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Neuroplasticity

Index Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life, e.g., brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location, the proportion of grey matter can change, and synapses may strengthen or weaken over time. [1]

407 relations: Abraham Zangen, ACS Chemical Neuroscience, Activity-dependent plasticity, Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Addiction, Adult neurogenesis, Aerobic exercise, Aging brain, Albert Gjedde, Albrecht Bethe, Alex Pacheco (activist), Alice Medalia, Alien hand syndrome, Allan Hobson, Altered level of consciousness, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, Amblyopia, AMPA receptor, Amyloid precursor protein, ANA-12, Andrew D. Huberman, Annabel Linquist, Anne Castles, Anomic aphasia, Anterograde amnesia, Arno Villringer, Arrowsmith School, Artificial neural network, Associative memory (psychology), Astrogliosis, Auditory arrhythmia, Auditory cortex, Auditory processing disorder, Barbara Arrowsmith Young, Basal forebrain, BC200 lncRNA, Behavioral addiction, Bhaskar Saha, Binswanger's disease, Biological psychiatry, Biological psychopathology, Biology of depression, Blepharospasm, Bobath concept, Body schema, Brain, Brain Balance, Brain damage, Brain healing, ..., Brain–computer interface, Brainport, Broca's area, Bryan Kolb, Buprenorphine/samidorphan, Bursting, Cannabinoid receptor type 2, Cat intelligence, Catherine Malabou, Causes of mental disorders, Causes of transsexuality, Central cord syndrome, Child development, Childhood acquired brain injury, Childhood memory, Chloride potassium symporter 5, Chondroblastoma, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, Chondroitinase treatment, Christina Rasmussen, Christopher Hills, Chronic electrode implant, Clinical neurochemistry, Cogmed, Cognitive development, Cognitive flexibility, Cognitive training, Colin Blakemore, Collapsin response mediator protein family, Complex regional pain syndrome, Computational neuroscience, Constraint-induced movement therapy, Cooperative synapse formation, Coping (psychology), CORE Health Care, Cortical remapping, CREB, Critical period hypothesis, Criticism of evolutionary psychology, Cross modal plasticity, Cultured neuronal network, Dante Cicchetti, David Eagleman, David H. Hubel, Decade of the Brain, Dejerine–Roussy syndrome, Dendrodendritic synapse, Developmental plasticity, Developmental psychology, Dhyāna in Buddhism, Diaschisis, DISC1, Don Vaughn, Douglas G. McMahon, Dynorphin, Dysbindin, Dyschronometria, Dystonia, Edward Taub, Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance, Elizabeth Bates, Elkhonon Goldberg, Emilio Garcia (artist), Endocannabinoid system, Environmental enrichment, Epigenetics of cocaine addiction, Epigenetics of depression, Equipotentiality, Eric Franklin, Estrogen receptor beta, Eve Marder, Evolutionary educational psychology, Experimental Neurology, Expressive aphasia, Extracellular matrix, Eye–hand coordination, Eyewitness memory, Fear, Fear processing in the brain, Focal dystonia, FOSB, Foster care, FOXP2, Fragile X syndrome, Frenkel exercises, Friendly artificial intelligence, Gait trainer, Gambierol, Gender essentialism, Genetics of synesthesia, Glossary of communication disorders, GM1, Granule cell, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, H1 neuron, Habituation, Halton Hills Christian School, HCN channel, Hebbian theory, Helen Neville, Hemispherectomy, History of Earth, History of poliomyelitis, Human brain, Human echolocation, Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Ian Stevenson, Ideational apraxia, Is Google Making Us Stupid?, Jeffrey M. Schwartz, Jerzy Konorski, Jim Moss, Jocelyn Faubert, John Skoyles (scientist), Jon Kaas, Julio Moizeszowicz, Julio Ramirez (academic), Justin Rhodes, Kaitocephalin, Karel Svoboda (scientist), Karen Davis (neuroscientist), Karl Birnbaum, Ken Pugh, Kenyon cell, Kids Company, Kim Peek, Kinesiology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, Labyrinthitis, Language attrition, Language deprivation, Laurence Steinberg, Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system, LGTN, Linguistic intelligence, List of common misconceptions, List of Dramatical Murder episodes, List of female scientists in the 20th century, List of geneticists, List of Greek and Latin roots in English/N, List of MeSH codes (G11), List of Ship of Theseus examples, List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction, List of unsolved problems in biology, List of unsolved problems in neuroscience, List of Wesleyan University people, Locus coeruleus, Long-term depression, Long-term potentiation, Lutz Jäncke, LYNX1, Małgorzata Kossut, Maladaptation, Malleability of intelligence, Management of cerebral palsy, Margaret Kennard, Marian Diamond, Marian Koshland Science Museum, Mark Rosenzweig (psychologist), Martha Constantine-Paton, Mass Action Principle (neuroscience), Matilda effect, Maurice Ptito, MDMA, Melodic learning, Memory improvement, Mental image, Mental model, Metalearning (neuroscience), Metaplasticity, Methamphetamine, MHC class I, Michael Merzenich, Microglia, Minimally conscious state, Modularity of mind, Molecular neuroscience, Monocular deprivation, Mossy fiber (hippocampus), Motor control, Motor learning, Mriganka Sur, Multiple realizability, Multisensory integration, Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia, Music-related memory, Myelitis, Negative priming, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, Neonatal stroke, Nerve guidance conduit, Nervous system, Neural circuit, Neural Darwinism, Neural facilitation, Neural Plasticity (journal), Neural substrate of locomotor central pattern generators in mammals, Neuro-ophthalmology, Neuroanthropology, Neurobiological effects of physical exercise, Neurochemistry, Neuroconstructivism, Neuroenhancement, Neuroepigenetics, Neuroepithelial cell, Neurofeedback, Neurolinguistics, Neurological disorder, Neuromechanics, Neuromorphic engineering, Neuron, Neuronal recycling hypothesis, Neuroplastic effects of pollution, Neuroprosthetics, Neuroscience, Neuroscience of multilingualism, Neuroscience of rhythm, Neuroscience of sex differences, Neuroscience of sleep, Neurosteroid, Nicholas G. 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Levine, Phineas Gage, Pixel artist, Place attachment, Plasticity, Post-concussion syndrome, Practice (learning method), Pre-Bötzinger complex, Pregnenolone, Prenatal and perinatal psychology, Procedural memory, Proportional myoelectric control, Psychiatric survivors movement, Psychoactive drug, Psychological resilience, Psychosocial Genomics, Pyramidal cell, Quantum brain dynamics, Raz Yirmiya, Reach extender, Receptive aphasia, Rehabilitation robotics, Resting state fMRI, Rethinking Innateness, Reticulon 4 receptor, Retinal implant, Retrograde amnesia, Reward system, Righting reflex, Roi Cohen Kadosh, Safety of electronic cigarettes, Schaffer collateral, Second Firsts, Self-transforming brain, Sensitization, Sensory neuron, Sensory stimulation therapy, Sensory substitution, Sensory-motor coupling, Sexuality after spinal cord injury, SGK1, Sharon Begley, Shepherd Ivory Franz, Silver Spring monkeys, Singing, Sixth nerve palsy, Sleep and memory, Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury, Somatosensory rehabilitation of pain, Spatial memory, Stanford R. 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Abraham Zangen

Abraham Zangen (אברהם צנגן, born ca 1969, Israel) is a professor of neuroscience, head of the brain stimulation and behavior lab and chair of the psychobiology brain program at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU).

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ACS Chemical Neuroscience

ACS Chemical Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society.

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Activity-dependent plasticity

Activity-dependent plasticity is a form of functional and structural neuroplasticity that arises from the use of cognitive functions and personal experience; hence, it is the biological basis for learning and the formation of new memories.

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Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene.

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Addiction

Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.

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Adult neurogenesis

Neurogenesis is the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells.

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Aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.

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Aging brain

Aging is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including mild cognitive impairment, dementias including Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease.

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Albert Gjedde

Albert Gjedde: is a Danish-Canadian neuroscientist.

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Albrecht Bethe

Albrecht Julius Theodor Bethe (25 April 1872 in Stettin – 19 October 1954 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German physiologist.

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Alex Pacheco (activist)

Alexander Fernando Pacheco (born August 1958) is an American animal rights activist.

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Alice Medalia

Alice Medalia, PhD, is an American clinical neuropsychologist and international leader in the field of psychiatric rehabilitation.

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Alien hand syndrome

Alien hand syndrome (AHS) or Dr.

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Allan Hobson

John Allan Hobson (born June 3, 1933) is an American psychiatrist and dream researcher.

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Altered level of consciousness

An altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal.

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Alvaro Pascual-Leone

Alvaro Pascual-Leone (born 7 August 1961 in Valencia, Spain) is a spanish Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, with which he has been affiliated since 1997.

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Alzheimer's disease biomarkers

The Alzheimer's disease biomarkers are neurochemical indicators used to assess the risk or presence of the disease.

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Amblyopia

Amblyopia, also called lazy eye, is a disorder of sight due to the eye and brain not working well together.

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AMPA receptor

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Amyloid precursor protein

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons.

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ANA-12

ANA-12 is a selective, small-molecule non-competitive antagonist of TrkB (Kd.

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Andrew D. Huberman

Andrew D. Huberman (born in 1975 in Palo Alto, California) is an American neuroscientist and tenured Professor in the at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

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Annabel Linquist

Annabel Linquist, also known as Holy Magic, or Bel, is an American artist, entrepreneur, musician, and producer.

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Anne Castles

Anne Castles is a cognitive scientist of reading and language, with a particular focus on reading development and developmental dyslexia.

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Anomic aphasia

Anomic aphasia (also known as dysnomia, nominal aphasia, and amnesic aphasia) is a mild, fluent type of aphasia where an individual has word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say (particularly nouns and verbs).

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Anterograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

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Arno Villringer

Arno Villringer (born 1958, Schopfheim, Germany) is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, Germany; director of the Department of Cognitive Neurology at University Hospital Leipzig; and Academic Director of the Berlin School of Mind and Brain and the Mind&Brain Institute, Berlin.

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Arrowsmith School

The Arrowsmith School is a private school in Toronto, Ontario, for children in Grades 1 to 12 with learning disabilities (also referred to as "specific learning difficulties").

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Artificial neural network

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.

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Associative memory (psychology)

In psychology, associative memory is defined as the ability to learn and remember the relationship between unrelated items.

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Astrogliosis

Astrogliosis (also known as astrocytosis or referred to as reactive astrocytosis) is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes due to the destruction of nearby neurons from CNS trauma, infection, ischemia, stroke, autoimmune responses, and neurodegenerative disease.

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Auditory arrhythmia

Auditory arrhythmia is the inability to rhythmically perform music, to keep time, and to replicate musical or rhythmic patterns.

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Auditory cortex

The primary auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and other vertebrates.

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Auditory processing disorder

Auditory processing disorder (APD), also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), is an umbrella term for a variety of disorders that affect the way the brain processes auditory information.

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Barbara Arrowsmith Young

Barbara Arrowsmith Young (born November 28, 1951) is a Canadian author, entrepreneur and lecturer.

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Basal forebrain

The basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum.

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BC200 lncRNA

Brain cytoplasmic 200 long-noncoding RNA (or BC200 lncRNA) is a 200 nucleotide RNA transcript found predominantly in the brain with a primary function of regulating translation by inhibiting its initiation.

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Behavioral addiction

Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-drug-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being.

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Bhaskar Saha

Bhaskar Saha (born January 2, 1964) is an Indian immunologist, cell biologist and a senior scientist at National Centre for Cell Science, Pune.

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Binswanger's disease

Binswanger's disease, also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy, is a form of small vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter.

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Biological psychiatry

Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system.

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Biological psychopathology

Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological basis of mental illness.

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Biology of depression

Scientific studies have found that numerous brain areas show altered activity in patients suffering from depression, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.

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Blepharospasm

Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid.

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Bobath concept

The Bobath concept is an approach to neurological rehabilitation that is applied in patient assessment and treatment (such as with adults after stroke, or children with cerebral palsy).

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Body schema

Body schema is a concept used in several disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, sports medicine, and robotics.

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Brain

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.

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Brain Balance

Brain Balance Achievement Centers are after-school learning centers that offers a program of brain training, exercise, simple physical exercises, skills training, and dietary advice that it says helps children with developmental and learning disabilities.

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Brain damage

Brain damage or brain injury (BI) is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.

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Brain healing

Brain healing is the process that occurs after the brain has been damaged.

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Brain–computer interface

A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device.

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Brainport

BrainPort is a technology whereby sensory information can be sent to one's brain through an electrode array which sits atop the tongue.

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Broca's area

Broca's area or the Broca area or is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left, of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.

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Bryan Kolb

Bryan Edward Kolb (born 1947) is a Canadian neuroscientist, neuropsychologist, researcher, author and educator.

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Buprenorphine/samidorphan

Buprenorphine/samidorphan (developmental code name ALKS-5461) is a combination drug formulation of buprenorphine and samidorphan acting as a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist which is under development by Alkermes as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

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Bursting

Bursting, or burst firing, is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central nervous system and spinal cord where periods of rapid action potential spiking are followed by G0 phase quiescent periods.

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Cannabinoid receptor type 2

The cannabinoid receptor type 2, abbreviated as CB2, is a G protein-coupled receptor from the cannabinoid receptor family that in humans is encoded by the CNR2 gene.

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Cat intelligence

Cat intelligence is the capacity of the domesticated cat to solve problems and adapt to its environment.

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Catherine Malabou

Catherine Malabou (born 1959) is a French philosopher.

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Causes of mental disorders

A mental disorder is "a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or psychological pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom." The causes of mental disorders are regarded as complex and varying depending on the particular disorder and the individual.

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Causes of transsexuality

The study of the causes of transsexuality investigates gender identity formation of transgender people, especially those who are transsexual.

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Central cord syndrome

Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury.

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Child development

Child development entails the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy.

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Childhood acquired brain injury

Childhood (or paediatric) acquired brain injury (ABI) is the term given to any injury to the brain that occurs during childhood but after birth and the immediate neonatal period.

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Childhood memory

Childhood memory refers to memories formed during childhood.

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Chloride potassium symporter 5

Potassium-chloride transporter member 5 (aka: KCC2 and SLC12A5) is a neuron-specific chloride potassium symporter responsible for establishing the chloride ion gradient in neurons through the maintenance of low intracellular chloride concentrations.

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Chondroblastoma

Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign, locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects the epiphyses or apophyses of long bones.

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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain.

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Chondroitinase treatment

Chondroitinase treatment is a treatment of proteoglycans, a protein in the fluid among cells where (among other things) they affect neural activity (communication, plasticity).

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Christina Rasmussen

Christina Rasmussen is a Greek–American crisis intervention counselor and author.

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Christopher Hills

Christopher Hills (April 9, 1926 – January 31, 1997) was an English-born author, philosopher, and scientist, popularly described as the "Father of Spirulina" for popularizing spirulina cyanobacteria as a food supplement.

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Chronic electrode implant

A chronic electrode implant is an electronic device implanted chronically (for a long period) into the brain or other electrically excitable tissue.

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Clinical neurochemistry

Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans.

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Cogmed

Cogmed was a company that developed a cognitive training software program.

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Cognitive development

Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology.

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Cognitive flexibility

Cognitive flexibility has been described as the mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.

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Cognitive training

The term cognitive training (also called brain training or neurobics) reflects a hypothesis that cognitive abilities can be maintained or improved by exercising the brain, in an analogy to the way physical fitness is improved by exercising the body.

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Colin Blakemore

Sir Colin Brian Blakemore, (born 1 June 1944), is a British neurobiologist, specialising in vision and the development of the brain, who is Professor of Neuroscience and Philosophy in the School of Advanced Study, University of London and Emeritus Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. He was formerly Chief Executive of the British Medical Research Council (MRC). He is best known to the public as a communicator of science but also as the target of a long-running animal rights campaign. According to The Observer, he has been both "one of the most powerful scientists in the UK" and "a hate figure for the animal rights movement".McKie, Robin.. The Observer, 14 September 2003.

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Collapsin response mediator protein family

Collapsin response mediator protein family or CRMP family consists of five intracellular phosphoproteins (CRMP-1, CRMP-2, CRMP-3, CRMP4, CRMP5) of similar molecular size (60–66 kDa) and high (50–70%) amino acid sequence identity.

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Complex regional pain syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or algodystrophy, is a disorder of a portion of the body, usually the arms or legs, which manifests as pain, swelling, limited range of motion, and changes to the skin and bones.

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Computational neuroscience

Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.

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Constraint-induced movement therapy

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI, CIT, or CIMT) is a form of rehabilitation therapy that improves upper extremity function in stroke and other central nervous system damage victims by increasing the use of their affected upper limb.

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Cooperative synapse formation

Cooperative synapse formation describes the mutual amplification of synapses.

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Coping (psychology)

Coping is the conscious effort to reduce stress.

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CORE Health Care

CORE Health Care Services is a privately owned post-acute brain injury rehabilitation facility located in Dripping Springs, Texas.

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Cortical remapping

Cortical remapping, also referred to as cortical reorganization, is when a cortical map is affected by a stimulus, is changed and then creates a 'new' cortical map.

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CREB

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

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Critical period hypothesis

The critical period hypothesis is the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age.

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Criticism of evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology has generated substantial controversy and criticism.

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Cross modal plasticity

Cross modal plasticity is the adaptive reorganization of neurons to integrate the function of two or more sensory systems.

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Cultured neuronal network

A cultured neuronal network is a cell culture of neurons that is used as a model to study the central nervous system, especially the brain.

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Dante Cicchetti

Dante Cicchetti is a scientist specializing in the fields of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology, particularly the conduct of multilevel research with high-risk and disenfranchised populations, including maltreated children and offspring of depressed parents.

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David Eagleman

David Eagleman (born April 25, 1971) is an American writer and neuroscientist, teaching at Stanford University as an in the department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences.

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David H. Hubel

David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was a Canadian neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex.

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Decade of the Brain

The Decade of the Brain was a designation for 1990–1999 by U.S. president George H. W. Bush as part of a larger effort involving the Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research".

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Dejerine–Roussy syndrome

Dejerine–Roussy syndrome or thalamic pain syndrome is a condition developed after a thalamic stroke, a stroke causing damage to the thalamus.

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Dendrodendritic synapse

Dendrodendritic synapses are connections between the dendrites of two different neurons.

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Developmental plasticity

Developmental plasticity is a general term referring to changes in neural connections during development as a result of environmental interactions as well as neural changes induced by learning.

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Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life.

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Dhyāna in Buddhism

In Buddhism, Dhyāna (Sanskrit) or Jhāna (Pali) is a series of cultivated states of mind, which lead to a "state of perfect equanimity and awareness (upekkhii-sati-piirisuddhl)." It is commonly translated as meditation, and is also used in Hinduism and Jainism.

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Diaschisis

Diaschisis (from Greek διάσχισις meaning "shocked throughout"http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/Cases/jpnm/hcache/1015/full.html) is a sudden loss (or change) of function in a portion of the brain connected to a distant, but damaged, brain area.

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DISC1

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DISC1 gene.

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Don Vaughn

Don Vaughn is an American neuroscientist and science communicator.

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Douglas G. McMahon

Douglas G. McMahon is a professor of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology at Vanderbilt University.

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Dynorphin

Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.

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Dysbindin

Dysbindin, short for dystrobrevin-binding protein 1, is a protein constituent of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DPC) of skeletal muscle cells.

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Dyschronometria

Dyschronometria is a condition of cerebellar dysfunction in which an individual cannot accurately estimate the amount of time that has passed (i.e., distorted time perception).

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Dystonia

Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.

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Edward Taub

Edward Taub (born 1931, Brooklyn New York) is a behavioral neuroscientist on the faculty at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

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Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance

It has been estimated that over 20% of adults suffer from some form of sleep deprivation.

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Elizabeth Bates

Elizabeth Bates (July 26, 1947 – December 13, 2003) was a Professor of psychology and cognitive science at the University of California, San Diego.

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Elkhonon Goldberg

Elkhonon Goldberg (born 1946) is a neuropsychologist and cognitive neuroscientist known for his work in hemispheric specialization and the "novelty-routinization" theory.

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Emilio Garcia (artist)

Emilio Garcia (born January 22, 1981 in Tarragona) is a Spanish artist and entrepreneur.

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Endocannabinoid system

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the mammalian central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system.

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Environmental enrichment

Environmental enrichment is the stimulation of the brain by its physical and social surroundings.

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Epigenetics of cocaine addiction

Cocaine addiction is the compulsive use of cocaine despite adverse consequences.

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Epigenetics of depression

Major depressive disorder is heavily influenced by environmental and genetic factors.

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Equipotentiality

Equipotentiality refers to a psychological theory in both neuropsychology and behaviorism.

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Eric Franklin

Eric N. Franklin (born February 28, 1957) is a Swiss dancer, movement educator, university lecturer, writer and founder of the Franklin Method, a method that combines creative visualization, embodied anatomy, physical and mental exercises and educational skills.

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Estrogen receptor beta

Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen.

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Eve Marder

Eve Marder (born May 30, 1948 in New York City) is an American neuroscientist known for her work on neural circuits in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system (STNS).

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Evolutionary educational psychology

Evolutionary educational psychology is the study of the relation between inherent folk knowledge and abilities and accompanying inferential and attributional biases as these influence academic learning in evolutionarily novel cultural contexts, such as schools and the industrial workplace.

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Experimental Neurology

Experimental Neurology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that focuses on research in neuroscience concerning mechanisms underlying neurological disorders.

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Expressive aphasia

Expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact.

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Extracellular matrix

In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.

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Eye–hand coordination

Eye–hand coordination (also known as hand–eye coordination) is the coordinated control of eye movement with hand movement, and the processing of visual input to guide reaching and grasping along with the use of proprioception of the hands to guide the eyes.

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Eyewitness memory

Eyewitness memory is a person's episodic memory for a crime or other dramatic event that he or she has witnessed.

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Fear

Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events.

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Fear processing in the brain

Many experiments have been done to find out how the brain interprets stimuli and how animals develop fear responses.

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Focal dystonia

Focal dystonia is a neurological condition, a type of dystonia, that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part of the body, causing involuntary muscular contractions and abnormal postures.

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FOSB

FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, also known as Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B, FOSB or FosB, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOSB gene.

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Foster care

Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center,...), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent" or with a family member approved by the state.

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FOXP2

Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or TNRC10, and is required for proper development of speech and language.

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Fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder.

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Frenkel exercises

Frenkel exercises are a set of exercises developed by Professor Heinrich Sebastian Frenkel to treat ataxia, in particular cerebellar ataxia.

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Friendly artificial intelligence

A friendly artificial intelligence (also friendly AI or FAI) is a hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive effect on humanity.

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Gait trainer

A gait trainer is a wheeled device that assists a person who is unable to walk independently to learn or relearn to walk safely and efficiently as part of gait training.

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Gambierol

Gambierol is a marine polycyclic ether toxin which is produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.

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Gender essentialism

Gender essentialism is the theory that there are certain universal, innate, biologically- or psychologically-based features of gender (different from sex) that are at the root of observed differences in the behavior of men and women.

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Genetics of synesthesia

The genetic mechanism of synesthesia has long been debated, with researchers previously claiming it was a single X-linked trait due to seemingly higher prevalence in women and no evidence of male-male transmission This is where the only synesthetic parent is male and the male child has synesthesia, meaning that the trait cannot be solely linked to the X chromosome.

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Glossary of communication disorders

This is a glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders such as blindness and deafness.

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GM1

GM1 (monosialotetrahexosylganglioside) the "prototype" ganglioside, is a member of the ganglio series of gangliosides which contain one sialic acid residue.

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Granule cell

The name granule cell has been used by anatomists for a number of different types of neuron whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies.

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF or GCSF), also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF 3), is a glycoprotein that stimulates the bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into the bloodstream.

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H1 neuron

The H1 neuron is located in the visual cortex of true flies of the order Diptera and mediates motor responses to visual stimuli.

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Habituation

Habituation is a form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged presentations.

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Halton Hills Christian School

Halton Hills Christian School (HHCS) is an independent Christian school located in Halton Hills, Ontario, Canada.

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HCN channel

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are intermembrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells.

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Hebbian theory

In neuroscience, Hebbian theory is a theory that proposes an explanation for the adaptation of neurons in the brain during the learning process.

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Helen Neville

Helen J. Neville, Ph.D., is an internationally renowned psychologist and neuroscientist.

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Hemispherectomy

Hemispherectomy is a very rare neurosurgical procedure in which a cerebral hemisphere (half of the brain) is removed, disconnected, or disabled.

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History of Earth

The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day.

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History of poliomyelitis

The history of poliomyelitis (polio) infections extends into prehistory.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human echolocation

Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds – for example, by tapping their canes, lightly stomping their foot, snapping their fingers, or making clicking noises with their mouths – people trained to orient by echolocation can interpret the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, accurately identifying their location and size.

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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (HH), or secondary hypogonadism is due to problems with either the hypothalamus or pituitary gland affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis).

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Ian Stevenson

Ian Pretyman Stevenson (October 31, 1918 – February 8, 2007) was a Canadian-born U.S. psychiatrist.

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Ideational apraxia

Ideational apraxia (IA) is a neurological disorder which explains the loss of ability to conceptualize, plan, and execute the complex sequences of motor actions involved in the use of tools or otherwise interacting with objects in everyday life.

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Is Google Making Us Stupid?

Is Google Making Us Stupid? What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (alternatively Is Google Making Us Stoopid?) is a magazine article by technology writer Nicholas G. Carr, and is highly critical of the Internet's effect on cognition.

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Jeffrey M. Schwartz

Jeffrey M. Schwartz, M.D. is an American evangelical psychiatrist and researcher in the field of neuroplasticity and its application to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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Jerzy Konorski

Jerzy Konorski (1 December 1903 in Łódź, Congress Poland – 14 November 1973 in Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish neurophysiologist who further developed the work of Ivan Pavlov by discovering secondary conditioned reflexes and operant conditioning.

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Jim Moss

Jim Moss (born March 3, 1977 in Toronto, Ontario) is a former professional lacrosse player.

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Jocelyn Faubert

Prof.

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John Skoyles (scientist)

John Skoyles is a neuroscientist and evolutionary psychologist.

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Jon Kaas

Jon Kaas is a professor at Vanderbilt University and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

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Julio Moizeszowicz

Julio Moizeszowicz is an Argentine psychiatrist.

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Julio Ramirez (academic)

Julio Ramirez (born in Bridgeport, Connecticut) is the R. Stuart Dickson Professor of Psychology at Davidson College and a national leader in neuroscience education.

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Justin Rhodes

Justin S. Rhodes (born March 26, 1972) is an American neuroscientist and an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Kaitocephalin

Kaitocephalin is a non-selective ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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Karel Svoboda (scientist)

Karel Svoboda (1965 -) is a neuroscientist on the faculty at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Research Campus.

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Karen Davis (neuroscientist)

Karen D. Davis is a neuroscience professor at the University of Toronto, and is the head of Division of Brain, Imaging & Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute at the University Health Network.

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Karl Birnbaum

Karl Birnbaum (August 20, 1878, Schweidnitz/Świdnica – March 31, 1950, Philadelphia) was a German-American psychiatrist and neurologist.

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Ken Pugh

Kenneth R. "Ken" Pugh (born c. 1957) is President, Director of Research, and a Senior Scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut and Professor in the Department of Psychology at University of Connecticut.

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Kenyon cell

Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom body, a neuropil found in the brains of most arthropods and some annelids.

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Kids Company

Keeping Kids Company (in liquidation), formerly Kids Company, is an incorporated and registered charity, founded by Camila Batmanghelidjh in 1996 to provide support to deprived inner city children.

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Kim Peek

Laurence Kim Peek (November 11, 1951 – December 19, 2009) was an American savant.

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Kinesiology

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement.

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Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study

The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study brings together researchers from many disciplines to study the phenomenon known as the mind.

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Labyrinthitis

Labyrinthitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is the inflammation of inner ear.

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Language attrition

Language attrition is the process of losing a native, or first, language.

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Language deprivation

Language deprivation is associated with the lack of linguistic stimuli that are necessary for the language acquisition processes in an individual.

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Laurence Steinberg

Laurence Steinberg was born in 1952 and is an American university professor of psychology, specializing in child and adolescent psychological development.

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Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system

Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions (demyelinated areas in the CNS) and glial scars or scleroses.

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LGTN

Ligatin, otherwise known as eIF2D, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGTN gene.

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Linguistic intelligence

Linguistic Intelligence is a part of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory that deals with individuals' ability to understand both spoken and written language, as well as their ability to speak and write themselves.

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List of common misconceptions

This list of common misconceptions corrects erroneous beliefs that are currently widely held about notable topics.

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List of Dramatical Murder episodes

This is a list of episodes of the anime series Dramatical Murder.

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List of female scientists in the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period when women working in science were rare.

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List of geneticists

This is a list of people who have made notable contributions to genetics.

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List of Greek and Latin roots in English/N

Category:Lists of words.

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List of MeSH codes (G11)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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List of Ship of Theseus examples

This is a list of popular culture examples of the Theseus paradox that are not covered in the main article.

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List of thinkers influenced by deconstruction

This is a list of thinkers who have been influenced by deconstruction.

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List of unsolved problems in biology

This article lists currently unsolved problems in biology.

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List of unsolved problems in neuroscience

There are yet unsolved problems in neuroscience, although some of these problems have evidence supporting a hypothesized solution, and the field is rapidly evolving.

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List of Wesleyan University people

This is a partial list of notable people affiliated with Wesleyan University.

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Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus (\-si-ˈrü-lē-əs\, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus) is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.

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Long-term depression

Long-term depression (LTD), in neurophysiology, is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus.

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Long-term potentiation

In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

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Lutz Jäncke

Lutz Jäncke (* July 16, 1957 in Wuppertal) is a neuropsychologist and a cognitive neuroscientist.

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LYNX1

Ly6/neurotoxin 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the LYNX1 gene.

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Małgorzata Kossut

Małgorzata Kossut (born 10 March 1950) is a Polish neuroscientist specializing in neuroplasticity and neural mechanisms of learning and memory, professor of natural sciences, Head of Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology and Laboratory of Neuroplasticity of the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

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Maladaptation

A maladaptation is a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful.

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Malleability of intelligence

Malleability of intelligence describes the processes by which intelligence can increase or decrease over time and is not static.

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Management of cerebral palsy

Over time, the approach to cerebral palsy management has shifted away from narrow attempts to fix individual physical problems such as spasticity in a particular limb to making such treatments part of a larger goal of maximizing the person's independence and community engagement.

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Margaret Kennard

Margaret Alice Kennard (September 25, 1899—December 12, 1975) was a neurologist who principally studied the effects of neurological damage on primates.

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Marian Diamond

Marian Diamond (née Cleeves; November 11, 1926 – July 25, 2017) was a pioneering scientist and educator who is considered one of the founders of modern neuroscience.

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Marian Koshland Science Museum

The Marian Koshland Science Museum of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was located in Washington, D.C. from 2004 until 2017.

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Mark Rosenzweig (psychologist)

Mark Richard Rosenzweig (September 12, 1922 – July 20, 2009) was an American research psychologist whose research on neuroplasticity in animals indicated that the adult brain remains capable of anatomical remodelling and reorganization based on life experiences, overturning the conventional wisdom that the brain reached full maturity in childhood.

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Martha Constantine-Paton

Martha Constantine-Paton is a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Mass Action Principle (neuroscience)

In neuroscience, the mass action principle suggests that the proportion of the brain that is injured is directly proportional to the decreased ability of memory functions.

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Matilda effect

The Matilda effect is a bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists, whose work is often attributed to their male colleagues.

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Maurice Ptito

Maurice Ptito (born June 11, 1946 in Casablanca, Morocco) is Professor of Visual Neuroscience at the School of Optometry (Université de Montréal).

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MDMA

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug.

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Melodic learning

Melodic Learning is a multimodal learning method that uses the defining elements of singing (pitch, rhythm and rhyme) to facilitate the capture, storage and retrieval of information.

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Memory improvement

Memory improvement is the act of improving one's memory.

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Mental image

A mental image or mental picture is the representation in a person's mind of the physical world outside that person.

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Mental model

A mental model is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world.

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Metalearning (neuroscience)

Metalearning is a neuroscientific term proposed by Kenji Doya, as a theory for how neurotransmitters facilitate distributed learning mechanisms in the Basal Ganglia.

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Metaplasticity

Metaplasticity is a term originally coined by W.C. Abraham and M.F. Bear to refer to the plasticity of synaptic plasticity.

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Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity.

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MHC class I

MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of jawed vertebrates.

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Michael Merzenich

Michael M. Merzenich (born 1942 in Lebanon, Oregon) is a professor emeritus neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco.

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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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Minimally conscious state

A minimally conscious state (MCS) is a disorder of consciousness distinct from persistent vegetative state and locked-in syndrome.

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Modularity of mind

Modularity of mind is the notion that a mind may, at least in part, be composed of innate neural structures or modules which have distinct established evolutionarily developed functions.

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Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals.

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Monocular deprivation

Monocular deprivation is an experimental technique used by neuroscientists to study central nervous system plasticity.

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Mossy fiber (hippocampus)

In the hippocampus, the mossy fiber pathway consists of unmyelinated axons projecting from granule cells in the dentate gyrus that terminate on modulatory hilar mossy cells and in Cornu Ammonis area 3 (CA3), a region involved in encoding short-term memory.

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Motor control

Motor control is the systematic regulation of movement in organisms that possess a nervous system.

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Motor learning

Motor learning is a change, resulting from practice or a novel experience, in the capability for responding.

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Mriganka Sur

Mriganka Sur (born 1953 in Fatehgarh, India) is an Indian-born neuroscientist working in the United States.

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Multiple realizability

Multiple realizability, in the philosophy of mind, is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events.

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Multisensory integration

Multisensory integration, also known as multimodal integration, is the study of how information from the different sensory modalities, such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion and taste, may be integrated by the nervous system.

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Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia

Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia is a method for treating patients who have lost the ability to speak after a stroke or accident.

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Music-related memory

Musical memory refers to the ability to remember music-related information, such as melodic content and other progressions of tones or pitches.

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Myelitis

Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the rest of the body to the brain.

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Negative priming

Negative priming is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus.

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Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development

Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development criticize and build upon Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

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Neonatal stroke

Neonatal Stroke, similar to a stroke which occurs in adults, is defined as a disturbance to the blood supply of the developing brain in the first 28 days of life.

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Nerve guidance conduit

A nerve guidance conduit (also referred to as an artificial nerve conduit or artificial nerve graft, as opposed to an autograft) is an artificial means of guiding axonal regrowth to facilitate nerve regeneration and is one of several clinical treatments for nerve injuries.

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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.

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Neural circuit

A neural circuit, is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.

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Neural Darwinism

Neural Darwinism, a large scale theory of brain function by Gerald Edelman, was initially published in 1978, in a book called The Mindful Brain (MIT Press).

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Neural facilitation

Neural facilitation, also known as paired pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse.

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Neural Plasticity (journal)

Neural Plasticity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of neuroplasticity, especially when concerning its functional involvement in the regulation of behavior and in psychopathology.

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Neural substrate of locomotor central pattern generators in mammals

Central pattern generators are biological neural networks organized to produce any rhythmic output without requiring a rhythmic input.

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Neuro-ophthalmology

Neuro-ophthalmology is an academically-oriented subspecialty that merges the fields of neurology and ophthalmology, often dealing with complex systemic diseases that have manifestations in the visual system.

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Neuroanthropology

Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain.

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Neurobiological effects of physical exercise

The are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition.

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Neurochemistry

Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that influence the function of neurons.

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Neuroconstructivism

Neuroconstructivism is a theory that states that gene–gene interaction, gene–environment interaction and, crucially, ontogeny are all considered to play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialized over developmental time.

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Neuroenhancement

Neuroenhancement refers to the targeted enhancement and extension of cognitive and affective abilities based on an understanding of their underlying neurobiology in healthy persons who do not have any mental illness.

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Neuroepigenetics

Neuroepigenetics is the study of how epigenetic changes to genes affect the nervous system.

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Neuroepithelial cell

Neuroepithelial cells are the "stem cells" of the nervous system, deriving from actual stem cells in several different stages of neural development.

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Neurofeedback

Neurofeedback (NFB), also called neurotherapy or neurobiofeedback, is a type of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of brain activity—most commonly electroencephalography (EEG), to teach self-regulation of brain function.

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Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.

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Neurological disorder

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.

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Neuromechanics

As originally proposed by Enoka, neuromechanics is a field of study that combines concepts from biomechanics and neurophysiology to study human movement.

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Neuromorphic engineering

Neuromorphic engineering, also known as neuromorphic computing, is a concept developed by Carver Mead, in the late 1980s, describing the use of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) systems containing electronic analog circuits to mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system.

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Neuron

A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Neuronal recycling hypothesis

The neuronal recycling hypothesis was proposed by Stanislas Dehaene in the field of cognitive neuroscienceDehaene, S. & Cohen, L. (2007).

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Neuroplastic effects of pollution

Research indicates that living in areas of high pollution has serious long term health effects.

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Neuroprosthetics

Neuroprosthetics (also called neural prosthetics) is a discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural prostheses.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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Neuroscience of multilingualism

Various aspects of multilingualism have been studied in the field of neurology.

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Neuroscience of rhythm

The neuroscience of rhythm refers to the various forms of rhythm generated by the central nervous system (CNS).

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Neuroscience of sex differences

Neuroscience of sex differences is the study of the characteristics of the brain that separate the male brain and the female brain.

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Neuroscience of sleep

The neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions.

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Neurosteroid

Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors.

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Nicholas G. Carr

Nicholas G. Carr (born 1959) is an American writer who has published books and articles on technology, business, and culture.

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Nidopallium

The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also for other higher cognitive tasks.

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NINDS brain trauma research

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts and supports research to better understand traumatic brain injury and the biological mechanisms underlying damage to the brain, to develop strategies and interventions to limit the primary and secondary brain damage that occurs within days of a head trauma, and to devise therapies to treat brain injury and help in long-term recovery of function.

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Non-native pronunciations of English

Non-native pronunciations of English result from the common linguistic phenomenon in which non-native users of any language tend to carry the intonation, phonological processes and pronunciation rules from their first language or first languages into their English speech.

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Non-spiking neuron

Non-spiking neurons are neurons that are located in the central and peripheral nervous systems and function as intermediary relays for sensory-motor neurons.

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Nonsynaptic plasticity

Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).

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Noogenesis

Noogenesis (Ancient Greek: νοῦς.

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Norman Doidge

Norman Doidge, FRCP(C), is a Canadian-born psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and author of The Brain That Changes Itself (2007) and The Brain's Way of Healing (2015).

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Nutritional neuroscience

Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.

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Oblique dendrite

An oblique dendrite is a dendrite that branches from an apical dendrite that emerges from the apex of a pyramidal cell.

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Ocular dominance column

Ocular dominance columns are stripes of neurons in the visual cortex of certain mammals (including humans) that respond preferentially to input from one eye or the other.

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Olfactory bulb

The olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) is a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the sense of smell.

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Olfactory memory

Olfactory memory refers to the recollection of odors.

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Olivopontocerebellar atrophy

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olivary nucleus.

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Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning (also called "instrumental conditioning") is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

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Orientation column

Orientation columns are organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles.

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Oromandibular dystonia

Oromandibular dystonia is a form of focal dystonia affecting the mouth, jaw and tongue, and in this disease it is hard to speak.

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Orthodenticle homeobox 2

Homeobox protein OTX2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OTX2 gene.

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Outline of neuroscience

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience: Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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Outline of the human brain

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain: Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull.

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Outline of the human nervous system

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system: Human nervous system – the part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body.

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Oxycodone

Oxycodone, sold under brand names such as Percocet and OxyContin among many others, is an opioid medication which is used for the relief of moderate to severe pain.

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Pain in invertebrates

Pain in invertebrates is a contentious issue.

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Pathology of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be pathologically defined as the presence of distributed glial scars (sclerosis or scleroses, in its plural form) in the central nervous system that must show dissemination in time (DIT) and in space (DIS) to be considered MS lesions.

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Paul Bach-y-Rita

Paul Bach-y-Rita (April 4, 1934 – November 20, 2006) was an American neuroscientist whose most notable work was in the field of neuroplasticity.

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Paul Patterson (neuroscientist)

Paul H. Patterson (October 22, 1943 – June 25, 2014) was a neuroscientist and the Anne P. and Benjamin F. Biaggini Professor of Biological Sciences at the California Institute of Technology.

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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA; stylized PeTA) is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president.

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Perceptual learning

Perceptual learning is learning better perception skills such as differentiating two musical tones from one another or categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise as in reading, seeing relations among chess pieces, knowing whether or not an X-ray image shows a tumor.

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Perceptual narrowing

Perceptual narrowing is a developmental process during which the brain uses environmental experiences to shape perceptual abilities.

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Perineuronal net

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures responsible for synaptic stabilization in the adult brain.

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Personal identity

In philosophy, the matter of personal identity deals with such questions as, "What makes it true that a person at one time is the same thing as a person at another time?" or "What kinds of things are we persons?" Generally, personal identity is the unique numerical identity of a person in the course of time.

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Peter G. Levine

Peter G. Levine (born December 22, 1960) is an American medical researcher and science educator and authority on stroke recovery.

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Phineas Gage

Phineas P. Gage (18231860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound (for a time at least) that friends saw him as "no longer Gage".

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Pixel artist

A pixel artist is a graphic designer who specializes in computer art and can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation.

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Place attachment

Place attachment is the emotional bond between person and place, and is a main concept in environmental psychology.

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Plasticity

Plasticity may refer to.

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Post-concussion syndrome

Post-concussion syndrome, also known as postconcussive syndrome or PCS, is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, or a year or more after a concussion – a mild form of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

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Practice (learning method)

Practice or practise is the act of rehearsing a behavior over and over, or engaging in an activity again and again, for the purpose of improving or mastering it, as in the phrase "practise makes perfect".

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Pre-Bötzinger complex

The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventral respiratory centre of the medulla of the brainstem.

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Pregnenolone

Pregnenolone (P5), or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

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Prenatal and perinatal psychology

Prenatal psychology can be seen as a part of developmental psychology, although historically it was developed in the heterogenous field of psychoanalysis.

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Procedural memory

Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory (unconscious memory) and long-term memory which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

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Proportional myoelectric control

Proportional myoelectric control can be used to (among other purposes) activate robotic lower limb exoskeletons.

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Psychiatric survivors movement

The psychiatric survivors movement (more broadly peer/consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement) is a diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services (known as consumers or service users), or who are survivors of interventions by psychiatry, or who are ex-patients of mental health services.

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Psychoactive drug

A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.

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Psychological resilience

Psychological resilience is the ability to successfully cope with a crisis and to return to pre-crisis status quickly.

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Psychosocial Genomics

Psychosocial Genomics (PG) is a field of research first proposed by Ernest L. Rossi in 2002.

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Pyramidal cell

Pyramidal cells, or (pyramidal neurons), are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.

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Quantum brain dynamics

In neuroscience, quantum brain dynamics (QBD) is a hypothesis to explain the function of the brain within the framework of quantum field theory.

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Raz Yirmiya

Raz Yirmiya (Hebrew: רז ירמיה) (born 1956) is an Israeli behavioral neuroscientist and director of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.

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Reach extender

A reach extender, grabber arm, or helping hand is a handheld mechanical tool used to increase the range of a person's reach when grabbing objects.

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Receptive aphasia

Wernicke's aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia, sensory aphasia, or posterior aphasia, is a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language.

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Rehabilitation robotics

Rehabilitation robotics is a field of research dedicated to understanding and augmenting rehabilitation through the application of robotic devices.

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Resting state fMRI

Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI or R-fMRI) is a method of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that is used in brain mapping to evaluate regional interactions that occur in a resting or task-negative state, when an explicit task is not being performed.

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Rethinking Innateness

Rethinking Innateness: A connectionist perspective on development is a book regarding gene/environment interaction by Jeffrey Elman, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Mark Johnson, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett published in 1996.

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Reticulon 4 receptor

Reticulon 4 receptor (RTN4R) also known as Nogo-66 Receptor (NgR) or Nogo receptor 1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RTN4R gene.

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Retinal implant

Retinal prostheses for restoration of sight to patients blinded by retinal degeneration are being developed by a number of private companies and research institutions worldwide.

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Retrograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia (RA) is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.

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Reward system

The reward system is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positive emotions, particularly ones which involve pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

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Righting reflex

The righting reflex, also known as the Labyrinthine righting reflex, is a reflex that corrects the orientation of the body when it is taken out of its normal upright position.

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Roi Cohen Kadosh

Roi Cohen Kadosh (last name Cohen Kadosh, Hebrew: רועי כהן קדוש, born 1976) is an Israeli-British cognitive neuroscientist notable for his work on numerical and mathematical cognition and learning and cognitive enhancement.

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Safety of electronic cigarettes

The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain.

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Schaffer collateral

Schaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.

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Second Firsts

Second Firsts is a 2013 book published by the crisis intervention counselor Christina Rasmussen, in which she introduces a new model of grief based on the science of neuroplasticity.

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Self-transforming brain

The self-transforming brain refers to the ability of the self to consciously use mental activity to change/modify the brain’s neural network in order to experience life with more happiness and fulfillment.

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Sensitization

Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response.

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Sensory neuron

Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.

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Sensory stimulation therapy

Sensory stimulation therapy (SST) is an experimental therapy that aims to utilize neural plasticity mechanisms to aid in the recovery of somatosensory function after stroke or cognitive ageing.

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Sensory substitution

Sensory substitution is a change of the characteristics of one sensory modality into stimuli of another sensory modality.

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Sensory-motor coupling

Sensory-motor coupling is the coupling or integration of the sensory system and motor system.

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Sexuality after spinal cord injury

Although spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes sexual dysfunction, many people with SCI are able to have satisfying sex lives.

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SGK1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 also known as serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK1 gene.

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Sharon Begley

Sharon Begley (born June 14, 1956) is an American journalist who is the senior science writer for Stat, the publication from The Boston Globe that covers stories related to the life sciences.

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Shepherd Ivory Franz

Shepherd Ivory Franz (May 27, 1874 – October 14, 1933) was an American psychologist.

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Silver Spring monkeys

Not to be confused with the feral monkeys in Silver Springs, Florida. The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who were kept in the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland.

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Singing

Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques.

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Sixth nerve palsy

Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve), which is responsible for causing contraction of the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i.e., turn out) the eye.

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Sleep and memory

The relationship between sleep and memory has been postulated and studied since at least the early 19th century.

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Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury

Sleep disorder is a common repercussion of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

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Somatosensory rehabilitation of pain

The Somatosensory Rehabilitation of Neuropathic Pain, is a method whose aim is to treat conditions of a reduced sense of touch or sensation (hypoesthesia) in order to decrease neuropathic pain.

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Spatial memory

In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is that part of the memory responsible for the recording of information about one's environment and spatial orientation.

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Stanford R. Ovshinsky

Stanford Robert Ovshinsky (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American inventor and scientist who over a span of fifty years was granted well over 400 patents, mostly in the areas of energy and information.

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Statistical language acquisition

Statistical language acquisition, is a branch of developmental psycholinguistics, that studies the process by which humans develop the ability to perceive, produce, comprehend, and communicate with natural language in all of its aspects (phonological, syntactic, lexical, morphological, semantic) through the use of general learning mechanisms operating on statistical patterns in the linguistic input.

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Stereopsis recovery

Stereopsis recovery, also recovery from stereoblindness, is the phenomenon of a stereoblind person gaining partial or full ability of stereo vision (stereopsis).

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Steven Laureys

Steven Laureys (born 24 December 1968) is a Belgian neurologist.

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Stroke recovery

The primary goals of stroke management are to reduce brain injury and promote maximum patient recovery.

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Substance use disorder

A substance use disorder (SUD), also known as a drug use disorder, is a condition in which the use of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress.

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Sulfatide

Sulfatide, also known as 3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4, or sulfated galactocerebroside, is a class of sulfolipids, specifically a class of sulfoglycolipids, which are glycolipids that contain a sulfate group.

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Surjo R. Soekadar

Surjo Raphael Soekadar (born July 4, 1977 in Wiesbaden, Germany) is a German physician, neuroscientist and development aid worker.

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Susan R. Barry

Susan R. Barry is a professor of neurobiology at Mount Holyoke College and the author of Fixing My Gaze: A Scientist's Journey into Seeing in Three Dimensions.

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Synaptic plasticity

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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Synaptic pruning

Synaptic pruning, which includes both axon and dendrite pruning, is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans.

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Synaptogenesis

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system.

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Synaptosome

A synaptosome is an isolated synaptic terminal from a neuron.

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T-type calcium channel

T-type calcium channels are low-voltage activated calcium channels that open during membrane depolarization.

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Tactile hallucination

Tactile hallucination is the false perception of tactile sensory input that creates a hallucinatory sensation of physical contact with an imaginary object.

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Tetris effect

The Tetris effect (also known as Tetris Syndrome) occurs when people devote so much time and attention to an activity that it begins to pattern their thoughts, mental images, and dreams.

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The Brain That Changes Itself

The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science is a book on neuroplasticity by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Norman Doidge.

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The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential

The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), founded in 1955 by Glenn Doman and Carl Delacato, provide literature on and teaches patterning therapy (motor learning), which the Institutes promote as improving the "neurologic organization" of "brain injured" and healthy children through a variety of programs, including diet and exercise.

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The NeuroGenderings Network

The NeuroGenderings Network is a transdisciplinary network of "neurofeminist" scholars who aim to critically examine neuroscientific knowledge production and to develop differentiated approaches for a more gender adequate neuroscientific research.

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Theresa A. Jones

Theresa A. Jones is a researcher and professor at the University of Texas at Austin and the Institute for Neuroscience.

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Thomas Wade (singer)

Thomas Wade (born May 9, 1961 in Burford, Ontario at Opry North) is a Canadian country artist.

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Tianeptine

Tianeptine, sold under the brand names Stablon and Coaxil among others, is an atypical antidepressant which is used mainly in the treatment of major depressive disorder, although it may also be used to treat anxiety, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.

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Timeline of Polish science and technology

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century.

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Timeline of psychology

This article is a general timeline of psychology.

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Timo Hannay

(Robert) Timo Hannay (born 1968) is the founding Managing Director of School Dash Limited, an education technology company based in London.

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Tinnitus

Tinnitus is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present.

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Torsten Wiesel

Torsten Nils Wiesel (born 3 June 1924) is a Swedish neurophysiologist.

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Transcortical motor aphasia

Transcortical motor aphasia (TMoA), also known as commissural dysphasia or white matter dysphasia, results from damage in the anterior superior frontal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere.

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Transcortical sensory aphasia

Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA) is a kind of aphasia that involves damage to specific areas of the temporal lobe of the brain, resulting in symptoms such as poor auditory comprehension, relatively intact repetition, and fluent speech with semantic paraphasias present.

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Transgenerational stress inheritance

Transgenerational stress inheritance is the transmission of adverse effects of stress-exposure in parents to their offspring through epigenetic mechanisms.

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Traumatic memories

The management of traumatic memories is important when treating mental health disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder.

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Trk receptor

Trk receptors are a family of tyrosine kinases that regulates synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system.

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Tulrampator

Tulrampator (developmental code names S-47445, CX-1632) is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor, which is under development by RespireRx Pharmaceuticals (formerly Cortex Pharmaceuticals) and Servier for the treatment of major depressive disorder (as an adjunct), Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

In 1985, a raid took place at a laboratory belonging to the University of California, Riverside (UCR) that resulted in the removal of a monkey by the Animal Liberation Front.

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Up from Dragons

Up from Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence is a 2002 book on human evolution, the human brain, and the origins of human cognition by John Skoyles and Dorion Sagan.

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Upinder Singh Bhalla

Upinder Singh Bhalla (born 1963) is an Indian computational neuroscientist, academic and a professor at National Centre for Biological Sciences of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.

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Ursula Staudinger

Ursula M. Staudinger (born April 3, 1959 in Nuremberg, West Germany) is a German psychologist and aging researcher.

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Vaclav Ourednik

Vaclav Ourednik, PhD (* June 27, 1960 in Prague) is a Swiss natural scientist of Czech origin.

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Vilayanur S. Ramachandran

Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran (born 10 August 1951) is a neuroscientist known primarily for his work in the fields of behavioral neurology and visual psychophysics.

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Vision restoration therapy

Vision restoration therapy (VRT) is a noninvasive, nonsurgical form of vision therapy.

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Visual learning

Visual learning is a style in which a learner utilizes graphs, charts, maps and diagrams.

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Visual prosthesis

A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness.

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Vocal learning

Vocal learning is the ability to modify acoustic and syntactic sounds, acquire new sounds via imitation, and produce vocalizations.

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Warren Neidich

Warren Neidich is an American artist who lives between Berlin and Los Angeles.

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Well-being contributing factors

Well-being is a much-studied topic in psychology, especially positive psychology.

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Wide dynamic range neuron

The wide dynamic range neuron (WDR) was first discovered by Mendell in 1966.

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William T. Greenough

William Tallant Greenough (October 11, 1944 – December 18, 2013) was a professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

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Window of opportunity

A window of opportunity (also called a margin of opportunity or critical window) is a period of time during which some action can be taken that will achieve a desired outcome.

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World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report is an annual publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network which contains rankings of national happiness and analysis of the data from various perspectives.

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Writer's cramp

Writer's cramp, also called mogigraphia and scrivener's palsy, is a disorder caused by cramps or spasms of certain muscles of the hand and/or forearm, and presents itself while performing fine motor tasks, such as writing or playing an instrument.

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Yi Zuo

Yi Zuo is a neuroscience professor and researcher born in China.

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14th Dalai Lama

The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Thondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama.

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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) is a psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine.

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2015 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2015.

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5-HT2C receptor agonist

Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors are stimulated by monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.

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Redirects here:

Activity dependent plasticity, Activity-Dependent Plasticity, Brain plasticity, Cerebral plasticity, Cortical plasticity, Neural plasticity, Neuronal plasticity, Neuroplastic, Neuroplastic recovery, Plasticity (brain), Structural plasticity.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity

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