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Newton's law of universal gravitation

Index Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. [1]

311 relations: Abraham Constantin Mouradgea d’Ohsson, Absolute hot, Action at a distance, Albert Einstein, Alternatives to general relativity, Analytical dynamics, Analytical mechanics, Anthropic principle, Anti-de Sitter space, Anti-gravity, Antiparallelogram, Apollo 8, Apsidal precession, Aristotelian physics, Astrology and science, Axial precession, Back to the Future (TV series), Ballistics, Barometer question, Bentley's paradox, Binet equation, Black hole, Bouguer anomaly, Branches of physics, Bucket argument, CAGE Distance Framework, Cartesian tensor, Causal contact, Cavendish experiment, Celestial mechanics, Celestial spheres, Centers of gravity in non-uniform fields, Central force, Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor, Chandrasekhar's variational principle, Classical central-force problem, Classical field theory, Classical mechanics, Clémence Royer, Confirmation holism, Conservative vector field, Consilience (book), Copernican heliocentrism, Copernican Revolution, Cophasing, Cosmological principle, Cosmology, Cosmology in medieval Islam, Coulomb's law, Creative education, ..., Criticism of the theory of relativity, Deductive-nomological model, Deferent and epicycle, Dimensional analysis, Discovery of Neptune, Divergence theorem, Doppler spectroscopy, Dusty plasma, Earth mass, East Midlands, Eötvös experiment, Einstein field equations, Einstein's constant, Einstein–Hilbert action, Electric field, Elisabeth Jungmann, Ellipse, Elliptic orbit, Encyclopædia Britannica, England, Entropic gravity, Enumerative induction, Equations for a falling body, Equations of motion, Equipartition theorem, Equivalence principle, Eridanus II, Exoplanetology, Experimental physics, Extended theories of gravity, Field (physics), Field equation, Five Equations That Changed the World, Flower of Kent, Force, Force carrier, Force field (physics), Free fall, Fundamental interaction, Galileo Galilei, Gauge vector–tensor gravity, Gauss's law, Gauss's law for gravity, Gaussian gravitational constant, General relativity, General Scholium, Genius of Britain, Geocentric model, Geometrized unit system, Geopotential model, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Glossary of aerospace engineering, Glossary of astronomy, Glossary of physics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gravitation (disambiguation), Gravitational acceleration, Gravitational constant, Gravitational energy, Gravitational field, Gravitational lensing formalism, Gravitational wave, Graviton, Gravity, Gravity model of migration, Gravity of Earth, Gravity tractor, Heliocentrism, Hierarchy problem, History of economic thought, History of geodesy, History of geomagnetism, History of Germany, History of physics, History of the philosophy of field theory, Hume's fork, Hyperbolic trajectory, Hypothetical star, Index of aerospace engineering articles, Index of physics articles (N), Inductive probability, Inductivism, Infinity, Integrable system, Intelligent falling, Introduction to general relativity, Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity, Inverse problem, Inverse-square law, Isaac Newton, Isaac Newton in popular culture, Jürgen Ehlers, Jean Picard, Jean-Pierre Petit, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris, Johann Bernoulli, Johannes Kepler, John Couch Adams, Joseph Priestley, Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect, Kepler orbit, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Lagrangian mechanics, Laura Smith Haviland, Law of Life, Laws of science, Letters on the English, Linearized gravity, List of common physics notations, List of cosmologists, List of discoveries, List of English inventions and discoveries, List of eponyms (L–Z), List of equations in gravitation, List of Horizon episodes, List of mathematical topics in classical mechanics, List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field, List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula, List of scientific laws named after people, List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein, List of Solar System objects by size, List of The 39 Clues characters, List of things named after Isaac Newton, Logical positivism, Long period tide, Lug, Lumières, Lunar theory, Mass, Massive gravity, Mathematical physics, Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge, Mathematics of general relativity, Mean motion, Mechanician, Modified Newtonian dynamics, Moongate (book), N-body problem, N-body simulation, NASA Education and Public Outreach Group, Natural science, Natural-law argument, Newton's law, Newton's laws of motion, Newton's theorem of revolving orbits, Newton–Cartan theory, Newtonian limit, Newtonian potential, Non-standard cosmology, Numerical model of the Solar System, Objections to evolution, Oleg D. Jefimenko, Orbit, Orbit modeling, Orbital elements, Orbital mechanics, Orbital resonance, Orogeny, Orrery, Outline of physics, Pair potential, Paradigm shift, Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism, Pendulum, Perturbation (astronomy), Perturbation theory, Petrov classification, Phenomenon, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Philosophy of science, Physical body, Physicist, Physics, Pi, Pierre Duhem, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Planck units, Planetary mass, Point particle, Poisson's equation, Post-Newtonian expansion, Postulates of special relativity, Potential energy, Power law, Principle of locality, Proportionality (mathematics), Pythagoras, Quality (philosophy), Quantum field theory, Quasi-periodic oscillation, Quirino Majorana, R, Raychaudhuri equation, Reilly's law of retail gravitation, Roche limit, Roger Cotes, Rubrique-à-Brac, S-duality, Satellite galaxy, Scalar theories of gravitation, Schiehallion experiment, Schrödinger–Newton equation, Science in the Age of Enlightenment, Scientific law, Scientific myth, Scientific Revolution, Shell theorem, Social gravity, Space elevator, Space mathematics, Spacetime, Specific energy, Specific relative angular momentum, Speed of gravity, Spherical harmonics, Stability of the Solar System, Standard gravitational parameter, Static forces and virtual-particle exchange, Stress–energy tensor, Superseded scientific theories, Surface gravity, Tensor–vector–scalar gravity, Test particle, The Da Vinci Code (film), The Powder Toy, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, Theodore Theodorsen, Theoretical motivation for general relativity, Theory of everything, Theosophy and science, Three-body problem, Tidal force, Tidal tensor, Tide, Timeline of astronomy, Timeline of classical mechanics, Timeline of developments in theoretical physics, Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries, Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity, Timeline of physical chemistry, Timeline of scientific discoveries, Timeline of scientific thought, Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation, TRAPPIST-1, Tug of war (astronomy), Two-body problem in general relativity, Tychonic system, Universe, Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Walter Zürn, Weight, Wisdom, Woolsthorpe Manor, Worlds in Collision, 100 Greatest Britons, 1645 in science, 1665 in science, 1687, 1687 in science, 17th century, 70 Ophiuchi. 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Abraham Constantin Mouradgea d’Ohsson

Abraham Constantine Mouradgea d'Ohsson (26 November 1779 in Constantinople – 25 December 1851 in Berlin), was a Swedish historian and diplomat of Armenian descent.

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Absolute hot

Absolute hot is a concept of temperature that postulates the existence of a highest attainable temperature of matter.

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Action at a distance

In physics, action at a distance is the concept that an object can be moved, changed, or otherwise affected without being physically touched (as in mechanical contact) by another object.

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).

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Alternatives to general relativity

Alternatives to general relativity are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomenon of gravitation in competition to Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Analytical dynamics

In classical mechanics, analytical dynamics, or more briefly dynamics, is concerned with the relationship between motion of bodies and its causes, namely the forces acting on the bodies and the properties of the bodies, particularly mass and moment of inertia.

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Analytical mechanics

In theoretical physics and mathematical physics, analytical mechanics, or theoretical mechanics is a collection of closely related alternative formulations of classical mechanics.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.

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Anti-de Sitter space

In mathematics and physics, n-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdSn) is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant negative scalar curvature.

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Anti-gravity

Anti-gravity (also known as non-gravitational field) is an idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity.

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Antiparallelogram

In geometry, an antiparallelogram is a quadrilateral having, like a parallelogram, two opposite pairs of equal-length sides, but in which the sides of one pair cross each other.

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Apollo 8

Apollo 8, the second manned spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program, was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first manned spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Earth's Moon, orbit it and return safely to Earth.

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Apsidal precession

In celestial mechanics, apsidal precession or orbital precession is the precession (rotation) of the orbit of a celestial body.

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Aristotelian physics

Aristotelian physics is a form of natural science described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–).

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Astrology and science

Astrology consists of a number of belief systems that hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events or descriptions of personality in the human world.

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Axial precession

In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis.

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Back to the Future (TV series)

Back to the Future (also known as Back to the Future: The Animated Series) is an American animated science fiction comedy adventure television series for television based on the live action ''Back to the Future'' movie trilogy.

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Ballistics

Ballistics is the field of mechanics that deals with the launching, flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, unguided bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as to achieve a desired performance.

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Barometer question

The barometer question is an example of an incorrectly designed examination question demonstrating functional fixedness that causes a moral dilemma for the examiner.

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Bentley's paradox

Bentley's paradox is a cosmological paradox pointing to a problem occurring when Newton's theory of gravitation is applied to cosmology.

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Binet equation

The Binet equation, derived by Jacques Philippe Marie Binet, provides the form of a central force given the shape of the orbital motion in plane polar coordinates.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.

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Bouguer anomaly

In geodesy and geophysics, the Bouguer anomaly (named after Pierre Bouguer) is a gravity anomaly, corrected for the height at which it is measured and the attraction of terrain.

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Branches of physics

Physics deals with the combination of matter and energy.

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Bucket argument

Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies.

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CAGE Distance Framework

The CAGE Distance Framework identifies Cultural, Administrative, Geographic and Economic differences or distances between countries that companies should address when crafting international strategies.

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Cartesian tensor

In geometry and linear algebra, a Cartesian tensor uses an orthonormal basis to represent a tensor in a Euclidean space in the form of components.

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Causal contact

Two entities are in causal contact if there may be an event that has affected both in a causal way.

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Cavendish experiment

The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by British scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant.

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Celestial mechanics

Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.

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Celestial spheres

The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others.

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Centers of gravity in non-uniform fields

In physics, a center of gravity of a material body is a point that may be used for a summary description of gravitational interactions.

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Central force

In classical mechanics, a central force on an object is a force that is directed along the line joining the object and the origin: where \scriptstyle \vec is the force, F is a vector valued force function, F is a scalar valued force function, r is the position vector, ||r|| is its length, and \scriptstyle \hat.

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Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor

In astrophysics, Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor provides the gravitational potential of a body due to its own gravity created by the distribution of matter across the body, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

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Chandrasekhar's variational principle

In astrophysics, Chandrasekhar's variational principle provides the stability criterion for a static barotropic star, subjected to radial perturbation, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

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Classical central-force problem

In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle under the influence of a single central force.

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Classical field theory

A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations.

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Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.

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Clémence Royer

Clémence Royer (21 April 1830 – 6 February 1902) was a self-taught French scholar who lectured and wrote on economics, philosophy, science and feminism.

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Confirmation holism

In the epistemology of science, confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism, is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but only a set of statements (a whole theory).

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Conservative vector field

In vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function, known in this context as a scalar potential.

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Consilience (book)

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge is a 1998 book by biologist E. O. Wilson, in which the author discusses methods that have been used to unite the sciences and might in the future unite them with the humanities.

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Copernican heliocentrism

Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.

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Copernican Revolution

The Copernican Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

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Cophasing

In astronomy, the term cophasing or phasing describes the process of controlling the individual segments in a segmented mirror or a telescope so that the segments form a larger composite mirroring surface.

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Cosmological principle

In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act uniformly throughout the universe, and should, therefore, produce no observable irregularities in the large-scale structuring over the course of evolution of the matter field that was initially laid down by the Big Bang.

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Cosmology

Cosmology (from the Greek κόσμος, kosmos "world" and -λογία, -logia "study of") is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.

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Cosmology in medieval Islam

Islamic cosmology is the cosmology of Islamic societies.

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Coulomb's law

Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other.

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Creative education

Creative education is when students are encouraged to problem solve when faced with a challenge and can be used in all subjects.

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Criticism of the theory of relativity

Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century, on scientific, pseudoscientific, philosophical, or ideological bases.

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Deductive-nomological model

The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".

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Deferent and epicycle

In the Hipparchian and Ptolemaic systems of astronomy, the epicycle (from ἐπίκυκλος, literally upon the circle, meaning circle moving on another circle) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets.

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Dimensional analysis

In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.

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Discovery of Neptune

The planet Neptune was mathematically predicted before it was directly observed.

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Divergence theorem

In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, reprinted in is a result that relates the flow (that is, flux) of a vector field through a surface to the behavior of the vector field inside the surface.

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Doppler spectroscopy

Doppler spectroscopy (also known as the radial-velocity method, or colloquially, the wobble method) is an indirect method for finding extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs from radial-velocity measurements via observation of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planet's parent star.

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Dusty plasma

A dusty plasma is a plasma containing millimeter (10−3) to nanometer (10−9) sized particles suspended in it.

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Earth mass

Earth mass (where ⊕ is the standard astronomical symbol for planet Earth) is the unit of mass equal to that of Earth.

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East Midlands

The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes.

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Eötvös experiment

The Eötvös experiment was a famous physics experiment that measured the correlation between inertial mass and gravitational mass, demonstrating that the two were one and the same, something that had long been suspected but never demonstrated with the same accuracy.

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Einstein field equations

The Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) comprise the set of 10 equations in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity that describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by mass and energy.

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Einstein's constant

Einstein's constant or Einstein's gravitational constant, denoted (kappa), is the coupling constant appearing in the Einstein field equation which can be written: where is the Einstein tensor and is the stress–energy tensor.

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Einstein–Hilbert action

The Einstein–Hilbert action (also referred to as Hilbert action) in general relativity is the action that yields the Einstein field equations through the principle of least action.

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Electric field

An electric field is a vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts force on other charges, attracting or repelling them.

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Elisabeth Jungmann

Elisabeth Jungmann (Lady Beerbohm) (1894 – 28 December 1958) was an interpreter and the secretary, literary executor and second wife of caricaturist and parodist Sir Max Beerbohm.

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Ellipse

In mathematics, an ellipse is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve.

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Elliptic orbit

In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, an elliptic orbit or elliptical orbit is a Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1; this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with eccentricity equal to 0.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Entropic gravity

Entropic gravity, also known as emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force—a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder—and not a fundamental interaction.

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Enumerative induction

Enumerative induction or, as the basic form of inductive inference, simply induction, reasons from particular instances to all instances, thus an unrestricted generalization.

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Equations for a falling body

A set of equations describe the resultant trajectories when objects move owing to a constant gravitational force under normal Earth-bound conditions.

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Equations of motion

In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time.

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Equipartition theorem

In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies.

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Equivalence principle

In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is any of several related concepts dealing with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and to Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference.

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Eridanus II

The Eridanus II Dwarf is a low-surface brightness dwarf galaxy in the constellation Eridanus.

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Exoplanetology

Exoplanetology, or exoplanetary science, is an integrated field of astronomical science dedicated to the search and study of exoplanets (extrasolar planets).

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Experimental physics

Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.

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Extended theories of gravity

Extended theories of gravity are alternative theories of gravity developed from the exact starting points investigated first by Einstein and Hilbert.

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Field (physics)

In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.

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Field equation

In theoretical physics and applied mathematics, a field equation is a partial differential equation which determines the dynamics of a physical field, specifically the time evolution and spatial distribution of the field.

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Five Equations That Changed the World

Five Equations That Changed the World: The Power and Poetry of Mathematics is a book by Michael Guillen, published in 1995.

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Flower of Kent

The Flower of Kent is a green cultivar of cooking apple.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Force carrier

In particle physics, force carriers or messenger particles or intermediate particles are particles that give rise to forces between other particles.

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Force field (physics)

In physics a force field is a vector field that describes a non-contact force acting on a particle at various positions in space.

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Free fall

In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it.

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Fundamental interaction

In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Gauge vector–tensor gravity

Gauge vector–tensor gravity (GVT) is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm where gauge fields cause the MOND behavior.

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Gauss's law

In physics, Gauss's law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, is a law relating the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field.

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Gauss's law for gravity

In physics, Gauss's law for gravity, also known as Gauss's flux theorem for gravity, is a law of physics that is essentially equivalent to Newton's law of universal gravitation.

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Gaussian gravitational constant

The Gaussian gravitational constant (symbol) is a parameter used in the orbital mechanics of the solar system.

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General relativity

General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.

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General Scholium

The General Scholium is an essay written by Isaac Newton, appended to his work of Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, known as the Principia.

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Genius of Britain

Genius of Britain: The Scientists Who Changed the World is a five-part television documentary presented by leading British scientific figures, which charts the history of some of Britain's most important scientists and innovators.

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Geocentric model

In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center.

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Geometrized unit system

A geometrized unit system or geometric unit system is a system of natural units in which the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light in vacuum, c, and the gravitational constant, G, are set equal to unity.

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Geopotential model

In geophysics, a geopotential model is the theoretical analysis of measuring and calculating the effects of Earth's gravitational field.

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Giovanni Domenico Cassini

Giovanni Domenico Cassini (8 June 1625 – 14 September 1712) was an Italian (naturalised French) mathematician, astronomer and engineer.

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Glossary of aerospace engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of astronomy

This page is a glossary of astronomy.

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Glossary of physics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

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Gravitation (disambiguation)

Gravitation is the mass-proportionate force of attraction among matter.

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Gravitational acceleration

In physics, gravitational acceleration is the acceleration on an object caused by the force of gravitation.

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Gravitational constant

The gravitational constant (also known as the "universal gravitational constant", the "Newtonian constant of gravitation", or the "Cavendish gravitational constant"), denoted by the letter, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

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Gravitational energy

Gravitational energy is the potential energy a body with mass has in relation to another massive object due to gravity.

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Gravitational field

In physics, a gravitational field is a model used to explain the influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body.

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Gravitational lensing formalism

In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter b~ by an angle approximately equal to \hat.

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Gravitational wave

Gravitational waves are the disturbance in the fabric ("curvature") of spacetime generated by accelerated masses and propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.

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Graviton

In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravity.

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Gravity

Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.

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Gravity model of migration

The gravity model of migration is a model in urban geography derived from Newton's law of gravity, and used to predict the degree of interaction between two places.

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Gravity of Earth

The gravity of Earth, which is denoted by, refers to the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within Earth.

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Gravity tractor

A gravity tractor is a theoretical spacecraft that would deflect another object in space, typically a potentially hazardous asteroid that might impact Earth, without physically contacting it, using only its gravitational field to transmit the required impulse.

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Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

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Hierarchy problem

In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity.

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History of economic thought

The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st Century.

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History of geodesy

Geodesy (/dʒiːˈɒdɨsi/), also named geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth.

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History of geomagnetism

The history of geomagnetism is concerned with the history of the study of Earth's magnetic field.

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History of Germany

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.

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History of physics

Physics (from the Ancient Greek φύσις physis meaning "nature") is the fundamental branch of science.

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History of the philosophy of field theory

Field theory had its origins in the 18th century in a mathematical formulation of Newtonian mechanics, but it was seen as deficient as it implied action at a distance.

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Hume's fork

Hume's fork is an explanation, developed by later philosophers, of David Hume's aggressive, 1730s division of "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence".

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Hyperbolic trajectory

In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, a hyperbolic trajectory is the trajectory of any object around a central body with more than enough speed to escape the central object's gravitational pull.

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Hypothetical star

A hypothetical star is a star, or type of star, that is speculated to exist but has yet to be definitively observed.

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Index of aerospace engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to aerospace engineering.

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Index of physics articles (N)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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Inductive probability

Inductive probability attempts to give the probability of future events based on past events.

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Inductivism

Inductivism is the traditional model of scientific method attributed to Francis Bacon, who in 1620 vowed to subvert allegedly traditional thinking.

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Infinity

Infinity (symbol) is a concept describing something without any bound or larger than any natural number.

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Integrable system

In the context of differential equations to integrate an equation means to solve it from initial conditions.

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Intelligent falling

Intelligent falling (IF) is a parody of the intelligent design (ID) movement.

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Introduction to general relativity

General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915.

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Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity

The mathematics of general relativity is complex.

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Inverse problem

An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field.

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Inverse-square law

The inverse-square law, in physics, is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

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Isaac Newton in popular culture

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history.

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Jürgen Ehlers

Jürgen Ehlers (29 December 1929 – 20 May 2008) was a German physicist who contributed to the understanding of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Jean Picard

Jean-Félix Picard (21 July 1620 – 12 July 1682) was a French astronomer and priest born in La Flèche, where he studied at the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand.

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Jean-Pierre Petit

Jean-Pierre Petit (born 5 April 1937, Choisy-le-Roi) is a French scientist, senior researcher at National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) as an astrophysicist in Marseille Observatory, now retired.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris

The name Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris (followed by a number), the abbreviation JPL DE(number), or just DE(number) designates one of a series of models of the Solar System produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, primarily for purposes of spacecraft navigation and astronomy.

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Johann Bernoulli

Johann Bernoulli (also known as Jean or John; – 1 January 1748) was a Swiss mathematician and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.

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Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.

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John Couch Adams

John Couch Adams (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.

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Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley FRS (– 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English Separatist theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, innovative grammarian, multi-subject educator, and liberal political theorist who published over 150 works.

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Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect

The Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect was a hoax phenomenon purported to cause a noticeable short-term reduction in gravity on Earth that was invented for April Fools' Day by the English astronomer Patrick Moore and broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 1 April 1976.

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Kepler orbit

In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit (or Keplerian orbit) is the motion of one body relative to another, as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space.

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Kepler's laws of planetary motion

In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun.

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Lagrangian mechanics

Lagrangian mechanics is a reformulation of classical mechanics, introduced by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788.

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Laura Smith Haviland

Laura Smith Haviland (December 20, 1808- April 20, 1898) was an American abolitionist, suffragette, and social reformer.

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Law of Life

The Law of Life is a term coined by author Farley Mowat in his 1952 book People of the Deer, and popularized by Daniel Quinn, to denote a universal system of various natural principles, any of which tend to best foster life—in other words, any of which best guides behavior that tends toward the reproductive success and survival of some particular gene pool.

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Laws of science

The laws of science, scientific laws, or scientific principles are statements that describe or predict a range of phenomena as they appear in nature.

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Letters on the English

Letters on the English (or Letters Concerning the English Nation; French: Lettres philosophiques) is a series of essays written by Voltaire based on his experiences living in England between 1726 and 1729 (though from 1707 the country was part of the Kingdom of Great Britain).

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Linearized gravity

Linearized gravity is an approximation scheme in general relativity in which the nonlinear contributions from the spacetime metric are ignored, simplifying the study of many problems while still producing useful approximate results.

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List of common physics notations

This is a list of common physical constants and variables, and their notations.

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List of cosmologists

This is a list of people who have made noteworthy contributions to cosmology (the study of the history and large-scale structure of the universe) and their cosmological achievements.

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List of discoveries

This article presents a list of discoveries and includes famous observations.

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List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).

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List of eponyms (L–Z)

An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) whose name has become identified with a particular object or activity.

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List of equations in gravitation

This article summarizes equations in the theory of gravitation.

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List of Horizon episodes

Horizon is a current and long-running BBC popular science and philosophy documentary programme.

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List of mathematical topics in classical mechanics

This is a list of mathematical topics in classical mechanics, by Wikipedia page.

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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.

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List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula

This is a list of topics that are included in high school physics curricula or textbooks.

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List of scientific laws named after people

This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws).

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List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity.

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List of Solar System objects by size

This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and subdivided into several size classes.

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List of The 39 Clues characters

This is the list of fictional and non-fictional characters who appeared in The 39 Clues franchise.

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List of things named after Isaac Newton

This is a list of things named after Isaac Newton.

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Logical positivism

Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy whose central thesis was verificationism, a theory of knowledge which asserted that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are cognitively meaningful.

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Long period tide

Long-Period tides are gravitational tides, typically with amplitudes of a few centimeters or less and periods longer than one day, generated by changes in the Earth's orientation relative to the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter.

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Lug

Lug or LUG may refer to.

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Lumières

The Lumières (literally in English: Enlighteners) was a cultural, philosophical, literary and intellectual movement of the second half of the 18th century, originating in France and spreading throughout Europe.

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Lunar theory

Lunar theory attempts to account for the motions of the Moon.

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Mass

Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.

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Massive gravity

In theoretical physics, massive gravity is a theory of gravity that modifies general relativity by endowing the graviton with a nonzero mass.

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Mathematical physics

Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.

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Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge

Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge is a book by Morris Kline on the developing mathematics ideas, which are partially overlap with his previous book Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty, as a source of human knowledge about the physical world, starting from astronomical theories of Ancient Greek to the modern theories.

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Mathematics of general relativity

The mathematics of general relativity refers to various mathematical structures and techniques that are used in studying and formulating Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Mean motion

In orbital mechanics, mean motion (represented by n) is the angular speed required for a body to complete one orbit, assuming constant speed in a circular orbit which completes in the same time as the variable speed, elliptical orbit of the actual body.

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Mechanician

A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in a related or sub-field: engineering or computational mechanics, applied mechanics, geomechanics, biomechanics, and mechanics of materials.

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Modified Newtonian dynamics

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies.

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Moongate (book)

Moongate: Suppressed Findings of the U.S. Space Program, The NASA-Military Cover-Up is a 1982 book by American engineer William L. Brian II.

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N-body problem

In physics, the -body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally.

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N-body simulation

In physics and astronomy, an N-body simulation is a simulation of a dynamical system of particles, usually under the influence of physical forces, such as gravity (see ''n''-body problem).

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NASA Education and Public Outreach Group

NASA's Education and Public Outreach (E/PO) group at Sonoma State University, founded in 1999, is a provider of educational materials for students, educators, scientists, and the public.

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Natural science

Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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Natural-law argument

Natural-law argument for the existence of God was especially popular in the eighteenth century as a result of the influence of Sir Isaac Newton.

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Newton's law

Newton's law may refer to.

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Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

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Newton's theorem of revolving orbits

In classical mechanics, Newton's theorem of revolving orbits identifies the type of central force needed to multiply the angular speed of a particle by a factor k without affecting its radial motion (Figures 1 and 2).

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Newton–Cartan theory

Newton–Cartan theory (or geometrized Newtonian gravitation) is a geometrical re-formulation, as well as a generalization, of Newtonian gravity first introduced by Élie Cartan and Kurt Friedrichs and later developed by Dautcourt, Dixon, Dombrowski and Horneffer, Ehlers, Havas, Künzle, Lottermoser, Trautman, and others.

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Newtonian limit

In physics, the Newtonian limit is a mathematical approximation applicable to physical systems exhibiting (1) weak gravitation, (2) objects moving slowly compared to the speed of light, and (3) slowly changing (or completely static) gravitational fields.

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Newtonian potential

In mathematics, the Newtonian potential or Newton potential is an operator in vector calculus that acts as the inverse to the negative Laplacian, on functions that are smooth and decay rapidly enough at infinity.

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Non-standard cosmology

A non-standard cosmology is any physical cosmological model of the universe that was, or still is, proposed as an alternative to the then-current standard model of cosmology.

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Numerical model of the Solar System

A numerical model of the Solar System is a set of mathematical equations, which, when solved, give the approximate positions of the planets as a function of time.

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Objections to evolution

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century.

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Oleg D. Jefimenko

Oleg Dmitrovich Jefimenko (October 14, 1922, Kharkiv, Ukraine – May 14, 2009, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States) was a physicist and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University.

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Orbit

In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet.

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Orbit modeling

Orbit modeling is the process of creating mathematical models to simulate motion of a massive body as it moves in orbit around another massive body due to gravity.

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Orbital elements

Orbital elements are the parameters required to uniquely identify a specific orbit.

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Orbital mechanics

Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft.

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Orbital resonance

In celestial mechanics, an orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers.

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Orogeny

An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.

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Orrery

An orrery is a mechanical model of the solar system that illustrates or predicts the relative positions and motions of the planets and moons, usually according to the heliocentric model.

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Outline of physics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to physics: Physics – natural science that involves the study of matterRichard Feynman begins his ''Lectures'' with the atomic hypothesis, as his most compact statement of all scientific knowledge: "If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations..., what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is...

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Pair potential

In physics, a pair potential is a function that describes the potential energy of two interacting objects.

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Paradigm shift

A paradigm shift (also radical theory change), a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996), is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.

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Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism

Post-Newtonian formalism is a calculational tool that expresses Einstein's (nonlinear) equations of gravity in terms of the lowest-order deviations from Newton's law of universal gravitation.

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Pendulum

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.

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Perturbation (astronomy)

In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subject to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body.

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Perturbation theory

Perturbation theory comprises mathematical methods for finding an approximate solution to a problem, by starting from the exact solution of a related, simpler problem.

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Petrov classification

In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the Petrov classification (also known as Petrov–Pirani–Penrose classification) describes the possible algebraic symmetries of the Weyl tensor at each event in a Lorentzian manifold.

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Phenomenon

A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενον, phainómenon, from the verb phainein, to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena) is any thing which manifests itself.

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Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin for Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), often referred to as simply the Principia, is a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July 1687.

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Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

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Physical body

In physics, a physical body or physical object (or simply a body or object) is an identifiable collection of matter, which may be constrained by an identifiable boundary, and may move as a unit by translation or rotation, in 3-dimensional space.

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Physicist

A physicist is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Pi

The number is a mathematical constant.

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Pierre Duhem

Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French physicist, mathematician, historian and philosopher of science.

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Pierre-Simon Laplace

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy.

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Planck units

In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of five universal physical constants, in such a manner that these five physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.

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Planetary mass

Planetary mass is a measure of the mass of a planet-like object.

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Point particle

A point particle (ideal particle or point-like particle, often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.

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Poisson's equation

In mathematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential equation of elliptic type with broad utility in mechanical engineering and theoretical physics.

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Post-Newtonian expansion

Post-Newtonian expansions in general relativity are used for finding an approximate solution of the Einstein field equations for the metric tensor.

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Postulates of special relativity

1.

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Potential energy

In physics, potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.

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Power law

In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another.

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Principle of locality

In physics, the principle of locality states that an object is only directly influenced by its immediate surroundings.

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Proportionality (mathematics)

In mathematics, two variables are proportional if there is always a constant ratio between them.

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Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos was an Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of the Pythagoreanism movement.

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Quality (philosophy)

In philosophy, a quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object.

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Quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is the theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.

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Quasi-periodic oscillation

In X-ray astronomy, quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) is the manner in which the X-ray light from an astronomical object flickers about certain frequencies.

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Quirino Majorana

Quirino Majorana (28 October 1871 – 31 July 1957) was an Italian experimental physicist who investigated a wide range of phenomena during his long career as professor of physics at the Universities of Rome, Turin (1916–1921), and Bologna (1921–1934), Italy.

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R

R (named ar/or) is the 18th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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Raychaudhuri equation

In general relativity, the Raychaudhuri equation, or Landau–Raychaudhuri equation, is a fundamental result describing the motion of nearby bits of matter.

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Reilly's law of retail gravitation

In economics, Reilly's law of retail gravitation is a heuristic developed by William J. Reilly in 1931.

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Roche limit

In celestial mechanics, the Roche limit, also called Roche radius, is the distance in which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction.

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Roger Cotes

Roger Cotes FRS (10 July 1682 – 5 June 1716) was an English mathematician, known for working closely with Isaac Newton by proofreading the second edition of his famous book, the Principia, before publication.

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Rubrique-à-Brac

Rubrique-à-Brac is a humorous comic strip series created in 1968 by Gotlib.

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S-duality

In theoretical physics, S-duality is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories.

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Satellite galaxy

A satellite galaxy is a smaller companion galaxy that travels on bound orbits within the gravitational potential of a more massive and luminous host galaxy (also known as the primary galaxy).

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Scalar theories of gravitation

Scalar theories of gravitation are field theories of gravitation in which the gravitational field is described using a scalar field, which is required to satisfy some field equation.

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Schiehallion experiment

The Schiehallion experiment was an 18th-century experiment to determine the mean density of the Earth.

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Schrödinger–Newton equation

The Schrödinger–Newton equation, sometimes referred to as the Newton–Schrödinger or Schrödinger–Poisson equation, is a nonlinear modification of the Schrödinger equation with a Newtonian gravitational potential, where the gravitational potential emerges from the treatment of the wave function as a mass density, including a term that represents interaction of a particle with its own gravitational field.

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Science in the Age of Enlightenment

The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America.

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Scientific law

A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe.

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Scientific myth

A scientific myth is a myth about science.

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Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

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Shell theorem

In classical mechanics, the shell theorem gives gravitational simplifications that can be applied to objects inside or outside a spherically symmetrical body.

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Social gravity

Social gravity was an application of Newtonian gravity to the system of commerce influence.

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Space elevator

A space elevator is a proposed type of planet-to-space transportation system.

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Space mathematics

Space mathematics may refer to.

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Spacetime

In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.

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Specific energy

Specific energy is energy per unit mass.

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Specific relative angular momentum

In celestial mechanics the specific relative angular momentum \vec plays a pivotal role in the analysis of the two-body problem.

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Speed of gravity

In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate.

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Spherical harmonics

In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere.

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Stability of the Solar System

The stability of the Solar System is a subject of much inquiry in astronomy.

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Standard gravitational parameter

In celestial mechanics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of the body.

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Static forces and virtual-particle exchange

Static force fields are fields, such as a simple electric, magnetic or gravitational fields, that exist without excitations.

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Stress–energy tensor

The stress–energy tensor (sometimes stress–energy–momentum tensor or energy–momentum tensor) is a tensor quantity in physics that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics.

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Superseded scientific theories

A superseded, or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that the mainstream scientific community once widely accepted, but now considers an inadequate or incomplete description of reality, or simply false.

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Surface gravity

The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface.

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Tensor–vector–scalar gravity

Tensor–vector–scalar gravity (TeVeS), developed by Jacob Bekenstein in 2004, is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) paradigm.

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Test particle

In physical theories, a test particle is an idealized model of an object whose physical properties (usually mass, charge, or size) are assumed to be negligible except for the property being studied, which is considered to be insufficient to alter the behavior of the rest of the system.

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The Da Vinci Code (film)

The Da Vinci Code is a 2006 American mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard, written by Akiva Goldsman, and based on Dan Brown's 2003 best-selling novel of the same name.

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The Powder Toy

The Powder Toy is a Falling-sand game created by Stanislaw K. Skowronek, jacob1, and various contributors to the project on GitHub.

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The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences

"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences" is the title of an article published in 1960 by the physicist Eugene Wigner.

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Theodore Theodorsen

Theodore Theodorsen (January 8, 1897 – November 5, 1978) was a Norwegian-American theoretical aerodynamicist noted for his work at NACA (the forerunner of NASA) and for his contributions to the study of turbulence.

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Theoretical motivation for general relativity

A theoretical motivation for general relativity, including the motivation for the geodesic equation and the Einstein field equation, can be obtained from special relativity by examining the dynamics of particles in circular orbits about the earth.

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Theory of everything

A theory of everything (ToE), final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe.

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Theosophy and science

Immediately after formation the Theosophical Society in 1875, the founders of modern Theosophy were aimed to show that their ideas can be confirmed by science.

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Three-body problem

In physics and classical mechanics, the three-body problem is the problem of taking an initial set of data that specifies the positions, masses, and velocities of three bodies for some particular point in time and then determining the motions of the three bodies, in accordance with Newton's laws of motion and of universal gravitation, which are the laws of classical mechanics.

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Tidal force

The tidal force is an apparent force that stretches a body towards the center of mass of another body due to a gradient (difference in strength) in gravitational field from the other body; it is responsible for the diverse phenomena, including tides, tidal locking, breaking apart of celestial bodies and formation of ring systems within Roche limit, and in extreme cases, spaghettification of objects.

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Tidal tensor

In Newton's theory of gravitation and in various relativistic classical theories of gravitation, such as general relativity, the tidal tensor represents.

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Tide

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.

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Timeline of astronomy

Babylonian astronomers discover an 18.6-year cycle in the rising and setting of the Moon.

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Timeline of classical mechanics

Timeline of classical mechanics.

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Timeline of developments in theoretical physics

This page lists important developments in theoretical physics that have either been experimentally confirmed or significantly influence current thinking in modern physics.

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Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries

No description.

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Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity

Timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity.

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Timeline of physical chemistry

The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.

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Timeline of scientific discoveries

The timeline below shows the date of publication of possible major scientific theories and discoveries, along with the discoverer.

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Timeline of scientific thought

This is a list of important landmarks in the history of systematic philosophical inquiry and scientific analysis of phenomena.

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Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation

In astrophysics, the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equation constrains the structure of a spherically symmetric body of isotropic material which is in static gravitational equilibrium, as modelled by general relativity.

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TRAPPIST-1

TRAPPIST-1, also designated as 2MASS J23062928-0502285, is an ultra-cool red dwarf star that is slightly larger, but much more massive, than the planet Jupiter; it is located from the Sun, in the direction described as the constellation Aquarius.

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Tug of war (astronomy)

The tug of war in astronomy is the ratio of planetary and solar attractions on a natural satellite.

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Two-body problem in general relativity

The two-body problem (or Kepler problem) in general relativity is the determination of the motion and gravitational field of two bodies as described by the field equations of general relativity.

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Tychonic system

The Tychonic system (or Tychonian system) is a model of the Solar system published by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century which combines what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and "physical" benefits of the Ptolemaic system.

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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Vulcan (hypothetical planet)

Vulcan is a small hypothetical planet that was proposed to exist in an orbit between Mercury and the Sun.

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Walter Zürn

Walter Zürn (born August 21, 1937) is a German physicist and seismologist.

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Weight

In science and engineering, the weight of an object is related to the amount of force acting on the object, either due to gravity or to a reaction force that holds it in place.

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Wisdom

Wisdom or sapience is the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight, especially in a mature or utilitarian manner.

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Woolsthorpe Manor

Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, is the birthplace and was the family home of Sir Isaac Newton.

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Worlds in Collision

Worlds in Collision is a book written by Immanuel Velikovsky and first published April 3, 1950.

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100 Greatest Britons

The 100 Greatest Britons was a television series broadcast by the BBC in 2002.

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1645 in science

The year 1645 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1665 in science

The year 1665 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1687

No description.

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1687 in science

The year 1687 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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17th century

The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar.

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70 Ophiuchi

70 Ophiuchi is a binary star system located 16.6 light years away from the Earth.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation

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