aslanov, Həzi Aslanov, Ази Асланов; commonly described as Azi Aslanov and A. A. Aslanov,;Aleksander A. Maslov, David M. Glantz, Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945, Routledge, 1998,, January 22, 1910 – January 24, 1945) was an Azerbaijani major-general of the Soviet armoured troops during World War II.

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Höfði

Höfði is a house in northern Reykjavík, the capital city of Iceland, built in 1909.

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Headless Cross

Headless Cross is the 14th studio album by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath.

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Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism

Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism (2005) is a three-hour PBS documentary film (sometimes recut as a 3 episodes documental mini-series) hosted by Ben Wattenberg and narrated by Henry Strozier.

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Heidi Hollinger

Heidi Hollinger (born 1968 in Montreal, Quebec) is a political photographer and documentary presenter.

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Helen Boehm

Helen Boehm (December 26, 1920 – November 15, 2010) was an American businesswoman who played a pivotal role in promoting the ceramic sculptures created by her husband, Edward Marshall Boehm, earning her the nickname the "Princess of Porcelain".

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Helga Adler

Helga Adler (born Helga Obuchoff: 21 December 1943) spent the earlier part of her career as an East German historian and, latterly, politician.

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Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German statesman who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982–1990 and of the reunited Germany 1990–1998) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

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Helsinki Times

Helsinki Times is the first English language daily online newspaper in Finland providing news about Finland and the world for English-speaking readers resident in the country.

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Helsinki Watch

Helsinki Watch was a private American NGO established by Robert L. Bernstein in 1978, designed to monitor the former Soviet Union’s compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords.

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Hemshin peoples

The Hemshin people (Համշենցիներ, Hamshentsiner; Hemşinliler), also known as Hemshinli or Hamshenis or Homshetsi, are a diverse group of peoples who in the past or present have been affiliated with the Hemşin district in the province of Rize, Turkey.

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Henry Hadaway

Henry Hadaway, MBE (born 31 May 1942), chairman and founder of, is considered a pioneer of UK independent record labels, and most notably successful for his production of “The Birdie Song” which was a hit credited to The Tweets and featured.

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Heroes of the Environment (2007)

Heroes of the Environment is a list published in Time Magazine.

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Heydar Aliyev

Heydar Alirza oghlu Aliyev, also spelled Gaydar Aliev (Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev; Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев Geydar Aliyevich Aliyev; 10 May 1923 – 12 December 2003), was the third President of Azerbaijan who served from October 1993 to October 2003.

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Heyerdahl Award

The Thor Heyerdahl International Maritime Environmental Award was established in 1999 by the explorer and scientist Thor Heyerdahl (1914–2002) and the Norwegian Shipowners' Association.

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Hilton Helsinki Kalastajatorppa

Hilton Helsinki Kalastajatorppa is a four-star international conference and banqueting hotel, surrounded by a beautiful park.

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Hinchley Wood

Hinchley Wood is a largely residential suburban village approximately 12.3 to 13.4 miles south-west of Charing Cross in central London, and within the Greater London Urban Area.

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Hinode, Tokyo

is a town located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan.

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Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country

This article shows various estimates of the nuclear weapons stockpiles of various countries at various points in time.

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History of Abkhazia

This article refers to the history of Abkhazia from its pre-historic settlement by the lower-paleolithic hunter-gathers during the mesolithic and neolithic periods to the post-1992-1993 war situation.

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History of Afghanistan (1978–92)

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was the government of Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992 recognised by 8 countries.

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History of Albania

The history of Albania forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Armenia

Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.

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History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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History of Bălți

Bălţi is the second largest city in Moldova.

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History of Beijing

The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years.

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History of Bulgaria

The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin.

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History of Bulgaria since 1989

The History of Bulgaria since 1989 is the period of Bulgarian history that begins after the fall of socialism and the transition to capitalism.

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History of Chechnya

The history of Chechnya may refer to the history of the Chechens, of their land Chechnya, or of the land of Ichkeria.

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History of computing in the Soviet Union

The history of computing in the Soviet Union began during the late 1940s, when the country began to develop MESM at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya.

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History of Czechoslovakia

With the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I, the independent country of CzechoslovakiaEdited by Keith Sword The Times Guide to Eastern Europe Times Book, 1990 p. 53 (Czech, Slovak: Československo) was formed as a result of the critical intervention of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, among others.

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History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)

From the Communist coup d'état in February 1948 to the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia was ruled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ).

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History of Czechoslovakia (1989–92)

Although in March 1987 Gustáv Husák nominally committed Czechoslovakia to follow the program of perestroika, he nevertheless cautioned the party in October 1987 not to "hasten solutions too quickly" so as to "minimize the risks that could occur." (December 1, 1987) On December 17, 1987, Husák, who was one month away from his seventieth birthday, had resigned as head of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC).

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History of East Germany

The German Democratic Republic (GDR), Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), often known in English as East Germany, existed from 1949 to 1990.

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History of Estonia

The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.

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History of Europe

The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present.

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History of foreign relations of the People's Republic of China

Since the early 1980s China has pursued a highly independent foreign policy, formally disavowing too close a relationship with any country or region.

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History of Germany (1945–90)

As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, Germany was cut between the two global blocs in the East and West, a period known as the division of Germany.

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History of independent Moldova

The History of independent Moldova started after the independence of Moldova.

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History of Israel

Modern Israel is roughly located on the site of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

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History of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, the largest country of the Eurasian Steppe, has been a historical "crossroads" and home to numerous different peoples, states and empires throughout history.

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History of Kyrgyzstan

The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land of Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 2,000 years.

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History of Laos since 1945

This article details the history of Laos since 1945.

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History of Latvia

The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.

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History of Lithuania

The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.

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History of Moldova

The history of Moldova can be traced to the 1350s, when the Principality of Moldavia, the medieval precursor of modern Moldova and Romania, was founded.

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History of Moscow

The city of Moscow gradually grew around the Moscow Kremlin, beginning in the 14th century.

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History of Namibia

The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.

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History of Nokia

Nokia is a Finnish multinational corporation founded on the 12 May 1865 as a single paper mill operation.

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History of North Korea

The history of North Korea began with the partition of Korea at the end of World War II in September 1945.

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History of Poland

The history of Poland has its roots in the migrations of Slavs, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.

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History of Poland (1945–1989)

The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet dominance and communist rule imposed after the end of World War II over Poland, as reestablished within new borders.

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History of Poland (1989–present)

In 1989–1991, Poland engaged in a democratic transition which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the Third Polish Republic (following the First and Second Polish Republics).

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History of Riga

The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River.

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History of Russia

The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.

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History of Russia (1991–present)

The history of Russia from 1991 to the present began with the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, and the establishment of the Russian Federation.

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History of Sino-Russian relations

Prior to the 1600s China and Russia were on opposite ends of Siberia, which was populated by independent nomads.

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History of socialism

The history of socialism has its origins in the 1789 French Revolution and the changes which it wrought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas.

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History of Solidarity

The history of Solidarity (Solidarność, pronounced), a Polish non-governmental trade union, began on 14 August 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others.

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History of Tesla Inc.

This is a corporate history of Tesla, Inc., the electric automobile manufacturer founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003.

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History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is generally conceived as also covering that of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from which it evolved.

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History of the Communist Party USA

The history of the Communist Party USA is deeply rooted in the history of the American labor movement and the Communist Party USA indeed played critical roles in the earliest struggles to organize American workers into unions as well as the later civil rights and anti-war movements.

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History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

The history of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom covers British foreign policy from about 1500 to 2000.

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History of the Jews in Russia

Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world.

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History of the Jews in the United States

The history of the Jews in the United States has been part of the American national fabric since colonial times.

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History of the papacy

The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day.

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History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89)

In September 1976, after Mao Zedong's death, the People's Republic of China was left with no central authority figure, either symbolically or administratively.

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History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)

In the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, to be succeeded by former Shanghai mayor Jiang Zemin.

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History of the Soviet Union

The "History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union" reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world.

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History of the Soviet Union (1964–82)

The history of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, referred to as the Brezhnev Era, covers the period of Leonid Brezhnev's rule of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)

The history of the Soviet Union from 1982 through 1991 spans the period from Leonid Brezhnev's death and funeral until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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History of the United States

The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC.

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History of the United States (1980–91)

The history of the United States from 1980 until 1991 includes the last year of the Jimmy Carter presidency, eight years of the Ronald Reagan administration, and the first three years of the George H. W. Bush presidency, up to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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History of the United States National Security Council 1981–89

This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Reagan Administration, 1981–1989.

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History of the United States Republican Party

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties.

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History of Transnistria

This is the history of Transnistria.

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History of Ukrainian nationality

The history of Ukrainian nationality can be traced back to the Kiev-based kingdom of Kievan Rus' (Kиïвсьκa Pуcь) of the 9th to 12th centuries.

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History of United States foreign policy

History of United States foreign policy is a brief overview of major trends regarding the foreign policy of the United States from the American Revolution to the present.

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History of Uzbekistan

In the first millennium BC, Iranian nomads established irrigation systems along the rivers of Central Asia and built towns at Bukhara and Samarqand.

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History of Vietnam since 1945

After World War II and the collapse of Vietnam's monarchy, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the First Indochina War.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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History Rocks

History Rocks was a non-fictional, educational television program shown on The History Channel.

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Ho No Hana

The Japanese sect Ho No Hana Sanpogyo (法の華三法行 Hō No Hana Sanpōgyō) was a new religious movement founded by "His Holiness" Hogen Fukunaga.

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Hofbräuhaus am Platzl

The Hofbräuhaus am Platzl is a beer hall in Munich, Germany, originally built in 1589 by Bavarian Duke Maximilian I as an extension of the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München brewery.

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Holocaust tourism

The Holocaust tourism is a term used by the media in relation to round-trip travel to destinations connected with the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust in World War II, including visits to sites of Jewish martyrology such as former Nazi death camps and concentration camps turned into state museums.

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Holodomor

The Holodomor (Голодомо́р); (derived from морити голодом, "to kill by starvation"), also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine, and—before the widespread use of the term "Holodomor", and sometimes currently—also referred to as the Great Famine, and The Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33—was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians that was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country.

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Holy See–Soviet Union relations

Holy See–Soviet Union relations were marked by a long-standing persecution of the Catholic Church by the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, criticized throughout the Cold War.

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Honorary citizenship

Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a country on a foreign individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction.

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Hopak

Hopak (Гопа́к), also referred to as Gopak in transliteration from the Russian language, the Cossack dance, or more recently as the Kazotsky Kick is a national Ukrainian dance.

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Hotel Bellevue Palace

The Bellevue Palace is a five-star luxury hotel located in the Old City of Bern, Switzerland.

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Hotel Petersberg

Hotel Petersberg is a hotel and official guest house of the Federal Republic of Germany, termed the "Bundesgästehaus" (the official title being Gästehaus der Verfassungsorgane der Bundesrepublik Deutschland).

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Hotel President Wilson

The Hotel President Wilson is located in Geneva, Switzerland, near the United Nations building on Lake Geneva.

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Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation

Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership (HOBY) is an organization dedicated to "training and nurturing the young leaders of tomorrow." Its mission is to provide lifelong leadership development opportunities that empower youth to achieve their highest potential and gain knowledge of leadership skills.

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Human Events

Human Events is a conservative American political news and analysis website.

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Human Punk

Human Punk is a 2000 novel by John King that tells the story of a group of boys who leave school in 1977 and the effect the emerging punk movement has on their lives.

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Human Rights Logo

The Human Rights Logo has its origin in the international "Logo for Human Rights" initiative, which was started in 2010.

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Human rights movement in the Soviet Union

In the 1960s a human rights movement began to emerge in the USSR.

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Hungarian People's Army

The Hungarian People's Army HPA (Magyar Néphadsereg) was the military of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party and the Hungarian People's Republic from 1951 to 1990.

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Hungarian Revolution of 1956

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, or Hungarian Uprising of 1956 (1956-os forradalom or 1956-os felkelés), was a nationwide revolt against the Marxist-Leninist government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.

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Hunter Lovins

L.

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Icebreaker (Suvorov)

Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War?, by Viktor Suvorov (Russian title: Ledokol, Ледокол) is a book which leads a reader to believe that Stalin used Nazi Germany as an "icebreaker" to start a war in Europe which would allow for the Soviet Union to come in, clean up, and take control of all of Europe.

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Iceland

Iceland is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic, with a population of and an area of, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe.

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Iceland in the Cold War

Throughout the Cold War, the nation of Iceland was a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and allied with the United States, hosting a US military presence in Keflavík Air Base from 1951 to 2006.

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Iceland–United States relations

Iceland–United States relations are bilateral relations between the Republic of Iceland and the United States of America.

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Ideology of the Communist Party of China

The ideology of the Communist Party of China (CPC) has undergone dramatic changes throughout the years, especially during Deng Xiaoping's leadership.

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Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, an ideology of a centralised, planned economy and a vanguardist one-party state, which was the dictatorship of the proletariat.

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Igor Korchilov

Igor Korchilov is a top-level Russian-English conference interpreter who worked with Mikhail Gorbachev from 1987 to 1990, a period that covered the Cold War era.

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Igor Panarin

Igor Nikolaevich Panarin (И́горь Никола́евич Пана́рин,; born 30 October 1958) is a Russian professor and political scientist.

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Illeism

Illeism (from Latin ille meaning "he, that") is the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person.

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Illinois Solidarity Party

The Solidarity Party was an American political party in the state of Illinois.

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In Gorbachev We Trust

In Gorbachev We Trust was the second album by the Scottish band The Shamen, released in 1989.

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In the Presence of Mine Enemies

In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003) is an alternate history novel by American author Harry Turtledove, expanded from the eponymous short story.

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Inbal Jerusalem Hotel

The Inbal Jerusalem Hotel is a luxury 5 Star hotel in the Talbiya neighborhood of Jerusalem, Israel.

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Independence of Moldova

The Independence of Moldova was officially recognized on March 2, 1992, when Moldova gained membership of the United Nations.

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Independent Democratic Party of Russia

The Independent Democratic Party of Russia (Независимая демократическая партия России) was the proposed name of a liberal party that was announced in late September 2008 to be founded by the former General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, and State Duma deputy of Fair Russia, Alexander Lebedev.

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Index of Soviet Union-related articles

Articles related to the former nation known as the Soviet Union include.

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India–Russia relations

Indo-Russian relations (Российско-индийские отношения भारत-रूस सम्बन्ध) refer to the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Russian Federation.

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Indira Gandhi Prize

The Indira Gandhi Prize or the Indira Gandhi Peace Prize or the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development is the prestigious award accorded annually by Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust dated 18 November 2015, accessed 19 November 2017.

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Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl disaster, (Чорнобильська катастрофа) Chornobylʹsʹka katastrofa, was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (then part of the Soviet Union), now in Ukraine.

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Indonesia–Russia relations

Indonesia–Russia relations (Hubungan Indonesia dengan Rusia, Российско-индонезийские отношения) refers to bilateral foreign relations between Indonesia and Russia.

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Institute for US and Canadian Studies

Institute for US and Canadian Studies (Russian: Институт США и Канады РАН, Institut SShA i Kanadi RAN) is a Russian think tank which is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences, specializing on the comprehensive studies of the United States and Canada.

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Institute of International and European Affairs

The Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) is a policy research think tank and "stakeholders' forum" based in Dublin, Ireland, with a branch in Brussels, Belgium.

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InterContinental Geneva

InterContinental Geneva is a luxury hotel operated by InterContinental in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Interfax

Interfax Ltd. (Интерфакс) is a privately-held independent major news agency in Russia (along with state-operated TASS and RIA Novosti) and information services company headquartered in Moscow.

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Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) is the abbreviated name of the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union (and later its successor states, in particular the Russian Federation).

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International Children's Peace Prize

The International Children’s Peace Prize is awarded annually to a child who has made a significant contribution to advocating children's rights and improving the situation of vulnerable children such as orphans, child labourers and children with HIV/AIDS.

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International Commission on Peace and Food

The International Commission on Peace and Food (ICPF) was formed in 1989 as a private non-governmental initiative to bring an end to the arms race and thereby redirect the monetary resources of the world for accelerating global economic development.

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International Marxist Review

International Marxist Review was the English-language theoretical and analytical journal of the reunified Fourth International.

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International Parliament for Safety and Peace

The International (States) Parliament for Safety and Peace (IPSP or ISPSP; Parlamento Mondiale (degli Stati) per la Sicurezza e la Pace), sometimes written along with the designation New Society of Nations, is a private organization based in Palermo, Italy, whose stated intention is the promotion of security and peace.

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International reaction to the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya

The assassination of Anna Politkovskaya, the Russian journalist, writer, and recipient of numerous international awards, took place on Saturday, 7 October 2006.

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International reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011

International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 refer to external responses to the events that took place in Egypt between 25 January and 10 February 2011, as well as some of the events after the collapse of the government of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, such as Mubarak's trial.

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International recognition of Transnistria

International recognition of Transnistria (also known as Pridnestrovie) – a disputed region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine – is controversial.

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International SeaKeepers Society

The International SeaKeepers Society was founded in 1998 by a small group of yacht owners who were alarmed by the deterioration of our natural environment.

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International University in Moscow

The Moscow International University was established in 1991 by Mikhail Gorbachev and President George H. W. Bush, and was the first private university in Russia.

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Invasion literature

Invasion literature (or the invasion novel) is a literary genre most notable between 1871 and the First World War (1914) but still practised to this day.

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Ioannis Pavlopoulos

Vice Admiral Ioannis G. Pavlopoulos (Ιωάννης Γ. Παυλόπουλος) is a Hellenic Navy special operations and line officer, and since 2017 the Chief of the Fleet Headquarters, the Hellenic Navy's main operational command.

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Ion Iliescu

Ion Iliescu (born 3 March 1930) is a Romanian politician who served as President of Romania from 1989 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004.

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Irakli Abashidze

Irakli Abashidze (ირაკლი აბაშიძე) (10 September 1909 Khoni, Kutais Governorate, Russian Empire – 14 January 1992) was a Georgian poet, literary scholar and politician.

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Iranian Space Agency

The Iranian Space Agency (ISA, Persian: سازمان فضایی ایران Sázmán e Fazái e Irán) is Iran's governmental space agency.

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Iraq–Russia relations

Iraq–Russia relations (Российско–иракские отношения, العلاقات الروسية العراقية) is the bilateral relationship between Iraq and Russia and, prior to Russia's independence, between Iraq and the Soviet Union.

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Irina Ratushinskaya

Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya (Ири́на Бори́совна Ратуши́нская, 4 March 1954, Odessa – 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet dissident, poet and writer.

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Iron Curtain

The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Irving Brown

Irving Brown (Bronx, October 5, 1911 – Paris, July 14, 1989) was an American trades-unionist, member of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and then of the AFL-CIO, who played an important role in Western Europe and in Africa, during the Cold War, in supporting splits among trade-unions in order to counter Communist influence.

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Isi Leibler

Isi Leibler (born 1934) is a Belgian-born Australian-Israeli international Jewish activist.

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Islam in Azerbaijan

Over 96.9% of the population of Azerbaijan is nominally Muslim.

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Islam in Tajikistan

Sunni Islam is, by far, the most widely practiced religion in Tajikistan.

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ITER

ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.

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Ivan Silayev

Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (Ива́н Степа́нович Сила́ев; born 21 October 1930) is a former Soviet official who became a Russian politician following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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J. David Arnold

Since 2005, J. David Arnold, Ph.D., has served as president and professor of psychology at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois.

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Jack Barsky

Jack Philip Barsky (born Albrecht Dittrich, 13 November 1949) is a German-American author, IT specialist and former sleeper agent of the KGB who spied on the United States from 1978–88.

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Jack F. Matlock Jr.

Jack Foust Matlock Jr. (born October 1, 1929) is a former American ambassador, career Foreign Service Officer, a teacher, a historian, and a linguist.

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Jack Kemp

Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a professional gridiron football player.

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Jackson–Vanik amendment

The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Communist bloc) that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights.

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Jacob Birnbaum

Jacob (Yaakov) Birnbaum (10 December 1926 – 9 April 2014, aged 87) was the German-born founder of Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ) and other human rights organizations.

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Jacques Attali

Jacques Attali (born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant, who served as a counselor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 1991-1993.

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Jahangir Mamatov

Jahangir Mamatov (Джахангир Маматов) is a linguist, lexicographer, author, journalist, and a political analyst of Central Asian issues.

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Jaka Bizilj

Jaka Bizilj (born December 8, 1971 in Ljubljana), grew up in Slovenia, Libya, Tanzania, Malaysia and Germany.

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James A. Abrahamson

James Alan Abrahamson (born May 19, 1933) is a retired U.S. Air Force general who served as a designated astronaut, Associate Director of NASA and former director of President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative from 1984 until 1989.

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James Giffen

James H. Giffen James Henry Giffen was born in 1941 in Stockton, California.

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James P. Moore Jr.

James Patrick Moore Jr. (born 1953 in Illinois) is an author, professor, television commentator, lecturer, corporate executive, and former senior government official.

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Jamie Wyeth

James Browning Wyeth (born July 6, 1946) is a contemporary American realist painter, son of Andrew Wyeth, and grandson of N.C. Wyeth.

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Jane F. Barry

Jane Barry Born in Boston, Massachusetts, USA on 15 September 1966.

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Jann Haworth

Jann Haworth (born 1942) is an American pop artist.

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January Events (Lithuania)

The January Events (Sausio įvykiai) took place in Lithuania between 11 and 13 January 1991 in the aftermath of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

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Japan–Soviet Union relations

Relations between the Soviet Union and Japan between the Communist takeover in 1917 and the collapse of Communism in 1991 tended to be hostile.

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Jason Jones (actor)

Jason Pierre Jones (born June 3, 1973) is a Canadian-American actor and comedian.

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Jazz in Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia’s jazz roots were established by Jaroslav Ježek and Rudolf Antonín Dvorský in the 1920s and 1930s.

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Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson

Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson (born 21 February 1939) is an Icelandic politician and diplomat.

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Józef Łobodowski

Józef Stanisław Łobodowski was a Polish poet and political thinker.

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Jean Malaurie

Jean Malaurie (born December 22, 1922) is a French cultural anthropologist, geographer, physicist, and writer.

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Jean-Pascal Beintus

, Jean-Pascal Beintus (born 1966) is a French composer.

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Jeannie Peterson

Jeannie Peterson served with the United Nations in several capacities; as a UN peacekeeper dealing with political issues during the Serb-Croat wars in the former Yugoslavia,and at United Nations HQ dealing with global population and environmental issues.

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Jeff MacNelly

Jeffrey Kenneth "Jeff" MacNelly (September 17, 1947 – June 8, 2000) was an editorial cartoonist and the creator of the comic strip Shoe.

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Jeffrey Sachs

Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954) is an American economist and director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, where he holds the title of University Professor, the highest rank Columbia bestows on its faculty.

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Jeltoqsan

The Jeltoqsan (Желтоқсан көтерілісі, Jeltoqsan kóterilisi) or "December" of 1986 were riots that took place in Alma-Ata (present-day Almaty), Kazakhstan, in response to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, and his appointment of Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR.

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Jemele Hill

Jemele Juanita Hill (born 1975) is an American sports journalist for ESPN's website The Undefeated.

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Jenny Bae

Jenny Bae (born 1980) is a South Korean crossover violinist.

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Jerzy Jeszke

Jerzy Jeszke (born November 2 in Bytów), is a Polish actor and singer, and is one of the most successful Polish theatre actors.

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Jim Gray (sportscaster)

Jim Gray is an American sportscaster.

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Jim Laurie

James Andrew Laurie is an American writer, journalist, and broadcaster who is known principally for his work in Asia.

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Jim MacNeill

James William MacNeill, OC (April 22, 1928 – March 5, 2016) was a Canadian consultant, environmentalist, and international public servant.

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Jim Rakete

Günther "Jim" Rakete (German: dʒɪm ʁakeːtə; born 1 January 1951 in Berlin, Germany.) is a photographer, photojournalist, filmmaker, writer and producer based in Berlin.

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Joe Torsella

Joseph M. Torsella (born October 8, 1963) is the Pennsylvania State Treasurer for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

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John Folse

John Folse (born July 1946 in St. James Parish, Louisiana, on the German Coast of the Mississippi River) is a Louisiana chef and restaurant owner, and a leading authority on Cajun and Creole cuisine and culture.

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John Glad

John Glad (December 31, 1941 – December 4, 2015) was an American academic who specialized in the literature and politics of exile, especially Russian literature.

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John McConnell (peace activist)

John McConnell (March 22, 1915 – October 20, 2012) was the founder and creator of Earth Day, with a passion for peace, religion, and science throughout his life.

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John Tirman

John Tirman is an American political theorist.

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Jon Hill (chef)

Jon Hill (1954) is an American chef who was White House Executive Chef from October 1, 1987, to January 7, 1988.

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Jonas Savimbi

Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (3 August 1934 – 22 February 2002) was an Angolan political and military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

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Jonathan Steele

Jonathan Steele (born 15 February 1941) is a British journalist and the author of several books on international affairs.

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Jonny Blu

Jonny Blu is a singer/songwriter who was born and raised in Los Angeles, but made his professional debut into the music world in China.

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Joseph Finder

Joseph Finder (born October 6, 1958) is an American thriller writer.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian nationality.

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Joseph Yu Kai Wong

Joseph Yu Kai Wong, is a Canadian physician and philanthropist.

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Juan Mora (entrepreneur)

Juan Mora is a Colombian entrepreneur currently based between Mexico and the U.S.A. who is interested in supporting emerging business leaders who can bring about positive change to the world.

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Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

The Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (Юбилейная медаль «Сорок лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.») was a state commemorative medal of the Soviet Union established on April 12, 1985 by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to denote the fortieth anniversary of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II.

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Judson University

Judson University is an evangelical Christian liberal arts university located in Elgin, Illinois, United States.

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Jukebox in Siberia

"Jukebox in Siberia" is a song by the Australian group, Skyhooks, released as the lead single from the group's compilation album The Latest and Greatest.

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June 1

No description.

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June 12

No description.

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Junibacken

Junibacken is a children’s attraction, founded by Staffan Götestam, Fredrik Urström and Peder Wallenberg.

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Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice has jurisdiction in two types of cases: contentious cases between states in which the court produces binding rulings between states that agree, or have previously agreed, to submit to the ruling of the court; and advisory opinions, which provide reasoned, but non-binding, rulings on properly submitted questions of international law, usually at the request of the United Nations General Assembly.

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Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть, Kaliningradskaya oblast), often referred to as the Kaliningrad Region in English, or simply Kaliningrad, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation that is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea.

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Kanat Saudabayev

Kanat Bekmyrzayevich Saudabayev (Kazakh language: Қанат Бекмырзаұлы Саудабаев, Qanat Bekmırzaulı Sawdabayev) is a Kazakhstani politician who was born next to Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan in 1946.

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Karabakh

Karabakh (Ղարաբաղ Gharabagh; Qarabağ) is a geographic region in present-day eastern Armenia and southwestern Azerbaijan, extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras.

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Karabakh dialect

The Karabakh dialect (Ղարաբաղի բարբառ, Ğarabaği barbař), also known as Artsakh dialect (Արցախի բարբառ, Artsakhi barbař) is an Eastern Armenian dialect with a unique phonetic and syntactic structure mainly spoken in the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and partially in the southern and northeastern parts of the Republic of Armenia, i.e. in the provinces of Artsakh, Utik, Syunik and Gugark of historical Armenia.

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Karabakh movement

The Karabakh movement (Ղարաբաղյան շարժում, also the Artsakh Movement Արցախյան շարժում) was a mass nationalist movement in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to 1992 that advocated for the transfer of the mainly Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of neighboring Azerbaijan to the jurisdiction of Armenia.

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Karl-Heinz Gerstner

Karl-Heinz Gerstner (15 November 1912 – 14 December 2005) trained as a lawyer and then worked during the war for the German diplomatic service in Paris.

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Kartamyshevska Street

Kartamyshevska Street (Вулиця Картамишевська) is a street in the historical district of Moldavanka in Odessa, Ukraine.

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Kathleen Sullivan (journalist)

Kathleen Sullivan (born May 17, 1953) is an American television journalist.

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Katrina vanden Heuvel

Katrina vanden Heuvel (born October 7, 1959) is an American editor and publisher.

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Katyń (film)

Katyń is a 2007 Polish film about the 1940 Katyn massacre, directed by Academy Honorary Award winner Andrzej Wajda.

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Katyn (rural locality)

Katyn (Катынь; Katyń) is a rural locality (a selo) in Smolensky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located approximately to the west of Smolensk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Katyn massacre

The Katyn massacre (zbrodnia katyńska, "Katyń massacre" or "Katyn crime"; Катынская резня or Катынский расстрел Katynskij reznya, "Katyn massacre") was a series of mass executions of Polish intelligentsia carried out by the NKVD ("People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", the Soviet secret police) in April and May 1940.

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Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1936-1991 in northern Central Asia.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan relations

Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan relations refers to the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic.

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Kazan ethnic communities

This is an article about ethnic groups in the city of Kazan, Russia.

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Kazimira Prunskienė

Kazimira Danutė Prunskienė (born 26 February 1943 in Vasiuliškė, Švenčionys district municipality) is a Lithuanian politician who was the first Prime Minister of Lithuania after the declaration of independence of 11 March 1990 and Minister of Agriculture in the government of Gediminas Kirkilas.

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Kazym rebellion

The Kazym Rebellion (Казымское восстание) is a revolt by the Khanty people of western Siberia against the collectivisation policies of the Soviet government in 1933.

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Ken Alibek

Colonel Kanatzhan "Kanat" Alibekov (Қанатжан Әлібеков, Qanatzhan Älibekov; Канатжан Алибеков, Kanatzhan Alibekov; born 1950) – known as Kenneth "Ken" Alibek since 1992 – is a former Soviet physician, microbiologist, and biological warfare (BW) expert.

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Ken Coates

Kenneth Sidney Coates (16 September 1930 – 27 June 2010) was a British politician and writer.

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Kennebunkport, Maine

Kennebunkport is a town in York County, Maine, United States.

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Kenneth Adelman

Kenneth Lee Adelman (born June 9, 1946) is an American diplomat, political writer, policy analyst and William Shakespeare historian.

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Kent Nagano

Kent George Nagano (born November 22, 1951) is an American conductor and opera administrator.

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Kerry O'Brien (journalist)

Kerry Michael O'Brien (born 27 August 1945) is an Australian journalist based in Byron Bay.

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Kevin Hood

Kevin Hood is a playwright and screenwriter who is perhaps best known for contributing scripts to the BBC television series Grange Hill and the 2007 film Becoming Jane.

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KGB

The KGB, an initialism for Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (p), translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.

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Khalid Bakdash

Khalid Bakdash (1912–1995; occasionally spelled Khalid Bagdash or Khaled Bekdache, خالد بكداش) was the leader of the Syrian Communist Party (SCP) from 1936 until his death.

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Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev

On 7 January 1989, Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Iranian Revolution, sent a letter to Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Soviet Union.

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Khrushchev Thaw

The Khrushchev Thaw (or Khrushchev's Thaw; p or simply ottepel)William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, London: Free Press, 2004 refers to the period from the early 1950s to the early 1960s when repression and censorship in the Soviet Union were relaxed, and millions of Soviet political prisoners were released from Gulag labor camps due to Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization and peaceful coexistence with other nations.

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KidsRights Foundation

The KidsRights Foundation is an international children's aid and advocacy organisation based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Kim Heungsou

Kim Heungsou (Hangul: 김흥수; Hanja: 金興洙; November 17, 1919 – June 9, 2014) was a Korean painter who was sometimes called the "Picasso of Korea".

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Kino (band)

Kino (lit) was a Soviet rock band formed in Leningrad in 1982.

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Klaudia Kovács (director)

Klaudia Kovacs is a director well known for her documentary Torn from the Flag.

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Klaus Bednarz

Klaus Bednarz (6 June 1942 in Falkensee, Province of Brandenburg – 14 April 2015 in Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) was a German journalist and writer.

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Koala

The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus, or, inaccurately, koala bear) is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia.

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Kombat Armouring

Kombat Armouring is a Russian armoured vehicle and car manufacturer.

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Komsomol

The All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Всесою́зный ле́нинский коммунисти́ческий сою́з молодёжи (ВЛКСМ)), usually known as Komsomol (Комсомо́л, a syllabic abbreviation of the Russian kommunisticheskiy soyuz molodyozhi), was a political youth organization in the Soviet Union.

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Konrad Naumann

Konrad Naumann (born Leipzig 25 November 1928: died Guayaquil 25 July 1992) was an East German politician.

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Konstantin Chernenko

Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (p, 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Kontsert

Kontsert (Концерт, commonly changed to Kohuept, Concert) is the second live album by Billy Joel, released in 1987.

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Korean Air Lines Flight 007

Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007)KAL 007 was used by air traffic control, while the public flight booking system used KE 007 was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alaska.

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Kosta Khetagurov

Konstantin (Kosta) Khetagkati (Ossetian: Хетӕгкаты Леуаны фырт Къоста, Georgian: კოსტა ხეთაგუროვი; &ndash) was a national poet of the Ossetian people who is generally regarded as the founder of Ossetian literature.

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Krasnaya Plesen

Krasnaya Plesen (Красная плесень, literally, red mold), is a Russian punk rock group based in Yalta, active from 1989 to this day and having released 55 full albums.

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Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (or Koodankulam NPP or KKNPP) is the single largest nuclear power station in India, situated in Koodankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Kuji, Iwate

is a city located in Iwate Prefecture, Japan.

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Kumsusan Palace of the Sun

Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, formerly the Kumsusan Memorial Palace, and sometimes referred to as the Kim Il-sung Mausoleum, is a building near the northeast corner of the city of Pyongyang that serves as the mausoleum for Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea, and for his son Kim Jong-il, both posthumously designated as eternal leaders of North Korea.

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Kurt Furgler

Kurt Furgler (24 June 1924 – 23 July 2008) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1972–1986).

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Kurt Hager

Kurt Hager (24 July 1912 – 18 September 1998) was an East German statesman, a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany who was known as the chief ideologist of the party and decided many cultural and educational policies in East Germany.

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Kuwait–Russia relations

Kuwait–Russia relations is the bilateral relationship between the two countries, Kuwait and Russia.

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Kuznetsk Basin

The Kuznetsk Basin (often abbreviated as Kuzbass or Kuzbas, Russian: Кузнецкий бассейн, Кузбасс) in southwestern Siberia, Russia, is one of the largest coal mining areas in the world, covering an area of around.

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L. Brent Bozell Jr.

Leo Brent Bozell Jr. (January 15, 1926 – April 15, 1997) was an American conservative activist and Roman Catholic writer.

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La Hora Chanante

La Hora Chanante (The Whamming Hour or The Amazing Hour) is a Spanish comedy television show aired through the cable/satellite local version of the Paramount Comedy channel.

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Lamara Chkonia

Lamara Chkonia (ლამარა ჭყონია, born December 27, 1930) is a prominent Georgian soprano.

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Land of Confusion

"Land of Confusion" is a song by the English rock band Genesis from their 1986 album Invisible Touch.

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Land reforms by country

Agrarian reform and land reform have been a recurring theme of enormous consequence in world history.

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Land That I Love (album)

Land That I Love is an album by bluegrass and country rock artist Charlie Daniels.

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Land value tax

A land/location value tax (LVT), also called a site valuation tax, split rate tax, or site-value rating, is an ad valorem levy on the unimproved value of land.

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Landon Lecture Series

The Alfred M. Landon Lecture Series is a series of speeches on current public affairs, which is organized and hosted by Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas.

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Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Laotian: ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ), formerly the Lao People's Party, is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Laos and has emerged from the Communist Party of Vietnam founded by Hồ Chí Minh in 1930.

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Larisa Bogoraz

Larisa Iosifovna Bogoraz (Лари́са Ио́сифовна Богора́з(-Брухман), full name: Larisa Iosifovna Bogoraz-Brukhman, Bogoraz was her father's last name, Brukhman her mother's, August 8, 1929, Kharkiv – April 6, 2004, Moscow) was a dissident in the Soviet Union.

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LaRouche criminal trials

The LaRouche criminal trials in the mid-1980s stemmed from federal and state investigations into the activities of American political activist Lyndon LaRouche and members of his movement.

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Last of the Breed

Last of the Breed, a 1987 book by Louis L'Amour, tells the fictional story of Native American United States Air Force pilot Major Joseph Makatozi (Joe Mack), shot down by the Soviets over the ocean between Russia and Alaska and then captured.

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Latin America–United States relations

Historically speaking, bilateral relations between the United States and the various countries of Latin America have been multifaceted and complex, at times defined by strong regional cooperation and at others filled with economic and political tension and rivalry.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Latvian Orthodox Church

The Latvian Orthodox Church (Latvijas Pareizticīgā Baznīca, Latviyskaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov’) is a self-governing, i.e. autonomous, Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow.

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Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika; Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia, was a republic of the Soviet Union.

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Laura Biagiotti

Laura Biagiotti (August 4, 1943 – May 26, 2017) was an Italian fashion designer and the founder of the House of Biagiotti.

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Law on Cooperatives

The Law on Cooperatives was a major economic reform implemented in the Soviet Union during General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost reforms.

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Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations

The Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations (Russian: «Закон О свободе совести и о религиозных объединениях»), also known as the 1997 Law (Russian: «Закон 1997 года») is a Russian law passed and signed by President Boris Yeltsin on September 26, 1997.

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Lê Duẩn

Lê Duẩn (7 April 1907 – 10 July 1986) was a Vietnamese communist politician.

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Lee Myung-bak

Lee Myung-bak (born 19 December 1941) is a South Korean politician and businessman who served as President of South Korea from 2008 to 2013.

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Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev

The full understanding of the history of the late Soviet Union and of its successor, the Russian Federation, requires the assessment of the legacy of Leonid Brezhnev, the third General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and twice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

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Lemonade Joe

Lemonade Joe, or the Horse Opera (Limonádový Joe aneb Koňská opera) is a 1964 Czechoslovak musical comedy film, directed by Oldřich Lipský and written by Jiří Brdečka, based on his novel and stage play.

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Leningrad Rock Club

The Leningrad Rock Club (Ленинградский рок-клуб) was a historic music venue of the 1980s in Leningrad, situated on Rubinstein Street in the city center.

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Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation

The Leninist Young Communist League of the Russian Federation (LYCL RF; Ленинский коммунистический союз молодёжи Российской Федерации, ЛКСМ РФ; Leninskiĭ kommunisticheskiĭ soyuz molodëzhi Rossiĭskoĭ Federatsii, LKSM RF), usually known as the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation (komsomol being a Russian syllabic abbreviation for Young Communist League), is the youth organization of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

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Leon C. Collins

Leon C. Collins is a media executive, media educator, producer/director, script writer, and photographic artist.

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Leonard Peltier

Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is a Native American activist, a citizen of the Anishinabe & Dakota/Lakota Nations, and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM).

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Leonid Abalkin

Leonid Ivanovich Abalkin (Леони́д Ива́нович Аба́лкин; 5 May 1930 – 2 May 2011) was a Russian economist.

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Leonid Brezhnev

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (a; Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was a Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982 as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country until his death and funeral in 1982.

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Leonid Khabarov

Leonid Khabarov (p; born May 8, 1947) is a former Soviet military officer whose battalion was the first Soviet Army unit to cross the border into the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan on December 25, 1979, serving as the de facto beginning of the decade-long Soviet war in Afghanistan.

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Leonid Shebarshin

Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin (Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин; 24 March 1935 – 30 March 2012) became head of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB in January 1989, when the former FCD chief, Vladimir Kryuchkov, was promoted to KGB chief.

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Leonid Zamyatin

Leonid Mitrofanovich Zamyatin (Леонид Митрофанович Замятин) (born 9 March 1922) is a former Soviet ambassador and diplomat.

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Letter of the Six

The Letter of the Six (Romanian: Scrisoarea celor șase) was an open letter signed in March 1989 by Silviu Brucan, together with five other Romanian Communist dignitaries (Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Grigore Răceanu, Corneliu Mănescu, and Constantin Pîrvulescu).

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Lev Kopelev

Lev Zalmanovich (Zinovyevich) Kopelev (Лев Залма́нович (Зино́вьевич) Ко́пелев, German: Lew Sinowjewitsch Kopelew, 9 April 1912, Kiev – 18 June 1997, Cologne) was a Soviet author and dissident.

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Lev Timofeev

Lev Timofeev (Russian Лев Миха́йлович Тимофе́ев, born 1936), is a Russian economist, political commentator and novelist.

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Lev Voronin

Lev Alekseyevich Voronin (Лев Алексеевич Воронин; 22 February 1928 – 24 June 2008) was a Soviet Russian official.

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Levada Center

Levada-Center is a Russian independent, non-governmental polling and sociological research organization.

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Levko Lukyanenko

Levko Hryhorovych Lukyanenko (Левко́ Григо́рович Лук'я́ненко, sometimes written as Levko Lukianenko, born 24 August 1927, Khrypivka) is a Ukrainian politician, and Soviet dissident and Hero of Ukraine.

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LGBT culture in Russia

Although life in modern Russia allows many more liberties for gays and lesbians than it did before the Revolutions of 1989, unofficial discrimination and fear are still rampant.

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LGBT history in Russia

The history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT) in Russia and its historical antecedents (the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire) has largely been influenced by the political leanings of its rulers.

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Li Ruihuan

Li Ruihuan (born September 17, 1934) is a retired Chinese politician.

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Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

The LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (ЛДПР — Либерально-Демократическая Партия России), briefly, the LDPR or Liberal Democratic Party, is a socially conservative and economically interventionist political party in Russia led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky since its founding in 1989.

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Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union

The Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU; Либерально-Демократическая Партия Советского Союза (ЛДПСС), Liberal'no-Demokraticheskaya Partiya Sovetskava Soyuza (LDPSU) was a political party in the Soviet Union which preceded the modern-day Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR).

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Life and Fate

Life and Fate (Жизнь и судьба) is a 1960 novel by Vasily Grossman and is seen as the author's magnum opus.

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List of After Words interviews first aired in 2014

After Words is an American television series on the C-SPAN2 network’s weekend programming schedule known as Book TV.

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List of Alpha Phi Omega members

This is a listing of notable alumni and honorary members of Alpha Phi Omega, an international service fraternity.

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List of ambassadors of Myanmar to Russia

The Myanmar Ambassador in Moscow is the official representative of the Government in Naypyidaw to the Government of Russia.

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List of ambassadors of Russia to Brunei

In 1987, President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev called for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Brunei.

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List of ambassadors of Russia to China

The Russian ambassador in Beijing is the official representative of the government in Moscow to the government of China.

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List of ambassadors of Sierra Leone to Russia

The Sierra Leonean Ambassador to Russia is the official representative of the Government of Sierra Leone to the Government of Russia.

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List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia

The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Russia (Russian: Британский Посол в России) is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Russian Federation, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Russia.

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List of ambassadors of Zambia to Russia

The Zambian ambassador in Moscow is the official representative of the Government in Lusaka to the Government of Russia.

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List of American University people

This is a sorted list of notable persons who have had ties to the American University in Washington, D.C.

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List of assassinations in fiction

Assassinations have formed a major plot element in various works of fiction.

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List of awards and honors received by Lech Wałęsa

The following is a list of awards and honors conferred on Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist Lech Wałęsa.

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List of awards and honours received by Tim Berners-Lee

Sir Timothy John''' "'''Tim'''" '''Berners-Lee, (born 8 June 1955), also known as "TimBL", the inventor of the World Wide Web, has received a number of awards and honours.

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List of awards and nominations received by Kelly Clarkson

American singer Kelly Clarkson has been honored with numerous accolades for her work in music.

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List of awards and nominations received by Lisa Stansfield

The following is a list of music awards and/or nominations earned by the British singer-songwriter Lisa Stansfield, along with her music recording sales certifications and entries in the year-end charts.

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List of awards of independent services of the Russian Federation

This article features the awards of non-ministerial and independent services of the Russian Federation.

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List of Batman Family adversaries

The Batman Family adversaries are a collection of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

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List of Blackford Oakes novels

The following is a list of works featuring CIA agent Blackford Oakes, written by William F. Buckley, Jr.

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List of book-based war films (1945–2000 wars)

A list of films that are based on war books.

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List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1990

Booknotes is an American television series on the C-SPAN network hosted by Brian Lamb, which originally aired from 1989 to 2004.

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List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1991

Booknotes is an American television series on the C-SPAN network hosted by Brian Lamb, which originally aired from 1989 to 2004.

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List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1996

Booknotes is an American television series on the C-SPAN network hosted by Brian Lamb, which originally aired from 1989 to 2004.

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List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1997

Booknotes is an American television series on the C-SPAN network hosted by Brian Lamb, which originally aired from 1989 to 2004.

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List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2004

Booknotes is an American television series on the C-SPAN network hosted by Brian Lamb, which originally aired from 1989 to 2004.

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List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2017

Q&A is an interview series on the C-SPAN network that typically airs every Sunday night.

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List of Carleton University people

This is a list of notable people associated with Carleton University, such as faculty members and alumni.

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List of churches in Moscow

In 2015 there were more than 600 churches from different Christian denominations in Moscow.

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List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law

This is a partially sorted list of notable persons who have had ties to Columbia University.

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List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Fifty-two countries have participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since it started in 1956.

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List of coups d'état and coup attempts by country

This is a list by country of coups d'état and coup attempts, in chronological order.

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List of covers of Time magazine (1980s)

This is a list of people and subjects appearing on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in the 1980s.

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List of covers of Time magazine (1990s)

This is a list of people appearing on the cover of ''Time'' magazine in the 1990s.

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List of cultural icons of Russia

This is a list of cultural icons of Russia.

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List of David Letterman sketches

CBS's Late Show with David Letterman regularly featured different sketches that follow the monologue and precede interviews with guests.

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List of diplomatic visits to the United States

International trips made by the heads of state and heads of government to the United States have become a valuable part of American diplomacy and international relations since such trips were first made in the mid-19th century.

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List of English words of Russian origin

This page transcribes Russian (written in Cyrillic script) using the IPA.

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List of Epic Rap Battles of History episodes

Epic Rap Battles of History is a YouTube series created by Peter "Nice Peter" Shukoff and Lloyd "EpicLLOYD" Ahlquist.

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List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (V–Z)

The following is a list of real or historical people who have been portrayed as President of the United States in fiction, although they did not hold the office in real life.

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List of films about nuclear issues

This is a list of films about nuclear issues.

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List of foreign delegations at the 9th SED Congress

Below is the list of foreign delegations attending the 9th Congress of the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany), held in Berlin November 17–21 1986.

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List of Hamilton characters

This is a list of prominent characters from the Hamilton franchise, written by Swedish author Jan Guillou.

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List of Head of Government and State Nobel Laureates

This is a list of all the 27 Heads of State and Heads of Government who have received the Nobel prize.

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List of heads of regimes who were later imprisoned

This is a list of heads of regimes who were later imprisoned.

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List of heads of state of the Soviet Union

The Constitution of the Soviet Union recognised the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and the earlier Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the Congress of Soviets as the highest organs of state authority in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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List of honorary citizens of Berlin

Recipients of the honorary citizenship of Berlin (Ehrenbürger von Berlin), in order of date of presentation.

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List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton

The list of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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List of honors and awards received by Helmut Kohl

The following is a list of accolades and honors conferred upon the sixth chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Helmut Kohl.

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List of honours of Italy awarded to heads of state and royalty

This article serves as an index – as complete as possible – of all the honorific orders or similar decorations awarded by Italy, classified by Monarchies chapter and Republics chapter, and, under each chapter, recipients' countries and the detailed list of recipients.

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List of Ig Nobel Prize winners

This is a list of Ig Nobel Prize winners from 1991 to the present day.

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List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush

This is a list of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States.

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List of international presidential trips made by Mário Soares

Below is a list of international presidential trips made by Mário Soares as President of the Portuguese Republic.

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List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan

This is a list of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the United States.

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List of international trips made by the President of the United States

International trips made by the President of the United States have become a valuable part of U.S. diplomacy and international relations since such trips were first made in the early 20th century.

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List of international trips made by the United States Secretary of State

This is a list of international visits undertaken by the United States Secretary of State.

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List of James Bond novels and short stories

The James Bond literary franchise is a series of novels and short stories, first published in 1953 by Ian Fleming, a British author, journalist, and former naval intelligence officer.

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List of Kingdom Come (comics) characters

The following is an extensive list of characters that appear in the DC Comics Elseworlds story Kingdom Come.

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List of language interpreters in fiction

This is a list of language interpreters in fiction.

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List of last survivors of historical events

The following is a list of last survivors of notable historical and cultural events, excluding wars, which are covered in separate lists that can be found in the See also section.

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List of leaders of the Soviet Union

Under the 1977 Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Chairman of the Council of Ministers was the head of government and the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the head of state.

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List of loanwords in Indonesian

The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, including Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and other Austronesian languages.

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List of Mario television episodes

DIC Entertainment produced three ''Super Mario'' cartoon series.

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List of Mega Man characters

This is a list of characters from the Mega Man series.

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List of military nuclear accidents

This article lists notable military accidents involving nuclear material.

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List of Moscow State University people

The list of Moscow State University people includes notable alumni, non-graduates, and faculty affiliated with the Lomonosov Moscow State University (also known as "Moscow State University").

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List of national founders

The following list of national founding figures is a record, by country, of people who were credited with establishing their nation.

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List of Nobel laureates by country

This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.

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List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows comprehensively the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2017, 892 individual laureates in total).

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List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Nobels fredspris) "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

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List of nonreligious Nobel laureates

This list comprises laureates of the Nobel Prize who self-identified as atheist, agnostic, freethinker or otherwise nonreligious at some point in their lives.

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List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India

His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama made his first foreign visit in exile to Japan and Thailand in 1967.

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List of peace activists

This list of peace activists includes people who have proactively advocated diplomatic, philosophical, and non-military resolution of major territorial or ideological disputes through nonviolent means and methods.

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List of people from Ukraine

This is a list of individuals who were born and lived in territories currently in Ukraine, both ethnic Ukrainians and those of other ethnicities.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Malta

This is a list of people that appear on the postage and revenue stamps of Malta.

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List of people on the postage stamps of Norway

Norway has issued stamps since 1855, and the first person to appear on a Norwegian stamp was the joint Norwegian-Swedish king Oscar II in 1878.

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List of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament

This is a list of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament at the same time.

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List of political catchphrases

The following is a list of political catchphrases, that is, distinctive statements uttered by political figures that have gone on to become well known.

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List of political families

This is a partial listing of prominent political families.

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List of Presidents of the University of Central Florida

This List of Presidents of the University of Central Florida includes all who have served as university presidents of the University of Central Florida since its founding in 1963.

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List of proposed state mergers

This is a list of proposed state mergers, including both current and historical proposals originating from sovereign states or organizations.

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List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C.

The following is a list of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C., which shows the variety of expression of notable political views.

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List of recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

This is a list of recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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List of resignations from government

No description.

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List of rulers of Estonia

The following list of rulers of Estonia indicates the rules throughout that nation's history.

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List of Russian Nobel laureates

No description.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian presidential candidates

Candidate for President of Russia – people officially registered as a candidate for President of the Russian Federation.

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List of Russian presidential candidates by number of votes received

Following is a list of Russian presidential candidates by number of votes received, since the first Russian presidential election in 1991.

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List of Saturday Live (UK TV series) episodes

Below is an episode list for both the UK TV series Saturday Live and Friday Night Live, which were essentially the same production.

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List of Soviet foreign ministers

This is a list of foreign ministers of the Soviet Union.

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List of Soviet Union–United States summits

Soviet Union–United States summits were held from 1943 to 1991.

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List of spouses of the heads of state of the Soviet Union

The spouses of the heads of state carried no official duties and received no salary.

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List of state leaders in 1985

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1986

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1987

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1988

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1989

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1990

No description.

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List of state leaders in 1991

No description.

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List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)

;State leaders: 1901–1950 – State leaders in the 21st century – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.

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List of surnames in Russia

In Russian, most surnames change depending on the gender of the person.

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List of The Catherine Tate Show characters

The following characters appear in the comedy sketch series The Catherine Tate Show on BBC Two.

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List of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! episodes

The lists on this page are ordered by airdate.

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List of The Venture Bros. characters

This is a list of main and recurring fictional characters and organizations from The Venture Bros., the comic science fiction television series broadcast on Adult Swim.

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List of treaties

This list of treaties contains known historic agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.

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List of U.S. State Dinners

A state dinner in the United States is a formal dinner held in honor of a foreign head of state, such as a king, queen, president, or any head of government.

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List of United States political catchphrases

The following is a chronological list of political catchphrases throughout the history of the United States government.

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List of University of Münster people

This list contains some of the most notable students, scientists, lecturer and honorary doctors of the University of Münster (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster).

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List of unnamed fictional presidents of the United States

This list forms part of the Lists of fictional presidents of the United States.

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List of visitors to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum is located in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, in central Hiroshima, Japan.

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List of war crimes

This article lists and summarises the war crimes committed since the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the crimes against humanity and crimes against peace that have been committed since these crimes were first defined in the Rome Statute.

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List of Where Is My Friend's Home episodes (2015)

Where Is My Friend's Home (Korean: 내 친구의 집은 어디인가) is a South Korean reality television-travel show, part of JTBC's Saturday night lineup.

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List of Whitney Houston live performances

American singer Whitney Houston embarked on 10 concert tours, 6 of which were world tours and 4 which were territorial tours.

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Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika; Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), one of the USSR republics that existed in 1940–1941 and 1944–1990, was formed on the basis of the Soviet occupation rule.

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Lithuanian Supreme Soviet election, 1990

The Lithuanian legislative elections for 141 seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR were held in the Lithuanian SSR on 24 February with run-off elections on 4, 7, 8 and 10 March 1990.

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Little Diomede Island

Little Diomede Island (Inupiat: Iŋaliq, formerly known as Krusenstern Island, Остров Крузенштерна, Ostrov Kruzenshterna) is an island of Alaska, United States.

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Liu Heung Shing

Liu Heung Shing (Traditional Chinese:劉香成, born 1951 in Hong Kong) is a Chinese-American, Pulitzer Prize winner former Associated Press photojournalist and photographer.

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Livonians

The Livonians, or Livs (Livonian: līvlizt), are a Finnic ethnic group indigenous to northern Latvia and southwestern Estonia.

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London Oriana Choir

The London Oriana Choir is a choral group comprising around 100 mostly young singers, based in London, England, UK.

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Lord Byron School (Gyumri)

Lord Byron School №20 was founded in 1990 in Gyumri (formerly Leninakan) following the Spitak earthquake that devastated the city, by funds provided by the British Government as well as donations raised by the British people.

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Louis Pienaar

Louis Alexander Pienaar (23 June 1926 – 5 November 2012) was a South African lawyer and diplomat.

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Louis Vuitton

Louis Vuitton Malletier, commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton, or shortened to LV, is a French fashion house and luxury retail company founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton.

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Lucian Perkins

Lucian Perkins is an American photojournalist, who is best known for covering a number of conflicts with profound compassion for his photograph's subjects, including the war in Afghanistan, Kosovo and the 1991 Persian Gulf War.

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Luis Anderson McNeil

Luis Alejandro Anderson McNeil (born February 9, 1941 in Colon, Republic of Panama), was the first Panamanian Secretary General of CIOSL/ORIT Inter-American Regional Organization of Labor (ORIT/ILO).

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Luis Mariñas

Luis Mariñas Lage (7 August 1947 – 27 December 2010) was a Spanish journalist.

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Luiz Carlos Azenha

Luiz Carlos Azenha (Bauru, 1958) is a Brazilian blogger and journalist.

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Luzhniki disaster

The Luzhniki disaster was a deadly human crush that took place at the Grand Sports Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium (Большая спортивная арена Центрального стадиона им.) (now known as Luzhniki Stadium) in Moscow, Soviet Union (USSR; now Russia) during the 1982–83 UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem on 20 October 1982.

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Lydia Litvyak

Lydia Vladimirovna Litvyak (Лидия Владимировна Литвяк, (August 18, 1921, in Moscow – August 1, 1943, in Krasnyi Luch), also known as Lilya, was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Force during World War II.Goodpaster 2009, p. 27. With five solo victories, soviet propaganda claimed up to twelve solo victories and two to four shared kills in 66 combat sorties.Jackson 2003, p. 57.Seidl 1998, p. 323.Spick 1999, p. 120. In about two years of operations, she was the first female fighter pilot to shoot down an enemy aircraft, the first of two female fighter pilots who have earned the title of fighter ace and the holder of the record for the greatest number of kills by a female fighter pilot. She was shot down near Orel during the Battle of Kursk as she attacked a formation of German aeroplanes.

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Lynne Cox

Lynne Cox (born 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American long-distance open-water swimmer, writer and speaker.

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Lyudmila Petrushevskaya

Lyudmila Stefanovna Petrushevskaya (Людмила Стефановна Петрушевская; born 26 May 1938) is a Russian writer, novelist and playwright.

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Madame Tussauds Hong Kong

Madame Tussauds Hong Kong, is part of the renowned chain of wax museums founded by Marie Tussaud of France, is located at the Peak Tower on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong.

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Madonna: Truth or Dare

Madonna: Truth or Dare (known as In Bed with Madonna outside of North America) is a 1991 American documentary film chronicling the life of American singer and songwriter Madonna during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour.

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Madrid peace conference letter of invitation

The Madrid peace conference letter of invitation, also known as the Madrid Invitation or Letter of invitation to the Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid, of October 19, 1991, was a formal diplomatic invitation by the United States and the Soviet Union issued to Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinians, calling on them to come together and hold a peace conference in Madrid, Spain.

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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush

On May 8, 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sent a missive directly to then United States President George W. Bush that proposed "new ways" to end the dispute over the Islamic Republic's development of nuclear power.

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Maid of the Mist

The Maid of the Mist is a boat tour of Niagara Falls, starting and ending on the American side, crossing briefly into Ontario during a portion of the trip.

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Main Intelligence Directorate

Main Intelligence Directorate (p), abbreviated GRU (p), is the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the Soviet Army General Staff of the Soviet Union).

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Mainz carnival

The Mainz Carnival (Mainzer Fastnacht, „Määnzer Fassenacht“ or „Meenzer Fassenacht“) is a months-long citywide carnival celebration in Mainz, Germany that traditionally begins on 11 November but culminates in the days before Ash Wednesday in the spring.

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Make Way for Ducklings

Make Way for Ducklings is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey.

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Malaysia–Russia relations

Malaysia–Russia relations (Malay: Hubungan Malaysia–Rusia; Российско-малайзийские отношения) refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Malaysia and Russia.

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Malcolm Mackintosh

John Malcolm Mackintosh, CMG, known as Malcolm Mackintosh, (25 December 1921 – 20 November 2011) was an intelligence analyst, civil servant, historian, Sovietologist, and author.

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Malcolm Rifkind

Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995), and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).

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Malika Sobirova

Malika Sobirova (Russian: Малика Сабирова, May 1942 — 27 February 1982) was a Soviet Tajik ballet dancer.

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Malta

Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Malta Summit

The Malta Summit comprised a meeting between US President George H. W. Bush and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, taking place on December 2–3, 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

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Malta–United States relations

Malta – United States relations are bilateral relations between the Republic of Malta and the United States of America.

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Man of Peace

The title Man of Peace was created in 1999 by the annual World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome.

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Manfred Döring

Manfred Döring (born 18 November, 1932) is a former Major general ''(Generalmajor)'' with the East German Ministry for State Security ''(Stasi)''.

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Manfred Gerlach

Manfred Gerlach (8 May 1928 – 17 October 2011) was a German jurist and politician (LDPD).

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Marc Cohen

Marc Cohen is an American radio personality who has spent over 30 years as a prominent Southern California announcer.

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March 15

In the Roman calendar, March 15 was known as the Ides of March.

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March 1931

The following events occurred in March 1931.

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March 1981

The following events occurred in March 1981.

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March 2

No description.

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Marco Keiner

Marco Keiner (born 13 April 1963 in Überlingen, Germany) is Director, Environment, Housing and Land Management Division at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

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Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (13 October 19258 April 2013) was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

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Margot Honecker

Margot Honecker (née Feist; 17 April 1927 – 6 May 2016) was an East German politician who was an influential member of the East German communist party and the country's regime until 1989.

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Marilyn Monroe in popular culture

Marilyn Monroe's life and persona have been used in film, television, music, the arts, and by other celebrities.

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Mariyka Pidhiryanka

Mariyka Pidhiryanka (Марійка Підгірянка, 1881–1963) was a Ukrainian poet, best remembered for her children's poetry though she also wrote adult work on patriotic themes.

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Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art

The Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art (MSM; formerly known as the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History) is a museum located on the main campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), established in 1967.

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Mark Ames

Mark Ames (born October 3, 1965) is a Brooklyn-based American journalist.

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Mark Colvin

Mark Colvin (13 March 1952 – 11 May 2017) was an Australian journalist and broadcaster.

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Mark K. Updegrove

Mark K. Updegrove(born August 25, 1961) is an American author, historian, journalist, and Presidential Historian for ABC News.

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Mark McCormack

Mark Hume McCormack (November 6, 1930 – May 16, 2003) was an American lawyer, sports agent and writer.

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Mark Twain: The Musical

Mark Twain: The Musical is a stage musical biography of Mark Twain that had a ten-year summertime run in Elmira, NY and Hartford, CT (1987–1995) and was telecast on a number of public television stations.

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Market socialism

Market socialism is a type of economic system involving the public, cooperative or social ownership of the means of production in the framework of a market economy.

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Marlene Dietrich

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich (27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German actress and singer who held both German and American citizenship.

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Marlin Fitzwater

Max Marlin Fitzwater (born November 24, 1942) was the White House Press Secretary for six years under presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, making him one of the longest-serving press secretaries in history.

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Marshal of the Soviet Union

Marshal of the Soviet Union (Маршал Советского Союза) was the highest military rank of the Soviet Union, below Generalissimus of the Soviet Union.

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Marshall Goldman

Marshall Irwin Goldman (July 26, 1930 – August 2, 2017) was an expert on the economy of the former Soviet Union.

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Martemyan Ryutin

Martemyan Nikitich Ryutin (Мартемья́н Ники́тич Рю́тин) (1890–1937) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, and a political functionary of the Russian Communist Party.

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Martin Šmíd

Martin Šmíd was a fictitious Czechoslovak university student, who was supposedly killed in the police attack on the November 17, 1989 student demonstration in Prague that launched Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution.

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Martin Cooper (inventor)

Martin "Marty" Cooper (born December 26, 1928) is an American engineer.

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Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics

The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) tie-in comic books are limited series or one-shot comics published by Marvel Comics that tie into the films and television series of the MCU.

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Marxism

Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.

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Mary McAleese

Mary Patricia McAleese (née Leneghan; Máire Pádraigín Mhic Ghiolla Íosa; born 27 June 1951) is an Irish Fianna Fáil and Independent politician who served as the 8th President of Ireland from November 1997 to November 2011.

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Mary Schepisi

Mary Rubin Schepisi (born March 6, 1949) is an American artist currently working in Melbourne, Australia, and New York City.

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Mary Tillotson

Mary Tillotson (previously known as Mary Wright, fl. 1970) is an American broadcast journalist formerly with CNN, for whom she was a White House correspondent and host of CNN & Co.

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Marzieh Hadidchi

Marzieh Hadidchi (مرضیه حدیدچی., 12 June 1939 – 17 November 2016), also known as Marzieh Dabbaq and Tahere Dabagh, was an Iranian Islamist activist, political prisoner, military commander in the Iran–Iraq War, a politician and representative of Hamedan in the Iranian parliament in the second, third, fourth and the fifth Majles.

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Massandra Winery

The Massandra Winery is a winery in the Republic of Crimea.

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Mathias Rust

Mathias Rust (born 1 June 1968) is a German aviator known for his illegal landing near Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987.

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Matryoshka doll

A matryoshka doll (a), also known as a Russian nesting doll, stacking dolls, or Russian doll, is a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside another.

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Mauno Koivisto

Mauno Henrik Koivisto (25 November 1923 – 12 May 2017) was a Finnish politician who served as the ninth President of Finland from 1982 to 1994.

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Maurice Strong

Maurice Frederick Strong, (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian oil and mineral businessman and a diplomat who served as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.

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Maurizio Diana

Maurizio Diana (Rome, August 4, 1939) is an Italian geologist, physicist and painter.

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Maurizio Giuliano

Maurizio Giuliano (born 24 February 1975) is a British-Italian traveller, author and journalist.

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Max Gillies

Maxwell Irvine "Max" Gillies AM (born 16 November 1941, Melbourne) is an Australian actor and a founding member of the 1970s experimental theatre company, the Australian Performing Group.

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Maxim Kalashnikov

Vladimir Alexandrovich Kucherenko (Влади́мир Алекса́ндрович Кучере́нко) (born December 21, 1966), better known by the pen name Maxim Kalashnikov (Макси́м Кала́шников), is a Russian writer, publicist, and political activist.

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May 29

No description.

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Medal "For Labour Valour"

The Medal "For Labour Valour" (Медаль «За трудовую доблесть») was a civilian labour award of the Soviet Union bestowed to especially deserving workers to recognise and honour dedicated and valorous labour or significant contributions in the fields of science, culture or the manufacturing industry.

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Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"

The Medal "For Strengthening Military Cooperation" (Медаль «За укрепление боевого содружества») was a military award of the Soviet Union established on May 25, 1979 by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

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Medal "In Commemoration of the 1500th Anniversary of Kiev"

The Medal "In Commemoration of the 1500th Anniversary of Kiev" (Медаль «В память 1500-летия Киева») was a state commemorative medal of the Soviet Union established by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 10, 1982 to commemorate the 1500th anniversary of the Hero City of Kiev.

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Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic

The Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic is an award given at the annual conference of the Pio Manzu Institute to about fifteen people nominated by the centers International Scientific Committee, which is headed by former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis

Media portrayals of the Ukrainian crisis, including 2014 unrest and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution following the Euromaidan movement, differed widely between Ukrainian, western and Russian media.

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Members of the Council on Foreign Relations

There are two types of Council on Foreign Relations membership: life, and term membership, which lasts for five years and is available to those between the ages of 30 and 36 at the time of their application.

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Memorial Hall (Harvard University)

Memorial Hall, immediately north of Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is an imposing High Victorian Gothic building honoring the sacrifices made by Harvard men in defense of the Union during the American Civil War"a symbol of Boston's commitment to the Unionist cause and the abolitionist movement in America." Built on a former playing field known as the Delta, it was described by Henry James as consisting of James' "three divisions" are known today as (respectively) Sanders Theatre; Annenberg Hall (formerly Alumni Hall or the Great Hall); and Memorial Transept.

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Men's World Day

Men's World Day was observed in Austria in the first week of November annually in the years 2000–04.

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Mengistu Haile Mariam

Mengistu Haile Mariam (መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም, pronounced; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian soldier and politician who was the dictator of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991.

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Metro-2

Metro-2 is the informal name for a purported secret underground metro system which parallels the public Moscow Metro (known as Metro-1 when in comparison with Metro-2).

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Metta Spencer

Metta Spencer (born 29 August 1931) is a Canadian sociologist, writer, peace researcher, and activist.

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Michael C. Mitchell

Michael C. Mitchell (born January 4, 1946 in Portland, Oregon) is an American planner, designer, lecturer and environmentalist.

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Microeconomic reform

Microeconomic reform (or often just economic reform) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity or employment growth.

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Mikalay Dzyemyantsyey

Mikalay Dzyemyantsyey (Мікалай Дземянцей, Николай Дементей, Nikolay Dementey; born 25 May 1930) was a chairman of the Belarusian Supreme Soviet.

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Mikhail (disambiguation)

Mikhail may refer to.

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Mikhail Fridman

Mikhail Maratovich Fridman (also transliterated Mikhail Friedman; Михаи́л Мара́тович Фри́дман; born 21 April 1964) is a Russian business magnate, investor and philanthropist.

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Mikhail Matusovsky

Mikhail Lvovich Matusovsky (Михаил Львович Матусовский; 23 July 1915, Luhansk, Yekaterinoslav Governorate – 16 July 1990, Moscow) was a Soviet poet, a winner of the USSR State Prize (1977).

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Mikhail Morgulis

Mikhail Morgulis (Михаил Моргулис) (October 1, 1941–) is a Russian-language writer, editor and theologian.

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Mikhail P. Kulakov

Mikhail P. Kulakov (March 29, 1927, Leningrad – February 10, 2010, Highland, California, United States) was a Russian pastor, social and religious activist, and Protestant Bible scholar and translator.

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Mikhail Pletnev

Mikhail Vasilievich Pletnev (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Плетнёв, Mikhail Vasil'evič Pletnëv; born 14 April 1957) is a Russian concert pianist, conductor, and composer.

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Mikhail Poltoranin

Mikhail Nikiforovich Poltoranin (Михаил Никифорович Полторанин; born 22 November 1939) is a Russian journalist and politician who held senior government posts under the first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.

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Mikhail Solomentsev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (Михаи́л Серге́евич Соло́менцев; – 15 February 2008) was a high-ranking Soviet politician.

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Miklós Németh

Miklós Németh (born 24 January 1948, in Monok, Hungary) is a Hungarian economist and politician, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 24 November 1988 to 23 May 1990.

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Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet

Military Band of the Black Sea Fleet is a military band unit of the Russian Armed Forces.

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Military history of Germany

I found the two German commanders documents of 1920 during the digging land in ukraine contact number 00380638775589 While German-speaking people have a long history, Germany as a nation state dates only from 1871.

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Military history of Jewish Americans

Jewish Americans have served in the United States armed forces dating back to before the colonial era, when Jews had served in militias of the Thirteen Colonies.

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Military history of the Soviet Union

The military history of the Soviet Union began in the days following the 1917 October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power.

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Military occupations by the Soviet Union

During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret protocol Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.

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Milla Jovovich

Milica Bogdanovna Jovovich (born December 17, 1975), known professionally as Milla Jovovich, is an American actress, model and musician.

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Milo Bloom

Milo Bloom is a fictional character in the American comic strip Bloom County.

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Miloš Jakeš

Miloš Jakeš (born August 12, 1922) is a retired Czech communist politician.

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Milovan Djilas

Milovan Djilas (Milovan Đilas/Милован Ђилас; 12 June 1911 – 20 April 1995) was a Yugoslav communist politician, theorist and author.

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Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)

The Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union refers to the head of the Ministry of Defence who was responsible for defence of the communist Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1922 and the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991.

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Ministry of Finance (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of Finance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Министерство финансов СССР), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of External Relations (MER) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Министерство иностранных дел СССР), formed on 16 July 1923, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union.

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Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD; Министерство внутренних дел СССР) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union.

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Minuteman Missile National Historic Site

Minuteman Missile National Historic Site was established in 1999 to illustrate the history and significance of the Cold War, the arms race, and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) development.

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Misha Lenn

Misha Lenn (Ми́ша Ленн) — a Russian-born watercolor painter whose works are in private collections of Mikhail Gorbachev, Diana Krall, conductor Yuri Temirkanov, actor John Malkovich, composer John Williams and many others.

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Mitki

The Mitki (Митьки́) are an art group in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Mobira Cityman 900

The Mobira Cityman 900 was released in 1987 by Nokia-Mobira.

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Modern history

Modern history, the modern period or the modern era, is the linear, global, historiographical approach to the time frame after post-classical history.

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Modrow government

The Modrow government refers to the final socialist government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was led by Socialist Unity Party (SED) official Hans Modrow from November 1989 until East Germany's first democratically elected government took power on 18 March 1990.

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Mohammad Najibullah

Najibullah Ahmadzai (ډاکټر نجیب ﷲ احمدزی; February 1947 – 27 September 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Dr.

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Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (shortly: Moldavian SSR, abbr.: MSSR; Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, in Cyrillic alphabet: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ; Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known to as Soviet Moldavia or Soviet Moldova, was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1940 to 1991.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.

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Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991

Monetary reform of 1991 (known also as Pavlov Reform) was the last of such in the Soviet Union.

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Mongolia–Russia relations

The bilateral relations between Mongolia and the Russian Federation (Монгол Оросын харилцаа; Российско-монгольские отношения) have been traditionally strong since the Communist era, when the Soviet Union supported Mongolian People's Republic.

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Mongolian People's Republic

The Mongolian People's Republic (Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ), Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU)), commonly known as Outer Mongolia, was a unitary sovereign socialist state which existed between 1924 and 1992, coterminous with the present-day country of Mongolia in East Asia.

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Mongolian Revolution of 1990

The Mongolian Revolution of 1990 (1990 Democratic Revolution,, Ardchilsan Khuvĭsgal) was a democratic peaceful revolution that started with demonstrations and hunger strikes to overthrow the Mongolian People's Republic and eventually moved towards the democratic present day Mongolia and the writing of the new constitution.

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Monroe Price

Monroe Edwin Price (born 1938) is Director of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Global Communication Studies (CGCS) at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania and Director of the Stanhope Centre for Communications Policy Research in London.

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Moscow

Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.

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Moscow Air Defence District

The Order of Lenin Moscow Air Defence District was a formation of the Soviet Air Defence Forces and the Russian Air Defence Forces, which existed from 1954 to 1998, to fulfill the tasks of anti-aircraft Defense of administrative and economic facilities.

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Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears

Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears (Moskva slezam ne verit) is a 1980 Soviet film made by Mosfilm.

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Moscow State Pedagogical University

Moscow State Pedagogical University or Moscow State University of Education is a major educational and scientific institution in Moscow, Russia, with eighteen faculties and seven branches in other Russian cities.

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Moscow State University

Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia.

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Moscow Summit (1988)

The Moscow Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Moscow theater hostage crisis

The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of a crowded Dubrovka Theater by 40 to 50 armed Chechens on 23 October 2002 that involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people.

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Moshe Lewin

Moshe "Misha" Lewin, pronounced "Luh-VENE" (7 November 1921 – 14 August 2010), was a scholar of Russian and Soviet history.

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Motley's Crew

Motley's Crew was an American newspaper comic strip by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman with satirical social commentary.

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Motofumi Kobayashi

is a Japanese manga artist.

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Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55

The Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–55 (Κίνηση για την Ανασύνταξη του ΚΚΕ 1918–55), is a minor Greek political party.

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MS Sarny

Sarny (Сарны) was a merchant ship of Black Sea Shipping Company (Soviet Union), tweendecker type general cargo ship, project 1563.

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Muhammetnazar Gapurow

Muhammetnazar Gapurowiç Gapurow (15 February 192213 July 1999) (sometimes referred to by the Russianized name Мухамедназар Гапурович Гапуров Mukhamednazar Gapurovich Gapurov) served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR from 1969 until 1985.

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Multinational state

A multinational state is a sovereign state that comprises two or more nations.

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MV Geysir

MV Geysir is a U.S.-flagged general cargo/container ship owned by TransAtlantic Lines LLC.

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MV Wilhelm Gustloff

MV Wilhelm Gustloff was a German military transport ship which was sunk on 30 January 1945 by in the Baltic Sea while evacuating German civilians, German officials and military personnel from Gotenhafen (now Gdynia) as the Red Army advanced.

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My Best Friend, General Vasili, Son of Joseph Stalin

My Best Friend, General Vasili, the Son of Joseph Stalin (Moy luchshiy drug, general Vasiliy, syn Iosifa) is a 1991 film, directed by Viktor Sadovsky and starring Boris Schcherbakov and Vladimir Steklov.

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My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)

My Life is a 2004 autobiography written by former President of the United States Bill Clinton, who left office on January 20, 2001.

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My Turn (memoir)

My Turn: The Memoirs of Nancy Reagan is an autobiography authored by former First Lady of the United States Nancy Reagan with William Novak.

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My Way

"My Way" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra.

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Mykolas Burokevičius

Mykolas Burokevičius (October 7, 1927 – January 20, 2016) was a communist political leader in Lithuania.

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Myroslav Levytsky

Myroslav Levytsky (Мирослав Романович Левицький; born on in Chernivtsi, Ukraine) is a pianist, composer, producer and unchanged leader of the Ukrainian jazz-rock group Braty Bluzu.

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Naïve realism (psychology)

In social psychology, naïve realism is the human tendency to believe that we see the world around us objectively, and that people who disagree with us must be uninformed, irrational, or biased.

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Nagorno-Karabakh War

The Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic and territorial conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

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Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: italics; Нахичеванская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика), abbreviated as Nakhichevan ASSR (Azerbaijani: Нахчыван МССР; Нахичеванская АССР), was an autonomous republic within the Azerbaijan SSR, itself a republic within the Soviet Union.

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Nancy Calef

Nancy Calef is a contemporary American figurative painter, illustrator and author.

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Nancy Reagan

Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress and the wife of Ronald Reagan, the 40th President of the United States.

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Nardwuar the Human Serviette

John Ruskin (born July 5, 1968), better known as Nardwuar the Human Serviette, or simply Nardwuar, is a Canadian interviewer and musician from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

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Natan Sharansky

Natan Sharansky (נתן שרנסקי, Ната́н Щара́нский, Натан Щаранський; born Anatoly Borisovich Shcharansky (Анато́лий Бори́сович Щара́нский, Анатолій Борисович Щаранський) on 20 January 1948) is an Israeli politician, human rights activist and author who, as a refusenik in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and 1980s, spent nine years in Soviet prisons.

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Natasha Mozgovaya

Natasha Mozgovaya (נטשה מוזגוביה, Наташа Мозговая; born 1979) is an American-Israeli journalist.

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National anthem of Russia

The "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" (p) is the name of the official national anthem of Russia.

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National Christmas Tree (United States)

The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C. Each year since 1923, the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree.

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National Churchill Museum

The National Churchill Museum (formerly the Winston Churchill Memorial and Library), located on the Westminster College campus in Fulton, Missouri, United States, commemorates the life and times of Sir Winston Churchill.

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National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry

The National Conference on Soviet Jewry or NCSJ is an organization in the United States which advocates for the freedoms and rights of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States, and Eurasia.

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National Constitution Center

The National Constitution Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan institution devoted to the United States Constitution.

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National Reconciliation

National Reconciliation is the term used for establishment of so-called 'national unity' in countries beset with political problems.

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National Theater and Concert Hall, Taipei

The National Theater and National Concert Hall are twin performing arts venues at Liberty Square in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.

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National War Memorial (Canada)

The National War Memorial (titled The Response) is a tall, granite memorial arch with accreted bronze sculptures in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, designed by Vernon March and first dedicated by King George VI in 1939.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC, formerly known as the National Broadcasting Company when it was founded on radio.

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NBC Nightly News

NBC Nightly News (titled as NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt for its weeknight broadcasts since June 22, 2015) is the flagship daily evening television news program for NBC News, the news division of the NBC television network in the United States.

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Nehemiah Levanon

Nehemiah Levanon (נחמיה לבנון; March 23, 1915 – September 2, 2003) was an Israeli intelligence agent, diplomat, head of the aliyah program Nativ, and a founder of kibbutz Kfar Blum.

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Neil Astley

Neil Astley, Hon.

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Nels Ackerson

Nels Ackerson is a lawyer and head of the law firm that bears his name, based in Washington, D.C. He has represented clients in 46 states and 16 countries on issues involving property rights, constitutional rights, agriculture, eminent domain, commercial and financial disputes, public policy, and international disputes.

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Neo-Nazism

Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism.

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Neo-Stalinism

Neo-Stalinism (Неосталинизм) is the promotion of positive views of Joseph Stalin's role in history, the partial re-establishing of Stalin's policies on certain issues and nostalgia for the Stalin period.

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New Age

New Age is a term applied to a range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in Western nations during the 1970s.

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New Communist Party of Britain

The New Communist Party of Britain is a communist political party in Britain.

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New Jewish Agenda

New Jewish Agenda (NJA) was a multi-issue membership organization active in the United States between 1980 and 1992 and made up of about 50 local chapters.

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New political thinking

New political thinking (or simply "new thinking") was the doctrine put forth by Mikhail Gorbachev as part of his reforms of the Soviet Union.

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New world order (politics)

The term "new world order" has been used to refer to any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change in world political thought and the balance of power.

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New Year Address by President of Russia

The New Year Address by the President of Russia is a traditional speech given in Russia by the President to the citizens, and generally broadcast on Russian television.

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Nguyễn Văn Linh

Nguyễn Văn Linh (1 July 1915 – 27 April 1998) was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician.

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Nicanor Perlas

Nicanor Jesús "Nick/Nicky" Pineda Perlas III (born January 10, 1950 in Manila, Philippines) is a Filipino activist and a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award in 2003.

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Nicholas Gruner

Nicholas Nightingale Gruner (May 4, 1942April 29, 2015) was a Roman Catholic priest and a promoter of the message of Our Lady of Fátima, a famous apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Fátima, Portugal, in 1917.

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Nicolae Ceaușescu

Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician.

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Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality

During the Cold War, Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu presided over the most pervasive cult of personality within the Eastern Bloc.

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Nicolae Militaru

Nicolae Militaru (November 10, 1925 – December 27, 1996) was a Romanian general who served as Defense Minister between December 1989 and February 1990.

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Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.

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Nikita Koloff

Nikita Koloff (born Nelson Scott Simpson on March 9, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler, actor, and minister.

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Nikolai Alexeyevich Kuznetsov

Nikolai Alexeyevich Kuznetsov (19 December 1922 —12 August 2009) was a Russian aviator.

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Nikolai Belyaev (politician)

Nikolay Ilyich Belyaev (Никола́й Ильи́ч Беля́ев; 19 January (1 February) 1903 – 28 October 1966) was a Soviet politician.

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Nikolai Bukharin

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (– 15 March 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, Soviet politician and prolific author on revolutionary theory.

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Nikolai Panchenko

Nikolai Vasilievich Panchenko (Никола́й Васи́льевич Па́нченко; April 9, 1924, Kaluga – August 18, 2005, Peredelkino) was a Russian poet.

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Nikolai Patolichev

Nikolai Semyonovich Patolichev (Николай Семёнович Патоличев; 10 September 1908 – 1 December 1989) was Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR from 1958 to 1985.

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Nikolai Ryzhkov

Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (Ukrainian: Рижков Микола Іванович, Russian: Николай Иванович Рыжков, Nikolaj Ivanovič Ryžkov; born 28 September 1929) is a former Soviet official who became a Russian politician following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Nikolai Talyzin

Nikolai Vladimirovich Talyzin (Никола́й Влади́мирович Талы́зин) (born 28 January 1929 - 23 January 1991) was a Soviet statesman, economist and head of the Gosplan, or the State Planning Committee.

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Nikolai Tikhonov

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tikhonov (Николай Александрович Тихонов; Kharkiv, – Moscow, 1 June 1997) was a Soviet Russian-Ukrainian statesman during the Cold War.

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Nikolai Vladimirovich Zateyev

Nikolai Vladimirovich Zateyev (Николай Владимирович Затеев) (c. June 30, 1926 – 28 August 1998) was a Russian submariner and a Captain First Rank in the Soviet Navy, notable as the commander of the ill-fated Soviet submarine K-19 in July 1961 during the Hotel class submarine's nuclear-reactor coolant leak.

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Nikolay Afanasevsky

Nikolay Nikolaevich Afanasevsky (Николай Николаевич Афанасьевский) (1 October 1940 – 23 June 2005) was a Russian diplomat.

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Nikolay Kruchina

Nikolay Yefimovich Kruchina (Николай Ефимович Кручина; 14 May 1928, Siberian Krai (now Altai Krai) - 26 August 1991, Moscow), was a top Soviet communist official, the administrator of affairs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) since 1983 and until his death, effectively the party's chief treasurer who was responsible for its enormous assets (popularly dubbed as the party's gold, золото Партии), estimated to be worth nearly $9 billion, which have never been located thereafter.

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Nikos Hadjinikolaou

Nikos Hadjinikolaou (Νίκος Χατζηνικολάου) also spelled as Hatzinikolaou, Hatzinicolaou or Chatzinikolaou (born 1962 in Alexandroupoli) is a Greek journalist and media entrepreneur.

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Nina Ananiashvili

Nina Ananiashvili (born: Nino Ananiashvili, ნინო ანანიაშვილი; born March 19, 1963) is a Georgian ballerina and artistic director of the State Ballet of Georgia.

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Nina Andreyeva

Nina Aleksandrovna Andreyeva (Нина Александровна Андреева, born 12 October 1938) is a Russian chemist, teacher, author, political activist, and social critic.

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Nina Shatskaya

Nina Arkadyevna Shatskaya (Нина Аркадьевна Шацкая, April 22, 1966, Rybinsk, USSR) is a Russian singer and actress, best known for her jazzy take on the Russian romance heritage.

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Nkosi Johnson

Nkosi Johnson (born Xolani Nkosi; –) was a South African child with HIV/AIDS, who made a powerful impact on public perceptions of the pandemic and its effects before his death at the age of 12.

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NKVDemon

The NKVDemon is the name of three fictional characters appearing in DC Comics publications as opponents of Batman.

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Nobel Peace Prize

The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish, Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.

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Nobel Prize controversies

After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes.

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Nomenklatura

The nomenklatura (p; nomenclatura) were a category of people within the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries who held various key administrative positions in the bureaucracy, running all spheres of those countries' activity: government, industry, agriculture, education, etc., whose positions were granted only with approval by the communist party of each country or region.

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Norat Ter-Grigoryants

Norat Grigoryevich Ter-Grigoryants (Նորատ Տեր-Գրիգորյանց, Нора́т Григо́рьевич Тер-Григорья́нц; born 16 July 1936) is a retired Soviet and Armenian lieutenant-general who played a leading role in developing the Armed Forces of Armenia during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1992-1995.

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Nordic model

The Nordic model (also called Nordic capitalism or Nordic social democracy) refers to the economic and social policies common to the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Sweden).

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Norma Percy

Norma Percy is an American-born, award-winning documentary film maker and producer.

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Normalization (Czechoslovakia)

In the history of Czechoslovakia, normalization (normalizace, normalizácia) is a name commonly given to the period following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and up to the glasnost era of liberalization that began in the Soviet Union and its neighboring nations in 1987.

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North Korea–Palestine relations

North Korea–Palestine relations (팔레스타인-조선민주주의인민공화국 관계) refers to the bilateral relations between North Korea and Palestine.

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North Korea–Russia relations

Diplomatic relations between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK) and the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR, the predecessor state to the Russian Federation) were first established on October 12, 1948 shortly after the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed.

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North–South Centre

The North–South Centre, officially the European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity, is a Partial Agreement — of the Council of Europe, the oldest political organisation of European states.

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North–South Prize

The North–South Prize is awarded annually by the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe to two public figures who are recognised for their deep commitment, outstanding achievements and hope they have generated in the field of protection of human rights, the defence of pluralist democracy and North-South partnership and solidarity.

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Nous, on veut des violons

"Nous, on veut des violons" ("We Want Violins") was the Belgian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992, performed in French by Morgane.

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Novaya Gazeta

Novaya Gazeta (p) is a Russian newspaper well known in its country for its critical and investigative coverage of Russian political and social affairs.

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November 19

No description.

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Novo Combo

Novo Combo was a power pop and new wave rock group who enjoyed some popularity in the early 1980s.

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Novosibirsk Report

The Novosibirsk Report, which many scholars consider one of the first signs of perestroika, was the name given in the West to a classified paper ("for internal use only") prepared under the direction of Tatyana Zaslavskaya of the Novosibirsk Institute of Economics which addressed the crisis in the agriculture of the Soviet Union.

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Nuclear arms race

The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.

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Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy

Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy (sometimes referred to as Program #7) was a Soviet program to investigate peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs).

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Nuclear power debate

The nuclear power debate is a long-running controversy about the risks and benefits of using nuclear reactors to generate electricity for civilian purposes.

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Nuclear power in Ukraine

Ukraine operates four nuclear power plants with 15 reactors located in Volhynia and South Ukraine.

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Nuclear safety and security

Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards".

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Nuclear War (video game)

Nuclear War is a single player turn-based strategy game developed by New World Computing and released for the Amiga in 1989 and later for MS-DOS.

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Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter is the severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect hypothesized to occur after widespread firestorms following a nuclear war.

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Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Ábishuly Nazarbayev (born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh statesman serving as President of Kazakhstan since the office was created on April 24, 1990.

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Observation Post Alpha

Observation Post Alpha, OP Alpha or Point Alpha was a Cold War observation post between Rasdorf, Hesse, in what was then West Germany and Geisa, Thuringia, then part of East Germany.

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Occupation of the Baltic states

The occupation of the Baltic states involved the military occupation of the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1940 followed by their incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics in August 1940 - most Western powers never recognised this incorporation.

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October 11

No description.

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October 15

No description.

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Odil Yakubov

Odil Yakubov is an Uzbek writer who died in December 2009 at the age of 83.

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Odile Jacob

Odile Jacob is a French publisher who founded Les Éditions Odile Jacob in the middle of the 1980s.

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Ole Sohn

Ole Christian Liep Sohn (born 12 September 1954) is a Danish politician and author.

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Oleg Gordievsky

Oleg Antonovich Gordievsky, CMG (Оле́г Анто́нович Гордие́вский; born 10 October 1938) is a former colonel of the KGB and KGB resident-designate (rezident) and bureau chief in London, who was a secret agent of the British Secret Intelligence Service from 1974 to 1985.

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Oleg Grinevsky

Oleg Grinevsky (Олег Алексеевич Гриневский) (born 12 November 1930 in Moscow, Russian SFSR is a Russian diplomat, former Ambassador to Sweden, political scientist, Cand.Sc. (history) and author.

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Oleg Kalugin

Oleg Danilovich Kalugin (Оле́г Дани́лович Калу́гин; born September 6, 1934) is a former KGB general (stripped of his rank and awards by a Russian Court decision in 2002).

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Oleg Vinogradov

Oleg Mikhailovich Vinogradov (Олег Михайлович Виноградов) was a Soviet dancer, choreographer and ballet director.

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Oliver Stone

William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American writer and filmmaker.

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Omega SA

Omega SA is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland.

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OMON

OMON (ОМОН — Отряд Мобильный Особого Назначения, previously Отряд Милиции Особого Назначения, Otryad Militsii Osobogo Naznacheniya, Special Purpose Police Unit) is a system of special police units of Federal Police within the National Guard of Russia, and previously Soviet and Russian Ministries of Internal Affairs.

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On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences

"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" («О культе личности и его последствиях», «O kul'te lichnosti i yego posledstviyakh») was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev made to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956.

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On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia

The Declaration "On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia" (Deklarācija par Latvijas Republikas neatkarības atjaunošanu) was adopted on 4 May 1990, by the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR.

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One-armed bandit murder

The one-armed bandit murder was a criminal case in the north east of England.

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Open era (disambiguation)

Open era or Open Era may refer to.

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Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis

Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis is a tactical shooter and battlefield simulator video game developed by Bohemia Interactive Studio and published by Codemasters in 2001.

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Operation INFEKTION

Operation INFEKTION was a KGB disinformation campaign to spread information that the United States invented HIV/AIDS as part of a biological weapons research project at Fort Detrick, Maryland.

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Operation Ring

Operation Ring (translit; «Օղակ» գործողություն, Oghak gortsoğut'yun), known in Azerbaijan as the Chaykend Operation (Çaykənd əməliyyatı) was the codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by Soviet Internal Security Forces and OMON units in the Armenian populated regions of Western Azerbaijan in the Lesser Caucasus mountains, the Shusha, Martakert and Hadrut regions of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and along the northwestern border of the Armenian SSR in Noyemberyan, Goris and Tavush.

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Opinion polling for the Russian presidential election, 1996

This page lists public opinion polls in connection with the 1996 Russian presidential election.

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Opinion polling for the Russian presidential election, 2000

This page lists public opinion polls in connection with the 2000 Russian presidential election.

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Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014)

Opposition to the Afghanistan war stems from numerous factors, including the view that the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan was illegal under international law and constituted an unjustified aggression, the view that the continued military presence constitutes a foreign military occupation, the view that the war does little to prevent terrorism but increases its likelihood, and views on the involvement of geo-political and corporate interests.

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Order of Honour (Russia)

The Order of Honour (r) is a state order of the Russian Federation established by Presidential Decree № 442 of March 2, 1994 to recognise high achievements in government, economic, scientific, sociocultural, public, sport and charitable activities.

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Order of St. Andrew

The Order of St.

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Order of the Badge of Honour

The Order of the Badge of Honour (Орден «Знак Почёта») was a civilian award of the Soviet Union.

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Order of the Red Banner of Labour

The Order of the Red Banner of Labour (translit) was an order of the Soviet Union established to honour great deeds and services to the Soviet state and society in the fields of production, science, culture, literature, the arts, education, health, social and other spheres of labour activities.

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Orest Subtelny

Orest Subtelny (О́рест Субте́льний, 7 May 1941 – 24 July 2016) was a Polish-Canadian historian.

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Orphans in the Soviet Union

At certain periods the Soviet state had to deal with large numbers of orphans in the Soviet Union - due to a number of turmoils in the history of the country from its very beginnings.

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Orsha

Orsha (Orša, Ворша; О́рша; Orša, Orsza) is a city in Belarus in the Vitebsk Region, on the fork of the Dnieper and Arshytsa rivers.

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Osh riots (1990)

The Osh riots (Ош окуясы; Oʻsh voqeasi, Ўш воқеаси; Ошская резня) were an ethnic conflict between Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) and Uzbeks that took place in June 1990 in the cities of Osh and Uzgen, part of the Kirghizia.

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Osip Mandelstam

Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (p; – 27 December 1938) was a Russian Jewish poet and essayist.

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Ota Šik

Ota Šik (11 September 1919 – 22 August 2004) was a Czech economist and politician.

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Othman Al Omeir

Othman Al Omeir (born 1950) (Arabic:عثمان العمير) is a Saudi-born British businessman, journalist and editor.

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Otis Gatewood

Otis Gatewood (1911–1999) was a well-known preacher and missionary in Churches of Christ.

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OTR-23 Oka

The OTR-23 Oka (OTP-23 «Ока»; named after Oka River) was a mobile theatre ballistic missile (оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс) deployed by the Soviet Union near the end of the Cold War to replace the obsolete SS-1C 'Scud B'.

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Otto Hahn Peace Medal

The Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold is named after the German nuclear chemist and 1944 Nobel Laureate Otto Hahn, an honorary citizen of Berlin.

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Otto Latsis

Otto Rudolfovich Latsis (Отто Рудольфович Лацис; 22 June 1934 – 3 November 2005) was a Soviet and Russian journalist, of Latvian descent.

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Outline of rights

The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to rights: Rights – normative principles, variously construed as legal, social, or moral freedoms or entitlements.

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Outline of the Cold War

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Cold War: Cold War – period of political and military tension that occurred after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).

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P. W. Botha

Pieter Willem Botha, (12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as "P.

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Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine

The Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine refers to a foreign policy doctrine established by Finnish President Juho Kusti Paasikivi and continued by his successor Urho Kekkonen, aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

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Palace of the Republic, Berlin

The Palace of the Republic (Palast der Republik) in East Berlin was the seat of the parliament of the German Democratic Republic (also known as East Germany), the Volkskammer (People's Chamber), and also served various cultural purposes.

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Palestine–Russia relations

Russia–Palestine relations (Российско-палестинские отношения) is the bilateral relationship between the Russian Federation and the State of Palestine.

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Pan-European Picnic

The Pan-European Picnic (Paneuropäisches Picknick; páneurópai piknik) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near Sopron, Hungary on 19 August 1989, the day before the Hungarian holiday commemorating Stephen I of Hungary.

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Pan-Mongolism

Pan-Mongolism is an irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of Mongols.

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Panjshir offensives

The Panjshir offensives (Панджшерские операции – Panjsher Operations) were a series of battles between the Soviet Army and groups of Afghan Mujahideen under Ahmad Shah Massoud for the control of the strategic Panjshir Valley, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the period from 1980 to 1985.

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Paolo Cotta-Ramusino

Paolo Cotta-Ramusino (born 1948) has been Secretary General of Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs since August 2002.

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Parametric determinism

Parametric determinism is a Marxist interpretation of the course of history.

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Park of Friendship in New Belgrade

Park of Friendship in New Belgrade is one of the largest parks in Belgrade.

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Parkinson's law

Parkinson's law is the adage that "work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion".

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Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) is the abbreviated name of the 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, which prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for those conducted underground.

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Party for Socialism and Liberation

The Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in the United States, created as the result of a split within the ranks of the Workers World Party (WWP).

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Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)

The Party of Democratic Socialism (Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, PDS) was a democratic socialist political party in Germany active between 1989 and 2007.

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Party of Peace and Unity

Party of Peace and Unity (Партия Мира и Единства, Partiya Mira i Yedinstva) was a socialist party in Russia.

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Paruyr Hayrikyan

Paruyr Arshaviri Hayrikyan (Traditional Armenian: Պարոյր Արշավիրի Հայրիկեան, Eastern Armenian: Պարույր Արշավիրի Հայրիկյան, born July 5, 1949, Yerevan) is an Armenian politician and former Soviet dissident.

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Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow

Patriarch Alexy II (or Alexius II, Патриарх Алексий II; secular name Alexey Mikhailovich von Ridiger Алексе́й Миха́йлович Ри́дигер; 23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Patricia Montandon

Patricia "Pat" Montandon (born December 26, 1928) is an American author and humanitarian.

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Patrik Brinkmann

Jan Patrick William Brinkmann of Druffel-Egloffstein (born 1966 in Motala), with nickname “Tissa” is a Swedish-German businessman with interests mainly in the mining industry but also real estate.

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Paul Hawken

Paul Gerard Hawken (born February 8, 1946) is an American environmentalist, entrepreneur, author, and activist.

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Paul Nitze

Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was an American statesman who served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department.

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Paul Zane Pilzer

Paul Zane Pilzer (born January 17, 1954) is an American economist, New York Times best-selling author, and social entrepreneur.

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Pavel Gusev (journalist)

Pavel Nikolayevich Gusev (Павел Николаевич Гусев; born 4 April 1949, Moscow) is a Russian journalist and public figure.

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Pavel Lungin

Pavel Semyonovich Lungin (Па́вел Семёнович Лунги́н; born 12 July 1949) is a Russian film director.

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Pavel Palazhchenko

Pavel Palazhchenko or Palazchenko (Па́вел Русла́нович Пала́жченко, born 17 March 1949) is a high-level Soviet conference interpreter who was the chief English interpreter for Mikhail Gorbachev and Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze from 1985 and 1991.

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Peace Run

The Peace Run is a global relay which promotes international friendship and understand, founded by Sri Chinmoy.

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Peaceful Revolution

The Peaceful Revolution (Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the end of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) and the transition to a parliamentary democracy which enabled the reunification of Germany.

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PeaceJam

The PeaceJam Foundation is an international organization whose mission statement is "to create young leaders committed to positive change in themselves, their communities, and the world through the inspiration of Nobel Peace Laureates who pass on the spirit, skills, and wisdom they embody." The PeaceJam program was launched in February 1996 by co-founders Dawn Engle and Ivan Suvanjieff to provide the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates with a programmatic vehicle to use in working together to teach youth the art of peace.

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Pentatone (record label)

Pentatone (stylized as PENTATONE) is a Dutch classical music label, located in Baarn.

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People to People International

People to People International (PTPI) was established on September 11, 1956, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, as part of the United States Information Agency.

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People's Century

People's Century is a television documentary series examining the 20th century.

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People's Control Commission

The People's Control was a semi-civic, semi-governmental organisation in the Soviet Union with the purpose of putting under scrutiny the activities of government, local administrations and enterprises.

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People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان, Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān, د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند, Da Afghanistān da khalq dimukrātīk gund; abbreviated PDPA) was a political party established on 1 January 1965.

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People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

During the 1989 student demonstrations in Beijing, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) played a decisive role in enforcing martial law, suppressing the demonstrations by force and upholding the authority of the Chinese Communist Party.

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People's Movement of Ukraine

The People's Movement of Ukraine (Narodnyi Rukh Ukrajiny) is a Ukrainian centre-right political party.

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People's Republic of Kampuchea

The People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK; សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជា, Sathéaranakrâth Pracheameanit Kâmpŭchéa; République populaire du Kampuchéa) was founded in Cambodia by the Salvation Front, a group of Cambodian communists dissatisfied with the Khmer Rouge after the overthrow of Democratic Kampuchea, Pol Pot's government.

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People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia, Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), was a Marxist-Leninist government that ruled Albania from 1946 to 1992.

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Pepsi

Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo.

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Per Anger

Per Johan Valentin Anger (7 December 1913 – 25 August 2002) was a Swedish diplomat.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991 and is widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.

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Perestroika (disambiguation)

Perestroika was a series of political and economic reforms of the Soviet Union in the 1980s by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Perestroika (video game)

Perestroika (also known as Toppler) is a Russian video game released in 1989 by a small software developer called Locis (Nikita Skripkin, Aleksander Okrug and Dmitry Chikin, currently - Nikita online, Nikita Online Company website) in the Soviet Union in 1990, and named after Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika.

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Perim

Perim (بريم), also called Mayyun in Arabic, is a volcanic island in the Strait of Mandeb at the south entrance into the Red Sea, off the south-west coast of Yemen and belonging to Yemen.

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Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations

This is a list of permanent representatives of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation to the United Nations.

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Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union (1922–1991), there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests.

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Petar Mladenov

Petar Toshev Mladenov (Петър Тошев Младенов; 22 August 1936 – 31 May 2000) was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician.

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Peter Allen Golden

Peter Allen Golden (born 1953 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American author, historian, journalist, and blogger.

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Peter and the Wolf

Peter and the Wolf (p) Op. 67, a 'symphonic fairy tale for children', is a musical composition written by Sergei Prokofiev in 1936.

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Peter Florin

Peter Florin (2 October 1921 – 17 February 2014) was an East German politician and diplomat.

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Peter Gabriel

Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer-songwriter, record producer and humanitarian who rose to fame as the original lead singer and flautist of the progressive rock band Genesis.

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Peter Robinson (speechwriter)

Peter Mark Robinson (born April 18, 1957) is an American author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H.W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan.

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Peter Turnley

Peter N. Turnley (born June 22, 1955), nytimes.com, retrieved February 21, 2014 is an American-born photojournalist known for documenting the human condition and current events.

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Petra Bläss

Petra Bläss (since 2005, Petra Bläss-Rafajlovski: born 12 June 1964) is a German politician (formerly PDS).

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Philadelphia Liberty Medal

The Liberty Medal is an annual award administered by the National Constitution Center of the United States to recognize leadership in the pursuit of freedom.

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Philharmonia Chorus

The Philharmonia Chorus is an independent self-governing symphony chorus based in London, UK.

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Philip Somerville

Philip Douglas Frank Somerville (12 February 1930 – 14 September 2014) was an English milliner – partly trained in Auckland – who had a salon in London.

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Philippines–Russia relations

Philippines–Russia relations (Российско-филиппинские отношения; Ugnayan ng Pilipinas at Rusya) is the bilateral relationship between Russia and the Philippines.

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Piotr Kravchenko

Piotr Klimovich Kravchenko (Пятро Кузьміч Краўчанка, born 13 August 1950) is a Belarusian diplomat, political scientist, historian and politician.

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Pizza Hut

Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney.

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Pole to Pole

Pole to Pole is an eight-part television documentary travel series made for the BBC, and first broadcast on BBC1 in 1992.

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Poles in Lithuania

The Polish minority in Lithuania numbered 200,317 persons, according to the Lithuanian census of 2011, or 6.6% of the total population of Lithuania.

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Polish United Workers' Party

The Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP; Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) was the Communist party which governed the Polish People's Republic from 1948 to 1989.

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Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Politburo (p, full: Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated Политбюро ЦК КПСС, Politbyuro TsK KPSS) was the highest policy-making government authority under the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Political censorship

Political censorship exists when a government attempts to conceal, fake, distort, or falsify information that its citizens receive by suppressing or crowding out political news that the public might receive through news outlets.

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Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)

When Britain emerged victorious from the Second World War, the Labour Party under Clement Attlee came to power and created a comprehensive welfare state, with the establishment of the National Health Service giving free healthcare to all British citizens, and other reforms to benefits.

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Political positions of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).

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Political repression in the Soviet Union

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.

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Political stagnation

Political stagnation, decline, or decadence is a condition in which a nation, empire, political party, or alliance experiences adverse conditions, ineffective leadership, hesitation, stalemate, or loss of identity.

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Political status of Transnistria

The political status of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed state on the internationally recognized territory of Moldova, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence on September 2, 1990.

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Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini

Khomeinism is the founding ideology of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Politics of Belarus

The politics of Belarus takes place in a framework of a presidential republic with a bicameral parliament.

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Politics of Russia

The politics of Russia (the Russian Federation) takes place in the framework of a federal semi-presidential republic.

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Politics of the Soviet Union

The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a single-party socialist republic framework which was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only party permitted by the Constitution.

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Politics of Uzbekistan

The Republic of Uzbekistan is a presidential constitutional republic, whereby the President of Uzbekistan is both head of state and head of government.

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Polyus (spacecraft)

The Polyus spacecraft (Полюс, pole), also known as Polus, Skif-DM, GRAU index 17F19DM, was a prototype orbital weapons platform designed to destroy Strategic Defense Initiative satellites with a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser.

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Ponosov's case

Ponosov's case is an action against Aleksandr Ponosov, a teacher and principal of a high school in Sepych village of Perm Krai of Russia.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

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Pope John Paul II's political views

Pope John Paul II's political views were considered conservative on issues relating to reproduction and the ordination of women during his 26-year reign as pope of the Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City.

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Popular Front of Estonia

The Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), introduced to the public by the Estonian politician Edgar Savisaar under the short-lived name Popular Front for the Support of Perestroika, was a political organisation in Estonia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

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Popular Front of Latvia

The Popular Front of Latvia (Latvijas Tautas fronte) was a political organisation in Latvia in late 1980s and early 1990s which led Latvia to its independence from the Soviet Union.

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Popular Front of Moldova

The Popular Front of Moldova (Frontul Popular din Moldova) was a political movement in the Moldavian SSR, one of the 15 union republics of the former Soviet Union, and in the newly independent Republic of Moldova.

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Port-wine stain

A port-wine stain (nevus flammeus), also commonly called a firemark, is a discoloration of the human skin caused by a vascular anomaly (a capillary malformation in the skin).

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Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine

The post-Soviet transition in Ukraine was established following the country's independence in 1991 up until the adoption of its constitution in 1996.

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Prague Spring

The Prague Spring (Pražské jaro, Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II.

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Pre-emptive nuclear strike

In nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force.

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Predictions made by Ray Kurzweil

~American author, inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil has become well known for his predictions about artificial intelligence and the human species, mainly concerning the technological singularity.

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Premier of the Soviet Union

The Premier of the Soviet Union (Глава Правительства СССР) was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Premiership of Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1979 to November 1990.

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Presidency of Boris Yeltsin

The Russian Presidency of Boris Yeltsin, was the executive branch of the federal government of the Russian Federation from June 12, 1991 to December 31, 1999.

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Presidency of Corazon Aquino

The Presidency of Corazon Aquino began following the triumph of the peaceful People Power Revolution when Corazon Aquino became President of the Philippines, and spanned a six-year period from February 25, 1986 to June 30, 1992.

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Presidency of George H. W. Bush

The presidency of George H. W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 1989, when George H. W. Bush was inaugurated as 41st President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1993.

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Presidency of Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad served as the President of Syria from 1970 until his death in 2000.

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Presidency of Ronald Reagan

The presidency of Ronald Reagan began at noon EST on January 20, 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as 40th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989.

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President of the Soviet Union

The President of the Soviet Union (Президент Советского Союза, Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially called President of the USSR (Президент СССР) or President of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (Президент Союза Советских Социалистических Республик), was the head of state of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991.

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Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly

The annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Послание Президента России Федеральному собранию) is a speech given by the Russian President to outline the state and condition in which Russia is in.

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Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests

The Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests (комиссия при президенте Российской Федерации по противодействию попыткам фальсификации истории в ущерб интересам России) was a commission that was set up by a decree issued by Dmitry Medvedev, president of Russian Federation on 15 May 2009, officially to "defend Russia against falsifiers of history and those who would deny Soviet contribution to the victory in World War II".

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Presidential M&M's

Presidential M&M's is the name given to the commemorative packs of red, white, and blue-colored M&M's given to guests of the President of the United States on board Air Force One and in other Presidential locations.

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Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR or PMSSR; Moldovan/Romanian: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ Hистрянэ or Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească Nistreană; Приднестрóвская Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika); also commonly known to as Soviet Transnistria or simply known as Transnistria was created on the eastern periphery of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) in 1990 by pro-Soviet separatists who hoped to remain within the Soviet Union when it became clear that the MSSR would achieve independence from the USSR.

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Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia

Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (Kneginja Jelisaveta Karađorđević / Кнегиња Јелисавета Карађорђевић; born 7 April 1936) is a member of the House of Karageorgevich, a human rights activist and a former presidential candidate for Serbia.

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Princess of Asturias Awards

The Princess of Asturias Awards (Premios Princesa de Asturias, Premios Princesa d'Asturies), formerly the Prince of Asturias Awards from 1981–2014 (Premios Príncipe de Asturias) are a series of annual prizes awarded in Spain by the Princess of Asturias Foundation (previously the Prince of Asturias Foundation) to individuals, entities or organizations from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, and public affairs.

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Printed media in the Soviet Union

Printed media in the Soviet Union, i.e., newspapers, magazines and journals, were under strict control of the Communist Party and the Soviet state.

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Privatization

Privatization (also spelled privatisation) is the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private investors, or the sale of a state-owned enterprise to private investors.

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Privatization in Russia

Privatization in Russia describes the series of post-Soviet reforms that resulted in large-scale privatization of Russia's state-owned assets, particularly in the industrial, energy, and financial sectors.

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Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai

Privolnoye (Приво́льное) is a rural locality (a selo) in Krasnogvardeysky District of Stavropol Krai, Russia, located on the Yegorlyk River.

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Problems of Peace and Socialism

Problems of Peace and Socialism (Russian: Проблемы мира и социализма), also commonly known as World Marxist Review (WMR), the name of its English-language edition, was a theoretical journal containing jointly-produced content by Communist and workers parties from around the world.

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Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union existed during 1914–25.

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Project Excalibur

Project Excalibur was a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) research program to develop an X-ray laser as a ballistic missile defense (BMD).

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Project Juno

Project Juno was a private British space programme which selected Helen Sharman to be the first Briton in space.

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Proud Prophet

Proud Prophet was a simulated war game played by the United States that began on June 20, 1983.

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Public image of Vladimir Putin

The public image of Vladimir Putin concerns the image of Vladimir Putin, current President of Russia, among residents of Russia and worldwide.

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Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats.

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Pulitzer Prize for Commentary

The Pulitzer Prize for Commentary is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism.

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Qahhor Mahkamov

Qahhor Mahkamov (Қаҳҳор Маҳкамов; alternative spelling Kahar Mahkamov; April 16, 1932 – June 8, 2016) was a Tajik politician who served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan and was the first President of Tajikistan.

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Qian Liren

Qian Liren (born August 1924) is a Chinese politician, diplomat, and translator.

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Quadriga (award)

Quadriga was an annual German award sponsored by Netzwerk Quadriga gGmbH, a non-profit organization based in Berlin.

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Queen Elizabeth Hotel

The Queen Elizabeth Hotel (Le Reine Élizabeth; official English name Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth) is a grand hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".

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RAF Greenham Common

Royal Air Force Greenham Common or RAF Greenham Common is a former Royal Air Force station in Berkshire, England.

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Raghida Dergham

Raghida Dergham (born 1953) is a Lebanese-American journalist based in New York.

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Rainiai massacre

The Rainiai massacre (Rainių žudynės) was the mass murder of between 70 and 80 Lithuanian political prisoners by the NKVD, with help from the Red Army, in a forest near Telšiai, Lithuania, during the night of June 24–25, 1941.

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Raisa Gorbacheva

Raisa Maximovna Gorbacheva (Раи́са Макси́мовна Горбачёва tr. Raisa Maksimovna Gorbachyova,, Титаре́нко; 5 January 1932 – 20 September 1999) was a Russian activist who was the wife of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Ralitsa Vassileva

Ralitsa B. Vassileva (Ралица Василева, born 8 June 1963 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian journalist.

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Rambo III

Rambo III is a 1988 American action adventure film directed by Peter MacDonald.

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Rancho del Cielo

Rancho del Cielo, also named Sky's Ranch or Heaven's Ranch, is a ranch located atop the Santa Ynez Mountain range northwest of Santa Barbara, California, United States.

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Randalls

Randalls operates 42 supermarkets in Texas, with 26 stores around the Houston area and 16 stores around the Austin area, under the Randalls and Flagship Randalls banners.

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Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity

The Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity (RWIMH) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the education of the work of Raoul Wallenberg and to the promotion of the moral principles that made it possible.

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Reactions to Occupy Wall Street

The Occupy Wall Street demonstrations garnered reactions of both praise and criticism from organizations and public figures in many parts of the world.

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Reactive devaluation

Reactive devaluation is a cognitive bias that occurs when a proposal is devalued if it appears to originate from an antagonist.

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Reagan Doctrine

The Reagan Doctrine was a strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to overwhelm the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War.

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Reagan Era

The Reagan Era or Age of Reagan is a periodization of recent American history used by historians and political observers to emphasize that the conservative "Reagan Revolution" led by President Ronald Reagan in domestic and foreign policy had a lasting impact.

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Red Army invasion of Georgia

The Red Army invasion of Georgia (15 February – 17 March 1921), also known as the Soviet–Georgian War or the Soviet invasion of Georgia,Debo, R. (1992).

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Red Storm Rising

Red Storm Rising is a 1986 technothriller novel by Tom Clancy about a Third World War in Europe between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact forces, set around the mid-1980s.

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Refusenik

Refusenik (отказник, otkaznik, from "отказ", otkaz "refusal") was an unofficial term for individuals, typically but not exclusively Soviet Jews, who were denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.

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Relations between the Catholic Church and the state

The relations between the Catholic Church and the state have been constantly evolving with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect.

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René Carayol

René Carayol MBE (born 10 September 1958) is a business and leadership speaker, broadcaster, broadsheet columnist and author.

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René Lépine

René G. Lépine, Sr. (October 23, 1929 – April 18, 2012) was a Canadian real estate developer, philanthropist and founder of Groupe Lépine, a privately owned real estate company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, of which he was the Chairman and President.

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Repentance (1987 film)

Repentance (Monanieba translit. Monanieba, Pokayaniye) is a Georgian film directed by Tengiz Abuladze.

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Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics (r) of the Soviet Union were ethnically based proto-states that were subordinated directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Reserve Officer Training in Russia

Reserve Officer Training in Soviet Union was established in the 1920s.

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Revol (song)

"Revol" is a song by Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond.

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Reykjavík

Reykjavík is the capital and largest city of Iceland.

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Reykjavík Summit

The Reykjavík Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, held in Höfði in Reykjavík, on 11–12 October 1986.

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Richard Denton (producer)

Richard Denton is a British television producer.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Richard Rhodes

Richard Lee Rhodes (born July 4, 1937) is an American historian, journalist and author of both fiction and non-fiction (which he prefers to call "verity"), including the Pulitzer Prize-winning The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), and most recently, Energy: A Human History (2018).

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Richard von Weizsäcker

Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician (CDU), who served as President of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany until 1990) from 1984 to 1994.

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Rick Ahearn

Frederick L. "Rick" Ahearn (born 1949) is an American political and corporate consultant, currently serving as Executive Vice President of Potomac Communications Strategies in Alexandria, Virginia.

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Rick Kaplan

Richard N. Kaplan is an American network television producer.

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Rkatsiteli

Rkatsiteli (Pronounced "rkah-tsee-tely"; Georgian რქაწითელი; literally "red stem") is a kind of grape used to produce white wine.

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Roald Sagdeev

Roald Zinnurovich Sagdeev (Роальд Зиннурович Сагдеев, Роальд Зиннур улы Сәгъдиев born 26 December 1932) is a Soviet and Russian expert in plasma physics and a former director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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Robert C. Tucker

Robert Charles Tucker (May 29, 1918 – July 29, 2010) was an American political scientist and historian.

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Robert D. English

Robert D. English (born 1958) is an American academic, author, historian, and international relations scholar who specializes in the history and politics of contemporary Eastern Europe, the USSR, and Russia.

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Robert Lawson (screenwriter)

Robert Lawson is an American playwright, director, composer, screenwriter and visual artist.

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Robert S. Strauss

Robert Schwarz Strauss (October 19, 1918 – March 19, 2014) was a figure in American politics and diplomacy whose service dates back to future president Lyndon Johnson’s first congressional campaign in 1937.

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Robert W. Faid

Robert W. Faid (April 30, 1929 – May 30, 2008) was an American author, numerologist and former nuclear engineer from Greenville, South Carolina.

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Roberto Dutesco

Roberto Dutesco (Romanian: Robert Duțescu; born June 6, 1961) is a Romanian-born Canadian artist, photographer and filmmaker.

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Roberto Saviano

Roberto Saviano (Naples, September 22, 1979) is an Italian journalist, writer and essayist.

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Roberto Savio

Roberto Savio (born in Rome, Italy, but also holding Argentine nationality) is a journalist, communication expert, political commentator, activist for social and climate justice and advocate of global governance.

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Rocinha

Rocinha (little farm) is the largest favela in Brazil, and is located in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone between the districts of São Conrado and Gávea.

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Rock music and the fall of communism

Rock music played an important, but under-appreciated role in subverting the political order of the Soviet Union and its satellites.

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Rock music in Russia

Rock and roll became known in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and quickly broke free from its western roots.

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Rock music in Ukraine

Ukrainian rock (Український рок) is rock music from Ukraine.

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Rocky IV

Rocky IV is a 1985 American sports drama film written, directed by, and starring Sylvester Stallone.

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Roger De Clerck

Roger De Clerck (July 27, 1924 – October 23, 2015) was a Belgian entrepreneur and CEO of the Beaulieu textile group.

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Roger Moore

Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor.

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Roh Tae-woo

Roh Tae-woo (born December 4, 1932) is a former South Korean politician and ROK Army general who served as President of South Korea from 1988 to 1993.

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Rola Dashti

Rola Abdulla Al-Dashti (رولا عبدالله علي حاجيه دشتي, born 1964) is a Kuwaiti economist and business executive and former politician and minister.

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Roman Catholic Deanery of Sumy

The Roman Catholic Deanery of Sumy is a part of Kharkiv-Zaporizhian Diocese of the Roman-Catholic Church in Ukraine.

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Romanian Communist Party

The Romanian Communist Party (Romanian: Partidul Comunist Român, PCR) was a communist party in Romania.

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Romanian Revolution

The Romanian Revolution (Revoluția Română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Ronald Reagan Freedom Award

The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award is the highest civilian honor bestowed by the private Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation.

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Ronald Reagan in music

The appearance of Ronald Reagan in music includes mentions and depictions of the actor-turned-politician in songs, albums, music videos, and band names, particularly during his two terms as President of the United States.

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Ronnie – Talk To Russia!

"Ronnie – Talk to Russia!" is the only single released by English singer, actress and model Anna Fantastic under name Sheree, and was released in 1988 by Hansa Records.

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Ross Clifford

Ross Richard Clifford AM (born 1951) is an Australian Baptist theologian, political commentator, radio personality and author.

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Rot-Front

Rot-Front is a settlement 60 kilometers east of Bishkek in the Chuy Region of Kyrgyzstan, near the border of Kazakhstan.

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Roy Medvedev

Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Рой Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; born 14 November 1925) is a Russian political writer, author of the dissident history of Stalinism, Let History Judge (К суду истории), first published in English in 1972.

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Royal Albert Hall

The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall on the northern edge of South Kensington, London, which has held the Proms concerts annually each summer since 1941.

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Royal Canadian Mounted Police

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC), "Royal Gendarmerie of Canada"; colloquially known as The Mounties, and internally as "the Force") is the federal and national police force of Canada.

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Royal Christmas Message

The Queen's Christmas Message (also known as The King's Christmas Message in the reign of a male monarch, formally as Her Majesty's Most Gracious Speech) is a broadcast made by the sovereign of the Commonwealth realms to the Commonwealth of Nations each Christmas.

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Rubbery Figures

Rubbery Figures was a satirical rubber puppet series that screened in Australia in various forms from 1984 to 1990.

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Rublyovka

Rublevka or Rublyovka (Рублёвка) is the unofficial name of a prestigious residential area in the western suburbs of Moscow, Russia, located along Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway, Podushkinskoe, 1st Uspenskoe and 2nd Uspenskoe highways.

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Rubtsovsk

Rubtsovsk (Рубцо́вск) is a city in Altai Krai, Russia, located on the Aley River (Ob's tributary) southwest of Barnaul.

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Rudolf Nureyev

Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (Рудольф Хәмит улы Нуриев Rudolf Xämid ulı Nuriyev, p; 17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Soviet ballet and contemporary dancer and choreographer.

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Rudolf V. Perina

Rudolf Vilem Perina (January 3, 1945 - June 14, 2018) was an American diplomat who worked for more than three decades on European East-West relations during and after the Cold War, and on the Dayton Accords following the dissolution of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia.

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Rudy Perpich

Rudolph George Perpich Sr. (June 27, 1928 September 21, 1995) was an American politician and the longest-serving governor of Minnesota.

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Ruhollah Khomeini

Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini (سید روح‌الله موسوی خمینی; 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian Shia Islam religious leader and politician.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russia and the United Nations

The Russian Federation succeeded the Soviet Union's seat, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in the United Nations after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Russia under Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Putin has served three terms and is currently in a fourth as President of Russia (2000–2004, 2004–2008, 2012–2018 and May 2018 to present) and was Acting President from 1999 to 2000, succeeding Boris Yeltsin after Yeltsin's resignation.

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Russia–NATO relations

NATO–Russian relations, relations between the NATO Military Alliance and the Russian Federation were established in 1991 within the framework of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council.

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Russia–South Korea relations

Russia–South Korea relations (Российско-южнокорейские отношения, Rossiisko-yuzhnokoreiskie otnosheniya, 한러 관계, hanreo gwangye) refers to the bilateral foreign relations between Russia and South Korea.

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Russia–United Kingdom relations

Russia–United Kingdom relations, also Anglo-Russian relations, is the bilateral relationship between Russia and the United Kingdom.

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Russia–United States relations

Russia–United States relations refers to the bilateral relationship between the United States and Russia.

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Russian Americans

Russian Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to Russia, the Russian Empire, or the former Soviet Union.

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Russian chanson

Russian chanson (r; from French "chanson") is a neologism for a musical genre covering a range of Russian songs, including city romance songs, author song performed by singer-songwriters, and Blatnaya Pesnya or "criminals' songs" that are based on the themes of the urban underclass and the criminal underworld.

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Russian commando frogmen

Naval Spetsnaz (Морской спецназовец, tr: Morskoy spetsnazovets) (informally called "frogmen" in civilian media) are a Russian Naval Spetsnaz unit under operational subordination to the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU).

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Russian cruiser Moskva

Moskva (Москва — "Moscow", formerly Slava (Слава — "Glory")) is the lead ship of the Project 1164 ''Atlant'' class of guided missile cruisers in the Russian Navy.

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Russian grassroots women’s organizations

Russian women's grassroots organizations were organizations formed by women during glasnost and the post-Soviet era in Russia.

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Russian legislative election, 1990

Legislative elections were held in the Russian SFSR on 4 March 1990.

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Russian legislative election, 2011

Legislative elections were held in Russia on 4 December 2011.

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Russian mafia

Russian organized crime or Russian mafia, sometimes referred to as Bratva ("brotherhood"), is a collective of various organized crime elements originating in the former Soviet Union.

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Russian mafia in popular culture

The Russian mafia has frequently been a subject of works in popular culture.

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Russian National Orchestra

The Russian National Orchestra (Российский национальный оркестр) premiered in Moscow in 1990.

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Russian oligarch

The Russian oligarchs (see the related term "New Russians") are business oligarchs of the former Soviet republics who rapidly accumulated wealth during the era of Russian privatization in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.

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Russian political jokes

Russian political jokes (or, rather, Russophone political jokes) are a part of Russian humour and can be naturally grouped into the major time periods: Imperial Russia, Soviet Union and finally post-Soviet Russia.

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Russian presidential election, 1996

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 16 June 1996, with a second round on 3 July.

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Russian Social-Democratic Union of Youth

Russian Social-Democratic Union of Youth (RSDUY; Russian: Российский социал-демократический союз молодёжи, РСДСМ - Rossiyskiy Sotsial-Demokraticheskiy Soyuz Molodiozhi, RSDSM) is a Russian non-governmental organization founded in December 2000 with Mikhail Gorbachev’s support as a youth branch of the Russian United Social Democratic Party and a member of International Union of Socialist Youth since 2004.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.

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Russian wine

Russian wine refers to wine made in Russia, at times also including the disputed region of Crimea.

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Russians (song)

"Russians" is a song by Sting, from his debut solo album, The Dream of the Blue Turtles, released in June 1985, and released as a single in November.

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Russians in Kazakhstan

There has been a substantial population of Russian Kazakhstani since the 19th century.

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Russification

Russification (Русификация), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.

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Rust in Peace

Rust in Peace is the fourth studio album by the American thrash metal band Megadeth, released on September 24, 1990 by Capitol Records.

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Ruth Bonner

Ruf Grigorievna Bonner (Руфь Григорьевна Боннер; 1900 — 25 December 1987), also known as Ruth Bonner, was a Soviet Communist activist and who spent eight years in a labor camp during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.

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Ruud Lubbers

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994.

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Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.

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Saeed Naqvi

Saeed Naqvi is senior Indian journalist, television commentator, interviewer.

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Salyut programme

The Salyut programme (Салю́т,, meaning "salute" or "fireworks") was the first space station programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union.

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Samantha Smith

Samantha Reed Smith (June 29, 1972 – August 25, 1985) was an American schoolgirl, peace activist, writer and child actress from Manchester, Maine, who became famous during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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Samuel Aroutiounian

Samuel Aroutounian (Russian: Сэм Арутюнян; born September 17, 1976) is an American producer who serves as the president of.

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Samuel S. Coursen

Samuel Streit Coursen (August 4, 1926 – October 12, 1950) was a 1949 graduate of the United States Military Academy and company commander in the United States Army during the Korean War.

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San Francisco Boys Chorus

The San Francisco Boys Chorus (SFBC) is a choir for boys consisting of 230 members based in San Francisco with additional campuses in Oakland, San Mateo, and San Rafael.

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Sanctuary

A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine.

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Sanjaasürengiin Zorig

Sanjaasurengiin Zorig (Санжаасүрэнгийн Зориг, 20 April 1962 – 2 October 1998) was a prominent Mongolian politician and leader of the country's 1990 democratic revolution.

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Sanremo Music Festival 1999

The Sanremo Music Festival 1999 was the 49th annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo, province of Imperia, between 23 and 27 February 1999 and broadcast on Rai 1.

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Santi Sergio e Bacco

Santi Sergio e Bacco is a Catholic church of the Byzantine Rite in the rione of Monti in Rome, Italy, located in Piazza Madonna dei Monti.

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Saparmurat Niyazov

Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow); 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who served as the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and continued to lead Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Turkmen media referred to him using the title "His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers". His self-given title Türkmenbaşy, meaning Head of the Turkmen, referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World. Foreign media criticised him as one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive dictators, highlighting his reputation of imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which extended to renaming months for details of his own biography among other things. Global Witness, a London-based human rights organisation, reported that money under Niyazov's control and held overseas may be in excess of US$3 billion, of which between $1.8–$2.6 billion was allegedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at Deutsche Bank in Germany.

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Sapporo

is the fifth largest city of Japan by population, and the largest city on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

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Saumagen

Saumagen is a German dish popular in the Palatinate.

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Sąjūdis

Sąjūdis ("Movement"), initially known as the Reform Movement of Lithuania (Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis), is the political organisation which led the struggle for Lithuanian independence in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

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Sōka University

, abbreviated as is a private university in Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan.

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Schönhausen Palace

Schönhausen Palace (Schloss Schönhausen) is a Baroque palace at Niederschönhausen, in the borough of Pankow, Berlin, Germany.

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School of Diplomacy and International Relations

The School of Diplomacy and International Relations (SODIR), is a post-secondary, degree-granting institution concentrating on international affairs within Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey.

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Scorpions (band)

Scorpions are a German rock band formed in 1965 in Hanover by Rudolf Schenker.

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Second Great Rectification Movement

The Second Great Rectification Movement refers to a 1992 ideological campaign initiated by the leadership of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) wherein an effort was made to "identify, repudiate and rectify the errors of urban insurrectionism, premature big formations of the New People's Army and anti-infiltration hysteria".

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Secret Intelligence Service

The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence service of the government of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence (HUMINT) in support of the UK's national security.

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Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), often referred to as the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee, had responsibility for the central administration of the party as opposed to drafting government policy (which was usually handled by the Politburo).

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Seda Pumpyanskaya

Seda Pumpyanskaya is a Russian journalist and publicist, currently Vice President of the Skolkovo Foundation and a former Senior Adviser on Communications and Outreach to the Council of Europe.

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Self-determination

The right of people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms.

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Semester at Sea

Semester at Sea (SAS) is a study–abroad program founded in 1963, now managed by the Institute for Shipboard Education in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

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Semibankirschina

Semibankirschina (семибанкирщина), or seven bankers, was a group of seven Russian business oligarchs who played an important role in the political and economical life of Russia between 1996 and 2000.

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September 2

No description.

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Sergei Kovalev

Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; Серге́й Ада́мович Ковалёв; born 2 March 1930, Seredyna-Buda, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian human rights activist and politician and a former Soviet dissident and political prisoner.

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Sergei M. Plekhanov

Sergei M. Plekhanov (Сергей Плеханов, born May 7, 1946 in Moscow, Russia) is Associate Professor of Political Science at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and a former Deputy Director of the Institute for US and Canadian Studies in Russia.

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Sergey Afanasyev (engineer)

Sergey Alexandrovich Afanasyev (Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Афана́сьев) (August 30, 1918 – May 13, 2001) was a prominent Soviet engineer, space and defence industry executive, the first Minister of the Soviet-era Ministry of General Machine Building.

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Sergey Akhromeyev

Sergey Fyodorovich Akhromeyev (Серге́й Фёдорович Ахроме́ев; May 5, 1923 – August 24, 1991) was a Soviet military figure, Hero of the Soviet Union (1982) and Marshal of the Soviet Union (1983).

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Sergey Kirov

Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov; – 1 December 1934) was a prominent early Bolshevik leader in the Soviet Union.

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Sergey Kurginyan

Sergei Ervandovich Kurginyan (Сергей Ервандович Кургинян) is a Russian scientist, better known as a theatre producer and a politician.

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Sergey Sokolov (commander)

Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov (Серге́й Леони́дович Соколо́в; 1 July 191131 August 2012) was a Soviet military commander, Hero of the Soviet Union, and served as Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union from 22 December 1984 until 30 May 1987.

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Serov (town)

Serov (Серо́в) is a mining and commercial town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern foothills of the Ural Mountains, on the left bank of the Kakva River (a tributary of the Sosva), about north of Yekaterinburg.

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Seungsahn

Seungsahn (August 1, 1927November 30, 2004), born Duk-In Lee, was a Korean Seon master of the Jogye Order and founder of the international Kwan Um School of Zen.

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Sevastopol International Airport

Sevastopol International Airport (Міжнародний аеропорт Севастополь "Бельбек", is a military airfield in Belbek, a village near Sevastopol in Crimea. There are plans to restore the airfield into an international airport by 2017.

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Shahumyan Province

Shahumyan Province (Շահումյան) is a province of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev (Uzbek Cyrillic and Шавкат Миромонович Мирзиёев; born 24 July 1957) is an Uzbek politician who has been President of Uzbekistan since 2016.

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Shen Jiawei

Shen Jiawei (born 1948) is a Chinese Australian painter.

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Shepherd's Grove

Shepherd's Grove is a congregation of the Reformed Church in America in Irvine, California, United States.

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Shevah Mofet

Shevah Mofet (שבח מופת; also Shevach Moffet) is a high school on HaMasger Street in Tel Aviv, Israel.

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Shirin Ebadi

Shirin Ebadi (Širin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran.

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Shirley Bassey

Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, best known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films Goldfinger (1964), Diamonds Are Forever (1971), and Moonraker (1979).

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Sho Sakurai

(born January 25, 1982) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, rapper, actor, newscaster, host and former radio host.

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Shoah (film)

Shoah is a 1985 French documentary film about the Holocaust, directed by Claude Lanzmann.

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Shock therapy (economics)

Shock therapy is a term used by some non-economists to refer to the sudden release of price and currency controls (economic liberalization), withdrawal of state subsidies, and immediate trade liberalization within a country, usually also including large-scale privatization of previously public-owned assets.

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Shortwave radio

Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies.

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Siberian cat

The Siberian is a landrace variety of domestic cat, present in Russia for centuries, and more recently developed as a formal breed, with standards promulgated since the late 1980s.

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Sig Rogich

Sigmund Aronson “Sig” Rogich (born May 17, 1944) is an Icelandic/American businessman and is president of The Rogich Communications Group, a business facilitator, public relations, and crisis management firm.

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Silayev's Government

The former government of Valentin Pavlov was dissolved following the failed August Coup against Mikhail Gorbachev and his supporters.

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Silent Generation

The Silent Generation is the demographic cohort following the cohort known in the USA as the G.I. Generation.

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Silva Kaputikyan

Silva Kaputikyan (help); 20 January 1919 – 25 August 2006) was an Armenian poet and political activist. One of the best-known Armenian writers of the twentieth century, she is recognized as "the leading poetess of Armenia" and "the grand lady of twentieth century Armenian poetry". Although a member of the Communist Party, she was a noted advocate of Armenian national causes. Her first collection of poems were published in the mid-1940s. By the 1950s she had established herself as a significant literary figure in Soviet Armenia. Besides Armenian she also wrote in Russian and many of her works were translated to other languages. In the later Soviet period she frequently addressed political and other issues.

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Silviu Brucan

Silviu Brucan (born Saul Bruckner; 18 January 1916 – 14 September 2006) was a Jewish Zionist politician.

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Sinatra Doctrine

"Sinatra Doctrine" was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact states to determine their own internal affairs.

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Singing Revolution

The Singing Revolution is a commonly used name for events between 1987 and 1991 that led to the restoration of the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

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Sino-Soviet relations

Sino-Soviet relations (Советско-китайские отношения, Sovetsko-kitayskiye otnosheniya) refers to the diplomatic relationship between the Chinese Republic and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991, when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

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Sino-Soviet split

The Sino-Soviet split (1956–1966) was the breaking of political relations between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), caused by doctrinal divergences arising from each of the two powers' different interpretation of Marxism–Leninism as influenced by the national interests of each country during the Cold War.

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Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–91

The Sino-Vietnamese conflicts of 1979–91 were a series of border and naval clashes between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979.

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Sister Cities International

Sister Cities International (SCI) is a nonprofit citizen diplomacy network that creates and strengthens partnerships between communities in the United States and those in other countries, particularly through the establishment of "sister cities".

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Sivaya Subramuniyaswami

Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (January 5, 1927 – November 12, 2001), also known as Gurudeva by his followers, was born in Oakland, California and adopted Shaivism as a young man.

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Slavi's Show

Slavi's Show (Шоуто на Слави) is a long-running Bulgarian evening talk show aired every workday on bTV from 22:30 to 23:30 EET and hosted by Slavi Trifonov.

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Slavic Native Faith

The Slavic Native Faith, also known as Rodnovery, is a modern Pagan religion.

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Slavs!

Slavs!: Thinking About the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness is a 1994 play by Tony Kushner, set in the USSR as it crumbles and during its later rebirth as a collection of independent states.

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SMAP×SMAP

SMAP×SMAP, often referred to simply as Sma-Sma, is a Japanese television variety show hosted by boy band SMAP.

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Smirnoff

Smirnoff is a brand of vodka owned and produced by the British company Diageo.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.

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Social Democratic Party of Russia

The Social Democratic Party of Russia (Социал-демократическая партия России, Sotsial-demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii) was a political party founded in Russia by Mikhail Gorbachev on November 26, 2001.

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Socialism

Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.

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Socialism with a human face

Socialism with a human face (in Czech: socialismus s lidskou tváří, in Slovak: socializmus s ľudskou tvárou) was a political programme announced by Alexander Dubček and his colleagues agreed at Presidium of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia on April 1968 after he became the chairman of the Party in January 1968.

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Socialist International

The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide association of political parties, which seek to establish democratic socialism.

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Socialist law

Socialist law or Soviet law denotes a general type of legal system which has been used in communist and formerly communist states.

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Socialist realism

Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II.

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Socialist Republic of Romania

The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) refers to Romania under Marxist-Leninist one-party Communist rule that existed officially from 1947 to 1989.

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Socialist Unity Party of Germany

The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED), established in April 1946, was the governing Marxist–Leninist political party of the German Democratic Republic from the country's foundation in October 1949 until it was dissolved after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.

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Society for German–Soviet Friendship

The Society for German–Soviet Friendship (in German, Gesellschaft für Deutsch-Sowjetische Freundschaft/DSF) was an East German organisation set up to encourage closer co-operation between the German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union.

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Softwar

"Softwar - La Guerre Douce" (in English "Sotfwar, the soft war") is a technothriller novel by Thierry Breton and Denis Baldwin-Beneich published 1984 in French and translated in 10 language.

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Sophia Loren

Sofia Villani Scicolone, known as Sophia Loren, Dame of the Grand Cross, O.M.R.I. (born 20 September 1934) is an Italian film actress and singer.

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Sound bite

A sound bite is a short clip of speech or music extracted from a longer piece of audio, often used to promote or exemplify the full length piece.

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South African Border War

The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angola from 26 August 1966 to 21 March 1990.

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South Ossetia

South Ossetia or Tskhinvali Region, is a disputed territory in the South Caucasus, in the northern part of the internationally recognised Georgian territory.

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Sovereign democracy

Sovereign democracy (суверенная демократия, transl. suverennaya demokratiya) is a term describing modern Russian politics first used by Vladislav Surkov on 22 February 2006 in a speech before a gathering of the Russian political party United Russia.

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Sovfoto

Sovfoto was established in 1932 as the only agency to represent Soviet photojournalism in America.

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Soviet anti-Zionism

Soviet anti-Zionism was a propaganda doctrine promulgated in the Soviet Union during the course of the Cold War, which intensified after the 1967 Six-Day War.

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Soviet Armed Forces

The Soviet Armed Forces, also called the Armed Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (Russian: Вооружённые Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик Vooruzhonnyye Sily Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, Вооружённые Силы Советского Союза) refers to the armed forces of the Russian SFSR (1917–1922), the Soviet Union (1922–1991) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991) from their beginnings in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War to its dissolution on 26 December 1991.

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Soviet Army

The Soviet Army (SA; Советская Армия, Sovetskaya Armiya) is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991, when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces, although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993.

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Soviet art

Soviet art is the visual art that was produced in the Soviet Union.

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Soviet Central Television

The Central Television of the USSR (CT USSR) (r), was the state television broadcaster in the Soviet Union.

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Soviet deportations from Lithuania

Soviet deportations from Lithuania were a series of 35 mass deportations carried out in Lithuania, a country that was occupied as a constituent socialist republic of the Soviet Union, in 1941 and 1945–1952.

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Soviet famine of 1932–33

The Soviet famine of 1932–33 was a major famine that killed millions of people in the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union, including Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan, the South Urals, and West Siberia.

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Soviet involvement in the Iran-Iraq War

The policy of the Soviet Union towards the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 to 1988 varied, beginning with a stance of "strict neutrality" and moving towards massive military support for Iraq in the final phase of the war.

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Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991

Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991,, was chartered to amend the Arms Export Control Act enacting the transfer of Soviet military armaments and ordnances to NATO marking the conclusion of the Cold War.

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Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts

Several Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts occurred in 1991, after Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990.

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Soviet phraseology

Soviet phraseology, or Sovietisms, i.e., the neologisms and cliches in Russian language of the epoch of the Soviet Union, has a number of distinct traits that reflect the Soviet way of life and Soviet culture and politics.

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Soviet ruble

The Soviet ruble (рубль; see below for other languages of the USSR) was the currency of the Soviet Union.

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Soviet socialist patriotism

Soviet socialist patriotism refers to the socialist patriotism involving cultural attachment of the Soviet people to the Soviet Union as their homeland.

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Soviet space program

The Soviet space program (Russian: Космическая программа СССР, Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) comprised several of the rocket and space exploration programs conducted by the Soviet Union (USSR) from the 1930s until its collapse in 1991.

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Soviet submarine K-19

K-19 was one of the first two Soviet submarines of the Project 658 class (NATO reporting name), the first generation nuclear submarine equipped with nuclear ballistic missiles, specifically the R-13 SLBM.

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Soviet submarine K-43

K-43 was a nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine operated by the Soviet and Indian navies.

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Soviet Union

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict

The Soviet Union played a significant role in the Arab–Israeli conflict as the conflict was a major part of the Cold War.

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Soviet Union and the United Nations

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council.

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Soviet Union in the Korean War

Though not officially belligerent during the Korean War (1950–1953), the Soviet Union played a significant, covert role in the conflict.

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Soviet Union legislative election, 1984

Elections to the Supreme Soviet were held in the Soviet Union on 4 March 1984.

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Soviet Union legislative election, 1989

In 1989, elections were held for the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union.

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Soviet Union presidential election, 1990

Presidential elections were held in the Soviet Union on 14 March 1990 to elect a president for a five-year term.

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Soviet Union referendum, 1991

A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991.

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Soviet Union–United States relations

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) succeeded the previous relations from 1776 to 1917 and predate today's relations that began in 1992.

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Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

The final and complete withdrawal of Soviet combatant forces from Afghanistan began on 15 May 1988 and ended on 15 February 1989 under the leadership of Colonel-General Boris Gromov.

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Soviet–Afghan War

The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989.

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Soviet–Canadian 1988 Polar Bridge Expedition

The Soviet–Canadian 1988 Polar Bridge Expedition (also known as Skitrek) began on March 3, 1988, when a group of thirteen Russian and Canadian skiers set out from Siberia, in an attempt to ski to Canada over the North Pole.

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Soyuz T-15

Soyuz T-15 (Союз T-15, Union T-15) was a manned mission to the Mir and Salyut 7 space stations and was part of the Soyuz programme.

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Soyuz TM-12

Soyuz TM-12 was the 12th expedition to Mir, and included the first Briton in space, Helen Sharman.

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Space tourism

Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes.

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Spaso House

Spaso House is a listed Neoclassical Revival building at No.

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Special Communications Service of Russia

The Special Communications and Information Service of the Federal Protective Service of the Russian Federation (Spetssvyaz, Spetssviaz; Служба специальной связи и информации, Спецсвязь России) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of The Federal Protective Service of Russia responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications and foreign signals intelligence, as well as protecting Russian government communications and information systems,which involves information security and cryptanalysis/cryptography.

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Special Relationship

The Special Relationship is an unofficial term for the political, diplomatic, cultural, economic, military, and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan

The speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan comprise the seminal oratory of the 40th President of the United States.

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Spetsnaz

Spetsnaz (p), abbreviation for Войска специа́льного назначе́ния, tr. Voyska spetsialnogo naznacheniya, (Special Purpose Forces or Special Purpose Military Units), is an umbrella term for special forces in Russian and is used in numerous post-Soviet states.

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Spitting Image

Spitting Image is a British satirical puppet show, created by Peter Fluck, Roger Law and Martin Lambie-Nairn.

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Spitting Image (video game)

Spitting Image is a video game released in 1989 featuring characters from the Spitting Image puppet show.

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Sri Chinmoy

Chinmoy Kumar Ghose, better known as Sri Chinmoy (27 August 1931 – 11 October 2007), was an Indian spiritual leader who taught meditation in the West after moving to New York City in 1964.

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Stalinism

Stalinism is the means of governing and related policies implemented from the 1920s to 1953 by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).

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Stamps of the Soviet Union

Stamps of the Soviet Union were issued in the period 1923 to 1991.

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Stan Polovets

Stan Polovets (born June 8, 1963) is a Russian American businessman and philanthropist.

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Stanford Memorial Auditorium

Memorial Hall (usually called Memorial Auditorium, or MemAud by current students), dedicated in 1937, commemorates those students and faculty from Stanford who died in World War I. Designed by Arthur Brown, Jr. in conjunction with Bakewell and Weihe, construction of the building was funded primarily through student contributions.

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Stanislav Hurenko

Stanislav Ivanovych Hurenko (Станісла́в Іва́нович Гуре́нко; translit; 30 May 1936 – 14 April 2013), was a Ukrainian Soviet politician and member of the Communist Party.

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Stanlee Gatti

Stanlee Ray Gatti (born October 28, 1955) is one of the best-known event planners in the U.S.

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Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country

Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures.

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START I

START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.

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State Acceptance of Production

State Acceptance of Production (Государственная приёмка продукции), commonly abbreviated as State Acceptance (Государственная приёмка, Госприёмка, Gospriyomka), was a procedure of quality assurance of production of enterprises in late Soviet Union introduced under Mikhail Gorbachev within the framework of perestroika (restructuring of Soviet economy and society).

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State Chancellery of Latvia

The State Chancellery of Latvia (Latvijas Valsts kanceleja) is a central public administration institution directly subordinated to the Prime Minister.

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State collapse

State collapse, breakdown, or downfall is the complete failure of a mode of government within a sovereign state.

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State Committee on the State of Emergency

The State Committee on the State of Emergency, abbreviated as SCSE, American publicist Georges Obolensky also called it the Gang of Eight, was a group of eight high-level Soviet officials within the Soviet government, the Communist Party, and the KGB, who attempted a coup d'état against Mikhail Gorbachev on 19 August 1991.

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State continuity of the Baltic states

State continuity of the Baltic states describes the continuity of the Baltic states as legal entities under international lawZiemele (2005).

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State Council of the Soviet Union

Following the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, the State Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Государственный Совет СССР), but also known as the State Soviet, was formed on 5 September 1991 and was designed to be one of the most important government offices in Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions that it would normally not be permitted.

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State Partnership Program

The State Partnership Program (SPP) is a joint program of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the individual states, territories, and District of Columbia.

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Stavropol

Stavropol (p) is a city and the administrative center of Stavropol Krai, Russia.

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Stavropol Krai

Stavropol Krai (p) is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia.

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Steffen Seibert

Steffen Seibert (born June 7 1960 in Munich) is a German former journalist and television anchor, and the current head of the German governmental press- and information-agency, which resembles the British Central Office of Information, making him the de facto press secretary of the Chancellor's office.

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Steingrímur Hermannsson

Steingrímur Hermannsson (pronounced; 22 June 1928 – 1 February 2010) was an Icelandic politician who served as Prime Minister of Iceland from 1983 to 1987, and again from 1988 to 1991.

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Stepan Bandera

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Степан Андрійович Бандера, Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian political activist and a leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine.

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Stepanakert

Stepanakert (Ստեփանակերտ Step'anakert; Eastern), Khankendi (Xankəndi) and originally called Vararakn (Վարարակն), is the capital and the largest city of the de facto Republic of Artsakh.

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Stephan Loewentheil

Stephan Loewentheil is an antiquarian and a rare book and photograph collector.

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Stephan Pyles

Stephan Pyles is a chef, cookbook author, philanthropist, and educator.

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Stephanie Pace Marshall

Dr.

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Stephen F. Cohen

Stephen Frand Cohen (born November 25, 1938) is an American scholar and professor emeritus of Russian studies at Princeton University and New York University.

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Stephen Lowe (playwright)

Stephen Lowe (born December 1947) is an English playwright and director.

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Steve Blame

Steve Blame (born 2 January 1959 in Chelmsford, England) is a British television presenter and screenwriter.

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Steve Rosenberg (journalist)

Steve Rosenberg (born 1968 in Epping, Essex) is a British TV and radio journalist.

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Stina Lundberg Dabrowski

Stina Lundberg Dabrowski (born December 3, 1950) is a Swedish journalist, television host, producer, writer, and professor of television production.

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Strategic Defense Initiative

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles).

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Street Fighter II: Champion Edition

Street Fighter II: Champion Edition is a competitive fighting game released for the arcades by Capcom in.

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, systematic political abuse of psychiatry took place and was based on the interpretation of political dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Students' hunger strike at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests

The first of two student hunger strikes of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 began on May 13, 1989, in Beijing.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Su Xiaokang

Su Xiaokang (born 1949) is an influential intellectual, writer, journalist, political activist and in 1989 was named one of China's seven most-wanted dissident intellectuals.

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Suicide Squad

The Suicide Squad is the name of a fictional antihero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The first version of the Suicide Squad debuted in The Brave and the Bold #25 (September 1959), and the second and modern version, created by John Ostrander, debuted in Legends #3 (January 1987). One of the two teams saves the world from a threatening race of savages. The modern incarnation of the Suicide Squad is a team of incarcerated supervillains who carry out secret missions in exchange for reduced prison sentences. The Suicide Squad's name alludes to the dangerous nature of their missions. The team is based out of Belle Reve Penitentiary under the directorship of Amanda Waller. Various incarnations of the Suicide Squad have existed throughout the years as depicted in several self-titled comic book series, from its origins in the Silver Age, to its modern-day post-Crisis reimagining, to the current version that was introduced in 2016 DC Rebirth continuity reboot. The current incarnation of the team appears in the fifth volume of the Suicide Squad comic series, and the recurring members include Captain Boomerang, Deadshot, Enchantress, Harley Quinn, Katana, and Killer Croc. The group has appeared in various adaptations, including television series and an eponymous 2016 feature film.

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Sumgait pogrom

The Sumgait pogrom (Սումգայիթի ջարդեր, Sumgayit'i ĵarder lit.: "Sumgait massacres"; Sumqayıt hadisələri lit.: "Sumgait events") was a pogrom that targeted the Armenian population of the seaside town of Sumgait in Azerbaijan in late February 1988.

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Sumqayit

Sumqayit (Sumqayıt sumgɑˈjɯt, also transliterated as Sumgait or Sumgayit) is the third-largest city in Azerbaijan, located near the Caspian Sea, about away from the capital, Baku.

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Sun Myung Moon

Sun Myung Moon (Korean 문선명 Mun Seon-myeong; born Mun Yong-myeong; 25 February 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, also known for his business ventures and support of social and political causes.

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Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments.

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Suren Ayvazyan

Suren M. Ayvazyan (4 August 1933 – 11 September 2009) was an Armenian geologist and public figure.

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Susan Polgar

Susan Polgar (born April 19, 1969, as Polgár Zsuzsanna and often known as Zsuzsa Polgár) is a Hungarian-born American chess Grandmaster.

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Suzanne Massie

Suzanne Massie is an American author who acted out an important role in the relations between Ronald Reagan and the Soviet Union in the final years of the Cold War.

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Svetlana Chervonnaya

Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya (Russian: Светлана Aлександровна Червонная, born 1948) is a Russian historian specializing in the political history of the Cold War period and Soviet espionage activities in the United States of America.

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Symphony No. 7 (Shostakovich)

Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No.

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Syrian Communist Party

The Syrian Communist Party (translit) was a political party in Syria founded in 1944.

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T-80

The T-80 is a third-generation main battle tank (MBT) designed and manufactured in the Soviet Union.

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Tairus

Tairus (Тайрус, a portmanteau of Тайско (Thai) and Русский (Russian)) a synthetic gemstone manufacturer.

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Tales Too Ticklish to Tell

Tales Too Ticklish to Tell is the sixth collection of the comic strip series Bloom County by Berkeley Breathed.

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Taxi (pinball)

Taxi is a pinball machine designed by Mark Ritchie and Python Anghelo.

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Teacher (role variant)

The Teacher Idealist is one of the 16 role variants of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves.

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Tear down this wall!

"Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by US President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961.

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Ted Kennedy

Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an American politician who served in the United States Senate from Massachusetts for almost 47 years, from 1962 until his death in 2009.

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Television network

A television network is a telecommunications network for distribution of television program content, whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay television providers.

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Tengiz Abuladze

Tengiz Abuladze (თენგიზ აბულაძე; January 31, 1924 in Kutaisi – March 6, 1994 in Tbilisi) was a Georgian film director, screenwriter, theatre teacher and People's Artist of the USSR.

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Terasawa Junsei

Junsei Terasawa (寺沢潤世, Дзюнсэй Тэрасава, Дзюнсей Терасава; September 15, 1950) is a Japanese Buddhist monk, belonging to the Order Nipponzan Myōhōji.

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Terminology of the British Isles

The terminology of the British Isles refers to the various words and phrases that are used to describe the different (and sometimes overlapping) geographical and political areas of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, and the smaller islands which surround them.

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Tesla Roadster (2008)

The Tesla Roadster is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) sports car that was produced by the electric car firm Tesla Motors (now Tesla, Inc.) in California from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production all-electric car to travel more than per charge. It is also the first production car to be launched into orbit, carried by a Falcon Heavy rocket in a test flight on February 6, 2018. The car is also the first production all-electric car with the top speed of more than 200 km/h. Tesla sold about 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries, More than 2,350 units sold through June 2012. Sales during the 3Q 2012: 68 Roadsters and 253 Model S. and most of the last Roadsters were sold in Europe and Asia during the fourth quarter of 2012. Tesla produced right-hand-drive Roadsters from early 2010. The Roadster qualified for government incentives in several nations. The world distance record of for a production electric car on a single charge was set by a Roadster on October 27, 2009, during the Global Green Challenge in outback Australia, in which it averaged a speed of. In March 2010, a Tesla Roadster became the first electric vehicle to win the Monte Carlo Alternative Energy Rally and the first to win any Federation Internationale de l'Automobile-sanctioned championship when a Roadster driven by former Formula One driver Érik Comas beat 96 competitors for range, efficiency and performance in the three-day, nearly challenge. According to the U.S. EPA, the Roadster can travel on a single charge of its lithium-ion battery pack, and can accelerate from in 3.7 or 3.9 seconds depending on the model. It has a top speed of. The Roadster's efficiency,, was reported as 120 MPGe (2.0 L/100 km). It uses 135 Wh/km (21.7 kW·h/100 mi, 13.5 kW·h/100 km or 490 kJ/km) battery-to-wheel, and has an efficiency of 88% on average.

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The 11th Hour (2007 film)

The 11th Hour is a 2007 documentary film, created, produced, co-written and narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio, on the state of the natural environment.

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The Amazing Race 22

The Amazing Race 22 is the twenty-second installment of the reality television show The Amazing Race.

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The Americans (2013 TV series)

The Americans is an American period drama television series created by Joe Weisberg for the FX television network.

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The Barricades

The Barricades (Barikādes) were a series of confrontations between Latvia and forces loyal to the Soviet Union in January 1991 which took place mainly in Riga.

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The Commanding Heights

The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy is a book by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, first published as The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World in 1998.

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The Company (Littell novel)

The Company: A Novel of the CIA is an American novel written by Robert Littell and published by Penguin Press in 2002.

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The Day After

The Day After is an American television film that first aired on November 20, 1983, on the ABC television network.

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The Day the Earth Stood Still

The Day the Earth Stood Still (a.k.a. Farewell to the Master and Journey to the World) is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction film released by 20th Century Fox and produced by Julian Blaustein.

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The Detached Mission

The Detached Mission sometimes translated as Solo Voyage or Solo Journey (Одиночное плавание, translit. Odinochnoye plavanie) and also known as The Russian Hero is a 1985 Soviet military action film, directed by Mikhail Tumanishvili.

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The Dingo Principle

The Dingo Principle is an Australian satirical comedy series created by Patrick Cook and Phillip Scott which was produced and broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1987.

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The Downing Street Years

The Downing Street Years is a memoir by Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, covering her premiership of 1979 to 1990.

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The Elders (organization)

The Elders is an international non-governmental organisation of public figures noted as elder statesmen, peace activists, and human rights advocates, who were brought together by Nelson Mandela in 2007.

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The eXile

The eXile was a Moscow-based English-language biweekly free tabloid newspaper, aimed at the city's expatriate community, which combined outrageous, sometimes satirical, content with investigative reporting.

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The Gillies Report

The Gillies Report is an award-winning and influential Australian topical satirical sketch comedy television series that was broadcast on the ABC between 1984 and 1985.

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The Global Trap

Die Globalisierungsfalle: Der Angriff auf Demokratie und Wohlstand is a 1996 non-fiction book by Hans-Peter Martin (born 1957 in Bregenz, Austria), and Harald Schumann (born 1957 in Kassel, Germany), that describes possible implications of current trends in globalisation.

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The Golden Girls (season 3)

The third season of The Golden Girls premiered on NBC on September 19, 1987, and concluded on May 7, 1988.

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The Gorbachev Foundation

The Gorbachev Foundation (Горбачёв-Фонд, Gorbachyov-Fond) is a non-profit organization headquartered in Moscow, founded by the former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in December 1991 and began its work since January 1992.

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The Janus Man

The Janus Man is a 1987 thriller novel by British novelist Raymond Harold Sawkins, written under the pseudonym of Colin Forbes. The book is set in the period it was written, and concerns Soviet infiltration into the Secret Intelligence Service during the Cold War. The book is the fourth of twenty-four books written by Sawkins under Colin Forbes in the "Tweed and Co." series. Forbes published one edition of the "Tweed and Co." series each year from 1982 until his death in 2006. The story concerns treason and the rooting out of a traitor and double agent among members of the Secret Intelligence Service, also known as the SIS or MI6. The protagonist is a man known as Tweed, and the book follows his efforts to investigate the clumsily disguised murder of colleague Ian Fergusson, dubbed an "accident" by authorities, whilst in Hamburg, Germany, and the reasons for his killing. Circumstances lead him to believe that the only way the enemy (the Soviet Union) could have intercepted Ferguson on his mission would have been to have a double agent stationed within the SIS. As he attempts to discover the identity of "The Janus Man who faces both East and West", he tracks sources of information in Moscow, Lübeck, Copenhagen and Oslo to hunt down the killer of Ferguson.The Institute, pg. 27-8R.R. Bowker Company, pg. 35 The book confronts several issues facing both Britain and the Soviet Union at the time, such as treason and the inability to trust even friends in times of uncertainty and war. People living at the time were also mentioned in the book, such as former U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It was well received by critics, and was praised by publications such as the Sunday Mirror.

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The Keys of This Blood

The Keys of This Blood is a 1990 non-fiction geopolitical book by former Catholic Jesuit priest Malachi Martin.

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The Lame Duck Congress

"The Lame Duck Congress" is the 28th episode of The West Wing which aired November 8, 2000, the day following the 2000 United States Presidential election.

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The Left (Germany)

The Left (Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (die Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.

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The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!

The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (also known as simply The Naked Gun) is a 1988 American comedy film.

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The Negotiator (novel)

The Negotiator is a crime novel by Frederick Forsyth first published in 1989.

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The New Statesman

The New Statesman is a British sitcom made in the late 1980s and early 1990s satirising the United Kingdom's Conservative Party Government of the period.

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The Oxford Companion to Wine

The Oxford Companion to Wine (OCW) is a book in the series of Oxford Companions published by Oxford University Press.

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The Package (1989 film)

The Package is a 1989 American political thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Gene Hackman, Joanna Cassidy and Tommy Lee Jones.

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The Power of Nightmares

The Power of Nightmares: The Rise of the Politics of Fear is a BBC television documentary series by Adam Curtis.

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The Reagans

The Reagans is a 180-minute television film about U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his family which CBS had planned to broadcast in November 2003 during fall "sweeps", but was ultimately broadcast on November 30 of that year on cable channel Showtime due to controversy over its portrayal of Reagan.

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The Ribbon International

The Ribbon International is a United Nations Non-Governmental Organization that created a large decorated cloth promoting nuclear disarmament and care and protection of the earth.

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The Robesonian

The Robesonian is a newspaper published in Lumberton, North Carolina, Tuesday through Friday afternoon and Saturday and Sunday morning.

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The Rush Limbaugh Show

The Rush Limbaugh Show is a conservative American talk radio show hosted by Rush Limbaugh on Premiere Networks.

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The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves

The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves is "the oldest continually existing horse thief apprehending organization in the United States, and one of Dedham’s most venerable social organizations." Since its founding there have been more than 10,000 members including heads of state, Supreme Court justices, governors, popes, professors, generals, and other notables.

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The Untold History of the United States

The Untold History of the United States (also known as Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States) is a 2012 documentary series directed, produced, and narrated by Oliver Stone about the reasons behind the Cold War, the decision to drop the atomic bombs, and changes in America's global role since the fall of Communism.

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The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe

The Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe was published by Oxford University Press, New York in 1993 and is a work of non-fiction based on events in Eastern Europe from 1968 to 1991.

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The Westin Palace Madrid

The Westin Palace Madrid (Spanish: Hotel Palace) is a luxury hotel located at Centro in Madrid, Spain, on the Carrera de San Jerónimo, with exteriors to Plaza de Cánovas del Castillo, Calle del Duque de Medinaceli, and Plaza de las Cortes.

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The World Next Door

The World Next Door is a 1990 science fiction novel by Brad Ferguson, combining in a novel way the subgenres of alternate history and of predicting the Third World War.

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Theo Waigel

Theodor "Theo" Waigel (born 22 April 1939) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU).

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Thomas & Mack Center

No description.

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Thomas J. Dodd Research Center

The Thomas J. Dodd Research Center houses the Archives & Special Collections for the University of Connecticut Libraries.

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Thomas Kretschmer

Thomas Kretschmer (born 18 December 1955) is a German self-taught artist, specialising in carved wood "picture-images".

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Thomas Watson Jr.

Thomas John Watson Jr. (January 14, 1914 – December 31, 1993) was an American businessman, political figure, and philanthropist.

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Thor Halvorssen (human rights activist)

Thor Leonardo Halvorssen Mendoza (born 1976)—commonly known as Thor Halvorssen—is a Venezuelan human rights advocate and film producer with contributions in the field of public policy, public interest advocacy, individual rights and civil liberties, and pro-democracy advocacy.

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Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident (六四事件), were student-led demonstrations in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, in 1989.

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Tikhonov's Second Government

The former government of Nikolai Tikhonov was dissolved following the Soviet legislative election of 1984 which gave a clear majority in favour of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Tim Sebastian

Tim Sebastian (born 13 March 1952, London, England) is a television journalist and novelist.

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Time Person of the Year

Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the United States news magazine Time that features and profiles a person, a group, an idea, or an object that "for better or for worse...

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Timeline of Edinburgh history

This article is a timeline of the history of Edinburgh, Scotland, up to the present day.

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Timeline of events in the Cold War

This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China).

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Timeline of Gulf War (1990–1991)

The timeline of the Gulf War details the dates of the major events of the 1990–91 war, which began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 and concluded after the Liberation of Kuwait by Coalition forces and Iraq agreeing to United Nations' demands on 28 February 1991.

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Timeline of modern American conservatism

This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments, and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States.

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Timeline of modern Armenian history

No description.

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Timeline of Russian history

This is a timeline of Russian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Russia and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of science fiction

This is a timeline of science fiction as a literary tradition.

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Timeline of Soviet coup d'état attempt 1991

This is a time line of the Soviet coup d'état (1991), starting from the house arresting of Mikhail Gorbachev and ending in the surrender of the failed coup leaders.

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Timeline of the 20th century

This is a timeline of the 20th century.

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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)

The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama from his inauguration as president of the United States on January 20, 2009, to December 31, 2009.

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Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush

The presidency of George H. W. Bush began on January 20, 1989 when George H. W. Bush was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1993.

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Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan

The presidency of Ronald Reagan began on January 20, 1981 when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 1989.

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Timeline of the Transnistria War

This timeline of events is a chronological list of incidents and other notable occurrences related to the War of Transnistria, including events leading up to the war.

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Timeline of the Unification Church

The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, or Unificationism, is a new religious movement founded in South Korea in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon.

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Timeline of United States diplomatic history

The diplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions: isolation from diplomatic entanglements of other (typically European) nations (but with economic connections to the world); alliances with European and other military partners; and unilateralism, or operating on its own sovereign policy decisions.

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Timeline of United States history

This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes as well as political, social, and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states.

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Timeline of United States history (1970–89)

This section of the Timeline of United States history concerns events from 1970 to 1989.

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Tipperary (town)

Tipperary (meaning "Well of the Ara") is a town and a civil parish in County Tipperary, Ireland.

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Todd Benjamin

Todd Benjamin is a CNN presenter, financial and economic expert, moderator and interviewer.

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Todor Zhivkov

Todor Hristov Zhivkov (Тодор Христов Живков; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from 4 March 1954 until 10 November 1989.

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Tokamak

A tokamak (Токамáк) is a device that uses a powerful magnetic field to confine a hot plasma in the shape of a torus.

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Toleration

Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.

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Tom Brokaw

Thomas John Brokaw (born February 6, 1940) is an American television journalist and author, best known for being the anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News for 22 years (1982–2004).

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Tom Griscom

Thomas Cecil "Tom" Griscom (born 1949) served as Director of White House Communications under President Ronald Reagan, was a top aide and adviser for a decade to U.S. Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee, and was the executive editor and publisher of the Chattanooga Times Free Press from October 1999 to June 30, 2010.

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Tom O'Lincoln

Tom O'Lincoln is an American born Marxist historian, author and one of the founders of the International Socialist Tendency in Australia.

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Tomás Pedro Regalado

Tomás Pedro Regalado y Valdez (born May 24, 1947) is a Cuban American politician and former broadcast journalist who served as the 42nd Mayor of Miami, Florida from 2009 to 2017.

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Tony Martin (British singer)

Anthony Philip Harford (born 19 April 1957), better known by his stage name Tony Martin, is a heavy metal vocalist, best known for his time fronting Black Sabbath, initially from 1987 to 1991 and again from 1993 to 1997.

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TOPAZ nuclear reactor

The TOPAZ nuclear reactor is a lightweight nuclear reactor developed for long term space use by the Soviet Union.

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Toranosuke Takeshita

was the Governor of Hiroshima Prefecture from 1981 to 1993.

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Torn from the Flag

Torn from the Flag is a 2007 documentary film about the international decline of communism and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution.

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Transnistria

Transnistria, the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; Приднестровская Молдавская Республика, ПМР; Republica Moldovenească Nistreană, RMN; Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; Придністровська Молдавська Республіка), and also called Transdniester, Trans-Dniestr, Transdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, is a non-recognized state which controls part of the geographical region Transnistria (the area between the Dniester river and Ukraine) and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank.

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Transnistria (geographical region)

Transnistria (Romanian) - region in the east Europe, a narrow strip of territory to the east of the River Dniester.

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Transnistria War

The Transnistria War was an armed conflict that broke out in November 1990 in Dubăsari (Дубоссáры, Dubossary) between pro-Transnistria forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and Cossack units (which were supported by elements of the Russian 14th Army), and pro-Moldovan forces, including Moldovan troops and police.

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Transport in the Soviet Union

Transport in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was an important part of the nation's economy.

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Transsylvania Phoenix

Transsylvania Phoenix (also known as Phoenix in Romania) is a Romanian rock band formed in 1962 in Timișoara by guitarists Nicu Covaci and Kamocsa Béla.

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Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry.

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland), or the Two Plus Four Agreement (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag; short: German Treaty), was negotiated in 1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous Two), and the Four Powers which occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: the French Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America.

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Triumphalism

Triumphalism is the attitude or belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, or social system is superior to and should triumph over all others.

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Troyekurovskoye Cemetery

The Troyekurovskoye Cemetery (Троекуровское кладбище), alternatively known as Novo-Kuntsevskoye Cemetery (Ново-Кунцевское кладбище), is a cemetery in Moscow, Russia.

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Trust, but verify

Trust, but verify (Доверяй, но проверяй; Doveryai, no proveryai) is a Russian proverb.

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TS Maxim Gorkiy

TS Maxim Gorkiy was, until 30 November 2008, a cruise ship owned by Sovcomflot, Russia, under long-term charter to Phoenix Reisen, Germany.

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Turkestan Military District

The Turkestan Military District (Туркестанский военный округ (ТуркВО), Turkestansky voyenyi okrug (TurkVO)) was a military district of both the Imperial Russian Army and the Soviet Armed Forces, with its headquarters at Tashkent.

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Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991.

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Tushino Airfield

Tushino airfield is a former general aviation airfield located in Tushino, northwest Moscow, Russia.

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Tverskaya Street

Tverskaya Street (p), known between 1935 and 1990 as Gorky Street (улица Горького), is the main radial street in Moscow.

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Two Bad Neighbors

"Two Bad Neighbors" is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons' seventh season.

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Tycoon (2002 film)

Tycoon (lit. Oligarch): A New Russian (Олигарх) is a 2002 Russian movie directed by Pavel Loungine (or Lungin).

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U Thant Peace Award

The U Thant Peace Award was created by Sri Chinmoy's peace meditations at the United Nations, after U Thant's death.

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Ušće

Ušće (Ушће; pronounced) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.

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Ufa train wreck

The Ufa train disaster was a railway accident that occurred on 4 June, 1989, in Iglinsky District, Bashkir ASSR, Soviet Union, when an explosion killed 575 people and injured 800 more.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Ukraine Nature Conservation Society

Ukraine Nature Conservation Society (Ukrpryroda – Ukrayinske tovarystvo okhorony pryrody) is a non-governmental environmental organization, foundation of which was one of precursors of the Khrushchev thaw during his time in Ukraine.

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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) (Ecclesia Graeco-Catholica Ucrainae) is a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See.

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Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991

A referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence was held in Ukraine on 1 December 1991.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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Ukrainian parliamentary election, 1990

The first relatively free parliamentary election held in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) took place in several stages, from March 4 to March 18, 1990.

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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR; Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, Украї́нська РСР, УРСР; Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика, Украи́нская ССР, УССР; see "Name" section below), also known as the Soviet Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991. The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic. The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations, although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union. Upon the Soviet Union's dissolution and perestroika, the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state and renamed itself to Ukraine. Throughout its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times, with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 from the Republic of Poland, and the addition of Zakarpattia in 1946. From the start, the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic's capital. However, in 1934, the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev, Ukraine's historic capital. Kiev remained the capital for the rest of the Ukrainian SSR's existence, and remained the capital of independent Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Geographically, the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea, bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia, Byelorussia, and the Russian SFSR. The Ukrainian SSR's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union's western-most border point. According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants, which fell sharply after the breakup of the Soviet Union. For most of its existence, it ranked second only to the Russian SFSR in population, economic and political power.

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Ukrainian War of Independence

The Ukrainian War of Independence was a period of sustained warlike conflict lasting from 1917 to 1921, which resulted in the establishment and development of a Ukrainian republic, later a part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Ukrainian wine

The wine industry of Ukraine is well-established with long traditions.

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Ukrainians in Russia

Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single diaspora group of the Ukrainian people.

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Underground music

Underground music comprises musical genres beyond mainstream culture.

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Unification Church

The Unification Church (UC), also called the Unification movement and sometimes colloquially the "Moonies", is a worldwide new religious movement that was founded by and is inspired by Sun Myung Moon, a Korean religious leader also known for his business ventures and support of social and political causes.

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Unification Church political activities

Politics have been a part of the Unification Church's concerns and activities, although the church itself has largely remained aloof from politics.

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Union of Social Democrats

Union of Social Democrats (Союз социал-демократов, Soyuz sotsial-demokratov) is an all-Russian non-governmental organization founded on October 20, 2007 by former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Union of Sovereign States

The Union of Sovereign States (Soyuz Suverennykh Gosudarstv (SSG)) was the proposed name of a reorganization of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics into a new confederal entity.

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Union University

Union University is a private, evangelical Christian, liberal arts university located in Jackson, Tennessee, with additional campuses in Germantown and Hendersonville.

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UNITA

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) (Portuguese: União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola) is the second-largest political party in Angola.

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United Kingdom–United States relations

British–American relations, also referred to as Anglo-American relations, encompass many complex relations ranging from two early wars to competition for world markets.

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United Nations Centre for Urgent Environmental Assistance

The now defunct United Nations Centre for Urgent Environmental Assistance (UNEP/UNCUEA) worked to coordinate international response to man-made disasters.

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United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa

The United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) is a United States Air Force major command (MAJCOM) and a component command of both United States European Command (USEUCOM) and United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM). As part of its mission, USAFE-AFAFRICA commands U.S. Air Force units pledged to NATO, maintaining combat-ready wings based from Great Britain to Turkey. USAFE-AFAFRICA plans, conducts, controls, coordinates and supports air and space operations in Europe, parts of Asia and all of Africa with the exception of Egypt to achieve U.S. national and NATO objectives based on taskings by the two combatant commanders. USAFE-AFAFRICA is headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It is the oldest continuously active USAF major command, originally activated on 1 February 1942 at Langley Field, Virginia, as the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces. Two years later, it was designated as United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF) and on 7 August 1945 it was designated as United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). On 20 April 2012 United States Air Forces in Europe formally became the U.S. Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa when the 17th Air Force inactivated. The command has more than 35,000 active duty personnel, Air Reserve Component personnel, and civilian employees assigned.

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United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia

Ten United States presidents have made presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

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United States presidential visits to Northern Europe

Seven United States presidents have made presidential visits to Northern Europe.

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United States presidential visits to Southern Europe

Thirteen United States presidents have made presidential visits to Southern Europe.

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United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland

Eleven United States presidents have made presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland.

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United States presidential visits to Western Europe

Thirteen United States presidents have made presidential visits to Western Europe.

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University of Liège

The University of Liège (ULiège), in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium, is a major public university in the French Community of Belgium.

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University of Nevada, Las Vegas

The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is an American public research university in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada.

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University of Texas of the Permian Basin

The University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) is a public university located in Odessa, Texas.

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University of Trento

The University of Trento (Italian: Università degli Studi di Trento, German: Universität Trient) is an Italian university located in Trento and nearby Rovereto.

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University of Tromsø

The University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway (Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet; is the world's northernmost university. Located in the city of Tromsø, Norway, it was established in 1968, and opened in 1972. It is one of eight universities in Norway. The University of Tromsø is the largest research and educational institution in northern Norway. The University's location makes it a natural venue for the development of studies of the region's natural environment, culture, and society. The main focus of the University's activities is on the Auroral light research, Space science, Fishery science, Biotechnology, Linguistics, Multicultural societies, Saami culture, Telemedicine, epidemiology and a wide spectrum of Arctic research projects. The close vicinity of the Norwegian Polar Institute, the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research and the Polar Environmental Centre gives Tromsø added weight and importance as an international centre for Arctic research. Research activities, however, are not limited to Arctic studies. The University researchers work within a broad range of subjects and are recognised both nationally and internationally. On 1 January 2009, the University of Tromsø merged with Tromsø University College. On 1 August 2013, the university merged with Finnmark University College to form Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet (The University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway), thereby adding campuses in Alta, Hammerfest and Kirkenes. On 1 January 2016, Narvik University College and Harstad University College merged with UiT - The Arctic University of Norway. As of January 2016 the university now has six campus locations in northern Norway, the main campus being Tromsø.

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University of Virginia

The University of Virginia (U.Va. or UVA), frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia.

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Unkel

Unkel is a town in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Uriah Heep (band)

Uriah Heep are an English rock band formed in London in 1969.

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Useful idiot

In political jargon, a useful idiot is a derogatory term for a person perceived as a propagandist for a cause of whose goals they are not fully aware and who is used cynically by the leaders of the cause.

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Uskoreniye

Uskoreniye (p; literally meaning acceleration) was a slogan and a policy announced by Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on 20 April 1985 at a Soviet Party Plenum, aimed at the acceleration of political, social and economic development of the Soviet Union.

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USS Belknap (CG-26)

USS Belknap (DLG-26/CG-26), named for Rear Admirals George E. Belknap (1832–1903) and Reginald Rowan Belknap (1871–1959), was the lead ship of her class of guided missile cruisers in the United States Navy.

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USS Carr (FFG-52)

USS Carr (FFG-52), was an of the United States Navy, named after Gunner's Mate 3rd Class Paul H. Carr (1924–1944), who was awarded a posthumous Silver Star Medal for his heroism on board the destroyer escort during the Battle off Samar.

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USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement

The Russia – United States maritime boundary de facto follows the June 1, 1990 USA/USSR Maritime Boundary Agreement (since Russia declared itself to be the successor of the Soviet Union), but it has yet to be approved by the Russian parliament.

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Uyghur nationalism

Uyghur nationalism, or the East Turkestan independence movement, is the notion that the Uyghurs, a Turkic ethnic group who primarily inhabit China's Xinjiang region (or "East Turkestan"), should form an independent state.

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Vadim Zagladin

Vadim Valentinovich Zagladin (June 23, 1927 - November 17, 2006) was a Soviet politician and ideologist and one of the leading theoreticians of perestroika.

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Vaino Väljas

Vaino Väljas (born 28 March 1931 in Külaküla, Hiiumaa) is a former Soviet politician.

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Valentin Glushko

Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валенти́н Петро́вич Глушко́, Valentin Petrovich Glushko; Валентин Петрович Глушко, Valentyn Petrovych Hlushko; born 2 September 1908 – 10 January 1989), was a Soviet engineer, and designer of rocket engines during the Soviet/American Space Race.

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Valentin Pavlov

Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (Валентин Серге́евич Павлов; 27 September 1937 – 30 March 2003) was a Soviet official who became a Russian banker following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Valentin Rasputin

Valentin Grigoriyevich Rasputin (Валенти́н Григо́рьевич Распу́тин; 15 March 193714 March 2015) was a Russian writer.

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Valentin Varennikov

Valentin Ivanovich Varennikov (Валентин Иванович Варенников) (December 15, 1923 – May 6, 2009) was a Soviet/Russian Army general and politician, best known for being one of the planners and leaders of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, as well as one of the instigators of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt.

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Valeriy Pisigin

Valeriy Fridrikhovich Pisigin (Вале́рий Фри́дрихович Писи́гин, born September 21, 1957) is a Russian writer; historian; blues, British and American folk music researcher; and former political activist.

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Valery Boldin

Valery Ivanovich Boldin (Валерий Иванович Болдин; 1935 — 2006) was a soviet party figure.

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Valery Chalidze

Author and publisher Valery Nikolaevich Chalidze (Вале́рий Никола́евич Чали́дзе; ვალერი ჭალიძე: 25 November 1938 – 3 January 2018) was a Soviet dissident and human rights activist, deprived of his USSR citizenship in 1972 while on a visit to the USA.

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Valery Fokin

Valery Vladimirovich Fokin (Валерий Владимирович Фокин) (born February 28, 1946 in Moscow) is a Russian theatrical director and writer.

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Valery Leontiev

Valery Yakovlevich Leontiev (Валерий Яковлевич Леонтьев; born 19 March 1949 in Ust-Usa, Komi ASSR, RSFSR, Soviet Union) is a Soviet and Russian pop singer whose popularity peaked in the early 1980s.

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Valery Soyfer

Valery Nikolayevich Soyfer (Валерий Николаевич Сойфер), born in 1936 in Gorky is a Russian-American biophysicist, molecular geneticist, historian of science, human rights advocate, and humanitarian.

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Value-form

The value-form or form of value (Wertform) is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, Marxism, the Frankfurt School and post-Marxism.

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Van Cliburn

Harvey Lavan "Van" Cliburn Jr. (July 12, 1934February 27, 2013) was an American pianist who, at the age of 23, achieved worldwide recognition when he won the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Piano Competition in Moscow in 1958 (during the Cold War).

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Varlam Shalamov

Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov (Варла́м Ти́хонович Шала́мов; June 18, 1907 – January 17, 1982), baptized as Varlaam, was a Russian writer, journalist, poet and Gulag survivor.

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Vasily Blokhin

Vasily Mikhailovich Blokhin (Васи́лий Миха́йлович Блохи́н; 7 January 1895 – 3 February 1955) was a Soviet Russian Major-General who served as the chief executioner of the Stalinist NKVD under the administrations of Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov, and Lavrentiy Beria.

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Vasily Grossman

Vasily Semyonovich Grossman (Васи́лий Семёнович Гро́ссман, Василь Семенович Гроссман; 12 December (29 November, Julian calendar) 1905 – 14 September 1964) was a Jewish Russian writer and journalist, who lived the bulk of his life under the Soviet regime.

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Vazgen Sargsyan

Vazgen Sargsyan (Վազգեն Սարգսյան,; 5 March 1959 – 27 October 1999) was an Armenian military commander and politician.

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Vazif Meylanov

Vazif Sirazhutdinovich Meylanov (Вази́ф Сиражутди́нович Мейла́нов, 15 May 1940, Makhachkala, Dagestan ASSR, RSFSR, USSR – 11 January 2015, Makhachkala) was a Soviet mathematician, social philosopher, writer, Soviet dissident and political prisoner (1980–1989).

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VC-137C SAM 27000

SAM 27000 was the second of two Boeing VC-137C United States Air Force aircraft that were specifically configured and maintained for the use of the President of the United States.

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Velvet Revolution

The Velvet Revolution (sametová revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (nežná revolúcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 29 December 1989.

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Verka Serduchka

Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko (Андрі́й Миха́йлович Дани́лко; Andrey Mikhaylovich Danilko; born 2 October 1973), better known for his drag stage persona Verka Serduchka (Вєрка Сердючка; Верка Сердючка), is a Ukrainian comedian and pop and dance singer.

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Victor Skumin

Victor Andreevich Skumin (p, born 30 August 1948) is a Russian and Soviet scientist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist and psychologist.

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Victoria Brynner

Victoria Brynner (born 1962) is the founder of Stardust Brands, a consultancy that connects fashion and luxury brands with creative talent.

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Vidmantė Jasukaitytė

Vidmantė Jasukaitytė (born 10 July 1948 in Pumpučiai) is a modern Lithuanian writer and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania Spouse - Vincas Rimgaudas Dineika, Children: Gintaras Dineika, Kestutis Jasukaitis, Kunigunda Dineikaite, Algirdas Dineika.

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Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (born 15 April 1930) served as the fourth President of Iceland from 1 August 1980 to 1996.

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Viktor Afanasyev (politician)

Viktor Grigoryevich Afanasyev (Ви́ктор Григо́рьевич Афана́сьев; 18 November 1922 – 10 April 1994) was a Soviet public figure, remembered for his work as a philosophy academic, politician, and news editor.

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Viktor Alksnis

Viktor Alksnis (Виктор Имантович Алкснис, Viktors Alksnis; born 21 June 1950) is an ethnic Latvian Russian politician and former Soviet Air Force colonel.

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Viktor Chebrikov

Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov (Виктор Михайлович Чéбриков; 27 April 1923 – 2 July 1999) was a Soviet public official and security administrator and head of the KGB from December 1982 to October 1988.

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Viktor Grishin

Viktor Vasilyevich Grishin (Ви́ктор Васи́льевич Гри́шин; – 25 May 1992) was a Soviet politician.

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Viktor Ilyukhin

Viktor Ivanovich Ilyukhin (Ви́ктор Ива́нович Илю́хин; 1 March 1949, Sosnovka, Penza Oblast – 19 March 2011, Kratovo, Moscow Oblast) was a Russian State Duma deputy, member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on security, member of the State Duma's anti-corruption committee, member of the State Duma committee to consider of the federal budget on the defense and security of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Movement in Support of the Army.

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Viktor Nekipelov

Viktor Aleksandrovich Nekipelov (Ви́ктор Алекса́ндрович Некипе́лов, 29 September 1928 in Harbin, China – 1 July 1989 in Paris) was a Russian poet, writer, Soviet dissident, member of the Moscow Helsinki Group.

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Viktor Sukhodrev

Viktor Mikhaylovich Sukhodrev (Виктор Михайлович Суходрев; 12 December 1932 – 16 May 2014) was a Russian-English interpreter for top level Soviet politicians including Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Alexei Kosygin.

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Viktor Tyulkin

Viktor Arkadyevich Tyulkin (Виктор Аркадьевич Тюлькин) (born May 14, 1951 in Vladivostok) is a Russian Communist politician.

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Viktor Vekselberg

Viktor Felixovich Vekselberg (Виктор Феликсович Вексельберг, Віктор Феліксович Вексельберг; born 14 April 1957) is a Ukrainian-born Russian businessman.

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Viktor Yerofeyev

Viktor Vladimirovich Yerofeyev (Ви́ктор Влади́мирович Ерофе́ев, also transliterated as Erofeyev; born September 19, 1947 in Moscow) is a Russian writer.

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Vin Ray

Vin Ray is a member of the BBC's Journalism Board and the first Director of the BBC College of Journalism.

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Vitaly Fedorchuk

Vitaly Vasilyevich Fedorchuk (Виталий Васильевич Федорчук; 27 December 1918 – 29 February 2008) was a Ukrainian Soviet security and intelligence officer and politician.

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Vitaly Ignatenko

Vitaly Nikitich Ignatenko (Виталий Никитич Игнатенко; born 19 April 1941) is a Russian journalist and politician who had been the head of ITAR-TASS news agency from 1993 until 2012 and had served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin from 1995 to 1997 as deputy prime minister.

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Vitaly Korotich

Vitaly Korotich is a Soviet, Ukrainian and Russian writer and journalist.

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Vivienne Goonewardena

Violet Vivienne ("Vivi") Goonewardena (18 September 1916 – 3 October 1996) was a Sri Lankan pioneer socialist and feminist.

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Vladilen Nikitin

Vladilen Nikitin (Владилен Никитин; born 30 October 1936) is a Russian engineer and politician.

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Vladimir Bukovsky

From the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, Vladimir Konstantinovich Bukovsky (Влади́мир Константи́нович Буко́вский; b. 30 December 1942) was a prominent figure in the Soviet dissident movement, well-known at home and abroad.

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Vladimir Ivashko

Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (Влади́мир Анто́нович Ива́шко; Володимир Антонович Івашко, Volodymyr Ivashko) (28 October 1932 – 13 November 1994), was a Soviet Ukrainian politician, briefly acting as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the period from 24 August 1991 to 29 August 1991.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vladimir Lobov

Vladimir Nikolayevich Lobov (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Ло́бов; born 22 July 1935) is a former Soviet and Russian military commander, who was Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces in 1991, General of the Army, Doctor of Military Sciences and People's Deputy of the USSR from 1989 to 1991.

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Vladimir Lomeiko

Vladimir Borissovich Lomeiko (Russian: Владимир Борисович Ломейко Novorossiysk November 27, 1935 – August 15, 2009 Moscow) was a Russian diplomat, later a Belarusian national.

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Vladimir Medvedev

Vladimir Timofeyevich Medvedev (Владимир Тимофеевич Медведев, born 22 August 1937) is a retired Soviet KGB general and bodyguard who was responsible for personal security of Soviet leaders including Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Vladimir Palikhata

Vladimir M. Palikhata (born 23 September 1967 in Zolotniki Village of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine) is a Russian entrepreneur and philanthropist, President of Rosenergomash Group (electrical engineering), Legacy Capital investment firm and President of the Moscow Chess Federation.

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Vladimir Petrovsky

Vladimir Fedorovich Petrovsky (p, 29 April 1933, Stalingrad – 21 February 2014) was a Soviet/Russian diplomat, Ambassador, professor in history, politician and writer.

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Vladimir Pimonov

Vladimir (Volodya, Volodja) Pimonov (Russian: Владимир (Володя) Иванович Пимонов, March 31, 1955, Moscow, USSR) is a Russian-born Danish journalist, author and academic most known for his investigative reporting on the Soviet/Russian affairs.

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Vladimir Posner

Vladimir Vladimirovich Posner (also spelled Pozner; Влади́мир Влади́мирович По́знер; born 1 April 1934) is a French-born Russian-American journalist and broadcaster best known in the West for appearing on television to represent and explain the views of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.

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Vladimir Tismăneanu

Vladimir Tismăneanu (born July 4, 1951) is a Romanian and American political scientist, political analyst, sociologist, and professor at the University of Maryland, College Park.

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Vladimir Viardo

Vladimir Viardo (born 1949 at Krasnia Polana in the Caucasus, USSR), is a Russian pianist.

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Vladimir Voinovich

Vladimir Nikolayevich Voinovich, also spelled Voynovich (Влади́мир Никола́евич Войно́вич, born 26 September 1932, Stalinabad) is a Russian writer, poet, playwright and journalist, a former Soviet dissident.

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Vladimir Zhirinovsky

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский; né Eidelstein (Эйдельште́йн); born 25 April 1946) is a Russian ultranationalist politician of Ashkenazi origin and leader of the LDPR party (formerly Liberal Democratic Party of Russia).

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Vlady Kibalchich Rusakov

Vladimir Victorovich Kibalchich Rusakov (Владимир Викторович Кибальчич; June 15, 1920 – July 21, 2005) was a Russian-Mexican painter, known simply as "Vlady" in Mexico.

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Volodymyr Shcherbytsky

Volodymyr Vasylyovych Shcherbytsky (Володи́мир Васи́льович Щерби́цький IPA:, p; 17 February 1918, Verkhnodniprovsk — 16 February 1990) was a Ukrainian and Soviet politician.

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Vsevolod Murakhovsky

Vsevolod Serafimovich Murakhovsky (Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский; 20 October 1926 – 12 January 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian politician who served as first deputy premier during the Gorbachev Era.

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Vyacheslav Kochemasov

Vyacheslav Kochemasov (1918–1998) was a Russian diplomat and politician.

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Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (né Skryabin; 9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin.

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Vyacheslav Nikonov

Vyacheslav Alekseyevich Nikonov (born in Moscow on June 5, 1956) is a Russian political scientist.

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Vyborg Library

Vyborg Library (Viipurin kirjasto) is a library in Vyborg, Russia, built during the time of Finnish sovereignty (1918 to 1940-44), before the Finnish city of Viipuri was annexed by the former USSR and its Finnish name was changed to Vyborg by the USSR authorities.

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Vytautas Landsbergis

Vytautas Landsbergis (born 18 October 1932) is a Lithuanian conservative politician and Member of the European Parliament.

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Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962

During the Khrushchev era, especially from 1956 through 1962, the Soviet Union attempted to implement major wage reforms intended to move Soviet industrial workers away from the mindset of overfulfilling quotas that had characterised the Soviet economy during the preceding Stalinist period and toward a more efficient financial incentive.

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Wahiduddin Khan

Wahiduddin Khan (born January 1, 1925), known with the honorific Maulana, is an Islamic scholar and peace activist known for having translated the Quran into contemporary English and for writing a commentary on the Quran.| His televised lectures have appeared on ETV Urdu, Zee Salaam, Bridges TV, ITV, ARY Digital, QTV, Aaj TV, etc.

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Walter Shorenstein

Walter H. Shorenstein (February 15, 1915 – June 24, 2010) June 26, 2010 was an American billionaire real estate developer and investor.

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Wangari Maathai

Wangari Muta Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was an internationally renowned Kenyan environmental political activist and Nobel laureate.

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War in Afghanistan (1978–present)

This article covers the history of Afghanistan since the communist military coup on 27 April 1978, known as the Saur Revolution, when the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) took power.

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War of Laws

The War of Laws (Война законов, Voyna zakonov) was the series of conflicts between the central government of the Soviet Union, and the governments of the Russian Federation and other constituent republics during the last years of the USSR (1988-1991), which eventually contributed to the dissolution of the union.

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Waris Dirie

Waris Dirie (Waris Diiriye) (born 1965) is a Somali model, author, actress and social activist.

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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, officially known as Operation Danube, was a joint invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations – the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland – on the night of 20–21 August 1968.

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Washington Summit

The Washington Summit of 1987 was a Cold War-era meeting between United States president Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev that took place December 8–10.

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WCW vs. nWo: World Tour

WCW vs nWo: World Tour is a professional wrestling video game released in 1997 for the Nintendo 64 game console.

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We Day

WE Charity is a children's charity founded in 1995 by child's rights advocate Craig Kielburger.

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We will bury you

"We will bury you!" (translit) is a phrase that was used by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow on November 18, 1956.

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Weather Is Good on Deribasovskaya, It Rains Again on Brighton Beach

Weather Is Good on Deribasovskaya, It Rains Again on Brighton Beach (На Дерибасовской хорошая погода, или На Брайтон-Бич опять идут дожди) is a 1992 joint Russian-American production comedy film directed by Leonid Gaidai.

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Weekly Worker

The Weekly Worker is a newspaper published by the Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee) (CPGB-PCC).

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Wende Museum

The Wende Museum of the Cold War is an art museum, historical archive, and educational institution in Culver City, California.

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West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or colloquially West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin during the years of the Cold War.

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Westfalenhütte

The Westfalenhütte is an industrial site in the northeast of Dortmund, Germany.

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Westminster College (Missouri)

Westminster College is a private, residential, undergraduate college with a curriculum based on the liberal arts.

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Wetten, dass..?

Wetten, dass..? (German for "Wanna bet, that..?") was a German-language entertainment television show.

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Wheelchair Foundation

The Wheelchair Foundation (WF) is a non-profit organization founded in June 2000 by real estate developer Ken Behring, and based in Danville, California.

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Who Will Run the Frog Hospital?

Who Will Run the Frog Hospital? is the second novel by American author Lorrie Moore, published by Vintage Books in 1994.

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William Attwood

William Hollingsworth Attwood (July 14, 1919 – April 15, 1989) was an American journalist, author, editor and diplomat.

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William E. Butler

William Elliott Butler (born 20 October 1939) is a jurist and educator, the John Edward Fowler Distinguished Professor of Law, Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University (2005-) and Professorial Research Associate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (2006-), and Emeritus Professor of Comparative Law in the University of London (2005-). He is a pre-eminent authority on the legal systems of Russia, other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and Mongolia.

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William Flynn Martin

William Flynn Martin (born October 4, 1950) is an American energy economist, educator and international diplomat.

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William Perry

William James Perry (born October 11, 1927) is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman who was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton.

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William Stout

William Stout (born September 18, 1949) is an American fantasy artist and illustrator with a specialization in paleontological art.

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Willy Brandt

Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974.

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Win, Lose or Die

Win, Lose or Die, first published in 1989, was the eighth novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond.

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Wind of Change (Scorpions song)

"Wind of Change" is a power ballad by the German rock band Scorpions, recorded for their eleventh studio album, Crazy World (1990).

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Winter Hawk

Winter Hawk is a 1987 thriller novel written by Craig Thomas.

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Wojciech Jaruzelski

Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician.

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Wolf children

Wolf children (Wolfskinder) was the name given to a group of orphaned German children at the end of World War II in East Prussia.

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Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf

Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf was a 2003 album that combined the orchestral composition Peter and the Wolf by Sergei Prokofiev with a 2002 composition, Wolf Tracks, which had its score written by French composer Jean-Pascal Beintus and text written by Walt Kraemer.

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Wolfgang Harich

Wolfgang Harich (3 December 1923 – 15 March 1995) was a philosopher and journalist in East Germany.

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Wolfgang Schäuble

Wolfgang Schäuble (born 18 September 1942) is a German lawyer and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) whose political career has spanned more than four decades.

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Women's roles during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

Many women participated in the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 for democratic reform in China.

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Women's World Award

Winners of the Women's World Award, sponsored by the World Awards organization headed by former Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev, intended for women who have influenced the world by their work in areas such as society or politics.

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World Academy of Art and Science

The World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS) is an international non-governmental scientific organization, a world network of more than 700 individual fellows from more than 80 countries.

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World Award

The World Awards were founded by writer Georg Kindel; Mikhail Gorbachev is their president.

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World Chess Championship 1985

The 1985 World Chess Championship was played between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in Moscow from September 3 to November 9, 1985.

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World Jewish Congress

The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland, in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations.

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World Methodist Peace Award

The World Methodist Peace Award is a peace award.

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World Peace Council

The World Peace Council (WPC) is an international organization that advocates universal disarmament, sovereignty and independence and peaceful co-existence, and campaigns against imperialism, weapons of mass destruction and all forms of discrimination.

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World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates

The World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates was initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 90s, as a forum in which the Nobel Peace Laureates and the Peace Laureate Organizations could come together to address global issues with a view to encourage and support peace and human well being in the world.

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World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

World War II fatalities of the Soviet Union from all related causes numbered more than 20,000,000, both civilian and military, although the exact figures are disputed.

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World War III (film)

World War III (Der Dritte Weltkrieg) is a 1998 German alternate history television mockumentary, directed by Robert Stone and distributed by ZDF.

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World War III in popular culture

World War III is a common theme in popular culture.

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Xinjiang conflict

The Xinjiang conflict is an ongoing separatist conflict in China's far-west province of Xinjiang, whose northern region is known as Dzungaria and whose southern region (the Tarim Basin) is known as East Turkestan.

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Yasuhiro Nakasone

is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 27 November 1982 to 6 November 1987.

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Yegor Irodov

Yegor Irodov (Егор Иродов; born June 30, 1966) is a Ukrainian and Soviet musician, audio engineer, arranger, producer, composer, and actor.

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Yegor Ligachyov

Yegor Kuzmich Ligachyov (also transliterated as Ligachev; Его́р Кузьми́ч Лигачёв; born 29 November 1920) is a Soviet politician who was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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Yegor Yakovlev

Yegor Vladimirovich Yakovlev (Яковлев, Егор Владимирович; 14 March 1930 – 18 September 2005) was one of the founders of Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin's policy of glasnost, and one of the most respected Russian journalists.

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Yekaterina Mikhailova-Demina

Ekaterina Illarionovna Mikhailova-Demina (Екатерина Илларионовна Михайлова-Дёмина; born 22 December 1925) is the only woman who served in front-line reconnaissance in the Soviet marines during World War II.

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Yekaterina Zelenko

Yekaterina Ivanovna Zelenko (September 14, 1916 – September 12, 1941) was a Soviet Ukrainian war pilot.

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Yelena Bonner

Yelena Georgievna Bonner (Еле́на Гео́ргиевна Бо́ннэр; 15 February 1923 – 18 June 2011), RIA Novosti, 19 June 2011.

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Yeltsin: Three Days in August

Yeltsin.

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Yerevan

Yerevan (Երևան, sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia as well as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

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Yevgeni Kochergin

Yevgeni Aleksandrovich Kochergin (Eвге́ний Алeкса́ндрович Кoчeрги́н; born November 7, 1945, Stalingrad, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian speaker and presenter.

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Yevgeni Preobrazhensky

Yevgeni Alekseyevich Preobrazhensky (p; 1886–1937) was a Russian revolutionary and economist.

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Yevgeny Khaldei

Yevgeny Anan'evich Khaldei (Евгений Ананьевич Халдей) (– 6 October 1997) was a Red Army naval officer and photographer, best known for his World War II photograph of a Soviet soldier Raising a flag over the Reichstag, in Berlin, capital of the vanquished Nazi Germany.

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Yevgeny Primakov

Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евге́ний Макси́мович Примако́в, tr. Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov; 29 October 1929 – 26 June 2015) was a Russian politician and diplomat who served as Prime Minister of Russia from 1998 to 1999.

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Yevgeny Titarenko

Yevgeny Maximovich Titarenko (Евгений Максимович Титаренко; December 5, 1935 – April 28, 2018) was a Russian writer and the brother of Raisa Gorbacheva.

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Yevgeny Yevtushenko

Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko (Евгений Александрович Евтушенко; 18 July 1933 – 1 April 2017) was a Soviet and Russian poet.

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Yo (Cyrillic)

Yo (Ё ё; italics: Ё ё) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

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You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International

You Can Run But You Cannot Hide International (YCRBYCHI) is a United States Christian youth ministry that holds assemblies, including music concerts and discussions with students, in public schools.

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Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (p; – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Yuri Bondarev

Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev (Ю́рий Васи́льевич Бо́ндарев, 15 March 1924, Orsk) is a Russian writer.

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Yuri Gorbachev

Yuri Gorbachev (born December 29, 1948 in Uglovka near Leningrad, U.S.S.R.) is a Russian painter and sculptor.

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Yuri Orlov

Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в, born 13 August 1924 in Moscow) is Professor of Physics and Government at Cornell University, a former Soviet dissident, Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist, a founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group and Soviet Amnesty International group.

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Yuri Shchekochikhin

Yuri Petrovich Shchekochikhin (p; born 9 June 1950 in (now Ganja, Azerbaijan); died 3 July 2003 in Moscow) was a Russian investigative journalist, writer, and liberal lawmaker in the Russian parliament.

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Yuriy Abramochkin

Yuriy Vasilyevich Abramochkin (Юрий Васильевич Абрамочкин; normally rendered in English as Yuriy or Yuri Abramochkin; 11 December 1936 – 5 April 2018) was a Soviet and Russian photographer and photojournalist.

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Yury Chernavsky

Yury (George) Chernavsky (Юрий Александрович Чернавский; born March 17, 1947, Tambov) is a Russian producer, composer and songwriter.

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Yury Luzhkov

Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov (p; born 21 September 1936) is a Russian politician who was the Mayor of Moscow from 1992 to 2010.

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Zac Goldsmith

Frank Zacharias Robin Goldsmith (born 20 January 1975) is a British politician and journalist serving as the Member of Parliament for Richmond Park since 2017, after previously holding the seat between 2010 and 2016.

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Zbigniew Brzezinski

Zbigniew Kazimierz "Zbig" Brzezinski (March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017) was a Polish-American diplomat and political scientist.

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Zbigniew Messner

Zbigniew Stefan Messner; 13 March 1929 – 10 January 2014) was a Communist economist and politician in Poland. His ancestors were of German Polish descent who had assimilated into Polish society. In 1972, he became Professor of Karol Adamiecki University of Economics in Katowice. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party from 1981 to 1988, Deputy Prime Minister from 1983 to 1985, and 53rd Prime Minister from 1985 to 1988. In 1988, Messner's cabinet received a motion of no confidence in the Sejm (Parliament) and had to transfer power to Mieczysław Rakowski. This was an unprecedented event in the Communist world, one of the strongest signs of democratic change brought by Mikhail Gorbachev. Alternatively, this change in cabinet could easily be viewed as one of many similar steps of internal reorganization conducted periodically by regimes in all Communist-dominated countries. He died in Warsaw in 2014.

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Zdeněk Mlynář

Zdeněk Mlynář (Müller) (22 June 1930, Vysoké Mýto – 15 April 1997, Vienna) was secretary of Czechoslovak communist party in the years 1968–1970 and an intellectual who went against the grain during a critical time in the development of Eastern European political history.

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Zero Option

The "Zero Option" was the name given to an American proposal for the withdrawal of all Soviet and United States intermediate-range nuclear missiles from Europe.

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Zev Brenner

Zev J. Brenner is an Orthodox Jewish radio host and president and founder of Talkline Communications - a Radio/TV network founded in 1981.

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Zhu Rongji

Zhu Rongji (IPA:; born 1 October 1928) is a retired Chinese politician who served as Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai from 1988 to 1991 and as First Vice Premier and then Premier from March 1998 to March 2003.

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Zigu Ornea

Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p.85 or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007 and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.

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Zori Balayan

Zori Balayan (Զորի Բալայան, born February 10, 1935 in Stepanakert) is an Armenian novelist, journalist, sports doctor, traveler and sports expert.

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Zoya Krakhmalnikova

Zoya Alexandrovna Krakhmalnikova (Зоя Александровна Крахмальникова; January 14, 1929 – April 17, 2008) was a Russian Christian writer, of Ukrainian origin.

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Zvi Arad

Zvi Arad (צבי ארד,16 April 1942 – 4 February 2018, in Petah Tikva) was an Israeli mathematician and president of Netanya Academic College.

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Zviad Gamsakhurdia

Zviad Gamsakhurdia (ზვიად გამსახურდია, tr. Zviad K'onst'ant'ines dze Gamsakhurdia; Звиа́д Константи́нович Гамсаху́рдия, tr. Zviad Konstantinovich Gamsakhurdiya; March 31, 1939 – December 31, 1993) was a Georgian politician, dissident, scholar, and writer who became the first democratically elected President of Georgia in the post-Soviet era.

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10 (The Stranglers album)

10 is the tenth studio album from The Stranglers and was the last to feature guitarist/lead singer Hugh Cornwell.

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1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'

The 1000th Anniversary of the Christianization of Rus' (1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus, 1000-летие крещения Руси) was an occasion marked by events held in the USSR from May – June 1988, to celebrate the introduction of Christianity to Russia by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 988.

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106th Guards Airborne Division

The 106th Guards Tula Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Airborne Division, more generally referred to as the Tula Division, is one of the four airborne divisions of the Russian Airborne Troops, the VDV (translit).

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110 Propositions for France

110 Propositions for France (110 Propositions pour la France) was the name of the Socialist Party's program for the 1981 presidential election during which the Socialist Party's candidate, François Mitterrand, was elected by 51.76% of the people.

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12th World Festival of Youth and Students

The 12th World Festival of Youth and Students was a festival held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3, 1985.

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14th Dalai Lama

The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Thondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama.

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17th G7 summit

The 17th G7 Summit was held in London, England, United Kingdom between July 15 to 17, 1991.

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1931

No description.

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1931 in the Soviet Union

The following lists events that happened during 1931 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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1980s

The 1980s (pronounced "nineteen-eighties", commonly shortened as the "'80s", pronounced "eighties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.

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1984 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1984 in the United Kingdom.

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1985

The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations.

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1985 Brussels summit

The 1985 Brussels summit was the 7th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.

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1985 in the United States

Events from the year 1985 in the United States.

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1985 Moscow Victory Day Parade

The Moscow Victory Day Parade of 1985 (r) was held on 9 May 1985 on the Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Victory in Europe.

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1985: The Year of the Spy

The American media referred to 1985 as the Year of the Spy because law enforcement then arrested many foreign spies operating on American soil.

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1986

The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.

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1986 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Afghanistan.

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1986 in Iceland

The following lists events that happened in 1986 in Iceland.

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1986 in the Soviet Union

The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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1986 in the United States

Events from the year 1986 in the United States.

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1987

No description.

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1987 in Australian television

No description.

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1987 in the United States

Events from the year 1987 in the United States.

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1987 October Revolution Parade

The 1987 October Revolution Parade was a parade on Red Square to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917.

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1988

In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11).

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1988 Armenian earthquake

The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake (Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ Spitaki yerkrašarž), occurred on December 7 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating).

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1988 Black Sea bumping incident

The Black Sea bumping incident of 12 February 1988 occurred when American cruiser USS ''Yorktown'' tried to exercise the right of innocent passage through Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea during the Cold War.

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1988 Brussels summit

The 1988 Brussels summit was the 8th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.

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1988 in the Soviet Union

The following lists events that happened during 1988 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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1988 in the United States

This is a list of events from the year 1988 in the United States.

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1989

1989 was a turning point in political history because a wave of revolutions swept the Eastern Bloc in Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power sharing, coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, and the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, embracing the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December, and ending in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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1989 in China

Events in the year 1989 in the People's Republic of China.

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1989 in the United Kingdom

Events from the year 1989 in the United Kingdom.

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1989 in the United States

Events from the year 1989 in the United States.

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1989 October Revolution Parade

The 1989 October Revolution Parade was a parade that took place in Red Square in Moscow on 7 November 1989 to commemorate the 72th anniversary of the socialist revolution in the Russian Empire in 1917.

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1989 Sino-Soviet Summit

The four-day Sino-Soviet Summit was held in Beijing from May 15–18, 1989.

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1989 Sukhumi riots

The Sukhumi riot was a riot in Sukhumi, Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, in July 1989, triggered by an increasing inter-ethnic tensions between the Abkhaz and Georgian communities and followed by several days of street fighting and civil unrest in Sukhumi and throughout Abkhazia.

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1990

Important events of 1990 include the Reunification of Germany and the unification of Yemen, the formal beginning of the Human Genome Project (finished in 2003), the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the separation of Namibia from South Africa, and the Baltic states declaring independence from the Soviet Union amidst Perestroika.

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1990 Chemical Weapons Accord

On June 1, 1990, Presidents George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev signed the bilateral U.S.–Soviet Chemical Weapons Accord; officially known as the "Agreement on Destruction and Non-production of Chemical Weapons and on Measures to Facilitate the Multilateral Convention on Banning Chemical Weapons".

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1990 in Canada

Events from the year 1990 in Canada.

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1990 in the United States

Events from the year 1990 in the United States.

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1990 October Revolution Parade

The 1990 October Revolution Parade was the last parade commemorating the 1917 October Revolution during the Soviet Union's existence.

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1990s

The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties" and abbreviated as the "Nineties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1990, and ended on December 31, 1999.

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1990s in Angola

In the 1990s in Angola, the last decade of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), the Angolan government transitioned from a nominally communist state to a nominally democratic one, a move made possible by political changes abroad and military victories at home.

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1990s Post-Soviet aliyah

The 1990s Post-Soviet aliyah began en masse in late 1980s when the government of Mikhail Gorbachev opened the borders of the USSR and allowed Jews to leave the country for Israel.

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1991

It was the year that is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s.

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1991 in the Soviet Union

The following lists events that happened during 1991 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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1991 in the United States

Events from the year 1991 in the United States.

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1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement

The 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement was a treaty between China and the Soviet Union that set up demarcation work to resolve most of the border disputes between the two states.

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1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup (r "August Putsch"), was an attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from Soviet President and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.

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1991 world oil market chronology

*January 9–14: At Geneva talks, U.S> Secretary of State James Baker says that "regrettably" Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz has indicated no softening in Iraq's position.

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1993 Russian constitutional crisis

The constitutional crisis of 1993 was a political stand-off between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Russian parliament that was resolved by using military force.

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19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was a party conference held by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 28 June to 1 July 1988.

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2002 in Ireland

Events from the year 2002 in Ireland.

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2003 Nobel Peace Prize

The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Shirin Ebadi for "her efforts for democracy and human rights, especially the rights of women and children, in Iran and the Muslim world in general".

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2004 Universal Forum of Cultures

The 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures - (Fòrum Universal de les Cultures, Fórum Universal de las Culturas) was a 141-day international event that took place in the Centre de Convencions Internacional de Barcelona (CCIB) and its surrounding venues, Barcelona, Spain from May 9 to September 26, 2004, and was the first edition of the Universal Forum of Cultures.

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2009 MTV Europe Music Awards

The MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 took place in Berlin, Germany at the O2 World and Brandenburg Gate on 5 November 2009.

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2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash

On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft of the Polish Air Force crashed near the city of Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board.

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2011–2013 Russian protests

The 2011–2013 Russian protests (which some English language media referred to as the Snow Revolution) began in 2011 (as protests against the 2011 Russian legislative election results) and continued into 2012 and 2013.

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2014 in Russia

The following lists events that happened in 2014 in Russia.

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2017 Nobel Peace Prize

The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition on such weapons," according to the Norwegian Nobel Committee announcement on October 6, 2017.

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20th-century events

The 20th-century events include many notable events which occurred throughout the 20th century, which began on January 1, 1901, and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar.

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240th Fighter Aviation Division

The 240th Fighter Aviation Division (240 IAD) was a fighter aircraft formation of the Soviet Air Forces during World War II.

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27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held from 25 February to 6 March 1986 in Moscow.

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28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 28th Congress of the CPSU (July 2, 1990 – July 13, 1990) was held in Moscow.

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28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 28th Central Committee in the aftermath of the 28th Congress.

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2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division

The 2nd Guards Motor Rifle "Tamanskaya" Division named after M.I. Kalinin (2-я гвардейская мотострелковая Таманская ордена Октябрьской Революции Краснознаменная ордена Суворова дивизия имени М. И. Калинина.), commonly known as the Taman Division, is an elite Guards armoured division of the Russian Ground Forces.

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2nd millennium

The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, 1001, of the Julian calendar and ended on December 31, 2000The year 2000 is technically the last year of the 2nd millennium, however it is generally considered the first year of the 3rd millennium.

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46th Annual Grammy Awards

The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8, 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California.

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4th Guards Tank Division

The 4th Guards “Kantemirovskaya” Tank Division (Cyrillic: 4-я гвардейская танковая Кантемировская дивизия, Gvardeiskaya Tankovaya Kantemirovskaya Divisiya), commonly known as the Kantemirovskaya Division or Kantemir Division, is an elite Guards armoured division of the Russian Ground Forces.

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500 Days

500 Days Program (программа "500 дней") was an ambitious program to overcome the economic crisis in the Soviet Union by means of transition into market economy.

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501st Combat Support Wing

The 501st Combat Support Wing is a United States Air Forces in Europe unit based at RAF Alconbury, England.

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5th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam

The 5th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam (Đại hội Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam V) was held in Ba Đình Hall, Hanoi from 27–31 March 1982.

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75th Guards Rifle Division

The 75th Guards Rifle Division was a Red Army infantry division during World War II and afterwards, which later became the 75th Guards Tank Division and was finally disbanded in the 1990s. The 75th Guards Rifle Division was redesignated at the beginning of March 1943 from the second formation of the 95th Rifle Division in recognition of the latter's courage and heroism during the Battle of Stalingrad. It fought in the Battle of Kursk, defending positions around Ponyri on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions. The division fought in Operation Kutuzov and the Battle of the Dnieper in the summer and early fall. It was awarded the honorific "Bakhmach" for helping to capture that city. The division then fought in the Battle of Kiev and advanced into eastern Belarus towards the end of the year. In January 1944 it fought in the Kalinkovichi–Mozyr Offensive and received the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class for its actions. From late June the 75th Guards fought in Operation Bagration, advancing westwards into Belarus. For its actions the division was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner. In September the division was transferred to the Baltic and fought in the Riga Offensive. It was relocated to eastern Poland in December and fought in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive, and Battle of Berlin in the final months of the war. Postwar, the division was withdrawn to Tula and downsized into the 17th Separate Guards Rifle Brigade. The brigade was relocated to Chuguyev, and became the 64th Guards Mechanized Division in 1953. In 1954 it became the 14th Guards Heavy Tank Division, and in 1965 it was redesignated the 75th Guards Tank Division. The division was downsized into a storage base in 1989, and finally disbanded in 1990.

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86th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment

The 86th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (Military Unit Number 06858; 86th Gv. (Guards) IAP) was an aviation regiment of the Soviet Air Forces, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the main formation of the Moldovan Air Force.

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9th G7 summit

The 9th G7 Summit was held at Williamsburg, Virginia, United States during the 28th to 30 May 1983.

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Redirects here:

Gorbacev, Gorbachav, Gorbacheu, Gorbachev, Gorbachevian, Gorbachof, Gorbachoff, Gorbachov, Gorbachyov, Gorbatschow, Gorbatsiov, Gorbatsof, Gorbačëv, Irina Mihailovna Virganskaya, Irina Virganskaya, January Proposal, M Gorbachev, M. Gorbachev, Michael Gorbachev, Michail Gorbatschow, Michail Gorbatsjov, Mihail Gorbacev, Mihail Gorbachev, Mihail Gorbachyov, Mihail Gorbaciov, Mihail Gorbačëv, Mihail Sergeevic Gorbacev, Mihail Sergeevič Gorbačëv, Mihail Sergejevic Gorbacev, Mihail Sergejevič Gorbačëv, Mikael Gorbachev, Mikhael Gorbachev, Mikhail Gorbachov, Mikhail Gorbachyov, Mikhail Gorbačëv, Mikhail Gorbechev, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov, Mikhail gorbachev, President Gorbachev, Михаил Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev