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235 relations: Activity-dependent plasticity, ADAM22, ADAM33, Adult stem cell, Aerobic exercise, Afamelanotide, Alzheimer's disease research, Androgen, Animal psychopathology, Artificial neural membrane, ASPM (gene), Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Attila Losonczy, Autism therapies, Berghia stephanieae, Binge drinking, Brain, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BRCA2, Brian Christie (neuroscientist), Brpf1, BTG3, C21orf58, Calcium signaling, Cannabichromene, CCL11, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight, Cerebral cortex, Chemokine, Chernobyl disaster, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, Chris Q. Doe, CHST14, Classification of peripheral nerves, Clinical neurochemistry, Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142, Collapsin response mediator protein family, Connexon, Cornus officinalis, Cortical patterning, CTN-986, Cultured neuronal network, DAB1, Dentate gyrus, Detlef Weigel, Development of the human cortex, Development of the nervous system, Development of the nervous system in humans, ..., Domestic canary, Doublecortin, ELAV-like protein 3, Elizabeth Gould (psychologist), Embryo, Endocannabinoid system, Endogenous regeneration, Environment and intelligence, Environmental enrichment, Eomesodermin, Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis, Epileptogenesis, Episodic memory, ERCC6, Erythropoietin in neuroprotection, Estrogen receptor beta, Exercise, FABP7, Fanconi anemia, Fasciclin 2, Fernando Nottebohm, Fibroblast growth factor, Flora de Pablo, Foster care, Fusiform face area, G0 phase, GADD45B, Galanin, Ganglion mother cell, Ganglionic eminence, Gene gating, Gerald Fischbach, Gliogenesis, Gliosis, GLIS2, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Guy Goodwin, HCONDELs, Heinrich Reichert, Hepatocyte growth factor, HEY1, HEY2, Hippocampus, Human embryogenesis, Huntington's disease, Huperzine A, IGFBP7, Insulin-like growth factor, Insulin-like growth factor 2, Interleukin, Intermediate progenitor cell, Interneuron, Isotretinoin, Jeffrey Scott Flier, José-Antonio Campos-Ortega, Justin Rhodes, KHDRBS1, Ladostigil, Limbic system, List of geneticists, Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain, Long-term memory, Losmapimod, Macaque brain development timeline, Magdalena Götz, MARCM, Mark Mattson, Megalencephaly, Melanocortin 4 receptor, Memory improvement, Michael Kaplan (biologist), Microcephaly, Milk fat globule membrane, MiR-132, Mir-26 microRNA precursor family, Mosapride, Mouse brain development timeline, MRAS, Myelitis, Nancy Papalopulu, Nerve net, Nervous system, Netrin, Neural stem cell, Neural tissue engineering, Neuroangiogenesis, Neurochemistry, Neuroepigenetics, Neuroepithelial cell, Neurofilament, Neurogenetics, Neurogenin-2, Neurogenins, Neurogenomics, Neuron, Neuronal lineage marker, Neuronal migration disorder, Neuronal self-avoidance, Neuropeptide Y, Neuroplasticity, Neuropoiesis, Neuroscience of sex differences, Neurotoxin, Neurotrophin, Neurotrophin-3, Neurulation, NNI-351, Noogenesis, Notch proteins, NPAS3, NSI-189, NTERA-2, NUMB (gene), Nutritional neuroscience, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory ensheathing glia, Olfactory epithelium, Olfactory memory, Outline of the human nervous system, P19 cell, P7C3, Parental brain, Paternal brain, PAX6, PDE5 inhibitor, Peter Eriksson (neuroscientist), Pharmacology of antidepressants, Pinoline, Place cell, PLD3, Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, Postmenopausal confusion, Princeton University Department of Psychology, Prokineticin, Prolactin, Proneural genes, Protective autoimmunity, Protomap (neuroscience), Purinergic signalling, Queen bee acid, Radial glial cell, Radial unit hypothesis, Radiation-induced cognitive decline, Rao Yi, Raz Yirmiya, RE1-silencing transcription factor, Retinoid receptor, Ronald Duman, Rostral migratory stream, Royal jelly, Running, Ruth Lehmann, Septin, Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, SGK1, SH-SY5Y, SIM1, SIM2, SOX1, SOX2, SOX2OT, Stem cell, Striatum, Stroke recovery, Subependymal zone, Subgranular zone, Substance P, Subventricular zone, Susan McConnell, Synaptic pruning, Tenascin C, TGF beta signaling pathway, The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential, TLQP-62, TLX, TMEM18, Trisynaptic circuit, Tulrampator, Ventricular zone, Vesicle (embryology), Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers, Wim Crusio, Working memory training, Zika fever, 1998 in science. Expand index (185 more) »
Activity-dependent plasticity
Activity-dependent plasticity is a form of functional and structural neuroplasticity that arises from the use of cognitive functions and personal experience; hence, it is the biological basis for learning and the formation of new memories.
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ADAM22
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 22 also known as ADAM22 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM22 gene.
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ADAM33
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 33 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAM33 gene.
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Adult stem cell
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
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Aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.
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Afamelanotide
Afamelanotide ((INN) (brand name Scenesse), also known as melanotan I (or melanotan-1), originally developed at the University of Arizona and now by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, is a synthetic peptide and analogue of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that has been shown to induce the production of darkening dermal pigmentation through melanogenesis and thereby subsequently reduce sun (UV) damage to UV light-exposed skin in preliminary research and human clinical trials. Its amino acid sequence is Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2, and it is additionally known as -α-MSH, which is sometimes abbreviated as NDP-MSH or NDP-α-MSH (especially in the scientific literature). Afamelanotide is the International Nonproprietary Name for the molecule α-MSH initially researched and developed as melanotan-1 and later, CUV1647 (by Clinuvel). A marketing trade name for one brand of afamelanotide was approved in 2010 by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Name Review Group (NRG) and the agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) as Scenesse (pronounced "sen-esse"). On May 5, 2010 the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA, or Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco) became the first governmental health organization ever (even before the drug received approval in Europe) to authorize afamelanotide as a medicine for therapeutic treatment of Italian citizens to reduce painful dermal photosensitivity stemming from the orphan disease erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). This approval allowed the drug to be immediately available for prescription in Italy and reimbursable under the country's national health system. Authorities in Switzerland have also allowed prescription of the drug for EPP with reimbursement approved by two unnamed insurers. Afamelanotide is currently being trialed in the form of a "grain of rice"-sized bioabsorbable subcutaneous implant as a potential therapeutic photoprotection-inducing agent for a series of light-related skin indications as well as a potential dermal repigmentation agent for vitiligo. Afamelanotide, as of October 24, 2014, has been approved by the EMA in Europe for the treatment of EPP. Clinuvel now intends to seek approval of afamelanotide in the United States. Unlicensed and untested powders sold as "melanotan" are found on the Internet and are reported to be used by tens of thousands of members of the general public for sunless tanning. Multiple regulatory bodies have warned consumers that the peptides may be unsafe and ineffective in usage, with one regulatory agency warning that consumers who purchase any product labeled "melanotan" risk buying a counterfeit drug. Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, the developer of afamelanotide, and medical researchers have warned consumers that counterfeit products sold using the names "melanotan I and II", could "pose a hazard to public health". on counterfeit products. February 10, 2009. Clinuvel has stated publicly that products sold online as "melanotan" are not afamelanotide.
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Alzheimer's disease research
In April 2014 there were 315 open clinical trials under way to understand and treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
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Animal psychopathology
Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in animals.
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Artificial neural membrane
Artificial neural membrane (ANM) refers to a new class of functional structure developed through research adaptive and evolutionary neural networks and programmable materials.
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ASPM (gene)
Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein also known as abnormal spindle protein homolog or Asp homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASPM gene.
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively.
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Attila Losonczy
Attila Losonczy (born 1974) is a Hungarian neuroscientist, Associate Professor of Neuroscience at Columbia University Medical Center.
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Autism therapies
for explicitly cited references.
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Berghia stephanieae
Berghia stephanieae is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch.
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Binge drinking
Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is a modern epithet for drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene.
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BRCA2
BRCA2 and BRCA2 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.
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Brian Christie (neuroscientist)
Brian R. Christie (born 1964) is a Professor of Medicine and Neuroscience at The University of Victoria.
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Brpf1
Peregrin also known as bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRPF1 gene located on 3p26-p25.
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BTG3
Protein BTG3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTG3 gene.
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C21orf58
Chromosome 21 Open Reading Frame 58 (C21orf58) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C21orf58 gene.
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Calcium signaling
Calcium (Ca2+) ions are important for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytosol of the cytoplasm they exert allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins.
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Cannabichromene
Cannabichromene (CBC) is one of the 113 cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant and therefore can be also described as a phytocannabinoid – from ancient Greek phyton.
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CCL11
C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11 gene.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
A vigorous ground-based cellular and animal model research program will help quantify the risk to the CNS from space radiation exposure on future long distance space missions and promote the development of optimized countermeasures.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Chemokine
Chemokines (Greek -kinos, movement) are a family of small cytokines, or signaling proteins secreted by cells.
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Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster, also referred to as the Chernobyl accident, was a catastrophic nuclear accident.
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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain.
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Chris Q. Doe
Chris Q Doe (Born 1958) is a professor of Biology, and HHMI investigator at the Institute for Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
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CHST14
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHST14 gene.
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Classification of peripheral nerves
The classification of peripheral nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) groups the nerves into two main groups, the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.
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Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans.
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Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 142
The coiled-coil domain containing 142 (CCDC142) is a gene which in humans encodes the CCDC142 protein.
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Collapsin response mediator protein family
Collapsin response mediator protein family or CRMP family consists of five intracellular phosphoproteins (CRMP-1, CRMP-2, CRMP-3, CRMP4, CRMP5) of similar molecular size (60–66 kDa) and high (50–70%) amino acid sequence identity.
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Connexon
In biology, a connexon, also known as a connexin hemichannel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells.
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Cornus officinalis
Cornus officinalis is a species of dogwood known also as Japanese cornel or Japanese cornelian cherry or Cornelian cherries, not to be confused with C. mas, which is also known as the "Cornelian cherry." The correct term would be Korean cornel dogwood or Chinese cornel dogwood since the flower originated from Korea and China.
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Cortical patterning
Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated, what size and shape they will be, and how their spatial pattern across the surface of the cortex is specified.
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CTN-986
CTN-986 is a glycoside of quercetin found in cottonseeds and cottonseed oil.
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Cultured neuronal network
A cultured neuronal network is a cell culture of neurons that is used as a model to study the central nervous system, especially the brain.
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DAB1
The Disabled-1 (Dab1) gene encodes a key regulator of Reelin signaling.
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Dentate gyrus
The dentate gyrus is part of a brain region known as the hippocampus (part of the hippocampal formation).
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Detlef Weigel
Detlef Weigel (born 1961 in Lower Saxony, Germany) is a German American scientist working at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology.
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Development of the human cortex
The development of the human cortex is a process known as corticogenesis in which the cortex of the brain is formed during neural development.
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Development of the nervous system
Development of the nervous system refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to adulthood.
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Development of the nervous system in humans
The study of neural development in humans draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic development and throughout life.
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Domestic canary
The domestic canary, often simply known as the canary (Serinus canaria forma domestica), is a domesticated form of the wild canary, a small songbird in the finch family originating from the Macaronesian Islands (The Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands).
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Doublecortin
Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, also known as doublin or lissencephalin-X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCX gene.
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ELAV-like protein 3
ELAV-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELAVL3 gene.
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Elizabeth Gould (psychologist)
Elizabeth Gould is an American neuroscientist and professor of psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Endocannabinoid system
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the mammalian central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system.
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Endogenous regeneration
Endogenous regeneration in the brain is the ability of cells to engage in the repair and regeneration process.
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Environment and intelligence
Environment and intelligence research investigates the impact of environment on intelligence.
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Environmental enrichment
Environmental enrichment is the stimulation of the brain by its physical and social surroundings.
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Eomesodermin
Eomesodermin also known as T-box brain protein 2 (Tbr2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EOMES gene.
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Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression which do not result from modifications to the sequence of DNA.
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Epileptogenesis
Epileptogenesis is the gradual process by which a normal brain develops epilepsy.
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Episodic memory
Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured.
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ERCC6
DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6 (also CS-B protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC6 gene.
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Erythropoietin in neuroprotection
Erythropoietin in neuroprotection is the use of the glycoprotein erythropoietin (Epo) for neuroprotection.
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Estrogen receptor beta
Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.
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Exercise
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
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FABP7
Fatty acid binding protein 7, brain (FABP7; also brain lipid binding protein, BLBP), is a human gene.
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Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage.
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Fasciclin 2
Fasciclin 2 (Fas2 or FasII) is a 95 kilodalton cell membrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin (Ig) – related superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs).
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Fernando Nottebohm
Fernando Nottebohm (born 1940 in Buenos Aires) is a neuroscientist and is the Dorothea L. Leonhardt Professor at Rockefeller University as well as being head of the Laboratory of Animal Behavior and director of the Field Research Center for Ecology and Ethology.
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Fibroblast growth factor
The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.
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Flora de Pablo
Flora de Pablo (Salamanca, 25 February 1952) is a Spanish doctor of Medicine, specialising in Cell and Molecular Biology.
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Foster care
Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center,...), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent" or with a family member approved by the state.
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Fusiform face area
The fusiform face area - FFA (meaning: spindular/spindle-shaped face area) is a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition.
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G0 phase
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle.
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GADD45B
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta, also known as GADD45B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GADD45B gene.
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Galanin
Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals.
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Ganglion mother cell
Ganglion mother cells (GMCs) are cells involved in neurogenesis that divide only once to give rise to two neurons, or one neuron and one glial cell or two glial cells, and are present only in the central nervous system.
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Ganglionic eminence
In neuroanatomy and neuroembryology, a ganglionic eminence (GE) is a transitory brain structure that guides cell and axon migration.
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Gene gating
Gene gating is a phenomenon by which transcriptionally active genes are brought next to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) so that nascent transcripts can quickly form mature mRNA associated with export factors.
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Gerald Fischbach
Gerald D. Fischbach (born November 15, 1938) is an American neuroscientist.
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Gliogenesis
Gliogenesis is the generation of non-neuronal glia populations derived from multipotent neural stem cells.
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Gliosis
Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS).
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GLIS2
GLIS family zinc finger 2 also known as GLIS2 is a human gene.
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream.
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Guy Goodwin
Guy Goodwin is a senior research fellow and until recently was the W.A. Handley Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Oxford (2014).
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HCONDELs
hCONDELs refer to regions of deletions within the human genome containing sequences that are highly conserved among closely related relatives.
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Heinrich Reichert
Heinrich Reichert is a Swiss developmental and neurobiologist at the Biozentrum University of Basel.
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Hepatocyte growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (or scatter factor (SF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells and T cells. It has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development, specifically in myogenesis, in adult organ regeneration, and in wound healing.
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HEY1
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HEY1 gene.
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HEY2
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 (HEY2) also known as cardiovascular helix-loop-helix factor 1 (CHF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HEY2 gene.
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Hippocampus
The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.
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Human embryogenesis
Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Huperzine A
Huperzine A is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata and in varying quantities in other Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.
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IGFBP7
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGFBP7 gene.
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Insulin-like growth factor
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are proteins with high sequence similarity to insulin.
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Insulin-like growth factor 2
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) is one of three protein hormones that share structural similarity to insulin.
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Interleukin
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).
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Intermediate progenitor cell
Intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) are a type of progenitor cell in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Interneuron
An interneuron (also called internuncial neuron, relay neuron, association neuron, connector neuron, intermediate neuron or local circuit neuron) is a broad class of neurons found in the human body.
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Isotretinoin
Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid (and colloquially referred to by its former brand name Accutane or Roaccutane), is a medication primarily used to treat severe acne.
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Jeffrey Scott Flier
Jeffrey Scott Flier (born February 27, 1948) is an American physician, endocrinologist, researcher, and the 21st Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University.
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José-Antonio Campos-Ortega
José-Antonio Campos-Ortega (1940–2004) was a German neurobiologist born in Valencia Spain.
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Justin Rhodes
Justin S. Rhodes (born March 26, 1972) is an American neuroscientist and an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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KHDRBS1
KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KHDRBS1 gene.
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Ladostigil
Ladostigil (TV-3,326) is a novel neuroprotective agent being investigated for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease.
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Limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the cerebrum.
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List of geneticists
This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics.
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Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain
While researchers have found that moderate alcohol consumption in older adults is associated with better cognition and well-being than abstinence, excessive alcohol consumption is associated with widespread and significant brain lesions.
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Long-term memory
Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model where informative knowledge is held indefinitely.
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Losmapimod
Losmapimod (GW856553X) is a drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme family known as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Macaque brain development timeline
;Species: Macaca mulatta;Family: Cercopithecidae; Order: Primates;Gestation: 165 days Dates in days.
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Magdalena Götz
Magdalena Götz is a German neuroscientist.
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MARCM
Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker, or MARCM, is a genetics technique for creating individually labeled homozygous cells in an otherwise heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster.
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Mark Mattson
Mark P. Mattson is Chief of the Laboratory of Neurosciences at the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging.
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Megalencephaly
Megalencephaly (or macrencephaly; abbreviated MEG) is a growth development disorder in which the brain is abnormally large.
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Melanocortin 4 receptor
Melanocortin 4 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MC4R gene.
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Memory improvement
Memory improvement is the act of improving one's memory.
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Michael Kaplan (biologist)
Michael S. Kaplan (born January 3, 1952) is an American biology researcher, medical professor, and clinical physician.
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Microcephaly
Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the brain does not develop properly resulting in a smaller than normal head.
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Milk fat globule membrane
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex and unique structure composed primarily of lipids and proteins that surrounds milk fat globule secreted from the milk producing cells of humans and other mammals.
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MiR-132
In molecular biology miR-132 microRNA is a short non-coding RNA molecule.
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Mir-26 microRNA precursor family
The miR-26 microRNA is a small non-coding RNA that is involved in regulating gene expression.
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Mosapride
Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist.
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Mouse brain development timeline
;Species: Mus musculus;Family: Muridae; Order: Rodentia;Gestation: 21 days.
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MRAS
Ras-related protein M-Ras, also known as muscle RAS oncogene homolog and R-Ras3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRAS gene on chromosome 3.
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Myelitis
Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain.
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Nancy Papalopulu
Nancy Papalopulu, FMedSci, FSB, is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow and Professor of Developmental Neuroscience in the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University of Manchester, UK.
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Nerve net
A nerve net consists of interconnected neurons lacking a brain or any form of cephalization.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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Netrin
Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance.
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Neural stem cell
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that generate the neurons and glia of the nervous system of all animals during embryonic development.
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Neural tissue engineering
Neural tissue engineering is a specific sub-field of tissue engineering.
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Neuroangiogenesis
Neuroangiogenesis is a term used to describe the coordinated growth of nerves and blood vessels.
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Neurochemistry
Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that influence the function of neurons.
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Neuroepigenetics
Neuroepigenetics is the study of how epigenetic changes to genes affect the nervous system.
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Neuroepithelial cell
Neuroepithelial cells are the "stem cells" of the nervous system, deriving from actual stem cells in several different stages of neural development.
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Neurofilament
Neurofilaments (NF) are intermediate filaments found in the cytoplasm of neurons.
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Neurogenetics
Neurogenetics studies the role of genetics in the development and function of the nervous system.
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Neurogenin-2
Neurogenin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROG2 gene.
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Neurogenins
Neurogenins are a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation.
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Neurogenomics
Neurogenomics is the study of how the genome of an organism influences the development and function of its nervous system.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neuronal lineage marker
A Neuronal lineage marker is an endogenous tag that is expressed in different cells along neurogenesis and differentiated cells such as neurons.
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Neuronal migration disorder
Neuronal migration disorder (NMD) refers to a heterogenous group of disorders that, it is supposed, share the same etiopathological mechanism: a variable degree of disruption in the migration of neuroblasts during neurogenesis.
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Neuronal self-avoidance
Neuronal self-avoidance, or isoneural avoidance, is an important property of neurons which consists in the tendency of branches (dendrites and axons) arising from a single soma (also called isoneuronal or sister branches) to turn away from one another.
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Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid neuropeptide that is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life, e.g., brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location, the proportion of grey matter can change, and synapses may strengthen or weaken over time.
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Neuropoiesis
Neuropoiesis is the process by which neural stem cells differentiate to form mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in the adult mammal.
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Neuroscience of sex differences
Neuroscience of sex differences is the study of the characteristics of the brain that separate the male brain and the female brain.
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Neurotoxin
Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).
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Neurotrophin
Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.
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Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene.
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Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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NNI-351
NNI-351 is an orally active inhibitor of and neurogenesis enhancer which is under development by NeuroNascent, Inc.
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Noogenesis
Noogenesis (Ancient Greek: νοῦς.
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Notch proteins
Notch proteins are a family of Type-1 transmembrane proteins that form a core component of the Notch signaling pathway, which is highly conserved in metazoans.
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NPAS3
NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development.
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NSI-189
NSI-189 is an experimental, potential antidepressant that is under investigation by Neuralstem, Inc. for the treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), as well as for cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration.
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NTERA-2
The NTERA-2 (also designated NTERA2/D1, NTERA2, or NT2) cell line is a clonally derived, pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cell line.
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NUMB (gene)
Protein numb homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUMB gene.
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Nutritional neuroscience
Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.
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Olfactory bulb
The olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.
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Olfactory ensheathing glia
Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG), also known as olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) or olfactory ensheathing glial cells, are a type of macroglia (radial glia) found in the nervous system.
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Olfactory epithelium
The olfactory epithelium is a specialized epithelial tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell.
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Olfactory memory
Olfactory memory refers to the recollection of odors.
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Outline of the human nervous system
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system: Human nervous system – the part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body.
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P19 cell
P19 cells is an embryonic carcinoma cell line derived from an embryo-derived teratocarcinoma in mice.
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P7C3
P7C3 (pool 7, compound 3) is a drug related to latrepirdine (dimebon) which has neuroprotective and proneurogenic effects and may be potentially useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and similar neurodegenerative disorders.
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Parental brain
Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain.
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Paternal brain
Changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum as well as parental experience cause changes in the parental brain.
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PAX6
Paired box protein Pax-6, also known as aniridia type II protein (AN2) or oculorhombin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAX6 gene.
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PDE5 inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a drug used to block the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying the corpus cavernosum of the penis.
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Peter Eriksson (neuroscientist)
Peter Eriksson (June 5, 1959 – August 2, 2007), Worldknown neuroscientist dead (Swedish) was a Swedish stem cell neuroscientist.
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Pharmacology of antidepressants
The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.
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Pinoline
Pinoline is a methoxylated tryptoline (5-methoxytryptoline) long claimed to be produced in the pineal gland during the metabolism of melatonin, however its pineal occurrence remains controversial.
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Place cell
A place cell is a type of pyramidal neuron within the hippocampus that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment; this place is known as the place field.
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PLD3
Phospholipase D3, also known as PLD3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLD3 gene.
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Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment (PCCI) (also known in the scientific community as "CRCIs or Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairments" and in lay terms as chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction or impairment, chemo brain, or chemo fog) describes the cognitive impairment that can result from chemotherapy treatment.
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Postmenopausal confusion
Postmenopausal confusion is a symptom of menopause; women face problems with cognition during and after menopause due to hormonal imbalances.
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Princeton University Department of Psychology
The Princeton University Department of Psychology, located in Peretsman-Scully Hall, is an academic department of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Prokineticin
Prokineticin is a secreted protein that potently contracts gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
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Prolactin
Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.
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Proneural genes
Proneural genes encode transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class which are responsible for the development of neuroectodermal progenitor cells.
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Protective autoimmunity
Protective autoimmunity is a condition in which cells of the adaptive immune system contribute to maintenance of the functional integrity of a tissue, or facilitate its repair following an insult.
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Protomap (neuroscience)
The Protomap is a primordial molecular map of the functional areas of the mammalian cerebral cortex during early embryonic development, at a stage when neural stem cells are still the dominant cell type.
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Purinergic signalling
Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.
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Queen bee acid
The queen bee acid (10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid) or 10-HDA is a bio-active compound found in royal jelly.
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Radial glial cell
Radial glial cells are bipolar-shaped cells that span the width of the cortex in the developing vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and serve as primary progenitor cells capable of generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
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Radial unit hypothesis
The Radial Unit Hypothesis (RUH) is a conceptual theory of cerebral cortex development, first described by Pasko Rakic.
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Radiation-induced cognitive decline
Radiation-induced cognitive decline describes the possible correlation between radiation therapy and mild cognitive impairment.
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Rao Yi
Rao Yi (born 1962) is a Chinese neurobiologist.
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Raz Yirmiya
Raz Yirmiya (Hebrew: רז ירמיה) (born 1956) is an Israeli behavioral neuroscientist and director of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.
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RE1-silencing transcription factor
RE1-Silencing Transcription factor (REST), also known as Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the REST gene, and acts as a transcriptional repressor.
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Retinoid receptor
Retinoid receptors are nuclear receptors (a class of proteins) that bind to retinoids.
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Ronald Duman
Ronald S. Duman is a Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology Director, Division of Molecular Psychiatry and Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities at Yale University.
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Rostral migratory stream
The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is a specialized migratory route found in the brain of some animals along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb (OB).
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Royal jelly
Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens.
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Running
Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot.
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Ruth Lehmann
Ruth Lehmann is a developmental and cell biologist at the New York University School of Medicine, where she is the Director of the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Professor of Cell Biology, and the Chair of the Department of Cell Biology.
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Septin
Septins are a group of GTP-binding proteins found primarily in eukaryotic cells of fungi and animals, but also in some green algae.
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Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor
A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI), is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
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SGK1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 also known as serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK1 gene.
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SH-SY5Y
SH-SY5Y is a human derived cell line used in scientific research.
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SIM1
Single-minded homolog 1 also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 14 (bHLHe14) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM1 gene.
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SIM2
Single-minded homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM2 gene.
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SOX1
SOX1 is a gene, which encodes a transcription factor in the HMG (high mobility group) DNA binding domain, and functions primarily in neurogenesis.
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SOX2
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
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SOX2OT
SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT) is a long non-coding RNA, containing at least 5 exons.
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Stem cell
Stem cells are biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells and can divide to produce more of the same type of stem cells.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Stroke recovery
The primary goals of stroke management are to reduce brain injury and promote maximum patient recovery.
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Subependymal zone
The subependymal zone is a cell layer below the ependyma in the lateral ventricles of the brain.
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Subgranular zone
The subgranular zone (SGZ) is a brain region in the hippocampus where adult neurogenesis occurs.
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Substance P
Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) member of the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. Substance P and its closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after differential splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows.
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Subventricular zone
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a term used to describe both embryonic and adult neural tissues in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).
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Susan McConnell
Susan McConnell is a neurobiologist who studies the development of neural circuits in the mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Synaptic pruning
Synaptic pruning, which includes both axon and dendrite pruning, is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans.
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Tenascin C
Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene.
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TGF beta signaling pathway
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions.
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The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential
The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), founded in 1955 by Glenn Doman and Carl Delacato, provide literature on and teaches patterning therapy (motor learning), which the Institutes promote as improving the "neurologic organization" of "brain injured" and healthy children through a variety of programs, including diet and exercise.
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TLQP-62
TLQP-62 (amino acid 556-617) is a VGF-derived C-terminal peptide that was first discovered by Trani et al.
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TLX
Nuclear receptor TLX (homologue of the Drosophila tailless gene) also known as NR2E1 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2E1 gene.
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TMEM18
Transmembrane protein 18 also known as TMEM18 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TMEM18 gene.
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Trisynaptic circuit
The trisynaptic circuit, or trisynaptic loop is a relay of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.
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Tulrampator
Tulrampator (developmental code names S-47445, CX-1632) is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is under development by RespireRx Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cortex Pharmaceuticals) and Servier for the treatment of major depressive disorder (as an adjunct), Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment.
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Ventricular zone
In vertebrate organisms, the ventricular zone (VZ) is a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Vesicle (embryology)
In vertebrate organisms, brain vesicles are transient, bulge-like features of the early neural tube during embryonic brain development.
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Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers
Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers is a 1994 (2nd ed. 1998, 3rd ed. 2004) book by Stanford University biologist Robert M. Sapolsky.
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Wim Crusio
Wim E. Crusio (born Wilhelmus Elisabeth Crusio on December 20, 1954 in Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands) is a Dutch behavioral neurogeneticist and a directeur de recherche (research director) with the French National Centre for Scientific Research in Talence, France.
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Working memory training
Working memory training is intended to improve a person's working memory.
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Zika fever
Zika fever, also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika, is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus.
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1998 in science
The year 1998 in science and technology involved many events, some of which are included below.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis
