Communication

384 relations: Acamprosate, Acetylcysteine, Acid-sensing ion channel, ACPD, Actinin alpha 2, Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Addiction, Addiction-related structural neuroplasticity, Adenosine receptor, Agatoxin, Aging brain, Agmatine, Agonist, Akuammicine, Alazocine, Alcohol (drug), Alcohol-related brain damage, Allopregnanolone, Alpha-Endopsychosin, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer's disease research, Amanita muscaria, Amisulpride, AMPA receptor, Amphetamine, ANAVEX2-73, Animal model of schizophrenia, Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Antillatoxin, AP-7 (drug), AP5, AP7, Apigenin, Apimostinel, Aripiprazole, Arketamine, Arnold Eskin, Aspartic acid, Aspirin, Atomoxetine, Autapse, Autoantibody, BAY 73-6691, Behavioral epigenetics, Benocyclidine, Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine, Biological functions of hydrogen sulfide, Biological neuron model, Bitopertin, Bupropion/dextromethorphan, ..., Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, Calcium-binding protein 1, Calyx of Held, Cannabinoid receptor type 1, Caramboxin, Causes of schizophrenia, Cell surface receptor, CGP-37849, Channel blocker, Chloride potassium symporter 5, Cholinergic neuron, CI-966, Classical conditioning, Clinical neurochemistry, Clozapine, CNKSR2, Coincidence detection in neurobiology, Computational neurogenetic modeling, Conantokin, Conspecific song preference, Coronaridine, Cortical map, CREB, Cycloserine/lurasidone, D-amino acid oxidase, David Lodge (neuroscientist), De novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, Dehydronorketamine, Delirium tremens, Delta sleep-inducing peptide, Dementia, Dendritic filopodia, Dendritic spine, Developmental plasticity, Dextrallorphan, Dextromethorphan, Dextromethorphan/quinidine, Dextrorphan, Dimethylglycine, Diphenidine, DISC1, Dizocilpine, DLG4, Dopamine, Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, Dopamine receptor D1, Effects of alcohol on memory, Eicosanoid, Eliprodil, Elizabeth Gould (psychologist), Encoding (memory), Endocannabinoid system, Endogenous agonist, Enflurane, EPH receptor B2, Ephenidine, Epigenetics in learning and memory, Epipregnanolone, Esketamine, Etoxadrol, EVT-101, EVT-103, Excitatory synapse, Excitotoxicity, Extinction (psychology), Fear conditioning, Fear processing in the brain, Felbamate, Flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases, Fluorolintane, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator, Gacyclidine, Gambierol, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, Gaseous signaling molecules, General anaesthetic, Genes to Cognition Project, Glutamate (neurotransmitter), Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, Glutamate receptor, Glutamate receptor-interacting protein, Glutamate transporter, Glutamic acid, Glutathione, Glutathione disulfide, Glycine, Glycine encephalopathy, Glycine transporter 1, Granule cell, GRID2, GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, GRIN2D, GRIN3A, GRIN3B, GRINL1A, GRINL1B, Group C nerve fiber, HA-966, Habenula, Hallucination, Hallucinogen, Haloperidol, Hannah Monyer, Heterotetramer, Hilmar Bading, Hippocampus, Homoquinolinic acid, Huperzine A, Hydrogen cyanide, Hydroxynorketamine, Hyperammonemia, Hyperforin, Hypericin, Hypericum perforatum, Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy, Ibotenic acid, Ifenprodil, Index of biochemistry articles, Index of biophysics articles, Indole alkaloid, Ionotropic glutamate receptor, IQSEC3, Ischemic cascade, Joe Z. Tsien, Joro toxin, Kainate receptor, Kaitocephalin, Kalkitoxin, Kavain, Ketamine, KIF17, Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal), Kynurenic acid, Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, Laboratoires Servier, Laboratory mouse, Lacosamide, Lanicemine, Latrepirdine, Lead poisoning, Levomethadone, Levomilnacipran, Licostinel, Ligand-gated ion channel, Light effects on circadian rhythm, List of investigational antidepressants, List of investigational antipsychotics, List of investigational anxiolytics, List of MeSH codes (D12.776.543), List of neurosteroids, Lithium (medication), Local anesthetic nerve block, Long-term depression, Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain, Long-term potentiation, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8, LTP induction, LY-235959, LY-404,039, Lyme disease, Lymphocytic pleocytosis, Magnesium in biology, Management of schizophrenia, MAPK8IP2, Martha Constantine-Paton, Mechanisms of schizophrenia, Medium spiny neuron, Memantine, Memory, Memory consolidation, Metabotropic glutamate receptor, Metaplasticity, Metapramine, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methoxetamine, Methoxphenidine, Midafotel, Migraine, Mir-219 microRNA precursor family, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism, Molecular cellular cognition, Molecular neuroscience, N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid, Neboglamine, Nervous system, Neural binding, Neuronal memory allocation, Neuropathic pain, Neuropharmacology, Neuroplasticity, Neuroprotection, Neuroscience of rhythm, Neurosteroid, Neurotoxin, Neurotransmitter, Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Niflumic acid, Nitromemantine, Nitrous oxide, NMDA receptor, NMDA receptor antagonist, Nonsynaptic plasticity, Nucleus accumbens, Olanzapine, Oligodendrocyte, Olney's lesions, Omigapil, Opipramol, Orphan receptor, Ototoxicity, P-type calcium channel, Paradoxical disinhibition, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Paroxysmal depolarizing shift, PCP site 2, PDZ domain, PEAQX, Pediatric acquired brain injury, PF-04958242, Pharmacology of antidepressants, Phencyclidine, Phenylalanine, Philanthotoxin, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Place cell, Polyamine, Posterior cingulate cortex, Postsynaptic density, PPP1R1B, Pre-Bötzinger complex, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnenolone, Pregnenolone succinate, Pregnenolone sulfate, Prepulse inhibition, PRNP, Proline, Protein kinase C, Psychoactive drug, PTPN5, Quetiapine, Quinolinic acid, Quinoxalinedione, Quisqualamine, Rapastinel, Receptor (biochemistry), Receptor antagonist, Reelin, Remacemide, Reward system, Rho family of GTPases, Rhombic lip, RICS (gene), Riluzole, Rislenemdaz, Rostral ventromedial medulla, S-Nitrosoglutathione, Salomon Z. Langer, Sarcosine, Schaffer collateral, Schizophrenia, Sensory memory, Serine, Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, Serine racemase, Serotonin syndrome, SHANK2, Shigetada Nakanishi, Short-term effects of alcohol consumption, Sigma receptor, Sigma-2 receptor, Silent synapse, SLC7A11, Spatial memory, Specialized pro-resolving mediators, Spike-timing-dependent plasticity, Spine apparatus, Steroid hormone receptor, Steroid sulfate, Steven M. Paul, Substantia nigra, Suicide crisis, Synaptic gating, Synaptic plasticity, Synaptic stabilization, Synaptic weight, Synaptogenesis, Synaptotropic hypothesis, SYNGAP1, Tachykinin receptor 1, TBR1, Tenocyclidine, Tetrapeptide, Tetrazolylglycine, Theanine, Tianeptine, Tramadol, Traumatic memories, Trazodone, Tricyclic antidepressant, Tripchlorolide, TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, Uncompetitive antagonist, Veterinary acupuncture, Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia, Vocal learning, Voltage-gated calcium channel, Water maze (neuroscience), Yasunori Hayashi, Ziprasidone, 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 22q13 deletion syndrome, 3-HO-PCP, 3-Hydroxymorphinan, 3-MeO-PCE, 3-MeO-PCP, 4-Chlorokynurenine, 4-MeO-PCP, 5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid, 7-Chlorokynurenic acid, 7-Nitroindazole. Expand index (334 more) » « Shrink index

Acamprosate

Acamprosate, sold under the brand name Campral, is a medication used along with counselling to treat alcohol dependence.

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Acetylcysteine

Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a medication that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Acid-sensing ion channel

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal voltage-insensitive sodium channels activated by extracellular protons permeable to Na+, however ASIC1 also shows low Ca2+ permeability.

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ACPD

1-Amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane (ACPD) is a chemical compound that binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), acting as a mGluR agonist.

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Actinin alpha 2

Alpha-actinin 2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACTN2 gene.

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Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene.

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Addiction

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.

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Addiction-related structural neuroplasticity

Addiction is a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences.

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Adenosine receptor

The adenosine receptors (or P1 receptors) are a class of purinergic G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.

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Agatoxin

Agatoxins are a class of chemically diverse polyamine and peptide toxins which are isolated from the venom of various spiders.

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Aging brain

Aging is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including mild cognitive impairment, dementias including Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease.

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Agmatine

Agmatine, also known as (4-aminobutyl)guanidine, is an aminoguanidine that was discovered in 1910 by Albrecht Kossel.

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Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

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Akuammicine

Akuammicine is an alkaloid found in Vinca minor and Aspidosperma.

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Alazocine

Alazocine (developmental code name -10047), also known more commonly as N-allylnormetazocine (NANM), is a synthetic opioid analgesic of the benzomorphan family related to metazocine which was never marketed.

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Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive substance or drug that is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).

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Alcohol-related brain damage

Alcohol-related brain damage alters both the structure and function of the brain as a result of the direct neurotoxic effects of alcohol intoxication or acute alcohol withdrawal.

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Allopregnanolone

Allopregnanolone, also known as 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one or 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP), as well as brexanolone, is an endogenous inhibitory pregnane neurosteroid.

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Alpha-Endopsychosin

α-Endopsychosin is an antagonist of the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor which was discovered in extracts of porcine brain and may also be endogenous in humans.

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Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.

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Alzheimer's disease research

In April 2014 there were 315 open clinical trials under way to understand and treat Alzheimer's disease.

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Amanita muscaria

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete mushroom, one of many in the genus Amanita.

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Amisulpride

Amisulpride, sold under the brand name Solian among others, is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia.

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AMPA receptor

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Amphetamine

Amphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

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ANAVEX2-73

ANAVEX2-73 is derived from aminotetrahydrofuran.

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Animal model of schizophrenia

Research into the psychotic disorder of schizophrenia, involves multiple animal models as a tool, including in the pre-clinical development of drugs.

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Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, also known as NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, is an acute form of brain inflammation.

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Antillatoxin

Antillatoxin (ATX) is a potent lipopeptide neurotoxin produced by the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

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AP-7 (drug)

AP-7 is a selective NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist that competitively inhibits the glutamate binding site and thus activation of NMDAR.

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AP5

AP5 or APV ((2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid; (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors.

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AP7

AP7 or AP-7 may refer to.

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Apigenin

Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides.

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Apimostinel

Apimostinel (former developmental code name NRX-1074) is an antidepressant, acting as a selective partial agonist of an allosteric site of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex, which is under investigation by Naurex and Allergan for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

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Aripiprazole

Aripiprazole, sold under the brand name Abilify among others, is an atypical antipsychotic. It is recommended and primarily used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Other uses include as an add-on treatment in major depressive disorder, tic disorders, and irritability associated with autism. According to a Cochrane review, evidence for the oral form in schizophrenia is not sufficient to determine effects on general functioning. Additionally, because many people dropped out of the medication trials before they were completed, the overall strength of the conclusions is low. Side effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a movement disorder known as tardive dyskinesia, and high blood sugar in those with diabetes. In the elderly there is an increased risk of death. It is thus not recommended for use in those with psychosis due to dementia. It is pregnancy category C in the United States and category C in Australia, meaning there is possible evidence of harm to the fetus. It is not recommended for women who are breastfeeding. It is unclear whether it is safe or effective in people less than 18 years old. It is a partial dopamine agonist. Aripiprazole was developed by Otsuka in Japan. In the United States, Otsuka America markets it jointly with Bristol-Myers Squibb. From April 2013 to March 2014, sales of Abilify amounted to almost $6.9 billion.

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Arketamine

Arketamine, also (R)-ketamine or (R)-(&minus)-ketamine, is the (R)-(&minus) enantiomer of ketamine.

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Arnold Eskin

Arnold Eskin is a professor of chronobiology at the University of Houston in Houston, Texas.

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Aspartic acid

Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; salts known as aspartates), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

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Atomoxetine

Atomoxetine, sold under the brand name Strattera among others, is a norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitor which is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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Autapse

An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse from a neuron onto itself.

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Autoantibody

An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.

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BAY 73-6691

BAY 73-6691 is a drug developed by Bayer for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

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Behavioral epigenetics

Behavioral epigenetics is the field of study examining the role of epigenetics in shaping animal (including human) behaviour.

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Benocyclidine

Benocyclidine, also known as benzothiophenylcyclohexylpiperidine (BTCP), is a psychoactive recreational drug of the arylcyclohexylamine class which is related to phencyclidine (PCP).

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Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine

β-Methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria.

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Biological functions of hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the mammalian body and has a number of biological signaling functions.

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Biological neuron model

A biological neuron model, also known as a spiking neuron model, is a mathematical description of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system that generate sharp electrical potentials across their cell membrane, roughly one millisecond in duration, as shown in Fig.

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Bitopertin

Bitopertin (developmental code names RG1678; RO-4917838) is a glycine reuptake inhibitor which was under development by Roche as an adjunct to antipsychotics for the treatment of persistent negative symptoms or suboptimally-controlled positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

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Bupropion/dextromethorphan

Bupropion/dextromethorphan (developmental code name AXS-05) is a combination formulation of bupropion (Wellbutrin), a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, and dextromethorphan (DXM), a sigma-1 receptor agonist, NMDA receptor antagonist, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), which is under development by Axsome Therapeutics for the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) and agitation in Alzheimer's disease.

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Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the /calmodulin complex.

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Calcium-binding protein 1

Calcium binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CABP1 gene.

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Calyx of Held

The Calyx of Held is a particularly large synapse in the mammalian auditory central nervous system, so named by Hans Held in his 1893 article Die centrale GehörleitungHeld, H. "Die centrale Gehörleitung" Arch.

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Cannabinoid receptor type 1

The cannabinoid type 1 receptor, often abbreviated as CB1, is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor located in the central and peripheral nervous system.

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Caramboxin

Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola)). Individuals with some types of kidney disease are susceptible to adverse neurological effects including intoxication, seizures and even death after eating star fruit. Caramboxin has been identified as the neurotoxin responsible for these effects. Caramboxin is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that stimulates the glutamate receptors in neurons. Its chemical structure is similar to the amino acid phenylalanine. Caramboxin is an agonist of both NMDA and AMPA glutamatergic ionotropic receptors with potent excitatory, convulsant, and neurodegenerative properties.

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Causes of schizophrenia

The causes of schizophrenia have been the subject of much debate, with various factors proposed and discounted or modified.

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Cell surface receptor

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the membranes of cells.

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CGP-37849

CGP-37849 is a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

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Channel blocker

A channel blocker is the biological mechanism in which a particular molecule is used to prevent the opening of ion channels in order to produce a physiological response in a cell.

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Chloride potassium symporter 5

Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 (aka: KCC2 and SLC12A5) is a neuron-specific chloride potassium symporter responsible for establishing the chloride ion gradient in neurons through the maintenance of low intracellular chloride concentrations.

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Cholinergic neuron

A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages.

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CI-966

CI-966 (developmental code name) is a central nervous system depressant acting as a GABA reuptake inhibitor, specifically a highly potent and selective blocker of the GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) (IC50.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Clinical neurochemistry

Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans.

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Clozapine

Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication.

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CNKSR2

Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2, also known as CNK homolog protein 2 (CNK2) or maguin (membrane-associated guanylate kinase-interacting protein), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNKSR2 gene.

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Coincidence detection in neurobiology

Coincidence detection in the context of neurobiology is a process by which a neuron or a neural circuit can encode information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals.

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Computational neurogenetic modeling

Computational neurogenetic modeling (CNGM) is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes.

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Conantokin

Conantokins are a small family of helical peptides that are derived from the venom of predatory marine snails of the genus Conus.

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Conspecific song preference

Conspecific song preference is the ability songbirds require to distinguish conspecific song from heterospecific song in order for females to choose an appropriate mate, and for juvenile males to choose an appropriate song tutor during vocal learning.

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Coronaridine

Coronaridine, also known as 18-carbomethoxyibogamine, is an alkaloid found in Tabernanthe iboga and related species, including Tabernaemontana divaricata for which (under the now obsolete synonym Ervatamia coronaria) it was named.

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Cortical map

Cortical maps are collections (areas) of minicolumns in the brain cortex that have been identified as performing a specific information processing function (texture maps, color maps, contour maps, etc.).

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CREB

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

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Cycloserine/lurasidone

Cycloserine/lurasidone, tentative brand name Cyclurad, is a combination formulation of the antibiotic D-cycloserine, an antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, and lurasidone, an atypical antipsychotic, which is under development by NeuroRx for the treatment of acute suicidal ideation/behavior (ASIB).

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D-amino acid oxidase

D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO; also DAO, OXDA, DAMOX) is an enzyme with the function on a molecular level to oxidize D-amino acids to the corresponding imino acids, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.

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David Lodge (neuroscientist)

David Lodge FRS is a Research Fellow in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at the University of Bristol.

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De novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation

The de novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation is a hypothesis about the formation of the physical correlates of memory in the brain.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, also known as androstenolone sulfate, is an endogenous androstane steroid that is produced by the adrenal cortex.

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Dehydronorketamine

Dehydronorketamine (DHNK), or 5,6-dehydronorketamine, is a minor metabolite of ketamine which is formed by dehydrogenation of its metabolite norketamine.

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Delirium tremens

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

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Delta sleep-inducing peptide

Delta sleep-inducing peptide, abbreviated DSIP, is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities.

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Dementia

Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning.

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Dendritic filopodia

Dendritic filopodia are small, membranous protrusions found primarily on dendritic stretches of developing neurons.

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Dendritic spine

A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membranous protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.

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Developmental plasticity

Developmental plasticity is a general term referring to changes in neural connections during development as a result of environmental interactions as well as neural changes induced by learning.

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Dextrallorphan

Dextrallorphan (DXA) is an opioid derivative chemical of the morphinan class that is used in scientific research.

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Dextromethorphan

Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is a drug of the morphinan class with sedative, dissociative, and stimulant properties (at higher doses).

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Dextromethorphan/quinidine

Dextromethorphan/quinidine (trade name Nuedexta) is a combination drug containing dextromethorphan and the class I antiarrhythmic agent quinidine.

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Dextrorphan

Dextrorphan (DXO) is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan class which acts as an antitussive or cough suppressant and dissociative hallucinogen.

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Dimethylglycine

Dimethylglycine is a derivative of the amino acid glycine with the structural formula (CH3)2NCH2COOH.

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Diphenidine

Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug.

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DISC1

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DISC1 gene.

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Dizocilpine

Dizocilpine (INN), also known as MK-801, is a noncompetitive antagonist of the ''N''-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a glutamate receptor, discovered by a team at Merck in 1982.

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DLG4

PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) also known as SAP-90 (synapse-associated protein 90) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG4 (discs large homolog 4) gene.

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Dopamine

Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

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Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model that attributes symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction.

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Dopamine receptor D1

Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD1 gene.

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Effects of alcohol on memory

Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.

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Eicosanoid

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, 20 carbon units in length.

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Eliprodil

Eliprodil (codenamed SL-82.0715) is a NMDA antagonist drug candidate that failed a Phase III clinical trial for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in 1996, sponsored by Synthélabo Recherche.

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Elizabeth Gould (psychologist)

Elizabeth Gould is an American neuroscientist and professor of psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology.

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Encoding (memory)

Memory has the ability to encode, store and recall information.

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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the mammalian central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system.

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Endogenous agonist

In pharmacology, an endogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor.

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Enflurane

Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether.

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EPH receptor B2

Ephrin type-B receptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHB2 gene.

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Ephenidine

Ephenidine (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug.

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Epigenetics in learning and memory

While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention has turned to the epigenetic mechanisms behind the dynamic changes in gene transcription responsible for memory formation and maintenance.

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Epipregnanolone

Epipregnanolone, also known as 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one, 3β,5β-tetrahydroprogesterone, or 3β,5β-THP, is an endogenous neurosteroid.

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Esketamine

Esketamine, also known as (S)-ketamine or S(+)-ketamine and sold under the brand names Ketanest and Ketanest S among others, is a general anesthetic and a dissociative hallucinogen.

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Etoxadrol

Etoxadrol (CL-1848C) is a dissociative anaesthetic drug that has been found to be an NMDA antagonist and produce similar effects to PCP in animals.

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EVT-101

EVT-101, also known as ENS-101, is an experimental medication which originated from Roche and is under development by Evotec AG for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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EVT-103

EVT-103, also known as ENS-103, is an experimental medication which originated from Roche and is under development by Evotec AG for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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Excitatory synapse

An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.

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Excitotoxicity

Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by which nerve cells are damaged or killed by excessive stimulation by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and similar substances.

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Extinction (psychology)

Extinction is observed in both operantly conditioned and classically conditioned behavior.

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Fear conditioning

Fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events.

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Fear processing in the brain

Many experiments have been done to find out how the brain interprets stimuli and how animals develop fear responses.

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Felbamate

Felbamate (marketed under the brand name Felbatol by MedPointe) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy.

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Flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases

Flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases catalyse the interchange of reducing equivalents between one-electron carriers and the two-electron-carrying nicotinamide dinucleotides.

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Fluorolintane

Fluorolintane (also known as 2-FPPP) is a dissociative anesthetic drug that has been sold online as a designer drug.

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GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator

In pharmacology, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators are positive allosteric modulator (PAM) molecules that increase the activity of the GABAA receptor protein in the vertebrate central nervous system.

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Gacyclidine

Gacyclidine (GK-11) is a psychoactive drug which acts as a dissociative via functioning as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.

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Gambierol

Gambierol is a marine polycyclic ether toxin which is produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.

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Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug.

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Gaseous signaling molecules

Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesised internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.

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General anaesthetic

General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a reversible loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals.

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Genes to Cognition Project

Genes to Cognition (G2C) is a neuroscience research programme that studies genes, the brain and behaviour in an integrated manner.

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Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

In neuroscience, glutamate refers to the anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter: a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells.

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Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia models the subset of pathologic mechanisms linked to glutamatergic signaling.

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Glutamate receptor

Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells.

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Glutamate receptor-interacting protein

Glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) refers to either a family of proteins that bind to the glutamate receptor or specifically to the GRIP1 protein within this family.

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Glutamate transporter

Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane.

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Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.

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Glutathione

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.

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Glutathione disulfide

Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.

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Glycine

Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.

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Glycine encephalopathy

Glycine encephalopathy (also known as non-ketotic hyperglycinemia or NKH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism.

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Glycine transporter 1

Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A9 gene.

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Granule cell

The name granule cell has been used by anatomists for a number of different types of neuron whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies.

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GRID2

Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2, also known as GluD2, GluRδ2, or δ2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRID2 gene.

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GRIN1

Glutamate receptor subunit zeta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN1 gene.

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GRIN2A

Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2A gene.

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GRIN2B

Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-2, also known as N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B or NR2B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2B gene.

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GRIN2C

Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2C gene.

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GRIN2D

Glutamate receptor subunit epsilon-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2D gene.

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GRIN3A

Glutamate receptor subunit 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3A gene.

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GRIN3B

Glutamate receptor subunit 3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN3B gene.

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GRINL1A

GRINL1A complex locus protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRINL1A gene.

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GRINL1B

Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate-like 1B, also known as GRINL1B, is a human gene.

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Group C nerve fiber

Group C nerve fibers are one of three classes of nerve fiber in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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HA-966

HA-966 or (±) 3-Amino-1-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-2-one is a molecule used in scientific research as a glycine receptor and NMDA receptor antagonist / low efficacy partial agonist.

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Habenula

In neuroanatomy, habenula (diminutive of Latin habena meaning rein) originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland (pineal habenula; pedunculus of pineal body), but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus.

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Hallucination

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.

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Hallucinogen

A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.

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Haloperidol

Haloperidol, marketed under the trade name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication.

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Hannah Monyer

Hannah Monyer (born 3 October 1957 in Laslea, Romania) is a Romanian-born (Transylvanian Saxon) German neurobiologist and, since 1999,, Crossroads in Biology, received 27 May 2010.

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Heterotetramer

A heterotetramer is protein containing four non-covalently bound subunits, wherein the subunits are not all identical.

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Hilmar Bading

Hilmar Bading (born 1958) is a German physician and neuroscientist.

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Hippocampus

The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.

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Homoquinolinic acid

Homoquinolinic acid (HQA) is a potent excitotoxin which is a conformationally-restricted analogue of ''N''-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and a partial agonist of the main/glutamate site of the NMDA receptor, with some selectivity for NR2B subunit-containing receptors.

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Huperzine A

Huperzine A is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata and in varying quantities in other Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.

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Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sometimes called prussic acid, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCN.

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Hydroxynorketamine

Hydroxynorketamine (HNK), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a minor metabolite of the anesthetic, dissociative, and antidepressant drug ketamine.

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Hyperammonemia

Hyperammonemia (or hyperammonaemia) is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood.

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Hyperforin

Hyperforin is a phytochemical produced by some of the members of the plant genus Hypericum, notably Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort).

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Hypericin

Hypericin is a naphthodianthrone, an anthraquinone derivative which, together with hyperforin, is one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort).

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Hypericum perforatum

Hypericum perforatum, known as perforate St John's-wort, common Saint John's wort and St John's wort, is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae.

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Hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy

Brain hypothermia, induced by cooling a baby to around 33 °C for three days after birth, is a treatment for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.

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Ibotenic acid

Ibotenic acid or (S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a chemical compound and psychoactive drug which occurs naturally in Amanita muscaria and related species of mushrooms typically found in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere.

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Ifenprodil

Ifenprodil is an inhibitor of the NMDA receptor, specifically of GluN1 (glycine-binding NMDA receptor subunit 1) and GluN2B (glutamate-binding NMDA receptor subunit 2) subunits.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biophysics articles

This is a list of articles on biophysics.

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Indole alkaloid

Indole alkaloids are a class of alkaloids containing a structural moiety of indole; many indole alkaloids also include isoprene groups and are thus called terpene indole or secologanin tryptamine alkaloids.

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Ionotropic glutamate receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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IQSEC3

IQSEC3 is a human gene, known as IQ motif and Sec7 domain 3.

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Ischemic cascade

The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply).

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Joe Z. Tsien

Joe Z. Tsien is a neuroscientist who pioneered Cre/lox-neurogenetics in the mid-1990s, a versatile toolbox for neuroscientists to study the complex relationships between genes, neural circuits, and behaviors.

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Joro toxin

Joro spider toxin (joro toxin, JSTX) - a toxin which was originally extracted from the spider Nephila clavata venom.

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Kainate receptor

Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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Kaitocephalin

Kaitocephalin is a non-selective ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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Kalkitoxin

Kalkitoxin, a lipopeptide derived from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, induces NMDA receptor mediated neuronal necrosis, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, and induces cellular hypoxia by inhibiting the electron transport chain (ETC) complex 1.

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Kavain

Kavain is the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant.

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Ketamine

Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.

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KIF17

Kinesin-like protein KIF17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF17 gene.

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Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)

Kindling due to substance withdrawal refers to the neurological condition which results from repeated withdrawal episodes from sedative–hypnotic drugs such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.

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Kynurenic acid

Kynurenic acid (KYNA or KYN) is a product of the normal metabolism of amino acid L-tryptophan.

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Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase

In enzymology, a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is the expression product of the KMO (gene).

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Laboratoires Servier

Servier Laboratories (French: Laboratoires Servier, often abbreviated to Servier) is a privately owned French pharmaceutical company that specialises in medication for cardiological and rheumatological conditions, as well as for diabetes and clinical depression.

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Laboratory mouse

The laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research.

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Lacosamide

Lacosamide (INN, formerly known as erlosamide, harkeroside, SPM 927, or ADD 234037), is a medication for the adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures and diabetic neuropathic pain.

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Lanicemine

Lanicemine (AZD6765) is a low-trapping NMDA receptor antagonist that was under development by AstraZeneca for the management of severe and treatment-resistant depression.

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Latrepirdine

Latrepirdine (INN, also known as dimebolin and sold as Dimebon), is an antihistamine drug which has been used clinically in Russia since 1983.

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Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.

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Levomethadone

Levomethadone (INN; L-Polamidon, L-Polamivet, Levadone, Levothyl), or levamethadone, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive which is marketed in Europe and is used for pain management and in opioid maintenance therapy.

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Levomilnacipran

Levomilnacipran (brand name Fetzima) is an antidepressant which was approved in the United States in 2013 for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults.

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Licostinel

Licostinel (INN) (code name ACEA-1021) is a competitive, silent antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor (Kb.

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Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.

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Light effects on circadian rhythm

Most animals and other organisms have "built in clocks" in their brains that regulate the timing of biological processes and daily behavior.

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List of investigational antidepressants

This is a list of investigational antidepressants, or antidepressants that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of mood disorders but are not yet approved.

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List of investigational antipsychotics

This is a list of investigational antipsychotics, or antipsychotics that are currently under development for clinical use but are not yet approved.

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List of investigational anxiolytics

This is a list of investigational anxiolytics, or anxiolytics that are currently under development for clinical use but are not yet approved.

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List of MeSH codes (D12.776.543)

This is a sub-part (membrane proteins only) of List of MeSH codes (D12.776), itself a part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of neurosteroids

This is a list of neurosteroids, or natural and synthetic steroids that are active on the mammalian nervous system through receptors other than steroid hormone receptors.

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Lithium (medication)

Lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are primarily used as a psychiatric medication.

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Local anesthetic nerve block

Local anesthetic nerve block (local anesthetic regional nerve blockade, or often simply nerve block) is a short-term nerve block involving the injection of local anesthetic as close to the nerve as possible for pain relief.

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Long-term depression

Long-term depression (LTD), in neurophysiology, is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus.

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Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain

While researchers have found that moderate alcohol consumption in older adults is associated with better cognition and well-being than abstinence, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with widespread and significant brain lesions.

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Long-term potentiation

In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), also known as apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP8 gene.

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LTP induction

The induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in chemical synapses in the brain occurs via a fairly straightforward mechanism.

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LY-235959

LY-235959 is a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

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LY-404,039

LY-404,039, also known as pomaglumetad, is an amino acid analog drug that acts as a highly selective agonist for the metabotropic glutamate receptor group II subtypes mGluR2 and mGluR3.

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Lyme disease

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type which is spread by ticks.

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Lymphocytic pleocytosis

Lymphocytic pleocytosis is an abnormal increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Magnesium in biology

Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems.

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Management of schizophrenia

Management of schizophrenia usually involved many aspects including psychological, pharmacological, social, educational, and employment-related interventions directed to recovery, reducing the impact of the disease on quality of life, social functioning, and longevity.

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MAPK8IP2

C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 2 is a protein or the name of the gene that encodes it.

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Martha Constantine-Paton

Martha Constantine-Paton is a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Mechanisms of schizophrenia

The underlying mechanisms of schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of the processes of thinking and of emotional responsiveness, are complex.

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Medium spiny neuron

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons, are a special type of GABAergic inhibitory cell representing 95% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure.

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Memantine

Memantine is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It was first synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company in 1968 as a potential agent to treat diabetes; the NMDA activity was discovered in the 1980s.

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Memory

Memory is the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

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Memory consolidation

Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition.

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Metabotropic glutamate receptor

The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process.

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Metaplasticity

Metaplasticity is a term originally coined by W.C. Abraham and M.F. Bear to refer to the plasticity of synaptic plasticity.

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Metapramine

Metapramine (brand names Prodastene, Timaxel) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) developed by Rhone Poulenc that was introduced for the treatment of depression in France in 1984.

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Methadone

Methadone, sold under the brand name Dolophine among others, is an opioid used to treat pain and as maintenance therapy or to help with tapering in people with opioid dependence.

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Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

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Methoxetamine

Methoxetamine, abbreviated as MXE, is a dissociative hallucinogen that has been sold as a designer drug.

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Methoxphenidine

Methoxphenidine (methoxydiphenidine, 2-MeO-Diphenidine, MXP) is a dissociative of the diarylethylamine class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

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Midafotel

Midafotel (CPPene; SDZ EAA 494) is a potent, competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

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Migraine

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.

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Mir-219 microRNA precursor family

In molecular biology, the microRNA miR-219 was predicted in vertebrates by conservation between human, mouse and pufferfish and cloned in pufferfish.

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Mitochondrial permeability transition pore

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke.

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Molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism

Alcoholism is a chronic disease characterized by trouble controlling the consumption of alcohol, dependence (needing to consume more to achieve the same effects), and withdrawal upon rapid cessation of drinking.

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Molecular cellular cognition

Molecular cellular cognition (MCC) is a branch of neuroscience that involves the study of cognitive processes with approaches that integrate molecular, cellular and behavioral mechanisms.

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Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.

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N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid

N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid (N-acetylaspartylglutamate or NAAG) is a peptide neurotransmitter and the third-most-prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.

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N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid or N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.

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Neboglamine

Neboglamine (developmental code names CR-2249, XY-2401), formerly known as nebostinel, is a positive allosteric modulator of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor which is under investigation for Rottapharm for the treatment of schizophrenia and cocaine dependence.

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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neural binding

Neural binding refers to the neuroscientific aspect of what is commonly known as the binding problem.

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Neuronal memory allocation

Memory allocation is a process that determines which specific synapses and neurons in a neural network will store a given memory.

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Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system.

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Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior.

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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life, e.g., brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location, the proportion of grey matter can change, and synapses may strengthen or weaken over time.

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Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.

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Neuroscience of rhythm

The neuroscience of rhythm refers to the various forms of rhythm generated by the central nervous system (CNS).

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Neurosteroid

Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors.

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Neurotoxin

Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).

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Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.

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Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, (NAADP), is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger synthesised in response to extracellular stimuli.

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Niflumic acid

Niflumic acid is a drug used for joint and muscular pain.

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Nitromemantine

Nitromemantine (developmental code name YQW-36) is a derivative of memantine developed in 2006 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

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Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.

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NMDA receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.

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NMDA receptor antagonist

NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the ''N''-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR).

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Nonsynaptic plasticity

Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).

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Nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.

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Olanzapine

Olanzapine (originally branded Zyprexa) is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocytes, or oligodendroglia,.

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Olney's lesions

Olney's lesions, also known as NMDA receptor antagonist neurotoxicity (NAN), are a potential form of brain damage due to drugs that have been studied experimentally and have produced neuronal damage, yet are administered by doctors to humans in the settings of pharmacotherapy and of anesthesia.

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Omigapil

Omigapil (TCH346 or CGP3466) is a drug that was developed by Novartis and tested in clinical trials for its ability to help treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

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Opipramol

Opipramol, sold under the brand name Insidon among others, is an anxiolytic and antidepressant which is used throughout Europe.

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Orphan receptor

In biochemistry, an orphan receptor is a protein that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified.

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Ototoxicity

Ototoxicity is the property of being toxic to the ear (oto-), specifically the cochlea or auditory nerve and sometimes the vestibular system, for example, as a side effect of a drug.

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P-type calcium channel

The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel.

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Paradoxical disinhibition

Paradoxical disinhibition is a paradoxical reaction, an uncommon but recognized phenomenon, characterized by acute excitement and an altered mental state, caused by benzodiazepines, the mechanism being poorly known, but the most accepted theory is that it occurs secondary to inhibition of the restraining influences of the cortex and frontal lobe due to the GABA-mimetic action of benzodiazepines.

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Paraneoplastic syndrome

A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of cancer in the body, but unlike mass effect, is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.

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Paroxysmal depolarizing shift

A paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS) or depolarizing shift is a hallmark of cellular manifestation of epilepsy.

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PCP site 2

PCP site 2 is a binding site that was identified as a high-affinity target for phencyclidine (PCP), an anesthetic and dissociative hallucinogen that acts primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

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PDZ domain

The PDZ domain is a common structural domain of 80-90 amino-acids found in the signaling proteins of bacteria, yeast, plants, viruses and animals.

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PEAQX

PEAQX is a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor.

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Pediatric acquired brain injury

Pediatric acquired brain injury (PABI) is the number one cause of death and disability for children and young adults in the United States." and effects most children ages (6-10) and adolescent ages (11-17) around the world.

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PF-04958242

PF-04958242 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is under development by Pfizer for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.

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Pharmacology of antidepressants

The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.

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Phencyclidine

Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a drug used for its mind altering effects.

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Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.

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Philanthotoxin

Philanthotoxins are components of the venom of the Egyptian solitary wasp Philanthus triangulum, commonly known as the European beewolf.

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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.

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PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle.

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Place cell

A place cell is a type of pyramidal neuron within the hippocampus that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment; this place is known as the place field.

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Polyamine

A polyamine is an organic compound having more than two amino groups.

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Posterior cingulate cortex

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the caudal part of the cingulate cortex, located posterior to the anterior cingulate cortex.

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Postsynaptic density

The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane.

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PPP1R1B

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B), also known as dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R1B gene.

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Pre-Bötzinger complex

The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory centre of the medulla of the brainstem.

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Pre-eclampsia

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine.

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Pregnenolone

Pregnenolone (P5), or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

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Pregnenolone succinate

Pregnenolone succinate (USAN; brand names Panzalone, Formula 405; also known as pregnenolone hemisuccinate or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one 3β-(hydrogen succinate)) is a synthetic pregnane steroid and an ester of pregnenolone which is described as a glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory drug and has been patented and marketed as a topical medication in the form of a cream for the treatment of allergic, pruritic, and inflammatory dermatitis.

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Pregnenolone sulfate

Pregnenolone sulfate (PS, PREGS) is an endogenous excitatory neurosteroid that is synthesized from pregnenolone.

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Prepulse inhibition

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a neurological phenomenon in which a weaker prestimulus (prepulse) inhibits the reaction of an organism to a subsequent strong startling stimulus (pulse).

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PRNP

PRNP (PRioN Protein) is the human gene encoding for the major prion protein PrP (for prion protein), also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230).

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Proline

Proline (symbol Pro or P) is a proteinogenic amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Protein kinase C

Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.

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Psychoactive drug

A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.

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PTPN5

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN5 gene.

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Quetiapine

Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel among other names, is an atypical antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

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Quinolinic acid

Quinolinic acid (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone.

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Quinoxalinedione

Quinoxalinedione is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH)2(CO)2.

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Quisqualamine

Quisqualamine is the α-decarboxylated analogue of quisqualic acid, as well as a relative of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

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Rapastinel

Rapastinel (former developmental code names GLYX-13, BV-102) is a novel antidepressant that is under development by Allergan (previously Naurex) as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.

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Receptor antagonist

A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.

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Reelin

Reelin (RELN) is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell-cell interactions.

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Remacemide

Remacemide is a drug which acts as a low-affinity NMDA antagonist with sodium channel blocking properties.

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Reward system

The reward system is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positive emotions, particularly ones which involve pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

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Rho family of GTPases

The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily.

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Rhombic lip

The rhombic lip is a posterior section of the developing metencephalon which can be recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo.

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RICS (gene)

Rho GTPase-activating protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RICS gene.

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Riluzole

Riluzole (marketed as Rilutek and Teglutik) is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

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Rislenemdaz

Rislenemdaz (developmental code names CERC-301, MK-0657) is an orally-active, selective NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) antagonist which is under development by Cerecor in the United States as an adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

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Rostral ventromedial medulla

The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), or ventromedial nucleus of the spinal cord, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the medulla oblongata (myelencephalon).

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S-Nitrosoglutathione

S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous ''S''-nitrosothiol (SNO) that plays a critical role in nitric oxide (NO) signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO.

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Salomon Z. Langer

Salomon Z. Langer is an Argentine-American pharmacologist.

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Sarcosine

Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, is an intermediate and byproduct in glycine synthesis and degradation.

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Schaffer collateral

Schaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.

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Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.

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Sensory memory

During every moment of an organism's life, sensory information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system.

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Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is a Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) (Vitamin B6) dependent enzyme which plays an important role in cellular one-carbon pathways by catalyzing the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF).

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Serine racemase

Serine racemase is an enzyme which generates D-serine from L-serine.

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Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur following use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs.

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SHANK2

SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK2 gene.

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Shigetada Nakanishi

Shigetada Nakanishi (born January 7, 1942) is a Japanese biochemist and neuroscientist.

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Short-term effects of alcohol consumption

The short-term effects of alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) consumption – due to drinking beer, wine, distilled spirits or other alcoholic beverages – range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and euphoria at lower doses to intoxication (drunkenness), stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia (memory "blackouts"), and central nervous system depression at higher doses.

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Sigma receptor

Schematic σ receptor The sigma receptors σ1 and σ2 bind to ligands such as 4-PPBP (4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine), SA 4503 (cutamesine), ditolylguanidine, dimethyltryptamine, and siramesine.

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Sigma-2 receptor

The sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) is a sigma receptor subtype that has been found highly expressed in malignant cancer cells, and is currently under investigation for its potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

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Silent synapse

In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type glutamate receptors.

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SLC7A11

Cystine/glutamate transporter is an antiporter that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A11 gene.

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Spatial memory

In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is that part of the memory responsible for the recording of information about one's environment and spatial orientation.

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Specialized pro-resolving mediators

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM, also termed specialized proresolving mediators) are a large and growing class of cell signaling molecules formed in cells by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by one or a combination of lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes.

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Spike-timing-dependent plasticity

Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a biological process that adjusts the strength of connections between neurons in the brain.

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Spine apparatus

The spine apparatus (SA) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines in central neurons.

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Steroid hormone receptor

Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells.

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Steroid sulfate

Steroid sulfates are endogenous sulfate esters of steroids.

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Steven M. Paul

Steven M. Paul is an American neuroscientist and pharmaceutical executive.

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Substantia nigra

The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.

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Suicide crisis

A suicide crisis, suicidal crisis, attempted suicide or potential suicide, is a situation in which a person is attempting to kill themselves or is seriously contemplating or planning to do so.

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Synaptic gating

Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity.

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Synaptic plasticity

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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Synaptic stabilization

This page describes the process of synapse stabilization mediated by cell adhesion molecules.

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Synaptic weight

In neuroscience and computer science, synaptic weight refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another.

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Synaptogenesis

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system.

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Synaptotropic hypothesis

The synaptotropic hypothesis, also called the synaptotrophic hypothesis, is a neurobiological hypothesis of neuronal growth and synapse formation.

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SYNGAP1

Synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein 1, also known as synaptic Ras-GAP 1 or SYNGAP1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNGAP1 gene.

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Tachykinin receptor 1

The tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) also known as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or substance P receptor (SPR) is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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TBR1

T-box, brain, 1 is a transcription factor protein important in vertebrate embryo development.

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Tenocyclidine

Tenocyclidine (TCP) was discovered by a team at Parke-Davis in the late 1950s.

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Tetrapeptide

A tetrapeptide is a peptide, classified as an oligopeptide, since it only consists of four amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

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Tetrazolylglycine

Tetrazolylglycine (Tet-Gly, LY-285,265) is a potent and selective NMDA receptor agonist, stimulating the NMDA receptor with higher potency than either glutamate or NMDA.

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Theanine

Theanine, also known as L-γ-glutamylethylamide and N5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is an amino acid analogue of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamate and L-glutamine and is found primarily in particular plant and fungal species.

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Tianeptine

Tianeptine, sold under the brand names Stablon and Coaxil among others, is an atypical antidepressant which is used mainly in the treatment of major depressive disorder, although it may also be used to treat anxiety, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.

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Tramadol

Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.

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Traumatic memories

The management of traumatic memories is important when treating mental health disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder.

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Trazodone

Trazodone, sold under many brand names worldwide, Page accessed Feb 10, 2016 is an antidepressant medication.

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Tricyclic antidepressant

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that are used primarily as antidepressants.

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Tripchlorolide

Tripchlorolide is an isolate of Tripterygium wilfordii (雷公藤) that has potential interaction with the NMDA receptor.

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TRPA1

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 or TRPA1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 (and in other species by the Trpa1) gene.

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TRPV1

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene.

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TRPV3

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name.

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TRPV4

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.

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Uncompetitive antagonist

Uncompetitive antagonists differ from non-competitive antagonists in that they require receptor activation by an agonist before they can bind to a separate allosteric binding site.

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Veterinary acupuncture

Veterinary acupuncture is the pseudo-scientific practice of performing acupuncture on animals.

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Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with a heterogeneous set of symptoms.

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Vocal learning

Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations.

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Voltage-gated calcium channel

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+.

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Water maze (neuroscience)

A water maze is a device used to test an animal's memory in which the alleys are filled with water, providing a motivation to escape.

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Yasunori Hayashi

is a Japanese neuroscientist who was born in Aichi and grew up in Tokyo.

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Ziprasidone

Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others, is an atypical antipsychotic which is used for the treatment of schizophrenia as well as acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder.

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1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (3C-PEP) is a research chemical of the piperazine class of chemical substances with psychoactive properties.

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1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a three-membered cyclopropane ring is fused to the Cα atom of the amino acid.

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22q13 deletion syndrome

22q13 deletion syndrome (spoken as twenty-two q one three, see Locus (genetics)) is a genetic disorder caused by deletions or rearrangements on the q terminal end (long arm) of chromosome 22.

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3-HO-PCP

3-Hydroxyphencyclidine (3-HO-PCP) is a dissociative hallucinogen of the arylcyclohexylamine class related to phencyclidine (PCP) that has been sold online as a designer drug.

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3-Hydroxymorphinan

3-Hydroxymorphinan (3-HM), or morphinan-3-ol, is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan family.

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3-MeO-PCE

3-Methoxyeticyclidine (3-MeO-PCE), also known as methoxieticyclidine, is a dissociative anesthetic that is qualitatively similar to PCE and PCP and has been sold online as a designer drug.

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3-MeO-PCP

3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) is a dissociative hallucinogen of the arylcyclohexylamine class related to phencyclidine (PCP) which has been sold online as a designer drug.

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4-Chlorokynurenine

L-4-Chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN; developmental code name AV-101) is an orally active small molecule prodrug of 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a NMDA receptor antagonist.

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4-MeO-PCP

4-Methoxyphencyclidine (methoxydine, 4-MeO-PCP) is a dissociative anesthetic drug that has been sold online as a research chemical.

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5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid

5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA) is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist acting at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex.

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7-Chlorokynurenic acid

7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a tool compound that acts as a potent and selective noncompetitive antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.

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7-Nitroindazole

7-Nitroindazole, or 7-NI, is a heterocyclic small molecule containing an indazole ring that has been nitrated at the 7 position.

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Discovery and development of memantine and related compounds, Glycine site, Glycine-site, N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, NMDA Receptor, NMDA channel, NMDA glutamate receptor, NMDA receptors, NMDA-receptor, NMDAR, NR1, NR2, NR2A, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, NR3B, NR3C, Nmda channel, Nmda receptor, Nmethyl-D-aspartate, Nr2b, PCP receptor, PCP site, PCP site 1, Phencyclidine receptor, Phencyclidine site, Receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor

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