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254 relations: Acid–base homeostasis, Acid–base imbalance, Active transport, Acute kidney injury, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, Afferent arterioles, Aldosterone, American flamingo, Amikacin, Amiloride, Aminoaciduria, Amniotic stem cells, Analgesic nephropathy, Antimineralocorticoid, Arteriolosclerosis, Ascending limb of loop of Henle, ATP7A, Atrial natriuretic peptide, Avian infectious bronchitis virus, Azotemia, Benign nephrosclerosis, Bird anatomy, Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, Bladder stone (animal), Blood pressure, Bowman's capsule, Brain natriuretic peptide, BSND, Calcitonin, Calcitriol, Camillo Golgi, Carbonic anhydrase, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Cellular waste product, Cephaloridine, Chronic allograft nephropathy, CLCN5, Clearance (pharmacology), Clopamide, Clostridium novyi, Collagen, Collecting duct system, Common ostrich, Common raven physiology, Complications of hypertension, Connecting tubule, Cortical lobule, Corticosteroid, Coumarin, Countercurrent exchange, ..., Creatinine, CTNS (gene), Cystinosis, Descending limb of loop of Henle, Desert kangaroo rat, Desmopressin, Development of the urinary system, Diabetes in dogs, Diabetic nephropathy, Distal convoluted tubule, Distal renal tubular acidosis, Diuresis, Diuretic, Djenkolic acid, Dog health, Dopamine, Dopamine receptor, Drosophila endobranchia, Efferent arteriole, Elimination (pharmacology), Empagliflozin, Epithelial polarity, Epithelial sodium channel, Excretory system, Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Feline hyperaldosteronism, Fenoldopam, Fibroblast, Filtration fraction, Fish anatomy, Flame cell, Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Forkhead box d1, Gitelman syndrome, Glomerulopathy, Glomerulus (kidney), Glossary of biology, Glucose transporter, Glucose uptake, Glycosuria, Hagfish, HIV-associated nephropathy, Homeostasis, Hummingbird, Hydronephrosis, Hyperchloremia, Hyperinsulinemia, Hypertensive kidney disease, ICD-10 Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system, Inborn errors of renal tubular transport, Index of anatomy articles, Index of biology articles, Induced stem cells, Interlobar arteries, Interlobular arteries, Inulin, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Juxtamedullary nephron, Kidney, Kidney cancer, Kidney development, Lancelet, LGR5, Liddle's syndrome, Lilium, Lilium longiflorum, List of adverse effects of chlorpromazine, List of dog diseases, List of Greek and Latin roots in English/N, List of human endocrine organs and actions, List of MeSH codes (A05), Loin pain hematuria syndrome, Loop of Henle, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, Macula densa, Malpighian, Malpighian corpuscle, Medullary cystic kidney disease, Melamine, Melissa Little, MERRF syndrome, Mesonephros, Metabolic alkalosis, Metanephrogenic blastema, Metolazone, Mir-802 microRNA precursor family, Myeloma cast nephropathy, Myogenic mechanism, Na+/K+-ATPase, Na-K-Cl cotransporter, Nephridiopore, Nephritis, Nephrology, Nephron, Nephrotic syndrome, Nocturia, OATP4C1, Offal, Opisthonephros, Organ-on-a-chip, Organic anion transporter 1, Osmolarity gradient, Osmoreceptor, Osmoregulation, Osmotic diuretic, Outline of human anatomy, P-glycoprotein, Papillorenal syndrome, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Peritubular capillaries, Perlecan, Peter Agre, Phosphate nephropathy, Podocyte, Polycystic kidney disease, Potassium, Potassium channel, Preotact, Primary aldosteronism, Procellariiformes, Proinflammatory cytokine, Protein toxicity, Proteinuria, Proximal tubule, Pump leak model, Pyelonephritis, Reabsorption, Regeneration in humans, Renal angina, Renal artery, Renal artery stenosis, Renal calyx, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal column, Renal corpuscle, Renal cortex, Renal function, Renal glycosuria, Renal hilum, Renal ischemia, Renal lobe, Renal medulla, Renal medullary fibroma, Renal papilla, Renal pelvis, Renal physiology, Renal plexus, Renal pyramids, Renal sodium reabsorption, Renal stem cell, Renal tubular acidosis, Renal urea handling, Renal vein, Reptile, Rhabdomyolysis, Rock dove, ROMK, Selective reabsorption, Serum free light-chain measurement, Sickle cell nephropathy, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet, Skip lesion, SLC17A3, SLC34A1, Sodium-chloride symporter, Sodium-glucose transport proteins, Sodium–hydrogen antiporter, Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3, Solvent drag, Spironolactone, Steroid hormone receptor, Straight arterioles of kidney, Sulfadimethoxine, Symporter, Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, Thiazide, Thin segment, Tight junction, TLR2, Tubular, Tubular fluid, Tubule, Tubuloglomerular feedback, Tubulopathy, Uffe Ravnskov, Urate oxidase, Urea, Urinary cast, Urinary system, Urine test strip, Urologic disease, Vasopressin, Vasopressin receptor, Vasopressin receptor 2, Von Hippel–Lindau disease, WNK1, Wnt signaling pathway, WNT4, Xerocole, XPNPEP3, Zona glomerulosa, 1842 in science, 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Expand index (204 more) »
Acid–base homeostasis
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF).
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Acid–base imbalance
Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45).
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Active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient.
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Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), is an abrupt loss of kidney function that develops within 7 days.
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Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRTase) is an enzyme encoded by the APRT gene, found in humans on chromosome 16.
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Afferent arterioles
The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems.
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, is a steroid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland.
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American flamingo
The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo.
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Amikacin
Amikacin is an antibiotic used for a number of bacterial infections.
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Amiloride
Amiloride, sold under the trade name Midamor among others, is a medication typically used with other medications to treat high blood pressure or swelling due to heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver.
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Aminoaciduria
Aminoaciduria occurs when the urine contains abnormally high amounts of amino acids.
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Amniotic stem cells
Amniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane.
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Analgesic nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy is injury to the kidneys caused by analgesic medications such as aspirin, phenacetin, and paracetamol.
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Antimineralocorticoid
An antimineralocorticoid, MCRA, or an aldosterone antagonist, is a diuretic drug which antagonizes the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors.
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Arteriolosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease involving hardening and loss of elasticity of arterioles or small arteries and is most often associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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Ascending limb of loop of Henle
Within the nephron of the kidney, the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is a segment of the loop of Henle downstream of the descending limb, after the sharp bend of the loop.
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ATP7A
ATP7A, also known as Menkes' protein (MNK), is a copper-transporting P-type ATPase which uses the energy arising from ATP hydrolysis to transport Cu(I) across cell membranes.
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Atrial natriuretic peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) or Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion.
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Avian infectious bronchitis virus
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus which infects chickens, causing the associated disease, infectious bronchitis (IB).
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Azotemia
Azotemia (azot, "nitrogen" + -emia, "blood condition") is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (such as urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds) in the blood.
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Benign nephrosclerosis
Benign nephrosclerosis refers to the renal changes most commonly occurring in association with long-standing hypertension.
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Bird anatomy
Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight.
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Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD), also Hornstein–Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, Hornstein–Knickenberg syndrome, and fibrofolliculomas with trichodiscomas and acrochordons is a human autosomal dominant genetic disorder that can cause susceptibility to kidney cancer, renal and pulmonary cysts, and noncancerous tumors of the hair follicles, called fibrofolliculomas.
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Bladder stone (animal)
Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats.
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Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
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Bowman's capsule
Bowman's capsule (or the Bowman capsule, capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule) is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
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Brain natriuretic peptide
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume.
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BSND
Bartter syndrome, infantile, with sensorineural deafness (Barttin), also known as BSND, is a human gene which is associated with Bartter syndrome.
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin) is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid gland, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body.
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Calcitriol
Calcitriol (INN), also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other variants, is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D which has three hydroxyl groups.
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Camillo Golgi
Camillo Golgi (7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italian biologist and pathologist known for his works on the central nervous system.
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Carbonic anhydrase
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and protons).
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that suppress the activity of carbonic anhydrase.
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Cellular waste product
Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP.
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Cephaloridine
Cephaloridine (or cefaloridine) is a first generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. It is unique among cephalosporins in that it exists as a zwitterion.
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Chronic allograft nephropathy
Chronic allograft nephropathy, abbreviated CAN and also known as sclerosing/chronic allograft nephropathy, is the leading cause of kidney transplant failure and happens month to years after the transplant.
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CLCN5
H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCN5 gene.
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Clearance (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, the clearance is a pharmacokinetic measurement of the volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed per unit time; the usual units are mL/min.
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Clopamide
Clopamide (trade name Brinaldix) is a piperidine diuretic.
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Clostridium novyi
Clostridium novyi (oedematiens) a Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria of the class clostridia.
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Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.
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Collecting duct system
The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that physically connect nephrons to a minor calyx or directly to the renal pelvis.
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Common ostrich
The ostrich or common ostrich (Struthio camelus) is either of two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus Struthio, which is in the ratite family.
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Common raven physiology
The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large, all-black passerine bird.
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Complications of hypertension
Main complications of persistent high blood pressure Complications of hypertension are clinical outcomes that result from persistent elevation of blood pressure.
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Connecting tubule
In the kidney, the connecting tubule (CNT, or junctional tubule, or arcuate renal tubule) is a tubular segment of the renal collecting duct system that connects the distal convoluted tubule to the cortical collecting duct.
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Cortical lobule
A cortical lobule (or renal lobule) is a part of a renal lobe.
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Corticosteroid
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.
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Coumarin
Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) is a fragrant organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones.
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Countercurrent exchange
Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.
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Creatinine
Creatinine (or; from flesh) is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).
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CTNS (gene)
CTNS may also refer to the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences. CTNS is the gene that encodes the protein cystinosin in humans.
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Cystinosis
Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine.
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Descending limb of loop of Henle
Within the nephron of the kidney, the descending limb of loop of Henle is the portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle.
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Desert kangaroo rat
The desert kangaroo rat (Dipodomys deserti) is a rodent species in the family Heteromyidae that is found in desert areas of southwestern North America.
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Desmopressin
Desmopressin, sold under the trade name DDAVP among others, is a medication used to treat diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, hemophilia A, von Willebrand disease, and high blood urea levels.
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Development of the urinary system
The development of the urinary system beings as a part of prenatal development, and relates to the development of both the urinary system and the sex organs.
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Diabetes in dogs
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas either stop producing insulin or can no longer produce it in enough quantity for the body's needs.
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Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also known as diabetic kidney disease, is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus.
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Distal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule.
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Distal renal tubular acidosis
Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) or Type 1 renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is the classical form of RTA, being the first described.
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Diuresis
Diuresis is increased urination and the physiologic process that produces such an increase.
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Diuretic
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.
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Djenkolic acid
Djenkolic acid (or sometimes jengkolic acid) is a sulfur-containing non-protein amino acid naturally found in djenkol beans of the South-East Asian legumes jengkol (Archidendron jiringa).
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Dog health
The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Dopamine receptor
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).
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Drosophila endobranchia
Drosophila endobranchia is a species of fly in the family Drosophilidae.
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Efferent arteriole
The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms.
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Elimination (pharmacology)
In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.
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Empagliflozin
Empagliflozin (trade name Jardiance) is a drug of the gliflozin class, approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults in 2014.
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Epithelial polarity
Cell polarity is a fundamental feature of many types of cells.
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Epithelial sodium channel
The epithelial sodium channel (short: eNaC, also: amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to Na+ ions and that is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α or δ, β, and γ, These subunits are encoded by four genes: SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, and SCNN1D.
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Excretory system
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
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Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an inherited condition that can cause hypercalcemia, a serum calcium level typically above 10.2 mg/dL.
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Feline hyperaldosteronism
Feline hyperaldosteronism is a disease in cats.
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Fenoldopam
Fenoldopam mesylate (Corlopam) is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial agonist.
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Filtration fraction
In renal physiology, the filtration fraction is the ratio of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to the renal plasma flow (RPF).
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Fish anatomy
Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fishes.
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Flame cell
A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (except the turbellarian order Acoela), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system.
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as a leading cause of kidney failure in adults.
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Forkhead box d1
Forkhead box D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXD1 gene.
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Gitelman syndrome
Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive kidney disorder characterized by low blood levels of potassium and magnesium, decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, and elevated blood pH.
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Glomerulopathy
Glomerulopathy is a set of diseases affecting the glomeruli of the nephron.
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Glomerulus (kidney)
The glomerulus, plural glomeruli, is a network of capillaries known as a tuft, located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney.
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Glossary of biology
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Glucose transporter
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane.
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Glucose uptake
Method of glucose uptake differs throughout tissues depending on two factors; the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose.
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Glycosuria
Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine.
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Hagfish
Hagfish, the class '''Myxini''' (also known as Hyperotreti), are eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish (occasionally called slime eels).
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HIV-associated nephropathy
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) refers to kidney disease developing in association with HIV infection.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds from the Americas that constitute the family Trochilidae.
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Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis describes urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis and/or calyces as a result of obstruction.
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Hyperchloremia
Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of the chloride ions in the blood.
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Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperinsulinemia, or hyperinsulinaemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose.
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Hypertensive kidney disease
Hypertensive kidney disease is a medical condition referring to damage to the kidney due to chronic high blood pressure.
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ICD-10 Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system
ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.
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Inborn errors of renal tubular transport
Inborn errors of renal tubular transport are metabolic disorders which lead to impairment in the ability of solutes, such as salts or amino acids, to be transported across the brush border of the renal tubule.
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Index of anatomy articles
Articles related to anatomy include.
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Index of biology articles
Biology is the study of life and its processes.
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Induced stem cells
Induced stem cells (iSC) are stem cells derived from somatic, reproductive, pluripotent or other cell types by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming.
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Interlobar arteries
The interlobar arteries are vessels of the renal circulation which supply the renal lobes.
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Interlobular arteries
Interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries or cortical radial arteries) are renal blood vessels given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance.
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Inulin
Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants, industrially most often extracted from chicory.
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney.
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Juxtamedullary nephron
A juxtamedullary nephron is a type of nephron, found only in birds and mammals.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Kidney cancer
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the cells in the kidney.
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Kidney development
Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system.
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Lancelet
The lancelets — also known as amphioxi (singular, amphioxus) consist of about 32 species of fish-like marine chordates in the order Amphioxiformes.
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LGR5
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 49 (GPR49) or G-protein coupled receptor 67 (GPR67) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGR5 gene.
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Liddle's syndrome
Liddle's syndrome, also called Liddle syndrome is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner that is characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone.
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Lilium
Lilium (members of which are true lilies) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers.
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Lilium longiflorum
Lilium longiflorum (Japanese: テッポウユリ, Teppōyuri), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan).
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List of adverse effects of chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine includes the following list of adverse effects (serious adverse effects appear in bold):Data on the exact incidence of the different adverse effects is greatly lacking so only rough approximations of adverse effect incidence is available.
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List of dog diseases
This list of dog diseases is a selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog.
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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/N
Category:Lists of words.
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List of human endocrine organs and actions
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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List of MeSH codes (A05)
The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.
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Loin pain hematuria syndrome
Loin Pain Hematuria Syndrome ", aka LPHS, is the combination of debilitating unilateral or bilateral flank pain and microscopic or macroscopic amounts of blood in the urine that is otherwise unexplained.
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Loop of Henle
In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop, Henle loop, nephron loop or its Latin counterpart ansa nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive and systemic disease that typically results in cystic lung destruction.
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Macula densa
In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule, at the point where the thick ascending limb meets the distal convoluted tubule.
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Malpighian
Malpighian is an attribute to several anatomical structures.
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Malpighian corpuscle
There are at least two anatomical structures called a Malpighian corpuscle.
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Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) is an autosomal dominant kidney disorder characterized by tubulointerstitial sclerosis leading to end-stage renal disease.
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Melamine
Melamine is the organic compound with the formula C3H6N6.
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Melissa Little
Professor Melissa Little is a scientist known for work on the development of the kidneys, and mechanisms of disease and repair.
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MERRF syndrome
MERRF syndrome (or myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) is a mitochondrial disease.
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Mesonephros
The mesonephros (middle kidney) is one of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates.
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Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45).
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Metanephrogenic blastema
The metanephrogenic blastema or metanephric blastema (or metanephric mesenchyme, or metanephric mesoderm) is one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney, the other being the ureteric bud.
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Metolazone
Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic marketed under the brand names Zytanix from Zydus Cadila, Zaroxolyn, and Mykrox.
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Mir-802 microRNA precursor family
In molecular biology mir-802 microRNA is a short RNA molecule.
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Myeloma cast nephropathy
Myeloma cast nephropathy, also cast nephropathy, is the formation of plugs (urinary casts) in the renal tubules from free immunoglobulin light chains leading to renal failure in the context of multiple myeloma.
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Myogenic mechanism
The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant.
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Na+/K+-ATPase
-ATPase (sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as the pump or sodium–potassium pump) is an enzyme (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells.
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Na-K-Cl cotransporter
The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells.
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Nephridiopore
A nephridiopore is part of the nephridium, an excretory organ found in many organisms, such as flatworms and annelids.
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Nephritis
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.
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Nephrology
Nephrology (from Greek nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the kidneys: the study of normal kidney function and kidney disease, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation).
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Nephron
The nephron (from Greek νεφρός – nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
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Nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage.
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Nocturia
Nocturia (derived from Latin nox, night, and Greek ούρα, urine), also called nycturia (Greek νυκτουρία), is defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) as “the complaint that the individual has to wake at night one or more times for voiding (i.e. to urinate).” Its causes are varied and, in many patients, difficult to discern.
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OATP4C1
Organic anion transporter polypeptide 4C1 or OATP4C1 is a human protein.
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Offal
Offal, also called variety meats, pluck or organ meats, refers to the internal organs and entrails of a butchered animal.
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Opisthonephros
The opisthonephros is the functional adult kidney in lampreys (cyclostomes), most fishes, and amphibians.
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Organ-on-a-chip
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ.
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Organic anion transporter 1
The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) also known as solute carrier family 22 member 6 (SLC22A6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A6 gene.
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Osmolarity gradient
Refers to the gradient created in the nephrons of the kidneys, between the tubules and the interstitial fluid surrounding them.
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Osmoreceptor
An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure.
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Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
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Osmotic diuretic
An osmotic diuretic is a type of diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium (Na).
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Outline of human anatomy
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy: Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human.
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P-glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells.
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Papillorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome, also called renal-coloboma syndrome or isolated renal hypoplasia, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder marked by underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the kidney and colobomas of the optic nerve.
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Paraneoplastic syndrome
A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of cancer in the body, but unlike mass effect, is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.
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Peritubular capillaries
In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
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Perlecan
Perlecan (PLC) also known as basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein (HSPG) or heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPG2 gene.
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Peter Agre
Peter Agre (born January 30, 1949) is an American physician and molecular biologist, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and director of the.
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Phosphate nephropathy
Phosphate nephropathy consists of damage to the kidneys caused by the formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules, damaging the nephron, and can cause acute kidney failure.
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Podocyte
Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus.
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Polycystic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD or PCKD, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome) is a genetic disorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the development and growth of multiple cysts within the kidney.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Potassium channel
Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms.
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Preotact
Preotact is a pharmaceutical form of parathyroid hormone (H05AA03) manufactured using a strain of Escherichia coli modified by recombinant DNA technology.
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Primary aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome, refers to the excess production of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands, resulting in low renin levels.
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Procellariiformes
Procellariiformes is an order of seabirds that comprises four families: the albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, and 2 families of storm petrels.
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Proinflammatory cytokine
A proinflammatory cytokine or more simply an inflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is excreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation.
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Protein toxicity
Protein toxicity is the effect of the buildup of protein metabolic waste compounds due to insufficient kidney function.
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Proteinuria
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine.
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Proximal tubule
The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle.
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Pump leak model
In nephrology, the pump leak model is a mechanism for the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney nephrons, in order to achieve and maintain the fluid-balanced euvolemic state within the human body.
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Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection.
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Reabsorption
In renal physiology, reabsorption or tubular reabsorption is the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid (pre-urine) and returns them to the circulating blood.
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Regeneration in humans
Regeneration in humans is the regrowth of lost tissues or organs in response to injury.
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Renal angina
Renal angina is a clinical methodology to risk stratify patients for the development of persistent and severe acute kidney injury (AKI).
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Renal artery
The renal arteries normally arise off the left interior side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood.
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Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of one of the renal arteries, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia.
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Renal calyx
The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes.
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Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine.
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Renal column
The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids.
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Renal corpuscle
A renal corpuscle is the blood-filtering component of the nephron of the kidney.
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Renal cortex
The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.
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Renal function
Renal function, in nephrology, is an indication of the kidney's condition and its role in renal physiology.
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Renal glycosuria
Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar (glucose) is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels.
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Renal hilum
The renal hilum (Latin: hilum renale) or renal pedicle is the hilum of the kidney, that is, its recessed central fissure where its vessels, nerves and ureter pass.
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Renal ischemia
Renal ischemia also known asnephric ischaemia, is the deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys or nephrons, usually due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel.
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Renal lobe
The renal lobe is a portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it.
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Renal medulla
The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney.
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Renal medullary fibroma
Renal medullary fibroma, also renomedullary interstitial cell tumour and medullary fibroma, is a benign kidney tumour.
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Renal papilla
The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney.
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Renal pelvis
The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the basin-like or funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney.
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Renal physiology
Renal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.
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Renal plexus
The renal plexus is formed by filaments from the celiac ganglia and plexus, aorticorenal ganglia, lower thoracic splanchnic nerves and first lumbar splanchnic nerve and aortic plexus.
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Renal pyramids
Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids or Malpighi's pyramids named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney.
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Renal sodium reabsorption
Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology.
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Renal stem cell
Renal stem cells are self-renewing, multipotent stem cells which are able to give rise to all the cell types of the kidney.
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Renal tubular acidosis
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine.
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Renal urea handling
Renal urea handling is the part of renal physiology that deals with the reabsorption and secretion of urea.
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Renal vein
The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.
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Rock dove
The rock dove, IOC World Bird List, rock pigeon, or common pigeon (also; Columba livia) is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons).
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ROMK
The renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) is an ATP-dependent potassium channel (Kir1.1) that transports potassium out of cells.
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Selective reabsorption
Selective reabsorption is the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron.
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Serum free light-chain measurement
Immunoglobulin light chains that are circulating in serum in a free (unbound) state are called free light chains (FLCs).
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Sickle cell nephropathy
Sickle cell nephropathy is a type of nephropathy associated with sickle cell disease which causes kidney complications as a result of sickling of red blood cells in the small blood vessels.
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal (cube-like) cells.
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Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet
Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet (20 July 1816 – 29 March 1892) was an English surgeon, histologist and anatomist.
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Skip lesion
A skip lesion is a wound or inflammation that is clearly patchy, "skipping" areas that thereby are unharmed.
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SLC17A3
Solute carrier family 17 (organic anion transporter), member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC17A3 gene.
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SLC34A1
Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2A also known as Na+-Pi cotransport (NaPi-2a) or solute carrier family 34, member 1 (SLC34A1) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLC34A1 gene.
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Sodium-chloride symporter
The sodium-chloride symporter (also known as Na+-Cl− cotransporter, NCC or NCCT, or as the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter or TSC) is a cotransporter in the kidney which has the function of reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid into the cells of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
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Sodium-glucose transport proteins
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST).
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Sodium–hydrogen antiporter
The sodium–hydrogen antiporter or sodium–proton exchanger (Na+/H+ exchanger) is a membrane protein that transports Na+ out of the cell, and H+ into the cell (antiport).
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Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3
Sodium–hydrogen antiporter 3 also known as sodium–hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) or solute carrier family 9 member 3 (SLC9A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC9A3 gene.
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Solvent drag
Solvent drag, also known as bulk transport, refers to solutes in the ultrafiltrate that are transported back from the renal tubule by the flow of water rather than specifically by ion pumps or other membrane transport proteins.
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Spironolactone
Spironolactone, sold under the brand name Aldactone among others, is a medication that is primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.
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Steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells.
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Straight arterioles of kidney
In the blood supply of the kidney, the straight arterioles of kidney (or vasa recta renis) are a series of straight capillaries in the medulla (Latin: vasa, "vessels"; recta, "straight").
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Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine (or sulphadimethoxine, trade names Di-Methox or Albon) is a long-lasting sulfonamide antimicrobial medication used in veterinary medicine.
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Symporter
A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of many differing types of molecules across the cell membrane.
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is characterized by excessive unsuppressible release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) either from the posterior pituitary gland, or an abnormal non-pituitary source.
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Thiazide
Thiazide is a type of molecule and a class of diuretics often used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema (such as that caused by heart failure, liver failure, or kidney failure).
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Thin segment
The thin segment is a segment of the nephron, which consists of.
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Tight junction
Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway.
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TLR2
Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene.
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Tubular
Tubular may refer to.
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Tubular fluid
Tubular fluid is the fluid in the tubules of the kidney.
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Tubule
A tubule is.
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Tubuloglomerular feedback
In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys.
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Tubulopathy
Tubulopathy is a disease affecting the renal tubules of the nephron.
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Uffe Ravnskov
Uffe Ravnskov (MD, PhD, born 1934) is a Danish medical doctor, independent researcher, a member of various international scientific organisations, and a former assistant professor and medical practitioner in Denmark and Sweden.
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Urate oxidase
The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), or uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate.
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Urea
Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2.
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Urinary cast
Urinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states.
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Urinary system
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
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Urine test strip
A urine test strip or dipstick test is a basic diagnostic tool used to determine pathological changes in a patient’s urine in standard urinalysis.
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Urologic disease
Urologic disease is any congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system.
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Vasopressin
Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.
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Vasopressin receptor
The actions of vasopressin are mediated by stimulation of tissue-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called vasopressin receptors that are classified into the V1 (V1A), V2, and V3 (V1B) receptor subtypes.
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Vasopressin receptor 2
Vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R), or arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (officially called AVPR2), is a protein that acts as receptor for vasopressin.
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Von Hippel–Lindau disease
von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL), also known as Familial cerebello retinal angiomatosis, is a rare genetic disorder with multisystem involvement.
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WNK1
WNK (lysine deficient protein kinase 1), also known as WNK1, is an enzyme that is encoded by the WNK1 gene.
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Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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WNT4
WNT4 is a secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the Wnt4 gene, found on chromosome 1.
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Xerocole
A xerocole, commonly referred to as a desert animal, is an animal adapted to live in the desert.
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XPNPEP3
Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 3, also known as aminopeptidase P3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the XPNPEP3 gene.
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Zona glomerulosa
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the renal capsule.
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1842 in science
The year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, also known as 20-HETE or 20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid that has a wide range of effects on the vascular system including the regulation of vascular tone, blood flow to specific organs, sodium and fluid transport in the kidney, and vascular pathway remodeling.
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Redirects here:
Collecting Tubule, Cortical nephron, Distal nephron, Kidney tubule, Kidney tubules, Nefron, Nephrons, Renal tubular, Renal tubular system, Renal tubule, Renal tubules, Secernated, Secernation, Structure of Nephrone, Tubular cell, Tubular cells, Tubule of the nephron, Tubulo-interstitial, Tubulus renalis, Uriniferous tubule.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephron
