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Expand index (2246 more) » « Shrink index

A-2 jacket

The Type A-2 leather flight jacket is an American military flight jacket originally invented and developed for and closely associated with World War II U.S. Army Air Forces pilots, navigators and bombardiers, who often decorated their jackets with squadron patches and elaborate artwork painted on the back.

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Abdul Qadeer Khan

Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI, HI, FPAS (ڈاکٹر عبد القدیر خان; born 1935 or 1936), known as A. Q. Khan, is a Pakistani former nuclear physicist and a metallurgical engineer, who founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan's atomic bomb project.

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Abietic acid dermatitis

Abietic acid dermatitis is a contact dermatitis often seen in association with musical instruments.

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Abiogenic petroleum origin

Abiogenic petroleum origin is a term used to describe a number of different hypotheses which propose that petroleum and natural gas are formed by inorganic means rather than by the decomposition of organisms.

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Abrasive blasting

Abrasive blasting, more commonly known as sandblasting, is the operation of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material against a surface under high pressure to smooth a rough surface, roughen a smooth surface, shape a surface or remove surface contaminants.

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Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm.

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Abundance of the chemical elements

The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrence of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment.

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Abundances of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Abyssal plain

An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and.

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Acid mine drainage

Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD), or acid rock drainage (ARD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines.

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Activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals

In organometallic chemistry, the activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals is a research theme with implications for organic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis.

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Activation product

Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation.

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Activator (phosphor)

In phosphors and scintillators, the activator is the element added as dopant to the crystal of the material to create desired type of nonhomogeneities.

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Adamite

Adamite is a zinc arsenate hydroxide mineral, Zn2AsO4OH.

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Adiponitrile

Adiponitrile is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CN)2.

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Admiralty mining district

The Admiralty mining district is a mining area in the U.S. state of Alaska which consists of Admiralty Island.

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Adola

Adola is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

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Adolph Strecker

Adolph Strecker (October 21, 1822 – November 7, 1871) was a German chemist who is remembered primarily for his work with amino acids.

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Aeolis quadrangle

The Aeolis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program.

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Aermet

AerMet alloy is an ultra-high strength type of martensitic alloy steel.

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Aerogel

Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas.

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Aerugite

Aerugite is a rare complex nickel arsenate mineral with a variably reported formula: Ni9(AsO4)2AsO6.

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Affinity chromatography

Affinity chromatography is a method of separating biochemical mixtures based on a highly specific interaction between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, receptor and ligand, or protein and nucleic acid.

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Aganozersky mine

The Aganozersky mine is a large mine in the north of Russia in the Republic of Karelia.

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Age of the Earth

The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years This age may represent the age of the Earth’s accretion, of core formation, or of the material from which the Earth formed.

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Agricultural pollution

Agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests.

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Agrostis scabra

Agrostis scabra is a common species of grass known by the common names hair grass, rough bent, rough bent grass, winter bent grass, and ticklegrass.

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Ahlfeldite

Ahlfeldite ((Ni,Co)·2H2O) is a mineral of secondary origin.

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Ahmavaara mine

The Ahmavaara mine is one of the largest gold mines in Finland and in the world.

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Ahtium

Ahtium plc is a Finnish former mining company, which filed for bankruptcy on 6 March 2018.

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Akaganéite

Akaganeite is an iron(III) oxide-hydroxide / chloride mineral with formula: Fe3+O(OH,Cl) e.g.; β-FeO(OH).

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Akiko Kobayashi (chemist)

Professor is a Japanese chemist born in Tokyo.

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AL-6XN

AL-6XN (UNS designation N08367) is a type of weldable stainless steel that consist of an alloy of nickel (24%), chromium (22%) and molybdenum (6.3%) with other trace elements such as nitrogen.

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Alabama Army Ammunition Plant

The Alabama Army Ammunition Plant (ALAAP), was a United States munitions plant built and operated during World War II.

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Alabama Plating Company Superfund site

The Alabama Plating Company Superfund site is a former industrial site in Vincent, Alabama.

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Alacrite

Alacrite (also known as L-605, Cobalt L-605, Haynes 25, and occasionally F90) is a family of cobalt-based alloys.

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Alan Bond

Alan Bond (22 April 1938 – 5 June 2015) was an Australian businessman noted for his high-profile business dealings, including his central role in the WA Inc scandals of the 1980s, and what was at the time the biggest corporate collapse in Australian history; for his bankrolling the successful challenge for the 1983 America's Cup, the first time the New York Yacht Club had ever lost it in its 132-year history; and also for a criminal conviction that saw him serve four years in prison.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.

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Albert L. Marsh

Albert Leroy Marsh, (August 16, 1877 – September 17, 1944) was an American metallurgist.

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Aleksander Burba

Aleksander Adolfovich Burba (a; 6 August 1918 – 5 October 1984) was a Soviet organizer of industry and education, a scholar in the field of chemical and metallurgical technologies, Ph.D. (Technology, 1968), Professor (1980), Director of the Mednogorsk Copper-Sulfur Plant (1954-1971), the first Rector (founder) of the Orenburg Polytechnic Institute (1971-1983), now the Orenburg State University.

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Alferon Management

Alferon Management Limited of London is a management company responsible for running the International Mineral Resources (IMR) in Kazakhstan.

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Aliskerovo

Aliskerovo (Алискерово) is an inhabited locality (an urban-type settlement) in Bilibinsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.

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Alkali metal

The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.

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Alkaline earth metal

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table.

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Alkaline fuel cell

The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, Francis Thomas Bacon, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies.

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Alkane

In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.

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Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond.

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Alkoxide

An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom.

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Alkyne trimerisation

An alkyne trimerisation reaction is a 2+2+2 cyclization reaction in which three molecules of alkyne react to form an arene.

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Allegheny Technologies

Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI) is a specialty metals company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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Allegiance Mining

Allegiance Mining (ASX:AGM) is an Australian nickel mining company.

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Allergen

An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

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Allergen of the Year

Allergen of the Year is an annual "award" of dubious distinction voted upon by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.

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Allergic contact dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a form of contact dermatitis that is the manifestation of an allergic response caused by contact with a substance; the other type being irritant contact dermatitis (ICD).

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Allotropes of iron

Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal.

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Alloy

An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.

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Alloy steel

Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.

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Alnico

Alnico is an acronym referring to a family of iron alloys which in addition to iron are composed primarily of aluminium (Al), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co), hence al-ni-co.

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Alperm

Alperm (also alfenol or alfer) is a class of alloys comprising 83-90% of iron and 10-17% of aluminium.

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Alpha decay

Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

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Alpha process

The alpha process, also known as the alpha ladder, is one of two classes of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert helium into heavier elements, the other being the triple-alpha process.

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Alphonse James de Rothschild

Mayer Alphonse James Rothschild (1 February 1827 – 26 May 1905), was a French financier, vineyard owner, art collector, philanthropist, racehorse owner/breeder and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family of France.

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AlSiC

AlSiC, pronounced "alsick", is a metal matrix composite consisting of aluminium matrix with silicon carbide particles.

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Alumel

Alumel is an alloy consisting of approximately 95% nickel, 2% aluminum, 2% manganese, and 1% silicon.

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Aluminium alloy

Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal.

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Aluminium bronze

Aluminium bronze is a type of bronze in which aluminium is the main alloying metal added to copper, in contrast to standard bronze (copper and tin) or brass (copper and zinc).

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Aluminium–air battery

Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium.

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AM1*

AM1* is a semiempirical molecular orbital technique in computational chemistry.

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Ambatovy mine

Ambatovy, located in Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa, is one of the world’s largest lateritic nickel mines with a production capacity of 60,000 tonnes (132.2 million pounds) of nickel and 5,600 tonnes (12.3 million pounds) of cobalt per year.

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American Electric Power

American Electric Power (AEP) is a major investor-owned electric utility in the United States of America, delivering electricity to more than five million customers in 11 states.

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American Star Bicycle

The American Star Bicycle was invented in 1880 by G. W. Pressey and manufactured by the H. B. Smith Machine Company in Smithville, Burlington County, New Jersey.

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Amorphous brazing foil

The filler metal (FM) alloys that can be produced as amorphous brazing foils (ABF) are eutectic compositions formed by transition metals such as nickel, iron, copper, etc., in combination with metalloids, such as silicon, boron and phosphorus.

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Amorphous metal

An amorphous metal (also known as metallic glass or glassy metal) is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with a disordered atomic-scale structure.

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AN-6530 goggles

AN-6530 Goggles were produced during World War II as eye protection for United States Army and Navy flight crews.

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Anaerobic lagoon

An anaerobic lagoon or manure lagoon is a man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs).

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André Laugier

André Laugier (1 August 1770, in Lisieux – 19 April 1832, in Paris) was a French chemist, pharmacist and mineralogist.

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Andy Mitchell (politician)

Andrew "Andy" or "The General" Mitchell, (born April 21, 1953) is a Canadian politician.

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Anglo American Platinum

Anglo American Platinum Limited is the world's largest primary producer of platinum, accounting for about 38% of the world's annual supply.

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ANNA 1B

ANNA 1B (acronym for "'''A'''rmy, '''N'''avy, '''N'''ASA, '''A'''ir Force") was a United States satellite launched on October 31, 1962 from Cape Canaveral, by rocket Thor.

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Annabergite

Annabergite is an arsenate mineral consisting of a hydrous nickel arsenate, Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and isomorphous with vivianite and erythrite.

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Antarctica

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.

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Anthony J. Naldrett

Anthony James "Tony" Naldrett, FRSC (born 1933) is a Canadian geologist.

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Anthony Joseph Arduengo III

Anthony Joseph Arduengo III is the Saxon Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Alabama, an adjunct professor at the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry of Braunschweig University of Technology in Germany, and co-founder of the StanCE coalition for sustainable chemistry based on woody biomass.

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Antimagnetic watch

Anti-magnetic (non-magnetic) watches are those that are able to run with minimal deviation when exposed to a certain level of magnetic field.

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Antimony regulus

Antimony regulus or antimony metal is a partially purified form of the element antimony.

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Antitaenite

Antitaenite is a meteoritic metal alloy mineral composed of iron and nickel, 20–40% Ni (and traces of other elements) that has a face centered cubic crystal structure.

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Arabis macdonaldiana

Arabis macdonaldiana is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name MacDonald's rockcress.

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Araucaria

Araucaria (original pronunciation) is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae.

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Araucaria rulei

Araucaria rulei (Rule araucaria, graceful pine) is a species of conifer in the family Araucariaceae.

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Araucaria scopulorum

Araucaria scopulorum (rock araucaria) is a species of conifer in the family Araucariaceae.

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Arc welding

Arc welding is a process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool result in a binding of the metals.

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Architectural metals

Metals used for architectural purposes include lead, for water pipes, roofing, and windows; tin, formed into tinplate; zinc, copper and aluminium, in a range of applications including roofing and decoration; and iron, which has structural and other uses in the form of cast iron or wrought iron, or made into steel.

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Armor-piercing shell

An armor-piercing shell, AP for short, is a type of ammunition designed to penetrate armor.

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Armored cruiser

The armored cruiser was a type of warship of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Armour-piercing discarding sabot

Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) is a type of kinetic energy projectile fired from a rifled-barrel gun to attack armoured targets.

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Aromatization

Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed.

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Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

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Arsenicum album

In homeopathy, arsenicum album (Arsen. alb.) is a solution prepared by diluting aqueous arsenic trioxide generally until there is little or no arsenic remaining in the solution.

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Art Gallery of Western Australia

The Art Gallery of Western Australia (AGWA) is a public State art gallery that is part of the Perth Cultural Centre, in Perth, Western Australia.

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Artelia

Artelia is a French design firm specializing in engineering, project management, and consultancy.

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Artificial photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural process of photosynthesis, a process that converts sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen; as an imitation of a natural process it is biomimetic.

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Asa Resources Group

Asa Resources Group is a mining company based in Johannesburg and London.

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Asarel Medet

Asarel Medet (Асарел Медет) is an enormous copper extracting and processing factory located at 11 km to the northwest of the town of Panagyurishte in the Pazardzhik Province, Bulgaria.

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Askim

Askim is a town and a municipality in Østfold county, Norway.

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Asphalt

Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.

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Asphaltene

Asphaltenes are molecular substances that are found in crude oil, along with resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and saturates (i.e. saturated hydrocarbons such as alkanes).

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Asteroid mining

Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects.

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Astronomical spectroscopy

Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and radio, which radiates from stars and other celestial objects.

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Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes

Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes is a chemical reaction in enantioselective synthesis that reacts an alkenylmetal with an aldehyde to give an allyl alcohol (Figure "Asymmetric addition of alkenylmetals to aldehydes").

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AT2018cow

AT2018cow (ATLAS name: ATLAS18qqn; also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and "The Cow") was a powerful astronomical explosion (discovery magnitude 14.739; redshift 0.014145), 10-100 times brighter than a normal supernova, spatially coincident with galaxy, approximately distant in the Hercules constellation.

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Ataxite

Ataxites (from Greek meaning "without structure") are a structural class of iron meteorites with a high nickel content and show no Widmanstätten patterns upon etching.

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Athabasca oil sands

The Athabasca oil sands (or tar sands) are large deposits of bitumen or extremely heavy crude oil, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada – roughly centred on the boomtown of Fort McMurray.

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Atomic battery

The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity.

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Atomic mass

The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom.

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Atomic radii of the elements (data page)

The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell of the electron.

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Atomic radius

The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.

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Atomically precise manufacturing

Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is an ideal method of manufacturing goods in which every atom has a specified location relative to the other atoms, and in which there are no defects, missing atoms, extra atoms, or incorrect (impurity) atoms.

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August von Borries

August Friedrich Wilhelm von Borries (27 January 1852 – 14 February 1906) was one of Germany's most influential railway engineers, who was primarily concerned with developments in steam locomotives.

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Auki (crater)

Auki is an impact crater in the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle of Mars, at 15.76 °S latitude and 263.13 °W longitude.

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Austenite

Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element.

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Australian fifty-cent coin

The twelve-sided Australian fifty-cent piece is the third-largest denomination coin of the Australian dollar and the largest under a dollar in circulation.

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Australian five-cent coin

The Australian five-cent coin is the lowest-denomination circulating coin of the decimal Australian dollar introduced in 1966.

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Australian one dollar coin

The Australian one-dollar coin is the second-most-valuable circulation denomination coin of the Australian dollar after the two-dollar coin; there are also non-circulating legal-tender coins of higher denominations (five-, ten-, two-hundred-dollar coins and the one-million-dollar coin).

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Australian Railroad Group

Australian Railroad Group (ARG) was an Australian rail freight operator.

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Australian ten-cent coin

The Australian ten-cent coin is a coin of the decimal Australian dollar.

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Australian twenty-cent coin

The twenty-cent coin of the Australian decimal currency system was issued with conversion to decimal currency on 14 February 1966, replacing the florin which was worth two shillings – a tenth of a pound.

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Australian two-dollar coin

The Australian 2 dollar coin is the highest-denomination coin of the Australian dollar.

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Austrian schilling

The Schilling (German: Österreichischer Schilling) was the currency of Austria from 1925 to 1938 and from 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002.

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Awaruite

Awaruite is a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron with a composition from Ni2Fe to Ni3Fe.

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Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (/kroonstet/ 23 December 1722 – 19 August 1765) was a Swedish mineralogist and chemist who discovered nickel in 1751 as a mining expert with the Bureau of Mines.

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Ayaks

The Ayaks (АЯКС, meaning also Ajax) is a hypersonic waverider aircraft program started in the Soviet Union and currently under development by the Hypersonic Systems Research Institute (HSRI) of Leninetz Holding Company in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Azolla

Azolla (mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern) is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae.

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Azurite

Azurite is a soft, deep blue copper mineral produced by weathering of copper ore deposits.

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Ågestasjön

Ågestasjön (Swedish for "Lake of Ågesta") is a small lake in Huddinge Municipality south of Stockholm, Sweden.

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Çaldağ mine

The Çaldağ mine is a large mine in the west of Turkey in Manisa Province 232 km west of the capital, Ankara.

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Čikatovo mine

The Čikatovo mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Kosovo.

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B Reactor

The B Reactor at the Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, was the first large-scale nuclear reactor ever built.

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Bagby Hot Springs

The Bagby Hot Springs are natural hot springs located in the Mount Hood National Forest about southeast of Portland, Oregon, United States and about east of Salem, Oregon.

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Bakhuis Mountains

The Bakhuis Mountains are a mountain range in central Suriname, spanning 110 kilometres.

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Balco alloy

Balco is a nickel-iron alloy with a thermal conductivity similar to nickel but twice the resistivity.

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Ballangen

Ballangen (Bálák) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway.

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Baltic Shield

The Baltic Shield (or Fennoscandian Shield) is a segment of the Earth's crust belonging to the East European Craton, representing a large part of Fennoscandia, northwestern Russia and the northern Baltic Sea.

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Bamble

Bamble is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway.

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Bariadi District

Bariadi District is one of the five districts of the Simiyu Region of Tanzania, East Africa.

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Barren vegetation

Barren vegetation describes an area of land where plant growth may be sparse, stunted, and/or contain limited biodiversity.

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Base metal

A base metal is a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to a precious metal such as gold or silver.

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Battery recycling

Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of batteries being disposed as municipal solid waste.

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Battle of Olhava

The Battle of Olhava occurred during the Lapland War on 28 September 1944.

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Bawtry gasworks contamination

The Bawtry gasworks contamination involved the contamination of land at Bawtry, South Yorkshire, England with hazardous by-products from the manufacture of coal gas.

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Bình Thuận mine

The Bình Thuận mine is a large mine in the south of Vietnam in the Bình Thuận Province.

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Bead test

The bead test is a traditional part of qualitative inorganic analysis to test for the presence of certain metals.

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Beartooth Mountains

The Beartooth Mountains are located in south central Montana and northwest Wyoming, U.S. and are part of the 944,000 acres (3,820 km2) Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, within Custer, Gallatin and Shoshone National Forests.

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Belarusian ruble

The Belarusian ruble or rouble (рубель rubieĺ, plural: рублі rubli, genitive plural: рублёў rublioŭ) is the official currency of Belarus.

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Bell X-2

The Bell X-2 (nicknamed "Starbuster") was an X-plane research aircraft built to investigate flight characteristics in the Mach 2–3 range.

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Belt grinding

Belt grinding is an abrasive machining process used on metals and other materials.

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Bendegó meteorite

Bendegó Meteorite (also known as Pedra do Bendegó or simply Bendengó) is a meteorite found in the interior of the state of Bahia, Brazil.

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Benelli MP 90S

The Benelli MP 90S is a precision target shooting pistol designed for the 25 metre pistol and 25 metre rapid fire pistol ISSF shooting events.

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Benelli Nova

The Benelli Nova is a pump action shotgun, popular for hunting and self-defense.

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Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

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Berggeschrey

Berggeschrey or Berggeschrei ("mining clamour") was a German term for the rapid spread of news on the discovery of rich ore deposits that led to the rapid establishment of a mining region, as in the silver rush in the early days of silver ore mining in the Ore Mountains.

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Bergius process

The Bergius process is a method of production of liquid hydrocarbons for use as synthetic fuel by hydrogenation of high-volatile bituminous coal at high temperature and pressure.

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Berlin (sculpture)

Berlin is the name of a sculpture on the Tauentzienstraße in western Berlin, the capital of Germany.

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Bermudian dollar

The Bermudian dollar (symbol: $; code: BMD; also abbreviated BD$; informally called the Bermuda dollar) is the official currency of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda.

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Beryllide

Beryllide is an intermetallic compound of beryllium with other metals, e.g. zirconium, tantalum, titanium, nickel, or cobalt.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Beta-Hydride elimination

β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which an alkyl group bonded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal-bonded hydride and an alkene.

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BiCoNi Formation

The BiCoNi Formation is a hydrothermal lode formation, in which bismuth, cobalt, nickel and uranium ores have coalesced.

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Biebergemünd

Biebergemünd is a municipality in the Main-Kinzig district, in Hesse, Germany.

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Big Dan Mine

Big Dan Mine is an abandoned underground mine in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Big Nickel

The Big Nickel is a nine-metre (30 ft) replica of a 1951 Canadian nickel, located at the grounds of the Dynamic Earth science museum in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

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Binary compounds of silicon

Binary compounds of silicon are binary chemical compounds containing silicon and one other chemical element.

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Bindura

Bindura is a town in the province of Mashonaland Central, Zimbabwe.

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Bindura Nickel Corporation

Bindura Nickel Corporation (BNC) is a mining company based in Zimbabwe's Mashonaland Central.

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Biodiversity of New Caledonia

The biodiversity of New Caledonia is of exceptional biological and paleoecological interest.

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Biohydrometallurgy

Biohydrometallurgy is a subfield within hydrometallurgy which includes aspects of biotechnology.

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Bioirrigation

Bioirrigation refers to the process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with overlying water.

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Bioleaching

Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.

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Bioorganometallic chemistry

Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids.

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Biosolids

Biosolids is a term used for several types of treated sewage sludges that can be used as soil conditioner.

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Biotic Ligand Model

The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) is a tool used in aquatic toxicology that examines the bioavailability of metals in the aquatic environment and the affinity of these metals to accumulate on gill surfaces of organisms.

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Birchtree Mine

Birchtree Mine is an underground nickel mine, owned and operated by Vale Inco in the city of Thompson, Manitoba, Canada.

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Bit (horse)

A bit is a type of horse tack used in equestrian activities, usually made of metal, or a synthetic material.

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Bit mouthpiece

The mouthpiece is the part of a horse's bit that goes into the mouth of a horse, resting on the bars of the mouth in the sensitive interdental space where there are no teeth.

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Bjork–Shiley valve

The Björk–Shiley valve is a mechanical prosthetic heart valve.

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Black body

A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.

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Black Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)

Black Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Black Eagle Dam

Black Eagle Dam is a hydroelectric gravity weir dam located on the Missouri River in the city of Great Falls, Montana.

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Black Triangle (region)

The Black Triangle (German Schwarzes Dreieck) is a border region shared by Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic, long characterized by extremely high levels of pollution.

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Blacksmith

A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. whitesmith).

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Block Island meteorite

Block Island meteorite was found on Mars by the ''Opportunity'' rover on July 17, 2009.

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Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)

The Blockade of Germany (1939–1945), also known as the Economic War, was carried out during World War II by the United Kingdom and France in order to restrict the supplies of minerals, metals, food and textiles needed by Nazi Germany - and later Fascist Italy - in order to sustain their war efforts.

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Blood Road

The Blood Road (Blodveien) is a route northeast of Rognan in the municipality of Saltdal in Nordland county, Norway that was built by prisoners during the Second World War.

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BMW M60

The BMW M60 is a naturally aspirated V8 DOHC engine which was BMW's first V8 in over 25 years and was produced from 1992 to 1996.

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Body piercing

Body piercing, a form of body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn.

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Body piercing materials

In modern Western body piercing, a wide variety of materials are used.

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Boiling points of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Boninite

Boninite is a mafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, thought to be usually formed in fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction.

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Boron nitride

Boron nitride is a heat and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN.

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Bosch reaction

The Bosch reaction is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen that produces elemental carbon (graphite), water, and a 10% return of invested heat.

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Boston and Montana Consolidated Copper and Silver Mining Company

The Boston and Montana Consolidated Copper and Silver Mining Company (the "Boston and Montana" or "B&M") was a mining, smelting, and refining company which operated primarily in the state of Montana in the United States.

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Bothnian Bay

The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea.

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Botswana pula

The pula is the currency of Botswana.

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Boudouard reaction

The Boudouard reaction, named after Octave Leopold Boudouard, is the redox reaction of a chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature.

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Bradwall

Bradwall is a small village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East, about northwest of Sandbach in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England, and about south of Manchester.

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Braggite

Braggite is a sulfide mineral of platinum, palladium and nickel with chemical formula: (Pt, Pd, Ni)S.

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Brahin (meteorite)

Brahin is a meteorite pallasite found in 1807.

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Brass

Brass is a metallic alloy that is made of copper and zinc.

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Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family.

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Brazing

Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.

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Breithauptite

Breithauptite is a nickel antimonide mineral with the simple formula NiSb.

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Brent Spar

Brent Spar, or Brent E, was a North Sea oil storage and tanker loading buoy in the Brent oilfield, operated by Shell UK.

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Bridgewire

A bridgewire, sometimes spelled as bridge wire, also known as a hot bridge wire (HBW) is a relatively thin resistance wire used to set off a pyrotechnic composition serving as pyrotechnic initiator.

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Brightray

Brightray is a nickel-chromium alloy that is noted for its resistance to erosion by gas flow at high temperatures.

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Brim Fell

Brim Fell is a fell in the English Lake District.

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British contribution to the Manhattan Project

Britain contributed to the Manhattan Project by helping initiate the effort to build the first atomic bombs in the United States during World War II, and helped carry it through to completion in August 1945 by supplying crucial expertise.

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British twenty-five pence coin

The commemorative British decimal twenty-five pence (25p) coin was issued in four designs between 1972 and 1981.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

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Brooke Evans

Brooke Evans (1797–1862), was well known as an English nickel refiner, weapons manufacturer and geologist.

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Brown diamonds

Brown diamonds are the most common color variety of natural diamonds.

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Browns polymetallic ore deposit

The Browns polymetallic ore deposit is a large ore deposit located at Mount Fitch, near Batchelor, 64 kilometres south of Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

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Brunfelsia densifolia

Brunfelsia densifolia is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family known by the common name Serpentine Hill raintree.

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Bruno Van Peteghem

Bruno Van Peteghem (born in New Caledonia) was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2001, for his campaign to place the island's coral reef (among the world's largest and most unusual) on UNESCO's World Heritage List in order to protect the reef against destruction from nickel mining industries.

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Brushed metal

A piece of brushed aluminium A collection of brushed stainless steel Breville small appliances A DeLorean DMC-12 featuring non-structural brushed stainless steel panels The Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri Brushed or dull polished metal is metal with a unidirectional satin finish.

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BTBP

The bis-triazinyl bipyridines (BTBPs) are a class of chemical compounds which are tetradentate ligands similar in shape to quaterpyridine.

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Buchwald–Hartwig amination

The Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of amines with aryl halides.

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Buck Rogers

Buck Rogers is a fictional space opera character created by Philip Francis Nowlan in the novella Armageddon 2419 A.D., subsequently appearing in multiple media.

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Bucko Lake Mine

Bucko Lake Mine is a nickel mine near Wabowden, Manitoba, Canada and is owned by CaNickel Mining LTD previously Crowflight Minerals who purchased the property from Xtrata.

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Buffalo nickel

The Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938.

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Buli mine

The Buli mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Halmahera.

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Bullet

A bullet is a kinetic projectile and the component of firearm ammunition that is expelled from the gun barrel during shooting.

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Bullion

Bullion is gold, silver, or other precious metals in the form of bars or ingots.

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Bullocks Wilshire

Bullocks Wilshire, located at 3050 Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, is a Art Deco building.

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Bulong, Western Australia

Bulong is an abandoned town in Western Australia located east of Perth in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

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Bunsenite

Bunsenite is the naturally occurring form of nickel(II) oxide, NiO.

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Burckle Crater

Burckle Crater is an undersea feature hypothesized to be an impact crater by the Holocene Impact Working Group.

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Burning mouth syndrome

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a burning sensation in the mouth with no underlying dental or medical cause.

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Byrd Amendment (1971)

The Byrd Amendment—named for its author, Senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of Virginia—was a 1971 amendment to the U.S. Federal Strategic and Critical Materials Stock Piling Act.

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C/2013 A1

C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) is an Oort cloud comet discovered on 3 January 2013 by Robert H. McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope.

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Caesium

Caesium (British spelling and IUPAC spelling) or cesium (American spelling) is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55.

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Café Museum

Café Museum is a traditional Viennese café located in the Innere Stadt first district in Vienna, Austria.

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Calcium hexaboride

Calcium hexaboride (sometimes calcium boride) is a compound of calcium and boron with the chemical formula CaB6.

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Caldie

Caldie is a matrix tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB for cold work applications with high demands on chipping / cracking resistance and compressive strength.

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California Proposition 65 list of chemicals

The following is a list of chemicals published as a requirement of Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, commonly known as California Proposition 65, that are "known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity" as of December 29, 2017.

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Calochortus umpquaensis

Calochortus umpquaensis is a species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common name Umpqua mariposa lily.

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Calumet & Hecla Band

The Calumet & Hecla Band was a band of the miners of the Calumet mine in Michigan.

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CAMESE

The Canadian Association of Mining Equipment and Services for Export (CAMESE) is a Mississauga-based trade organization supporting the export of Canadian mining exploration equipment and services to mining companies around the world.

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Camissonia benitensis

Camissonia benitensis is a species of evening primrose known by the common names San Benito suncup and San Benito evening primrose.

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Campo del Cielo

The Campo del Cielo refers to a group of iron meteorites or to the area where they were found.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Canada–Taiwan relations

Canada and the Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) maintain unofficial bilateral relations since 1970.

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Canadian Shield

The Canadian Shield, also called the Laurentian Plateau, or Bouclier canadien (French), is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks (geological shield) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent (the North American Craton or Laurentia).

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Canadian silver dollar

The Canadian silver dollar was first issued by the Royal Canadian Mint in 1935 to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of King George V. The coin's reverse design was sculpted by Emanuel Hahn and portrays a voyageur and a person of Indigenous descent paddling a birch-bark canoe.

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Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

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Cancer epigenetics

Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence.

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CaNickel

CaNickel Mining Limited is a junior mining company, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Canico Resource

Canico Resource Corp. is a Vancouver, British Columbia-based junior resource company focused on the development of the Onça-Puma nickel laterite project located in Para State, Brazil.

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Canobie Station

Canobie Station, often just referred to as Canobie, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station.

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Cantonnier Lode

The Cantonnier lode formed in the Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite, part of the basement rocks of the northwestern Massif Central in France.

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Carajás Mine

The Carajás Mine is the largest iron ore mine in the world.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.

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Carbon steel

Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight.

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Carbonado

Carbonado, commonly known as the "black diamond", is the toughest form of natural diamond.

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Carbonatite

Carbonatite is a type of intrusive or extrusive igneous rock defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50% carbonate minerals.

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Carbonyl metallurgy

Carbonyl metallurgy is used to manufacture products of iron, nickel, steel, and other metals.

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Carbonylation

Carbonylation refers to reactions that introduce carbon monoxide into organic and inorganic substrates.

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Carboxypeptidase A

Carboxypeptidase A usually refers to the pancreatic exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds of C-terminal residues with aromatic or aliphatic side-chains.

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Carburetor

A carburetor (American English) or carburettor (British English; see spelling differences) is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper ratio for combustion.

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Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.

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Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers

Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers (15 August 1775 – 21 May 1852) was an Austrian naturalist who was a native of Pressburg, Hungary, Habsburg Empire (today Bratislava, Slovakia).

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Carlton Forge Works

Carlton Forge Works is an aerospace manufacturing company that produces seamless rolled rings.

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Carrollite

Carrollite, CuCo2S4, is a sulfide of copper and cobalt, often with substantial substitution of nickel for the metal ions, and a member of the linnaeite group.

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Cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.

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Castor wax

Castor wax, also called hydrogenated castor oil, is a hard, brittle, vegetable wax.

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Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.

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Catalytic converter

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction).

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Cathedral Peak Granodiorite

The Cathedral Peak Granodiorite (CPG) was named after its type locality, Cathedral Peak in Yosemite National Park, California.

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Cation diffusion facilitator

Cation diffusion facilitators (CDFs) are transmembrane proteins that provide tolerance of cells to divalent metal ions, such as cadmium, zinc, and cobalt.

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Cattierite

Cattierite (CoS2) is a cobalt sulfide mineral found in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Causes of cancer

Cancer is a disease caused by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

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Cawse mine

The Cawse mine is a large mothballed mine in Western Australia.

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Cement

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together.

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Cement kiln

Cement kilns are used for the pyroprocessing stage of manufacture of Portland and other types of hydraulic cement, in which calcium carbonate reacts with silica-bearing minerals to form a mixture of calcium silicates.

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Central Japan Commodity Exchange

Central Japan Commodity Exchange (C-COM) is a futures exchange based in Nagoya, Japan.

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Ceramic capacitor

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as the dielectric.

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Cerimetry

Cerimetry or cerimetric titration, also known as cerate oximetry, is a method of volumetric chemical analysis developed by Ion Atanasiu.

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Cermet

A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic (cer) and metal (met) materials.

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Cerro Matoso mine

The Cerro Matoso mine in northwest of Colombia is one of the largest open-pit ferronickel mines with the highest-grade lateritic nickel ore deposits in the world.

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Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia

The Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia (CME) is a peak business and employers' association in Western Australia (WA).

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Changoite

Changoite is a rare nickel sulfate mineral with the formula Na2Zn(SO4)2·4H2O.

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Chef's knife

In cooking, a chef's knife, also known as a cook's knife, is a cutting tool used in food preparation.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chemical elements in East Asian languages

The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies.

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Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.

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Chemical looping combustion

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a technological process typically employing a dual fluidized bed system (circulating fluidized bed process) where a metal oxide is employed as a bed material providing the oxygen for combustion in the fuel reactor.

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Chemical waste

Chemical waste is a waste that is made from harmful chemicals (mostly produced by large factories).

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Chetco River

The Chetco River is a stream located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Oregon.

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Chillisquaque Creek

Chillisquaque Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Montour County and Northumberland County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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China Minmetals

China Minmetals Corporation is a Chinese metals and mineral trading company headquartered in Beijing.

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China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group

China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (abb. CNMC) is a Chinese corporation involved with the mining of non-ferrous mineral resources.

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Chinese silver

Chinese silver is an alloy used for jewelry.

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Chinrest

A chinrest is a shaped piece of wood (or plastic) attached to the body of a violin or a viola to aid in the positioning of the player's jaw or chin on the instrument.

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Chiral Lewis acid

Chiral Lewis acids (CLAs) are a type of Lewis acid catalyst that effects the chirality of the substrate as it reacts with it.

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Chloralkali process

The chloralkali process (also chlor-alkali and chlor alkali) is an industrial process for the electrolysis of sodium chloride.

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Chlorine

Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

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Chlorine trifluoride

Chlorine trifluoride is an interhalogen compound with the formula ClF3.

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Choiseul mine

The Choiseul mine is a large mine in the north of Solomon Islands in Choiseul Province.

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Chrome chalcedony

Chrome chalcedony is a green variety of the mineral chalcedony, colored by small quantities of chromium.

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Chrome plating

Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating), often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object.

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Chromel

Chromel is an alloy made of approximately 90 percent nickel and 10 percent chromium that is used to make the positive conductors of ANSI Type E (chromel-constantan) and K (chromel-alumel) thermocouples.

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Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.

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Chromium carbide

Chromium carbide is a ceramic compound that exists in several different chemical compositions: Cr3C2, Cr7C3,and Cr23C6.

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Chrysler Building

The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco–style skyscraper located on the East Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan.

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Chrysoprase

Chrysoprase, chrysophrase or chrysoprasus is a gemstone variety of chalcedony (a cryptocrystalline form of silica) that contains small quantities of nickel.

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Chrysotile

Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the United StatesOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (2007).

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Church Rock uranium mill spill

The Church Rock uranium mill spill occurred in the US state of New Mexico on July 16, 1979, when United Nuclear Corporation's Church Rock uranium mill tailings disposal pond breached its dam.

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Cibao

The Cibao, usually referred as "El Cibao", is a region of the Dominican Republic located at the northern part of the country.

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Circum-Superior Belt

The Circum-Superior Belt is a widespread Paleoproterozoic large igneous province in the Canadian Shield of Northern, Western and Eastern Canada.

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CitMHS family

The Citrate-Mg2+:H+ (CitM) / Citrate-Ca2+:H+ (CitH) Symporter (CitMHS) Family is a family of transport proteins belonging to the Ion transporter superfamily.

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City

A city is a large human settlement.

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Civil War token

Civil War tokens are token coins that were privately minted and distributed in the United States between 1861 and 1864.

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Clarks Creek (Lackawanna River tributary)

Clarks Creek (also known as UNT 28600 of the Lackawanna River) is a tributary of the Lackawanna River in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Classification of non-silicate minerals

This list gives an overview of the classification of non-silicate minerals and includes mostly IMA recognized minerals and its groupings.

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Claver, Surigao del Norte

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Cleaning agent

Cleaning agents are substances (usually liquids, powders, sprays, or granules) used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, bad smells, and clutter on surfaces.

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Cleveland Convention Center (demolished)

The Cleveland Convention Center was a convention center located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. Built by the city of Cleveland beneath the Cleveland Mall adjacent to Public Auditorium, it was completed in 1964. Plans for the convention center were first made in 1956, but voters twice rejected initiatives to fund construction before approving a bond levy in November 1963. A local private foundation donated several million dollars to beautify the mall atop the convention center with a reflecting pool and fountains. Construction was plagued by issues with ground water, protests, strikes, and cost overruns. A major dispute broke out between civil rights activists and labor unions in the summer of 1963. Nevertheless, the convention center informally opened on May 11, 1964, almost three months ahead of schedule. A formal dedication on August 28, 1964, was followed an 11-day festival. The Cleveland Convention Center underwent a major $28 million renovation from 1983 to 1987. Substantially reconfigured, although not larger, it reopened on October 5, 1987. The convention center was demolished in 2011, and the larger Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland built in the same underground location. It opened on June 7, 2013.

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Clinton Engineer Works

The Clinton Engineer Works (CEW) was the production installation of the Manhattan Project that during World War II produced the enriched uranium used in the 1945 bombing of Hiroshima, as well as the first examples of reactor-produced plutonium.

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Clive Palmer

Clive Frederick Palmer (born 26 March 1954) is an Australian businessman and former politician.

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Cluster chemistry

In chemistry, a cluster is an ensemble of bound atoms or molecules that is intermediate in size between a molecule and a bulk solid.

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Clydach, Swansea

Clydach is a large village and community in the City and County of Swansea, Wales, falling within Clydach ward and the Llangyfelach Parish.

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Coal ash basin

A coal ash basin or landfill, as the name implies, is an excavated basin for the disposal of coal ash to prevent its release into the atmosphere.

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Cobalamin biosynthesis

In molecular biology, cobalamin biosynthesis is the synthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12).

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Cobalt extraction

Cobalt extraction refers to the techniques used to extract cobalt from its ores and other compound ores.

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Cobalt-chrome

Cobalt-chrome or cobalt-chromium (CoCr) is a metal alloy of cobalt and chromium.

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Cobaltite

Cobaltite is a sulfide mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulfur, CoAsS.

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Cobaltoblödite

Cobaltoblödite is a rare cobalt mineral with the formula Na2Co(SO4)2·4H2O.

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Coenzyme F420 hydrogenase

In enzymology, a coenzyme F420 hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are H2 and coenzyme F420, whereas its product is reduced coenzyme F420.

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Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase

In enzymology, coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase, also known as methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) or most systematically as 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate:N-(7-thioheptanoyl)-3-O-phosphothreonine S-(2-sulfoethyl)thiotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the formation of methane.

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Coercivity

In electrical engineering and materials science, the coercivity, also called the magnetic coercivity, coercive field or coercive force, is a measure of the ability of a ferromagnetic material to withstand an external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized.

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Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.

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Cohenite

Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C.

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Coherer

The coherer was a primitive form of radio signal detector used in the first radio receivers during the wireless telegraphy era at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Coin

A coin is a small, flat, (usually) round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.

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Coinage Act of 1857

The Coinage Act of 1857 (Act of Feb. 21, 1857, Chap. 56, 34th Cong., Sess. III, 11 Stat. 163) was an act of the United States Congress which ended the status of foreign coins as legal tender, repealing all acts "authorizing the currency of foreign gold or silver coins".

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Coinage metals

The coinage metals comprise, at a minimum, those metallic chemical elements which have historically been used as components in alloys used to mint coins.

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Coins of Lundy

The coins of Lundy are two unofficial issues of currency from the island of Lundy, in the Bristol Channel off the west coast of England.

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Coins of the Australian dollar

Coins of the Australian dollar were introduced on 14 February 1966, although they did not at that time include one-dollar or two-dollar coins.

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Coins of the Australian pound

Federation in 1901 gave the Commonwealth a constitutional power to issue coins and removed this power from the States.

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Coins of the Austro-Hungarian krone

Austro-Hungarian krone coins were minted with different design (but the same technical parameters) in Austria and Hungary.

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Coins of the Canadian dollar

Canadian coinage is the coinage of Canada, produced by the Royal Canadian Mint and denominated in Canadian dollars ($) and the subunit of dollars, cents (¢).

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Coins of the Colonies Françaises Pacifique franc

This is a description and list of the French Colonies Franc.

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Coins of the Cypriot pound

The coins of the Cypriot pound are part of the physical form of former Cypriot currency, the Cypriot pound.

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Coins of the Czechoslovak koruna (1945)

Between 1946 and 1948, 20 and 50 haléřů and 1 and 2 koruny coins were introduced.

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Coins of the Czechoslovak koruna (1953)

After the 1953 currency reform a new series of coins were introduced.

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Coins of the Hong Kong dollar

The Hong Kong coinage, including 10¢, 20¢, 50¢, $1, $2, $5 & $10, is issued by Hong Kong Monetary Authority on behalf of the Government of Hong Kong.

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Coins of the Hungarian forint

Hungarian forint coins (forint érmék) are part of the physical form of current Hungarian currency, the Hungarian forint.

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Coins of the Hungarian pengő

Hungarian pengő coins (pengő érmék) were part of the physical form of Hungary's historical currency, the Hungarian pengő.

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Coins of the Italian lira

Italian lira coins were the coins of the Italian lira that served as Italy's currency from 1861 until 2001 when it was replaced by the Euro.

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Coins of the Lithuanian litas

The modern coinage of Lithuania was introduced in 1993.

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Coins of the Maltese lira

Coins of the Maltese lira have been struck from when Malta adopted decimal currency in 1972, to 2007, after which Malta adopted the euro.

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Coins of the Philippine peso

Philippine peso coins are issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas for circulation in the Philippines and are currently available in six denominations.

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Coins of the Republic of Ireland

There have been three sets of coins in Ireland since independence.

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Coins of the Romanian leu

The Coins of the Romanian leu have been issued since the introduction of the Romanian leu in 1867.

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Coins of the rupiah

Indonesian rupiah coinage was first issued in 1951 and 1952, a year or so later than the first Indonesian rupiah banknotes printed following the peace treaty with The Netherlands, agreed in November 1949.

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Coins of the Slovak koruna (1939–45)

The coins of the World War II Slovak koruna (slovak: koruna slovenská) were the first coins ever minted by a Slovak state.

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Coins of the United States dollar

Coins of the United States dollar were first minted in 1792.

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Coins of Turkey

This article concerns the coins of Turkey.

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Cold fusion

Cold fusion is a hypothesized type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature.

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ColdHeat

ColdHeat was an American company founded to develop and market products using the proprietary graphite-like compound Athalite.

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Colombia–Japan relations

Colombia–Japan relations (Relaciones entre Colombia y Japón, 日本とコロンビアの関係) refers to the diplomatic relations between Colombia and Japan.

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Colombian peso

The peso is the currency of Colombia.

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Color of chemicals

The color of chemicals is a physical property of chemicals that in mos from the excitation of electrons due to an absorption of energy performed by the chemical.

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Colored gold

Pure gold is slightly reddish yellow in color, but colored gold in various other colors can be produced.

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Colt Anaconda

Introduced in 1990, the Colt Anaconda is a large frame double-action revolver featuring a full length under-barrel ejection-rod lug and six round cylinder, designed and produced by the Colt's Manufacturing Company.

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Colt Detective Special

The Colt Detective Special is a carbon steel framed double-action short-barreled revolver, and is an example of a class of firearms known to gun enthusiasts as "snubnosed", "snubbies", or "belly guns".

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Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless (not to be confused with the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer) is a.32 ACP caliber, self-loading, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and built by Colt Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut.

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Colt Python

The Colt Python is a.357 Magnum caliber revolver formerly manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut.

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Combined cycle

In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators.

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Commemorative coins of Malta

Malta since its independence in 1964 from the United Kingdom it has issued several commemorative coins denominated in the Maltese Lira.

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Commemorative coins of Romania

Commemorative coins in Romania are special coins minted by the State Mint and issued by the National Bank of Romania (the only issuer of the Romanian coins).

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Commercial use of space

Commercial use of space is the provision of goods or services of commercial value by using equipment sent into Earth orbit or outer space.

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Commodity market

A commodity market is a market that trades in primary economic sector rather than manufactured products.

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Commodity trading in China

Commodity trading in China has a short but high-growth history.

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Comorian franc

The franc (franc comorien; فرنك قمري) (ISO 4217 currency code KMF) is the official currency of Comoros.

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Compact Disc manufacturing

Compact disc manufacturing is the process by which commercial compact discs (CDs) are replicated in mass quantities using a master version created from a source recording.

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Compass Resources

Compass Resources NL is an Australian mining and mineral exploration company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange and currently in voluntary administration since 29 January 2009.

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Compatibility (geochemistry)

In geochemistry, compatibility is a measure of how readily a particular trace element substitutes for a major element within a mineral.

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Composite material

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components.

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Composition of Mars

The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars.

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Composition of the human body

Body composition may be analyzed in terms of molecular type e.g., water, protein, connective tissue, fats (or lipids), hydroxylapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such as glycogen and glucose) and DNA.

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Compound armour

Compound armour was a type of armour used on warships in the 1880s, developed in response to the emergence of armor-piercing shells and the continual need for reliable protection with the increasing size in naval ordnance.

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Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration

The Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration was set up in 1971, laying the guidelines for Comecon activity until 1990.

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Computer cooling

Computer cooling is required to remove the waste heat produced by computer components, to keep components within permissible operating temperature limits.

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Concurrent tandem catalysis

Concurrent tandem catalysis (CTC) is a technique in chemistry which uses multiple catalysts on a single molecule in a one-pot reaction to produce a product otherwise not accessible by a single catalyst.

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Conductive textile

A conductive textile is a fabric which can conduct electricity.

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Conical plate centrifuge

A conical plate centrifuge (also known as a disc bowl centrifuge or disc stack separator) is a type of centrifuge that has a series of conical discs which provides a parallel configuration of centrifugation spaces.

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Conservation and restoration of metals

Conservation and restoration of metals is the activity devoted to the protection and preservation of historical (religious, artistic, technical and ethnographic) and archaeological objects made partly or entirely of metal.

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Constantan

Constantan is a copper–nickel alloy also known as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry.

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Construction of electronic cigarettes

An electronic cigarette is a battery-powered vaporizer.

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Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin.

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Continuation War

The Continuation War was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany, as co-belligerents, against the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1941 to 1944, during World War II.

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Cookware and bakeware

Cookware and bakeware are types of food preparation containers, commonly found in a kitchen.

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Cooperite (mineral)

Cooperite is a grey mineral consisting of platinum sulfide (PtS), generally in combinations with sulfides of other elements such as palladium and nickel (PdS and NiS).

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Copper Cliff North Mine

Copper Cliff North Mine is an underground nickel mine in Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada.

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Copper Cliff South Mine

Copper Cliff South Mine is an underground nickel mine in Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada.

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Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells

A copper indium gallium selenide solar cell (or CIGS cell, sometimes CI(G)S or CIS cell) is a thin-film solar cell used to convert sunlight into electric power.

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Copper mining in Michigan

While it originated thousands of years earlier, copper mining in Michigan became an important industry in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Corby toxic waste case

The Corby toxic waste case was a court case decided by The Hon. Mr. Justice Akenhead at the High Court of Justice, London, on 29 July 2009 in the case of Corby Group Litigation v. Corby Borough Council EWHC 1944 (TCC).

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Core–mantle boundary

The core–mantle boundary (CMB in the parlance of solid earth geophysicists) of the Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron-nickel outer core.

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Coronium

Coronium, also called newtonium, was the name of a suggested chemical element, hypothesised in the 19th century.

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Costume jewelry

Costume jewelry, trinkets, fashion jewelry, junk jewelry, fake jewelry, or fallalery is jewelry manufactured as ornamentation to complement a particular fashionable costume or garmentBaker, Lillian.

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Cotuí

Cotuí is a city in the Dominican Republic and is one of the oldest cities of the New World.

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Countercurrent exchange

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property, usually heat or some component, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other.

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Coupling reaction

A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a general term for a variety of reactions where two hydrocarbon fragments are coupled with the aid of a metal catalyst.

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Covanta Energy

Covanta (formerly the Ogden Corporation) is a large global corporation that provides a variety of waste-management and incineration services.

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CPK coloring

In chemistry, the CPK coloring is a popular color convention for distinguishing atoms of different chemical elements in molecular models.

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Creighton Mine

Creighton Mine is an underground nickel mine, owned and operated by Vale (formerly known as INCO) in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

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Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative

The Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) is a strategy and list, maintained by the United States Department of Homeland Security, of foreign infrastructure which "if attacked or destroyed would critically impact the U.S." A copy of the 2008 list was redacted (removing details of names and locations) and leaked by WikiLeaks on 5 December 2010 as part of the website's leak of US diplomatic cables; no details on the exact location of the assets was included in the list.

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Croconic acid

Croconic acid or 4,5-dihydroxycyclopentenetrione is a chemical compound with formula C5H2O5 or (C.

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Crown (dentistry)

A crown, sometimes known as dental cap, is a type of dental restoration which completely caps or encircles a tooth or dental implant.

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CRU Group

CRU Group is a privately owned business intelligence company.

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Crucible

A crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass, and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes.

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Crucible Industries

Crucible Industries, commonly known as Crucible, is an American company which develops and manufactures specialty steels and is the sole producer of Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steels.

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Crystallite

A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials.

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Crystallographic defects in diamond

Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common.

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Cubic zirconia

Cubic zirconia (CZ) is the cubic crystalline form of zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).

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Cuchillas del Toa

Cuchillas del Toa (Ridges of Toa) is a Biosphere Reserve in Cuba.

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Cuisine of the Midwestern United States

Midwestern cuisine is a regional cuisine of the American Midwest.

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Cumberland Fossil Plant

Cumberland Fossil Plant is a 2.6-GW pulverized coal-powered power station located west of Cumberland City, Tennessee, USA, on the south bank of Lake Barkley on the Cumberland River.

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Cumulate rock

Cumulate rocks are igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals from a magma either by settling or floating.

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Cunife

Cunife is an alloy of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and in some cases cobalt (Co).

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Cuniptau Mines

Cuniptau Mines (a combination of the symbols Cu, Ni, Pt and Au) was a Canadian mining company from 1933 to 1937.

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Cupronickel

Cupronickel (also known as copper-nickel) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese.

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Curie temperature

In physics and materials science, the Curie temperature (TC), or Curie point, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties, to be replaced by induced magnetism.

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Curie–Weiss law

The Curie–Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above the Curie point: \chi.

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Cyanonickelate

The cyanonickelates are a class of chemical compound containing anions consisting of nickel atoms, and cyanide groups.

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Cyanothece

Cyanothece is a genus of unicellular, diazotrophic, oxygenic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria.

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Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel

Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotides.

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Cycloalkyne

In organic chemistry, a cycloalkyne is the cyclic analog of an alkyne.

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Cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl

Cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl is a blood-red color liquid.

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Cymbal alloys

Cymbals are made from four main alloys, all of them copper-based.

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Cyril Banks

Colonel Cyril Banks MBE (12 August 1901 – 23 October 1969) was a British engineer, company director, and politician.

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Cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase

In enzymology, a cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are H2 and ferricytochrome c3, whereas its two products are H+ and ferrocytochrome c3.

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CZ 452

The CZ 452 is a series of magazine-fed bolt-action rimfire repeating rifles manufactured by the Czech firearms manufacturer Česká Zbrojovka Uherský Brod (abbreviated "CZ-UB", English: Czech Weapons Factory — Uherský Brod) and imported into the United States by CZ-USA.

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Czech koruna

The koruna (sign: Kč; code: CZK) is the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993, and in English it is sometimes referred to as Czech crown.

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Dakota Gasification Company

The Dakota Gasification Company is a synthetic natural gas producing company founded in 1984 in Beulah, North Dakota, United States.

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Damon system

The Damon system of orthodontics is one of many fixed, passive, self-ligating methods of correcting malocclusions.

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Danelectro Amp-in-case

The Danelectro Amp-In-Case, properly known as Solid-body Electric Guitar with "All-in-one" Amplifier-Case or Silvertone 1448/1449/1451/1452/1457 is a line of guitar sets introduced from 1962 to 1968.

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Darmstadtium

Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Ds and atomic number 110.

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Darwin glass

Darwin glass is a natural glass found south of Queenstown in West Coast, Tasmania.

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Dayton Project

The Dayton Project was a research and development project to produce polonium during World War II, as part of the larger Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bombs.

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Döbereiner's triads

In the history of the periodic table, Döbereiner's triads were an early attempt to sort the elements into some logical order by their physical properties.

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Debye model

In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid.

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Deder (woreda)

Deder is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

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Deep sea mining

Deep sea mining is a relatively new mineral retrieval process that takes place on the ocean floor.

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Deep-level trap

Deep-level traps or deep-level defects are a generally undesirable type of electronic defect in semiconductors.

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Deep-sea exploration

Deep-sea exploration is the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological conditions on the sea bed, for scientific or commercial purposes.

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Delay composition

Delay composition, also called delay charge or delay train, is a pyrotechnic composition, a sort of pyrotechnic initiator, a mixture of oxidizer and fuel that burns in a slow, constant rate that should not be significantly dependent on temperature and pressure.

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Delay line memory

Delay line memory is a form of computer memory, now obsolete, that was used on some of the earliest digital computers.

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Demon core

The demon core was a subcritical mass of plutonium measuring in diameter, which was involved in two criticality accidents.

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Dendrodrilus rubidus

Dendrodrilus rubidus is a species of earthworm in the family Lumbricidae.

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Dense Inert Metal Explosive

Dense Inert Metal Explosive (DIME) is an experimental type of explosive that has a relatively small but effective blast radius.

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Densities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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Depleted uranium

Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium.

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Dermatitis

Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin.

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Determination of equilibrium constants

Equilibrium constants are determined in order to quantify chemical equilibria.

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Deuterium arc lamp

A deuterium arc lamp (or simply deuterium lamp) is a low-pressure gas-discharge light source often used in spectroscopy when a continuous spectrum in the ultraviolet region is needed.

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Devoll (municipality)

Devoll (Devolli) is a municipality in Korçë County, southeastern Albania.

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Devolli mine

The Devolli mine is a large mine in the south-east of Albania in Korçë County 114 km south-east of the capital, Tirana.

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Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model

The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the type of chemical bonding between an alkene and a metal (pi-complex) in certain organometallic compounds.

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Dhar iron pillar

The Dhar iron pillar is a now-fragmented iron column located in the Dhar town of Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Diamond blade

A diamond blade is a saw blade which has diamonds fixed on its edge for cutting hard or abrasive materials.

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Diamond turning

Diamond turning is turning with diamond as the cutting tool.

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Diaphragm (acoustics)

In the field of acoustics, a diaphragm is a transducer intended to inter-convert mechanical vibrations to sounds, or vice versa.

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Diatomaceous earth

Diatomaceous earth – also known as D.E., diatomite, or kieselgur/kieselguhr – is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder.

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Diazonium compound

Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halogen.

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Die-deterioration doubling

Die deterioration doubling (DDD) is an extremely common form of mint-made error on many United States and Canadian coins that results from degradation of the die used to strike the coin.

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Diesel exhaust

Diesel exhaust is the gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel type of internal combustion engine, plus any contained particulates.

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Diffusion barrier

A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals.

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Dime (Canadian coin)

In Canada, a dime is a coin worth ten cents.

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Dime (United States coin)

The dime, in U.S. usage, is a ten-cent coin, one tenth of a United States dollar, labeled formally as "one dime".

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Dimercaprol

Dimercaprol, also called British anti-Lewisite (BAL), is a medication used to treat acute poisoning by arsenic, mercury, gold, and lead.

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Dimethylglyoxime

Dimethylglyoxime is a chemical compound described by the formula CH3C(NOH)C(NOH)CH3.

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Dioxygenase

Dioxygenases are oxidoreductase enzymes.

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Direct-ethanol fuel cell

Direct-ethanol fuel cells or DEFCs are a category of fuel cell in which ethanol is fed directly into the cell.

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Dmitry Vadimovich Zelenin

Dmitry Vadimovich Zelenin (Дми́трий Вади́мович Зеле́нин) (born 27 November 1962, in Moscow) is a Russian businessman and politician.

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Doane's Sawmill/Deep River Manufacturing Company

Messerschmidt Pond Wildlife Management Area is a tract of land in Westbrook and Deep River, Connecticut, adjacent to Cockaponset State Forest.

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Dollar (Hong Kong coin)

The one-dollar coin is the fourth-highest and fourth-lowest denomination coin of the Hong Kong dollar.

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Dollar coin (United States)

The dollar coin is a United States coin worth one United States dollar.

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Donald D. Clayton

Donald Delbert Clayton (born March 18, 1935) is an American astrophysicist whose most visible achievement was the prediction from nucleosynthesis theory that supernovae are intensely radioactive.

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DRDO Nishant

The DRDO Nishant was an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by India's ADE (Aeronautical Development Establishment), a branch of DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) for the Indian Armed Forces.

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Dredge ball joint

A dredge ball joint is a connection between two pipes that are used to transport a mixture of water and sand from a dredger to the discharging area.

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Dredge pipe pieces

Dredge pipe pieces are a variety of pipes on board of dredgers like bend pipe, T-pipe, pitched T-pipe, Y-pipe, cross pipe, strait pipe, and conical pipe.

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Drenica

Drenica (Drenicë, Drenica, Дреница) also known as the Drenica Valley, is a hilly region in central Kosovo, covering roughly around of Kosovo's total area (6%).

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Drinking water quality standards

Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water.

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Dubbeltje

A dubbeltje is a small former Dutch coin, originally made of silver, with a value of a tenth of a Dutch guilder.

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Ductile iron

Ductile iron, also known as ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron and SG iron, is a type of graphite-rich cast iron discovered in 1943 by Keith Millis.

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Duesenberg Guitars

Duesenberg is a brand for electric string instruments founded in 1986 and located in Hannover, Germany.

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Dushkaja mine

The Dushkaja mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Kosovo.

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Dutch guilder

The Dutch guilder (gulden) or fl. was the currency of the Netherlands from the 17th century until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro.

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Dutch pollutant standards

Dutch Standards are environmental pollutant reference values (i.e., concentrations in environmental medium) used in environmental remediation, investigation and cleanup.

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E-Material

E-Material, also called E Material, is a metal matrix composite consisting of beryllium matrix with beryllium oxide particles.

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Ear tag

An ear tag is a plastic or metal object used for identification of domestic livestock and other animals.

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Earlobe

The human earlobe (lobulus auriculae) is composed of tough areolar and adipose connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the auricle (the external structure of the ear).

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Early skyscrapers

The early skyscrapers were a range of tall, commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939, predominantly in the American cities of New York City and Chicago.

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Earring

An earring is a piece of jewelry attached to the ear via a piercing in the earlobe or another external part of the ear (except in the case of clip earrings, which clip onto the lobe). Earrings are worn by both sexes, although more common among women, and have been used by different civilizations in different times. Locations for piercings other than the earlobe include the rook, tragus, and across the helix (see image at right). The simple term "ear piercing" usually refers to an earlobe piercing, whereas piercings in the upper part of the external ear are often referred to as "cartilage piercings". Cartilage piercings are more complex to perform than earlobe piercings and take longer to heal. Earring components may be made of any number of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, precious stone, beads, wood, bone, and other materials. Designs range from small loops and studs to large plates and dangling items. The size is ultimately limited by the physical capacity of the earlobe to hold the earring without tearing. However, heavy earrings worn over extended periods of time may lead to stretching of the earlobe and the piercing.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Earth mass

Earth mass (where ⊕ is the standard astronomical symbol for planet Earth) is the unit of mass equal to that of Earth.

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Eastern Visayas

Eastern Visayas (Sinirangan Kabisay-an; Silangang Kabisayaan) is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region VIII.

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Economy of Botswana

Since gaining independence, Botswana has been one of the world’s fastest growing economies,http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/botswana/overview averaging about 5% per annum over the past decade.

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Economy of Burundi

Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The mainstay of the Burundian economy is agriculture, accounting for 32.9% of GDP in 2008. Agriculture supports more than 70% of the labour force, the majority of whom are subsistence farmers. Although Burundi is potentially self-sufficient in food production, the ongoing civil war, overpopulation, and soil erosion have contributed to the contraction of the subsistence economy by 25% in recent years. Large numbers of internally displaced persons have been unable to produce their own food and are largely dependent on international humanitarian assistance. Burundi is a net food importer, with food accounting for 17% of imports in 1997.

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Economy of Canada

The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy with 10th largest GDP by nominal and 17th largest GDP by PPP in the world.

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Economy of China

The socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), although China's National Bureau of Statistics denies the latter assessment.

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Economy of Colombia

Colombia is Latin America's fourth largest and Middle America's second largest economy measured by gross domestic product.

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Economy of Finland

Finland has a highly industrialised, mixed economy with a per capita output similar to that of other western European economies such as France, Germany and United Kingdom but slightly lower than Sweden.

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Economy of Germany

The economy of Germany is a highly developed social market economy.

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Economy of Greater Sudbury

The economy of Greater Sudbury, Ontario was dominated by the mining industry for much of the city's history.

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Economy of Kosovo

The Economy of Kosovo is a transition economy.

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Economy of New Caledonia

New Caledonia is a major source for nickel and contains roughly 10% of the worlds known nickel supply.

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Economy of Oceania

The economy of Oceania comprises more than 14 separate countries and their associated economies.

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Economy of Ontario

The economy of Ontario is rich and diversified.

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Economy of Queensland

The economy of Queensland was one of the fastest growing economies within Australia, with growth outstripping that of the wider Australian economy in every financial year between 1995–96 and 2007–08.

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Economy of Romania

Romania, as part of the European Union single market, is a fast developing, upper-middle income mixed economy with a very high Human Development Index and a skilled labour force, the 16th largest in the European Union by total nominal GDP and the 13th largest based on purchasing power parity.

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Economy of the Caribbean

The Economy of the Caribbean is varied, but depends heavily on natural resources, agriculture and travel and tourism.

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Economy of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic has the ninth largest economy in Latin America, and is the largest in the Caribbean and Central region.

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Economy of Venezuela

The economy of Venezuela is largely based on the petroleum sector and manufacturing.

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Economy of Western Australia

The Western Australian economy is a state economy dominated by its resources and services sector and largely driven by the export of iron-ore, gold, liquefied natural gas and agricultural commodities such as wheat.

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Economy of Zimbabwe

The economy of Zimbabwe shrunk significantly after 2000, resulting in a desperate situation for the country – widespread poverty and a 95% unemployment rate.

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Ectomycorrhiza

An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont and the roots of various plant species.

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Edward C. T. Chao

Edward C. T. Chao (Edward Ching-Te Chao) (November 30, 1919 – February 3, 2008) was one of the founders of the field of impact metamorphism, the study of the effects of meteorite impacts on the Earth's crust.

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Edward Charles Howard

Edward Charles Howard FRS (28 May 1774 – 28 September 1816) the youngest brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk, was a British chemist who has been described as "the first chemical engineer of any eminence." In January 1799 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1800 awarded their Copley medal for his work on mercury.

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Edward R. Hills House

The Edward R. Hills House, also known as the Hills–DeCaro House, is a residence located at 313 Forest Avenue in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois.

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Effects range low and effects range median

In environmental toxicology, effects range low (ERL) and effects range median (ERM) are measures of toxicity in marine sediment.

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Eglin steel

Eglin steel (ES-1) is a high-strength, high-performance, low-alloy, low-cost steel, developed for new generation of bunker buster type bombs, e.g. the Massive Ordnance Penetrator and the improved version of the GBU-28 bomb known as EGBU-28.

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Egyptian pound

The Egyptian pound (جنيه مصرى; sign: E£, L.E. ج.م; code: EGP) is the currency of Egypt.

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Ei-ichi Negishi

is a Manchurian-born Japanese chemist who has spent most of his career at Purdue University in the United States.

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Eichhornia

Eichhornia, water hyacinth, is a genus of aquatic flowering plants in the family Pontederiaceae.

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EKWB

EKWB (Edvard König Water Blocks), better known as EK Water Blocks, is a Slovenian company founded in 1999 that manufactures computer water cooling components.

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El Estor mine

The El Estor mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Guatemala.

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Elands River (North West)

The Elands River (Elandsrivier) is a river in the North West Province, South Africa.

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Elastic properties of the elements (data page)

All values from CRC refer to room temperature.

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Elbogen (meteorite)

Elbogen (Elbogen), also the Loket Iron, is an iron meteorite that fell in the village of Loket, Karlovy Vary Region, Kingdom of Bohemia, about the year 1400.

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Electric arc furnace

An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.

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Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources.

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Electrical resistivity and conductivity

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.

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Electrochemical fluorination

Electrochemical fluorination (ECF), or electrofluorination, is a foundational organofluorine chemistry method for the preparation of fluorocarbon-based organofluorine compounds.

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Electrochemical machining

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a method of removing metal by an electrochemical process.

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Electroless nickel

Electroless nickel is a broad term that incorporates a diverse mix of technology ranging from nickel boron and ternary alloys to highly functional composites.

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Electroless nickel plating

Electroless nickel plating (EN) is an auto-catalytic chemical technique used to deposit a layer of nickel-phosphorus or nickel-boron alloy on a solid workpiece, such as metal or plastic.

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Electromagnetic shielding

Electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials.

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Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

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Electron affinity (data page)

This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase).

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Electron configuration

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.

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Electron configurations of the elements (data page)

This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states.

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Electron magnetic circular dichroism

Electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) (also known as electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) is the EELS equivalent of XMCD.

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Electron shell

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.

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Electron-beam additive manufacturing

Electron-beam additive manufacturing, or electron-beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, for metal parts.

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Electronegativities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Electronic waste

Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.

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Electroplating

Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode.

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Electrowinning

Electrowinning, also called electroextraction, is the electrodeposition of metals from their ores that have been put in solution via a process commonly referred to as leaching.

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Electrum

Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals.

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Elgiloy

Elgiloy (Co-Cr-Ni Alloy) is a "super-alloy" consisting of 39-41% Cobalt, 19-21% Chromium, 14-16% Nickel, 11.3-20.5% Iron, 6-8% Molybdenum, and 1.5-2.5% Manganese.

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Elinvar

Elinvar is a nickel-iron alloy notable for having a modulus of elasticity which does not change much with temperature changes.

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Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel mines

The Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel deposits are situated approximately 150 km west of the town of Norseman, Western Australia, within the Lake Johnston Greenstone Belt.

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Endothermic process

The term endothermic process describes the process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings, usually in the form of heat.

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Energy Catalyzer

The Energy Catalyzer (also called E-Cat) is a claimed cold fusion reactorPatent application.

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Enets people

The Enets people (энцы, entsy; singular: энец, enets), or Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei, Yenisei-Samoyed, Yenisey Samoyeds or Yeniseian people are a traditionally nomadic people who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River.

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Engelhard

Engelhard Corporation is a former American Fortune 500 company headquartered in Iselin, New Jersey, USA.

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English pewter

While the term pewter covers a range of tin-based alloys, the term English pewter has come to represent a strictly-controlled alloy, specified by BSEN611-1 and British Standard 5140, consisting mainly of tin (ideally 92%), with the balance made up of antimony and copper.

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Environmental aspects of the electric car

Electric cars can have several environmental benefits over conventional internal combustion engine automobiles, such as.

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Environmental disease

In epidemiology, environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors (as distinct from genetic factors or infection).

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Environmental impact of the coal industry

The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution, caused by the coal mining, processing and the use of its products.

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Environmental issues in Finland

There are a number of environmental issues in Finland.

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Environmental issues in Thailand

Thailand's dramatic economic growth has caused numerous environmental issues.

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Environmental stress fracture

In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, plastics and ceramics.

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Environmental Water Quality Chile

Chile's privatization of water has led to many environmental problems.

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Enzymatic biofuel cell

An enzymatic biofuel cell is a specific type of fuel cell that uses enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize its fuel, rather than precious metals.

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Equilibrium catalyst

The main player in oil refining processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing, hydrocracking is the catalyst or zeolitic material, that breaks down complex and long-chain hydrocarbons into simple, useful hydrocarbons.

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Equivalent carbon content

The equivalent carbon content concept is used on ferrous materials, typically steel and cast iron, to determine various properties of the alloy when more than just carbon is used as an alloyant, which is typical.

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Equivalent weight

Equivalent weight (also known as gram equivalent) is a term which has been used in several contexts in chemistry.

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Eramet

Eramet is a French multinational mining and metallurgy company, listed on the Euronext Paris exchange under the symbol ERA.

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Erbium

Erbium is a chemical element with symbol Er and atomic number 68.

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Eritrean nakfa

The nakfa (ISO 4217 code: ERN) is the currency of Eritrea and was introduced on 8 November 1997 to replace the Ethiopian birr at par.

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Erythrite

Erythrite or red cobalt is a secondary hydrated cobalt arsenate mineral with the formula (Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O).

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Eschenburg

Eschenburg is a community in the Lahn-Dill-Kreis in Hesse, Germany.

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ESP Viper

The ESP Viper is an electric guitar manufactured by ESP Guitars.

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Essure

Essure is a device for female sterilization.

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Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae (η Carinae, abbreviated to η Car), formerly known as Eta Argus, is a stellar system containing at least two stars with a combined luminosity greater than five million times that of the Sun, located around 7,500 light-years (2,300 parsecs) distant in the constellation Carina.

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Ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide, called oxirane by IUPAC, is an organic compound with the formula. It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide: a three-membered ring consisting of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms. Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and with vinyl alcohol. Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst. The reactivity that is responsible for many of ethylene oxide's hazards also make it useful. Although too dangerous for direct household use and generally unfamiliar to consumers, ethylene oxide is used for making many consumer products as well as non-consumer chemicals and intermediates. These products include detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals such as ethylene glycol, ethanolamines, simple and complex glycols, polyglycol ethers, and other compounds. Although it is a vital raw material with diverse applications, including the manufacture of products like polysorbate 20 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often more effective and less toxic than alternative materials, ethylene oxide itself is a very hazardous substance. At room temperature it is a flammable, carcinogenic, mutagenic, irritating, and anaesthetic gas. As a toxic gas that leaves no residue on items it contacts, ethylene oxide is a surface disinfectant that is widely used in hospitals and the medical equipment industry to replace steam in the sterilization of heat-sensitive tools and equipment, such as disposable plastic syringes. It is so flammable and extremely explosive that it is used as a main component of thermobaric weapons; therefore, it is commonly handled and shipped as a refrigerated liquid to control its hazardous nature.Rebsdat, Siegfried and Mayer, Dieter (2005) "Ethylene Oxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim..

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Euboea

Euboea or Evia; Εύβοια, Evvoia,; Εὔβοια, Eúboia) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. The narrow Euripus Strait separates it from Boeotia in mainland Greece. In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about long, and varies in breadth from to. Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos. It forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which also includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland.

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Eucla Basin

The Eucla Basin is an artesian depression located in Western Australia and South Australia.

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Euclid Creek

Euclid Creek is a long stream located in Cuyahoga and Lake counties in the state of Ohio in the United States.

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Eunomia family

The Eunomia or Eunomian family is a large asteroid family of S-type asteroids named after the asteroid 15 Eunomia.

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Euro coins

There are eight euro coin denominations, ranging from one cent to two euros (the euro is divided into a hundred cents).

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Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Slovenia)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions.

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Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin

The Airbus Helicopters AS365 Dauphin (Dolphin), also formerly known as the Aérospatiale SA 365 Dauphin 2, is a medium-weight multipurpose twin-engine helicopter currently produced by Airbus Helicopters.

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Evje og Hornnes

Evje og Hornnes is a municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway.

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Evolution of metal ions in biological systems

Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time.

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Evolv

Evolv LLC is manufacturer of electronic cigarettes and electronic boards for e-cigarettes, based in Ohio, US.

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Exchange current density

In electrochemistry, exchange current density is a parameter used in the Tafel equation, Butler-Volmer equation and other expressions.

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Exchange spring media

Exchange spring media (also exchange coupled composite media or ECC) is a magnetic storage technology for hard disk drives that allows to increase the storage density in magnetic recording.

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Exotic material

Exotic Materials can include plastics, superalloys, semiconductors, superconductors, and ceramics.

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Explorer 1

Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year.

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Explosion welding

Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid state (solid-phase) process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives.

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Extended metal atom chains

Extended metal atom chains (EMACs) are molecules that consist of a linear string of directly bonded metal atoms, surrounded by organic ligands.

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Extended periodic table

An extended periodic table theorizes about elements beyond oganesson (beyond period 7, or row 7).

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Extraterrestrial materials

Most atoms on Earth came from the interstellar dust and gas from which the Sun and Solar System formed.

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Fahnestock clip

A Fahnestock clip is an early type of spring clamp electrical terminal for connections to bare wires.

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Falconbridge Ltd.

Falconbridge Limited was a Toronto, Ontario-based natural resources company with operations in 18 countries, involved in the exploration, mining, processing, and marketing of metal and mineral products, including nickel, copper, cobalt, and platinum.

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Fat Man

"Fat Man" was the codename for the atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945.

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Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry

Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry captures the number of people killed in the industry in the Australian state of Western Australia.

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Fenambosy Chevron

The Fenambosy Chevron is one of four chevron-shaped land features on the southwest coast of Madagascar, near the tip of Madagascar, high and inland.

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Fender Cyclone

The Fender Cyclone denotes a series of electric guitars made by Fender. Introduced in late 1997, the Cyclone body is similarly styled to the Mustang, but it is a quarter of an inch thicker than the body of a Mustang and is made of poplar, whereas contemporary Mustang reissues were made of basswood. In July 2002, the Cyclone II was introduced as the successor to the Fender Cyclone and featured cosmetic changes such as the Mustang racing stripe as well as 3 vintage single-coil pickups and switching borrowed from the Fender Jaguar. the range included the original Cyclone, the Cyclone HH with two humbuckers, and the Cyclone II with three MIA Jaguar pickups controlled by on-off switches in place of the selector switch. As of January 2007, all Cyclone variants had been discontinued by Fender.

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Fenix mine

The Fenix nickel project is a nickel resource in eastern Guatemala first developed by Inco, a Canadian mining company, beginning in 1960.

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Ferguson Lake (Kivalliq Region)

Ferguson Lake is a lake in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada.

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Fernico

Fernico describe a family of metal alloys made primarily of iron, nickel and cobalt.

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Ferredoxin hydrogenase

In enzymology, a ferredoxin hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are H2 and oxidized ferredoxin, whereas its two products are reduced ferredoxin and H+.

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Ferric uptake regulator family

In molecular biology, the ferric uptake regulator family is a family of bacterial proteins involved in regulating metal ion uptake and in metal homeostasis.

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Ferrimagnetism

In physics, a ferrimagnetic material is one that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments, as in antiferromagnetism; however, in ferrimagnetic materials, the opposing moments are unequal and a spontaneous magnetization remains.

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Ferrite (magnet)

A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional metallic elements, such as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc.

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Ferrite core

In electronics, a ferrite core is a type of magnetic core made of ferrite on which the windings of electric transformers and other wound components such as inductors are formed.

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Ferrochelatase

Ferrochelatase (or protoporphyrin ferrochelatase) is an enzyme that is encoded by the FECH gene in humans.

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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets.

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FG 42

The FG 42 (German: Fallschirmjägergewehr 42, "paratrooper rifle 42") is a selective-fire automatic rifle produced in Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Field desorption

Field desorption (FD) is a method of ion formation used in mass spectrometry (MS) in which a high-potential electric field is applied to an emitter with a sharp surface, such as a razor blade, or more commonly, a filament from which tiny "whiskers" have formed.

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Fifth series of the renminbi

The fifth series of the renminbi is the current coin and banknote series of the Chinese currency, the renminbi.

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Fifty bani

The fifty-bani coin is a coin of the Romanian leu.

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Filabusi

Filabusi is a town and area in Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe.

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Filamentous carbon

Filamentous carbon is a carbon-containing deposit structure that refers to several allotropes of carbon, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and microcoils.

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Finland

Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.

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Firefighter's helmet

For centuries, firefighters have worn helmets to protect them from heat, cinders and falling objects.

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Fischer–Tropsch process

The Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.

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Five bani

The five bani coin is a coin of the Romanian leu.

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Five cent coin (Netherlands)

The Five cent coin (commonly called Stuiver) was a coin struck in the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1818 and 2001.

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Five guilder coin (Netherlands)

The Dutch Five guilder coin was the highest-denomination coin in the Netherlands from its introduction in 1988 until the adoption of the euro in 2002.

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Five pence (British coin)

The British decimal five pence (5p) coin – often pronounced five pee – is a unit of currency equaling five one-hundredths of a pound sterling.

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Five pence (Irish coin)

The five pence (5p) (cúig phingin) coin was a subdivision of the Irish pound.

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Five pounds (British coin)

The British five pound (£5) coin is a commemorative denomination of the pound sterling.

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Five-baht coin

The Thailand five-baht coin is a currency unit of the Thai baht.

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Flame test

A flame test is an analytic procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, primarily metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum.

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Flash smelting

Development of flash smelting in the copper industry, related to the number of smelters using this technology. Flash smelting (Liekkisulatus, literally "flame-smeling") is a smelting process for sulfur-containing ores including chalcopyrite.

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Florin (Irish coin)

The florin (2s) (flóirín) coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound.

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Fluid catalytic cracking

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important conversion processes used in petroleum refineries.

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Fly ash

Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.

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Flying Eagle cent

The Flying Eagle cent is a one-cent piece struck by the Mint of the United States as a pattern coin in 1856 and for circulation in 1857 and 1858.

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Foreign relations of Taiwan

The foreign relations of the Republic of China (ROC), referred to by many states as Taiwan, are the relations between the Republic of China and other countries.

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ForeverSpin

ForeverSpin (stylized as foreverspin) is a Canadian independent manufacturer founded in February 2014 by Ruben Gonzalez, Viktor Grabovskyy, and Cristobal Uribe, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario.

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Forging temperature

Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature.

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Formation and evolution of the Solar System

The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.

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Formula One engines

Since its inception in 1947, Formula One has used a variety of engine regulations.

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Fort St. Vrain Generating Station

Fort Saint Vrain Generating Station is a natural gas powered electricity generating facility located near the town of Platteville in northern Colorado in the United States.

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Fossil fuel power station

A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.

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Foundry

A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings.

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Fourth series of the renminbi

The fourth series of the renminbi was introduced between 1987 and 1997 by the People's Bank of China.

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François Lotte

François Lotte (1889–1970) was a French archetier and bow maker.

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France II

The France II was a French sailing ship, built by Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde and launched in 1912. In hull length and overall size she was after the Preußen the second largest commercial merchant sailing ship ever built, yet had the greatest cargo carrying capacity ever, 5,633 GRT to the R. C. Rickmers 5,548 GRT. An earlier sailing vessel named France had been built in 1890 by D. & W. Henderson & Son, Glasgow.

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Francis Thomas Bacon

Francis Thomas Bacon OBE FREng FRS (21 December 1904 at Ramsden Hall, Billericay, Essex, England – 24 May 1992) was an English engineer who developed the first practical hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell.

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Francistown

Francistown is the second largest city in Botswana, with a population of about 100,079 and 150,800 inhabitants for its agglomeration at the 2011 census.

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Frank Forward

Dr.

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Franklin dike swarm

The Franklin dike swarm, also called the Franklin dikes, is a Proterozoic dike swarm of the Franklin Large Igneous Province in Northern Canada.

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Franz Freudenthal

Franz P. Freudenthal is a Bolivian physician who is known for several medical inventions, including a device that can cure heart ailments in children.

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Fraunhofer lines

In physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral lines named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826).

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Fredericktown, Missouri

Fredericktown is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Missouri, United States, in the northeastern foothills of the St. Francois Mountains.

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FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies

The FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies (FCVT) is a U.S. national Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy program developing more energy efficient and environmentally friendly highway transportation technologies that will enable the U.S to use less petroleum.

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Freeport-McMoRan

Freeport-McMoRan Inc., (FMCG) often called Freeport, is a mining company based in the Freeport-McMoRan Center, in Phoenix, Arizona.

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French franc

The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.

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French Indochinese piastre

The piastre de commerce was the currency of French Indochina between 1885 and 1952.

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Freshwater environmental quality parameters

Freshwater environmental quality parameters are the natural and man-made chemical, biological and microbiological characteristics of rivers, lakes and ground-waters, the ways they are measured and the ways that they change.

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Friedrich Alfred Krupp

Friedrich Alfred Krupp (17 February 1854 – 22 November 1902) was a German steel manufacturer of the company Krupp.

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Frood Mine

Frood-Stobie Mine is a nickel mine in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

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Fukang (meteorite)

The Fukang meteorite is a meteorite that was found in the mountains near Fukang, China in 2000.

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Fukuchilite

Fukuchilite, Cu3FeS8, is a copper iron sulfide named after the Japanese mineralogist Nobuyo Fukuchi (1877–1934), that occurs in ore bodies of gypsum-anhydrite at the intersection points of small masses of barite, covellite, gypsum and pyrite, and is mostly found in the Hanawa mine in the Akita prefecture of Honshū, Japan where it was first discovered in 1969.

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Fullerene chemistry

Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes.

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Fushi Copperweld

Fushi Copperweld, Inc. (Simplified Chinese: 傅氏科普威) is a Sino-American company based in Beijing, China.

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Futures contract

In finance, a futures contract (more colloquially, futures) is a standardized forward contract, a legal agreement to buy or sell something at a predetermined price at a specified time in the future.

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Futures exchange

A futures exchange or futures market is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts; that is, a contract to buy specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future.

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G. G. Allen Steam Station

G.

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G.I. pocket stove

The G.I. pocket stove is a World War II–era portable pressurized-burner liquid-fuel stove made by the Coleman Company of Wichita, Kansas.

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Gabbro

Gabbro refers to a large group of dark, often phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rocks chemically equivalent to basalt, being its coarse-grained analogue.

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Gag Island

Gag Island is one of the Raja Ampat Islands in the Indonesian province of West Papua.

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Gag Island mine

The Gag Island mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Sulawesi.

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Galileo (spacecraft)

Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies.

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Gallipoli Star

The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire.

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Galvanic corrosion

Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte.

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Galvanic series

The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals.

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Gansu

Gansu (Tibetan: ཀན་སུའུ་ Kan su'u) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country.

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Gareth Penny

Gareth Penny is non-Executive Chairman of Norilsk Nickel, the world’s largest producer of nickel and palladium and one of the leading producers of platinum and copper.

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Garnierite

Garnierite is a general name for a green nickel ore which is found in pockets and veins within weathered and serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

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Garson Mine

Garson Mine is an underground nickel mine located in the community of Garson, within the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.

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Gas diffusion electrode

Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.

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Gas tungsten arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.

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Gaspéite

Gaspéite, a very rare nickel carbonate mineral, with the formula (Ni,Fe,Mg)CO3, is named for the place it was first described, in the Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, Canada.

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications.

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Gausdal

Gausdal is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway.

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Gawler Craton

The Gawler Craton covers approximately 440,000 square kilometres of central South Australia.

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Günther Wilke

Günther Wilke (23 February 1925 – 9 December 2016) was a German chemist who was influential in organometallic chemistry.

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GenOn Energy

GenOn Energy, Inc., based in Houston, Texas, United States, was an energy company that provided electricity to wholesale customers in the United States.

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Genplesite

Genplesite is a very rare tin mineral coming from the Oktyabr'skoe deposit in the Noril'sk area, Russia, which is known for nickel and platinum group elements minerals.

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Geochemistry

Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.

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Geography of Brazil

The country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean.

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Geography of Bulgaria

Bulgaria is a country situated in south-eastern Europe, bordering Romania to the north, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east.

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Geography of Burundi

Burundi is located in central Africa, to the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at the co-ordinates.

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Geography of Canada

The geography of Canada describes the geographic features of Canada, the world's second largest country in total area.

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Geography of Cuba

Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea.

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Geography of Germany

Germany is a country in west-central Europe, that stretches from the Alps, across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

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Geography of Guatemala

Guatemala is mountainous, except for the south coastal area and the vast northern lowlands of Petén department.

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Geography of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelagic country located in Southeast Asia, lying between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

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Geography of Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a sub-Saharan nation in southern West Africa located at 8 00°N, 5 00°W.

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Geography of Kosovo

Kosovo is a small landlocked country in Southeastern Europe, in the center of Balkan Peninsula.

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Geography of Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in Central Asia and East Asia, located between China and Russia.

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Geography of New Caledonia

The geography of New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie), an overseas collectivity of France located in the subregion of Melanesia, makes the continental island group unique in the southwest Pacific.

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Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province in Canada.

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Geography of Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada, specifically in Northwestern Canada between Yukon Territory and Nunavut including part of Victoria Island, Melville Island, and other islands on the western Arctic Archipelago.

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Geography of Norway

Norway is a country located in Northern Europe on the western and northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the North Sea to the southwest and the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) in the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast.

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Geography of Russia

The geography of Russia describes the geographic features of Russia, a country extending over much of northern Eurasia.

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Geography of South Africa

South Africa occupies the southern tip of Africa, its coastline stretching more than from the desert border with Namibia on the Atlantic (western) coast southwards around the tip of Africa and then northeast to the border with Mozambique on the Indian Ocean.

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Geography of Tanzania

Tanzania comprises many lakes, national parks, and Africa's highest point, Mount Kilimanjaro.

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Geography of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic (Spanish: República Dominicana) is a country in the West Indies that occupies the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola.

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Geography of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago that consists of 7,107 islands with a total land area of.

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Geography of the Republic of Macedonia

The Republic of Macedonia is a country situated in southeastern Europe with geographic coordinates, bordering Kosovo and Serbia to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece to the south and Albania to the west.

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Geography of the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is a nation in the South Pacific Ocean, that lies east of Papua New Guinea.

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Geography of Yemen

Yemen is located in Southwest Asia at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula between Oman and Saudi Arabia.

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Geography of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa lying wholly within the tropics.

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Geology of Botswana

The geology of Botswana plays a significant part in the country’s economy.

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Geology of Burundi

The geology of Burundi consists largely of metamorphic rocks of Proterozoic age with inliers of basement rocks of Archaean age.

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Geology of Finland

The geology of Finland is made up of a mix of geologically very young and very old materials.

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Geology of Myanmar

The geology of Myanmar is shaped by dramatic, ongoing tectonic processes controlled by shifting tectonic components as the Indian plate slides northwards and towards southeastern Asia.

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Geology of Russia

The geology of Russia, the world's largest country, which extends over much of northern Eurasia, consists of several stable cratons and sedimentary platforms bounded by orogenic (mountain) belts.

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Geology of solar terrestrial planets

The geology of solar terrestrial planets mainly deals with the geological aspects of the four terrestrial planets of the Solar System, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and one terrestrial dwarf planet, Ceres.

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Geology of the Republic of the Congo

The geology of the Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, to differentiate from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, includes extensive igneous and metamorphic basement rock, some up to two billion years old and sedimentary rocks formed within the past 250 million years.

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Geology of Venus

Venus is a planet with striking geology.

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Geology of Vietnam

The territory of Vietnam is divided into five structural blocks: Northeast (NE), Northwest (NW), Truongson, Kon Tum and Nambo.

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Geology of Zimbabwe

The geology of Zimbabwe in southern Africa is centred on the Zimbabwe Craton, a core of Archean basement composed in the main of granitoids, schist and gneisses.

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George Andreasen

George F. Andreasen (February 16, 1934 – August 11, 1989), born in Fremont, Nebraska, was an American orthodontist and inventor.

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George D. W. Smith

George David William Smith FRS, FIMMM, FInstP, FRSC, CEng (b. 1943, in Aldershot, Hampshire) is a materials scientist with special interest in the study of the microstructure, composition and properties of engineering materials at the atomic level.

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George William Ross

Sir George William Ross (September 18, 1841 – March 7, 1914) was an educator and politician in the Canadian province of Ontario.

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Georgian lari

The lari (ლარი; ISO 4217: GEL) is the currency of Georgia.

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Geothermal gradient

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

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Gerhard Krüss

Gerhard Krüss (December 14, 1859 – February 3, 1895) was a German chemist and founder of the Journal für anorganische Chemie (Journal of Inorganic Chemistry) in 1892.

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German gold mark

The Goldmark (officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) was the currency used in the German Empire from 1873 to 1914.

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Germanism (linguistics)

A Germanism is a loan word or other loan element borrowed from German for use in some other language.

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Gersdorffite

Gersdorffite is a nickel arsenic sulfide mineral with formula NiAsS.

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Gibeon (meteorite)

Gibeon is a meteorite that fell in prehistoric times in Namibia.

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Gibeon, Namibia

Gibeon (Nama: Khaxa-tsûs) is a village in Gibeon Constituency in the Hardap Region of Namibia.

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Gibraltar Range

The Gibraltar Range is a mountain range in the Northern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.

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Gidgee Gold Mine

The Gidgee Gold Mine is a gold mine in Western Australia, 82 km north of the town of Sandstone.

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Gilding

Gilding is any decorative technique for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold.

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Glamorgan

Glamorgan, or sometimes Glamorganshire, (Morgannwg or Sir Forgannwg) is one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county of Wales.

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Glass coloring and color marking

Glass coloring and color marking may be obtained by 1) addition of coloring ions,Bernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, by 2) precipitation of nanometer sized colloides (so-called striking glassesBernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002, such as "gold ruby" or red "selenium ruby"),Werner Vogel: "Glass Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994), 3) by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and smoked glass), 4) by light scattering (as in phase separated glass), 5) by dichroic coatings (see dichroic glass), or 6) by colored coatings.

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Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals

Glass-to-metal seals have been around for many years, with one of the most common uses being lamp bulb seals.

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Glass-to-metal seal

Glass-to-metal seals are a very important element of the construction of vacuum tubes, electric discharge tubes, incandescent light bulbs, glass encapsulated semiconductor diodes, reed switches, pressure tight glass windows in metal cases, and metal or ceramic packages of electronic components.

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Glaucodot

Glaucodot is a cobalt iron arsenic sulfide mineral with formula: (Co,Fe)AsS.

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Glidcop

Glidcop is the registered trademark name of North American Höganäs, that refers to a family of copper-based metal matrix composite (MMC) alloys mixed primarily with aluminum oxide ceramic particles.

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Gllavica mine

The Gllavica mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Kosovo.

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Glossary of fuel cell terms

The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.

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Glossary of numismatics

This article is a collection of Numismatic and coin collecting terms with concise explanation for the beginner or professional.

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Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase

Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase is a type of enzyme called a phosphotransferase and is involved in mammalian starch and sucrose metabolism (KEGG). It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glucose-1-phosphate, yielding 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate.

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Gluten-free diet

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a diet that strictly excludes gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains, including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale).

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Gluten-related disorders

Gluten-related disorders is the umbrella term for all diseases triggered by gluten.

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Gnomium

Gnomium was the proposed name for a new element similar to nickel and cobalt.

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Goat Rocks

Goat Rocks is an extinct stratovolcano in the Cascade Range, located between Mount Rainier and Mount Adams in southern Washington, in the United States.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

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Gold mining in Western Australia

Gold mining in Western Australia is the fourth largest commodity sector in Western Australia, behind iron ore, crude oil and LNG, with a value of A$10 billion.

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Gold plating

Gold plating is a method of depositing a thin layer of gold onto the surface of another metal, most often copper or silver (to make silver-gilt), by chemical or electrochemical plating.

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Goldfields-Esperance

The Goldfields-Esperance region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia.

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Goldfields-Esperance historical timeline

This timeline is a selected list of events and locations of the development of the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

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Goldschmidt classification

The Goldschmidt classification, developed by Victor Goldschmidt (1888-1947), is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases into lithophile (rock-loving), siderophile (iron-loving), chalcophile (ore-loving or chalcogen-loving), and atmophile (gas-loving) or volatile (the element, or a compound in which it occurs, is liquid or gaseous at ambient surface conditions).

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Goro mine

The Goro mine is a large nickel mine in the south of New Caledonia, near the township of Yaté, Prony Bay, in the South Province.

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Goro, New Caledonia

Goro is a major mining settlement in South Province, New Caledonia.

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Graphene production techniques

A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications.

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Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.

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Graptolitic argillite

Graptolitic argillite (also known as dictyonema argillite, dictyonema oil shale, dictyonema shale, or Tremadocian black shale) is a marinite-type black shale of sapropelic origin.

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Great Dyke

The Great Dyke is a linear geological feature that trends nearly north-south through the centre of Zimbabwe passing just to the west of the capital, Harare.

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Great Oxygenation Event

The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.

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Greater scaup

The greater scaup (Aythya marila), just scaup in Europe or, colloquially, "bluebill" in North America, is a mid-sized diving duck, larger than the closely related lesser scaup.

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Greater Sudbury

Greater Sudbury, commonly referred to as Sudbury, is a city in Ontario, Canada.

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Greenvale, Queensland

Greenvale is a nickel mining settlement in Queensland, Australia, approximately northwest of Townsville.

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Gresham's law

In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good".

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Griggs apparatus

Griggs apparatus, also referred to as a Griggs rig, is a modified piston cylinder high pressure apparatus used to create an environment of high pressure, high temperature and to impart a deviatoric stress on a sample of material.

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Groot Marico

Groot Marico is a hamlet in the North West Province of South Africa.

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Group (periodic table)

In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements.

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Group 10 element

Group 10, numbered by current IUPAC style, is the group of chemical elements in the periodic table that consists of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized darmstadtium (Ds).

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Group 12 element

Group 12, by modern IUPAC numbering, is a group of chemical elements in the periodic table.

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Grover Hot Springs State Park

Grover Hot Springs State Park is a state park of California, USA, containing natural hot springs on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada.

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Gu Xiulian

Gu Xiulian (born December 1936) is a retired Chinese politician who was the first female provincial governor in the People's Republic of China.

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Guffey, Colorado

Guffey is a census-designated place and a U.S. Post Office located in Park County, Colorado, United States.

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Guiuan, Eastern Samar

(IPA: ˈgiˌwan; Bungto han Guiuan, Bayan ng Guiuan), officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Gulag

The Gulag (ГУЛАГ, acronym of Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения, "Main Camps' Administration" or "Chief Administration of Camps") was the government agency in charge of the Soviet forced labor camp system that was created under Vladimir Lenin and reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the 1950s.

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Gusev (Martian crater)

Gusev is a crater on the planet Mars and is located at and is in the Aeolis quadrangle.

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Gustav Werther

August Friedrich Gustav Werther (1 August 1815, Roßla – 29 June 1869, Königsberg) was a German chemist.

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Gwalia, Western Australia

Gwalia is a former gold-mining town located 233 kilometres north of Kalgoorlie and 828 kilometres east of Perth in Western Australia's Great Victoria Desert.

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Hafnium diboride

Hafnium diboride belong to the class of Ultra-high-temperature ceramics, a type of ceramic composed of hafnium and boron.

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Halaco Engineering Co.

Halaco Engineering Co. operated a scrap metal recycling facility at 6200 Perkins Road, Oxnard, Ventura County, California from 1965 to 2004.

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Half crown (Irish coin)

The half crown (2s 6d) (leath choróin) coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound.

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Half dime

The half dime, or half disme, was a silver coin, valued at five cents, formerly minted in the United States.

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Half dollar

The term "half dollar" refers to a half-unit of several currencies that are named "dollar".

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Half dollar (United States coin)

The half dollar, sometimes referred to as the half for short, is a United States coin worth 50 cents, one-half of a dollar, and is the largest United States circulating coin currently produced in both size and weight, being 1.205 inches (30.61 mm) in diameter and.085 inches (2.15 mm) in thickness, and is twice the weight of the quarter.

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Halmahera mine

The Halmahera mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in the North Maluku.

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Hami

Hami, also known as Kumul, is a prefecture-level city in eastern Xinjiang, China.

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Hardnesses of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Harjavalta

Harjavalta is a town and municipality of Finland.

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Harry Brearley

Harry Brearley (18 February 1871 – 14 July 1948) was an English metallurgist, usually credited with the invention of "rustless steel" (later to be called "stainless steel" in the anglophone world).

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Harvey armor

Harvey armor was a type of steel armor developed in the early 1890s in which the front surfaces of the plates were case hardened.

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Hatch Ltd

Hatch is a global multidisciplinary management, engineering and development consultancy.

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Havar (alloy)

Havar, or UNS R30005, is an alloy of cobalt, possessing very high mechanical strength.

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Haxonite

Haxonite is an iron nickel carbide mineral found in iron meteorites and carbonaceous chondrites.

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Haynes International

Haynes International, Inc., headquartered in Kokomo, Indiana, is one of the world’s largest producers of high‑performance nickel‑ and cobalt-based alloys in flat product form such as sheet, coil and plate forms; it also manufactures alloys in seamless and welded tubulars, and in slab, bar, billet and wire forms.

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HD-Rosetta

High-Density Rosetta (HD-Rosetta) is a permanent data storage device which contains engraved microscopic information on a small nickel plate.

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Health effects of wine

The health effects of wine are mainly determined by its active ingredient alcohol.

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Health in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is a country that has been fighting against many diseases, some of which are incurable due to their poor health care system.

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Heat capacities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heat Shield Rock

No description.

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Heat treating

Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material.

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Heating element

A heating element converts energy into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating.

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Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Heavy crude oil

Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly-viscous oil that cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions.

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Heavy metals

Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.

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Heavy Water Board

Heavy Water Board (HWB) is a constituent unit under the Department of Atomic Energy in the Government of India.

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Heazlewoodite

Heazlewoodite, Ni3S2, is a rare sulfur-poor nickel sulfide mineral found in serpentinitized dunite.

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Heck reaction

The Heck reaction (also called the Mizoroki-Heck reaction) is the chemical reaction of an unsaturated halide (or triflate) with an alkene in the presence of a base and a palladium catalyst (or palladium nanomaterial-based catalyst) to form a substituted alkene.

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Height 611 UFO incident

Height 611 UFO incident refers to an alleged UFO crash in Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai, Soviet Union, on January 29, 1986.

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Helicopter rotor

A helicopter main rotor or rotor system is the combination of several rotary wings (rotor blades) and a control system that generates the aerodynamic lift force that supports the weight of the helicopter, and the thrust that counteracts aerodynamic drag in forward flight.

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Hellyerite

Hellyerite, NiCO3·6(H2O), is an hydrated nickel carbonate mineral.

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Henry Moseley

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (23 November 1887 – 10 August 1915) was an English physicist, whose contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.

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Hereford

Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England.

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Heterofullerene

Heterofullerenes are classes of fullerenes, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another element.

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Heterogeneous gold catalysis

Heterogeneous gold catalysis refers to the catalysis of chemical reactions by gold nanoparticles, typically supported on metal oxide substrates.

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Hettstedt

Hettstedt is a town in Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, on the Wipper.

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Heusler compound

Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face-centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ (half-Heuslers) or X2YZ (full-Heuslers), where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p-block.

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Hexahedrite

Hexahedrites are a structural class of iron meteorite.

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Hiduminium

The Hiduminium alloys or R.R. alloys are a series of high-strength, high-temperature aluminium alloys, developed for aircraft use by Rolls-Royce ("RR") before World War II.

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High Possil meteorite

The High Possil meteorite fell on the morning of Thursday, 5 April 1804, in a quarry near High Possil, on the northern outskirts of Glasgow.

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High-strength low-alloy steel

High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) is a type of alloy steel that provides better mechanical properties or greater resistance to corrosion than carbon steel.

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Hiroshi Nakamura (biochemist)

was a Japanese biochemist known for first suggesting that Nickel may be a dietary element.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (Spanish: La Española; Latin and French: Hispaniola; Haitian Creole: Ispayola; Taíno: Haiti) is an island in the Caribbean island group, the Greater Antilles.

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Histidine-rich glycoprotein

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG)is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the HRG gene.

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of Papua New Guinea

The prehistory of Papua New Guinea can be traced to about 60,000 years ago, when people first migrated towards the Australian continent.

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History of plug-in hybrids

The history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) spans a little more than a century, but most of the significant commercial developments have taken place after 2002.

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History of Siberia

The early history of Siberia is greatly influenced by the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians (Pazyryk) on the west of the Ural Mountains and Xiongnu (Noin-Ula) on the east of the Urals, both flourishing before the Christian era.

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History of supernova observation

The known history of supernova observation goes back to 185 CE, when supernova SN 185 appeared, the oldest appearance of a supernova recorded by humankind.

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History of the battery

Batteries provided the main source of electricity before the development of electric generators and electrical grids around the end of the 19th century.

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History of the Canadian dollar

Canada has an extensive history with regard to its currency.

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History of the periodic table

The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties.

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History of Vanuatu

The history of Vanuatu begins obscurely.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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Hoba meteorite

The Hoba or Hoba West meteorite lies on the farm "Hoba West", not far from Grootfontein, in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia.

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Holguín Province

Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the third most populous after Havana and Santiago de Cuba.

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Holography

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.

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Honeymoon Well mine

The Honeymoon Well mine is a large mine in the west of Australia in the state of Western Australia.

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Hong Kong fifty-cent coin

The fifty-cent coin was first introduced as a.900 purity silver half dollar in 1866.

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Hong Kong five-cent coin

The five-cent coin was first issued as a silver coin of.800 fineness in 1866.

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Hong Kong ten-cent coin

The ten-cent coin is the lowest-denomination circulating coin of the Hong Kong dollar.

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Hong Kong ten-dollar coin

The ten-dollar coin is the highest-valued circulating coin issued in Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong twenty-cent coin

The twenty-cent coin is a coin of the Hong Kong dollar.

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Hong Kong two-dollar coin

The two dollar coin is the third-highest denomination coin of the Hong Kong dollar.

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Hood ornament

A hood/bonnet ornament, radiator cap, motor mascot or car mascot is a specially crafted model which symbolizes a car company like a badge, located on the front center portion of the hood.

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Hot isostatic pressing

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a manufacturing process, used to reduce the porosity of metals and increase the density of many ceramic materials.

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Hot Wheels

Hot Wheels is a brand of 1:64, 1:43, 1:18 and 1:50 scale die-cast toy cars introduced by American toy maker Mattel in 1968.

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Houston City Hall

The Houston City Hall building is the headquarters of the City of Houston's municipal government.

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Hraschina meteorite

Hraschina is the official name of an iron meteorite that fell in 1751 near the Hrašćina village in Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia.

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Huaibei

Huaibei is a prefecture-level city in northern Anhui Province, China.

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Huckitta (meteorite)

Huckitta is a pallasite meteorite recovered in 1937 from Huckitta Cattle Station, Northern Territory, Australia.

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HY-80

HY-80 is a high-tensile, high yield strength, low alloy steel.

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Hydraulic Press Channel

The Hydraulic Press Channel (HPC) is a YouTube channel operated by Finnish factory owner Lauri Vuohensilta and his wife Anni.

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Hydrazine

Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (also written), called diamidogen, archaically.

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Hydrocyanation

Hydrocyanation is, most fundamentally, the process whereby H+ and –CN ions are added to a molecular substrate.

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Hydrodenitrogenation

Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) is an industrial process for the removal of nitrogen from petroleum.

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Hydrodeoxygenation

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a hydrogenolysis process for removing oxygen from oxygen containing compounds.

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Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogen dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a hydrogen dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are H2 and NAD+, whereas its two products are H+ and NADH.

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Hydrogen sensor

A hydrogen sensor is a gas detector that detects the presence of hydrogen.

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Hydrogenase maturation protease family

In molecular biology, the hydrogenase maturation protease family is a family of aspartic endopeptidases belonging to MEROPS family A31.

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Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.

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Hydrogenography

Hydrogenography is a combinatorial method based on the observation of optical changes on the metal surface by hydrogen absorption.

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Hydrology of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)

This article is about the hydrology of Fishing Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River.

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Hydrology of the Catawissa Tunnel

The Catawissa Tunnel is a mine drainage tunnel in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Hydroponics

Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent.

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Hydrothermal liquefaction

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass into crude-like oil -sometimes referred to as bio-oil or biocrude- under moderate temperature and high pressure.

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Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel

This list covers known nickel hyperaccumulators, accumulators or plant species tolerant to nickel.

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Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that is highly supersonic.

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Hypochlorous acid

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming ClO-.

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IBM (atoms)

IBM in atoms was a demonstration by IBM scientists in 1989 of a technology capable of manipulating individual atoms.

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IBM Research

IBM Research is IBM's research and development division.

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Ichon County

Ich'ŏn County is a ''kun'', or county, in northern Kangwŏn province, North Korea.

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Igelbäcken

Igelbäcken ((the) Leech Stream) is a small stream in northern Stockholm, Sweden.

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IIAB meteorites

IIAB meteorites are a group of iron meteorites.

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IIG meteorite

IIG meteorites are a group of iron meteorites.

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IKCO EF Engines

IKCO EF engines are a family of four-cylinder engines.

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Imidazole

Imidazole is an organic compound with the formula C3N2H4.

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Imilac

Imilac is a pallasite meteorite found in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile in 1822.

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Imleria badia

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Europe and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers.

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Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves the process of selectively imaging antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.

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Impact crater

An impact crater is an approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.

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Impact winter

An impact winter is a hypothesized period of prolonged cold weather due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet on the Earth's surface.

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Impala Platinum

Impala Platinum Holdings Limited (Implats) is in the business of mining, refining and marketing of platinum group metals (PGMs), as well as nickel, copper and cobalt.

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IMX Resources

IMX Resources Limited (IMX) is a dual-listed iron ore mining and base and precious metals exploration company based in Perth, Western Australia (ASX/TSX ticker code: IXR).

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Inconel

Inconel is a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys.

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Index of chemistry articles

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

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Indian 10-rupee coin

The Indian 10-rupee coin (10) is a denomination of the Indian rupee.

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Indonesia–Ukraine relations

Indonesia–Ukraine relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Ukraine.

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Indonesian rupiah

The rupiah (Rp) is the official currency of Indonesia. Issued and controlled by the Bank of Indonesia, the ISO 4217 currency code for the Indonesian rupiah is IDR. The name "Rupiah" is derived from the Indian word rupiya (रुपीया), ultimately from Sanskrit rupyakam (रूप्यकम्; silver). Informally, Indonesians also use the word "perak" ("silver" in Indonesian) in referring to rupiah. The rupiah is subdivided into 100 sen, although inflation has rendered all coins and banknotes denominated in sen obsolete. The Riau islands and the Indonesian half of New Guinea (Irian Barat) had their own variants of the rupiah in the past, but these were subsumed into the national rupiah in 1964 and 1971 respectively (see Riau rupiah and West Irian rupiah).

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Industrial processes

Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.

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Industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product.

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Industry of Kosovo

Kosovo has a slowly developing plain industry.

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Infrared heater

An infrared heater or heat lamp is a body with a higher temperature which transfers energy to a body with a lower temperature through electromagnetic radiation.

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Ingestion

Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism.

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Inorganic compounds by element

This is a list of common inorganic and organometallic compounds of each element.

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Institute of Occupational Medicine

The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) was founded in 1969 by the National Coal Board (NCB) as an independent charity in the UK and retains this charitable purpose and status today.

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Intergranular corrosion

Intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides.

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Interhalogen

An interhalogen compound is a molecule which contains two or more different halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) and no atoms of elements from any other group.

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Interim Peace

The Interim Peace (Välirauha, Mellanfreden) was a short period in the history of Finland during the Second World War.

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Internal heating

Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heating, core solidification (heat of fusion released as molten core material solidifies), and radioactive decay.

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Internal structure of the Moon

Having a mean density of 3,346.4 kg/m³, the Moon is a differentiated body, being composed of a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and planetary core.

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International relations within the Comecon

The "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" (Comecon) was an economic organization of communist states, created in 1949, and dissolved in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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International Seabed Authority

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) (Autorité internationale des fonds marins, Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos) is an intergovernmental body based in Kingston, Jamaica, that was established to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans.

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Intex Resources

Intex Resources is an international mining company based in Norway.

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Inuvialuit Settlement Region

The Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), located in Canada’s western Arctic, was designated in 1984 in the Inuvialuit Final Agreement by the Government of Canada for the Inuvialuit people.

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Invar

Invar, also known generically as FeNi36 (64FeNi in the US), is a nickel–iron alloy notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or α).

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Ion source

An ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions.

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Ion-mobility spectrometry

Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used to separate and identify ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas.

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Ionic radius

Ionic radius, rion, is the radius of an atom's ion in ionic crystals structure.

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Ionization energies of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Iqbal Hussain Qureshi

Iqbal Hussain Qureshi (Urdu:اقبال حسين قریشی; 27 September 1937 – 8 December 2012; SI, FPAS), best known as I.H. Qureshi, was a Pakistani nuclear chemist and professor of chemistry at the Institute of and Applied Sciences in Islamabad.

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Iran Mercantile Exchange

Iran Mercantile Exchange (IME) is a commodities exchange located in Tehran, Iran.

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Iranian rial

The Iranian rial (ریال ایران Riâl Irân; ISO 4217 code IRR) is the currency of Iran.

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Iridium

Iridium is a chemical element with symbol Ir and atomic number 77.

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Irina Beletskaya

Irina Petrovna Beletskaya (Ири́на Петро́вна Беле́цкая) (born 1933) is a professor of chemistry at Moscow State University.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.

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Iron catastrophe

The iron catastrophe was a postulated major geological event early in the history of Earth.

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Iron group

In chemistry and physics, the iron group refers to elements that are in some way related to iron.

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Iron Man (Buddhist statue)

The Iron Man statue is a, sculpture depicting what could be the Buddhist deity Vaiśravaṇa that may be made from a rare ataxite class nickel-rich iron meteorite.

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Iron meteorite

Iron meteorites are meteorites that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite.

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Iron oxide cycle

The iron oxide cycle (Fe3O4/FeO) is the original two-step thermochemical cycle proposed for use for hydrogen production.

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Iron peak

The iron peak is a local maximum in the vicinity of Fe (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) on the graph of the abundances of the chemical elements, as seen below.

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Iron–nickel alloy

An iron–nickel alloy or nickel–iron alloy, abbreviated FeNi or NiFe, is a group of alloys consisting primarily of the elements nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe).

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Iron–nickel clusters

Figure 1: Closed triangulated polyhedra. (a) Tetrahedron (Td), (b) Trigonal bipyramid (D3h). (c) Octahedron (Oh). (d) Pentagonal bipyramid (D5d). (e) Capped octahedron (Cs). (f) Octadecahedron (C2r) Iron–nickel (Fe–Ni) clusters are metal clusters consisting of iron and nickel, i.e. Fe–Ni structures displaying polyhedral frameworks held together by two or more metal–metal bonds per metal atom, where the metal atoms are located at the vertices of closed, triangulated polyhedra.

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Iron–platinum nanoparticle

Iron–platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs) are 3D superlattices composed of an approximately equal atomic ratio of Fe and Pt.

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Iron–sulfur world hypothesis

The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish his ideas.

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Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptoms—including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage.

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Isabela (province)

Isabela (Probinsia ti Isabela; Probinsia nat Isabela; Probinsia na Isabela; Lalawigan ng Isabela) is the second largest province of the Philippines, and the largest on the island of Luzon in land area.

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IsaKidd refining technology

The IsaKidd Technology is a copper electrorefining and electrowinning technology that was developed independently by Copper Refineries Proprietary Limited (“CRL”), a Townsville, Queensland subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited (which is now part of the Glencore group of companies), and at the Falconbridge Limited (“Falconbridge”) now-dismantled Kidd Creek refinery that was at Timmins, Ontario.

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ISO 428

ISO 428 was an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard fully entitled "Wrought Copper-Aluminium Alloys -- Chemical Composition And Forms of Wrought Products", specifying the allowable compositions of various copper-aluminum alloy specifications (see aluminium bronze).

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Isomorphism (crystallography)

In crystallography crystals are described as isomorphous if they are closely similar in shape.

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Isotopes of cobalt

Naturally occurring cobalt (27Co) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 59Co.

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Isotopes of iron

Naturally occurring iron (26Fe) consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe (possibly radioactive with a half-life over 3.1×1022 years), 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.282% of 58Fe.

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Isotopes of nickel

Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes;,,, and with being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance).

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Israeli new shekel

The Israeli new shekel (שֶׁקֶל חָדָשׁ; شيقل جديد; sign: ₪; code: ILS), also known as simply the Israeli shekel and formerly known as the New Israeli Sheqel (NIS), is the currency of Israel and is also used as a legal tender in the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

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ISSPIC

ISSPIC or International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters is an established biennial conference series on fundamental science of atomically small particles, organized since 1976.

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Itqiy meteorite

The Itqiy meteorite is an enstatite-rich stony-iron meteorite.

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IVB meteorite

IVB meteorites are a group of ataxite iron meteorites classified as achondrites.

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Iveland

Iveland is a municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway.

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Jack Crichton

John Alston Crichton, known as Jack Crichton (October 16, 1916 – December 10, 2007), was an oil and natural gas industrialist from Dallas, Texas, who was among the first of his ranks to recognize the importance of petroleum reserves in the Middle East.

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Jackson DK2M

The Jackson DK2M is a superstrat variant of the Dinky line of electric guitars made by Jackson Guitars, specifically the Pro Series.

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Jake Matijevic (rock)

Jake Matijevic (or Jake M) is a pyramidal rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.

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Jamaican dollar

The dollar has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969.

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James Hamet Dunn

Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet (October 29, 1874 – January 1, 1956) was a Canadian financier and industrialist during the first half of the 20th century.

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James J. Drumm

James Joseph Drumm (1897 - 1974) was an Irish chemist and the inventor of the Drumm battery.

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Japan Steel Works

is a steel manufacturer founded in Muroran, Hokkaidō, Japan in 1907.

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Japanese cemeteries and cenotaphs

Many and cenotaphs are located outside of Japan for Japanese people who died by various reasons and situations in history and internees during and after war.

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Japanese yen

The is the official currency of Japan.

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Jáchymov

Jáchymov, until 1945 known by its German name of Sankt Joachimsthal or Joachimsthal (meaning "Saint Joachim's Valley"; Thal, or Tal in modern orthography) is a spa town in the Karlovy Vary Region of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic.

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Jean-Raymond Boulle

Jean-Raymond Boulle is the founder of four publicly traded companies with deposits of nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, titanium and diamonds.

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Jefferson nickel

The Jefferson nickel has been the five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint since 1938, when it replaced the Buffalo nickel.

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Jewelry wire

A jewelry wire is wire, usually copper, brass, nickel, aluminium, silver, or gold, used in jewelry making.

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Jinchuan Group

Jinchuan Group Ltd. (Chinese: 金川集团) is a Chinese company based in Gansu.

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Johan Afzelius

Johan Afzelius (13 June 1753 in Larv – 20 May 1837 in Uppsala) was a Swedish chemist and notable as the doctoral advisor of one of the founders of modern chemistry, Jöns Jacob Berzelius.

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John Bernadou

John Baptiste Bernadou (November 14, 1858 – October 2, 1908) was an officer in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War.

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John Rodriguez

John R. Rodriguez (February 12, 1937 – July 5, 2017) was a Canadian politician.

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John W. Turk Jr. Coal Plant

The John W. Turk Jr.

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Johnson Creek (Willamette River)

Johnson Creek is a 25-mile (40 km) tributary of the Willamette River in the Portland metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Oregon.

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Jolliffeite

Jolliffeite is a rare selenide mineral with formula NiAsSe or (Ni,Co)AsSe.

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Jordanian dinar

The Jordanian dinar (دينار; code: JOD; unofficially abbreviated as JD) has been the currency of Jordan since 1950.

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Joseph Wharton

Joseph Wharton (March 3, 1826 – January 11, 1909) was an American industrialist.

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Jules Garnier

Jacque Jules Garnier (Saint-ÉtienneFrench National Archives Legion of Honour Records (Dossier L1077027) http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH078/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL1077027v001.htm (accessed 24 June 2018) -, Gorbio) was a French engineer and industrialist.

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Julgoldite

Julgoldite is a member of the pumpellyite mineral series, a series of minerals characterized by the chemical bonding of silica tetrahedra with alkali and transition metal cations.

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Julian Bliss

Julian Bliss (born 1989) is a British clarinettist and clarinet designer.

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Julian Simon

Julian Lincoln Simon (February 12, 1932 – February 8, 1998) was an American professor of business administration at the University of Maryland and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute at the time of his death, after previously serving as a longtime economics and business professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Julius Lothar Meyer

Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist.

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Junkers Jumo 004

The Junkers Jumo 004, was the world's first production turbojet engine in operational use, and the first successful axial compressor turbojet engine.

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Jussara

Jussara is a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.

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K-25

K-25 was the codename given by the Manhattan Project to the program to produce enriched uranium for atomic bombs using the gaseous diffusion method.

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Kabanga Nickel Project

The Kabanga Nickel Project is an active mine exploration project 130 km south west of Lake Victoria in the Ngara District of the Kagera Region in Tanzania.

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Kadoma District

Kadoma District is a district in Zimbabwe.

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Kalgoorlie

Kalgoorlie, part of the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder, is a city in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, located east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway.

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Kali tragus

Kali tragusHossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson:Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification In: International Journal of Plant Sciences 168(6), 2007: 931–956 is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae.

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Kamacite

Kamacite is an alloy of iron and nickel, which is found on Earth only in meteorites.

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Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits

Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits are a class of magmatic iron-nickel-copper-platinum-group element ore deposit in which the physical processes of komatiite volcanology serve to deposit, concentrate and enrich a Fe-Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide melt within the lava flow environment of an erupting komatiite volcano.

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Kambalda, Western Australia

Kambalda is a small mining town about 60 kilometres from the mining city of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, within the Goldfields.

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Kambaldaite

Kambaldaite, NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O, is an extremely rare hydrated sodium nickel carbonate mineral described from gossanous material associated with Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia, and Widgie Townsite nickel gossan, Widgiemooltha, Western Australia.

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Kanak people

Kanak (French spelling until 1984: Canaque) are the indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific.

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Kanichee layered intrusive complex

The Kanichee layered intrusive complex, also called the Kanichee intrusion and Ajax intrusion, is a layered intrusion in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, located in the central portion of Strathy Township about northwest of the town of Temagami.

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Kanichee Mine

The Kanichee Mine, also less commonly known as the Ajax Mine, is an abandoned base metal and precious metal mine, located in the Temagami region of northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Kastamonu

Kastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey.

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Kastamonu Vilayet

The Vilayet of Kastamonu (ولايت کسطمونى, Vilâyet-i Kastamuni) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, established in 1867 and abolished in 1922.

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Kavadarci

Kavadarci (Кавадарци) is a town in the Tikveš region of the Republic of Macedonia.

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Köttigite

Köttigite is a rare hydrated zinc arsenate which was discovered in 1849 and named by James Dwight Dana in 1850 in honour of Otto Friedrich Köttig (1824 - 1892), a German chemist from Schneeberg, Saxony, who made the first chemical analysis of the mineral.

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Keeley-Frontier Mine

Keeley-Frontier Mine is a large abandoned mine in the ghost town of Silver Centre, Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Kennedy half dollar

The Kennedy half dollar, first minted in 1964, is a fifty-cent coin currently issued by the United States Mint.

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Kenneth G. Caulton

Kenneth G. Caulton is an inorganic chemist who works on, and has made significant contributions to, projects dealing with transition metal hydrides.

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Kerolite

Kerolite or Cerolite is a metamorphic nickel bearing phyllosilicate mineral variety of talc, can be seen as a mixture of serpentine and saponite as well.

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Kettle Creek (Pennsylvania)

Kettle Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River running through Tioga, Potter, and Clinton counties, in Pennsylvania.

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Kettle River Range

The Kettle River Range, often called the Kettle Range, is the southernmost range of the Monashee Mountains, located in far southeastern British Columbia, Canada and Ferry County, Washington, in the United States.

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Kevitsa mine

The Kevitsa mine is a large mine in the north of Finland in Lapland.

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Keweenawite

Keweenawite is a discredited mineral species.

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Key date

In coin collecting, a key date refers to a date (or date and mint mark combination) of a given coin series or set that is harder to obtain than other dates in the series.

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KGHM Polska Miedź

KGHM Polska Miedź S.A., commonly known as KGHM, is a Polish multinational corporation that employs near 34,000 people around the world and has been a leader in copper and silver production for more than 50 years.

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Killarney Provincial Park

Killarney Provincial Park is a provincial park in central Ontario, Canada.

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Kingash mine

The Kingash mine is a large mine in the north of Russia in the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

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Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill

The TVA Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill occurred just before 1 a.m. on Monday December 22, 2008, when an ash dike ruptured at an solid waste containment area at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Kingston Fossil Plant in Roane County, Tennessee.

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Kirovsky District, Murmansk Oblast

Kirovsky District (Ки́ровский райо́н) was an administrative division (a district) of Murmansk Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, and later a district of Murmansk Oblast, of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, which existed in 1935–1954.

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Kitchen knife

A kitchen knife is any knife that is intended to be used in food preparation.

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Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)

The Klamath Mountains ecoregion of Oregon and California lies inland and north of the Coast Range ecoregion, extending from the Umpqua River in the north to the Sacramento Valley in the south.

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Knife

A knife (plural knives) is a tool with a cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with most having a handle.

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Knochen (hill)

The Knochen is a monadnock between the village of Raschau-Markersbach and the town of Schwarzenberg in the Saxon part of the Ore Mountains in southeastern Germany.

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Koanophyllon

Koanophyllon is a genus of plants in the sunflower family.

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Kokogllave mine

The Kokogllave mine is a large mine in the south-east of Albania in Korçë County 114 km south-east of the capital, Tirana.

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Kola Peninsula

The Kola Peninsula (Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov; from Куэлнэгк нёаррк, Kuelnegk njoarrk; Guoládatnjárga; Kuolan niemimaa; Kolahalvøya) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia.

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Kolsky District

Kolsky District (Ко́льский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

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Komatiite

Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock.

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Kompozit

OAO "Кompozit" (Open Joint Stock Company "Kompozit") (ОАО Композит) is a company in the field of materials science, famous for its role in several spacecraft and rocket projects.

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Konawe Utara mine

The Konawe Utara mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Sulawesi.

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Koniambo mine

The Koniambo mine is a large mine in the north of New Caledonia in the North Province.

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Konttijärvi mine

The Konttijärvi mine is one of the largest gold mines in Finland and in the world.

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Korea General Chemicals Trading

Korea General Chemicals Trading Corporation is a North Korean chemical conglomerate.

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Korean Bell of Friendship

The Korean Bell of Friendship (more commonly called Korean Friendship Bell) is a massive bronze bell housed in a stone pavilion in Angel's Gate Park, in the San Pedro neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

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Kosovo

Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).

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Kostanay Region

Kostanay Region (Қостанай облысы, Qostanaı oblysy, قوستاناي وبلىسى) (Кустанайская Область, Kustanayskaya Oblast) is a region of Kazakhstan.

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Kovar

Kovar (trademark of CRS Holdings, inc., Delaware) is a nickel–cobalt ferrous alloy compositionally identical to Fernico 1, designed to have substantially the same thermal expansion characteristics as borosilicate glass (~5 × 10−6 /K between 30 and 200 °C, to ~10 × 10−6 /K at 800 °C) in order to allow a tight mechanical joint between the two materials over a range of temperatures.

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Krasnoyarsk Krai

Krasnoyarsk Krai (p) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk—the third-largest city in Siberia (after Novosibirsk and Omsk).

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Kris

The kris (ngoko Javanese:; krama inggil Javanese:; ngoko: keris; krama; dhuwung; krama inggil: wangkingan, lit. "to slice"; Jawi: کريس, Thai: กริช krit, Minangkabau: karih, Tagalog: kalis; Bugis and Makassarese: sele) is an asymmetrical dagger with distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (pamor).

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Kropatschek rifle

A Kropatschek is any variant of a rifle designed by Alfred von Kropatschek.

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Krutovite

Krutovite is a cubic nickel diarsenide with a chemical composition of NiAs2 and a sulfur content of 0.02-0.34 weight percent (Vinogradova, et al., 1977).

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Krytron

The krytron is a cold-cathode gas-filled tube intended for use as a very high-speed switch, somewhat similar to the thyratron.

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Kun-Manie mine

The Kun-Manie mine is a large mine prospect in the Far East of Russia in the Amur Oblast.

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Kynal

Kynal was a brand name for a series of aluminium alloys produced by ICI.

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La Negra Formation

La Negra Formation (Formación La Negra) is a geologic formation of Jurassic age, composed chiefly of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, located in the Coast Range of northern Chile.

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Lactarius sanguifluus

Lactarius sanguifluus, commonly known as the bloody milk cap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae.

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Lactoylglutathione lyase

In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal.

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Lake Jean

Lake Jean is a lake in Luzerne County and Sullivan County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Lake Johnston (Western Australia)

Lake Johnston is a lake in the Goldfields-Esperance region of the state of Western Australia.

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Lake Superior

Lake Superior (Lac Supérieur; ᑭᑦᒉᐁ-ᑲᒣᐁ, Gitchi-Gami) is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America.

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Lamproite

Lamproite is an ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic or subvolcanic rock.

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Lamprophyre

Lamprophyres (Greek λαµπρός (lamprós).

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Lamy

Lamy is a producer of writing instruments in Europe.

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Landsat program

The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth.

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Langbeinites

Langbeinites are a family of crystalline substances based on the structure of langbeinite with general formula M2M'2(SO4)3, where M is a large univalent cation such as potassium, rubidium, caesium, or ammonium), and M' is a small divalent cation for example (magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium). The sulfate group, SO42−, can be substituted by other tetrahedral anions with a double negative charge such as tetrafluoroberyllate BeF42−, selenate (SeO42−), chromate (CrO42−), molybdate (MO42−), or tungstates. Although monofluorophosphates are predicted, they have not been described. By redistributing charges other anions with the same shape such as phosphate also form langbeinite structures. In these the M' atom must have a greater charge to balance the extra three negative charges. At higher temperatures the crystal structure is cubic P213. However, the crystal structure may change to lower symmetries at lower temperatures, for example, P21, P1, or P212121. Usually this temperature is well below room temperature, but in a few cases the substance must be heated to acquire the cubic structure.

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Lanthanide probes

Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications.

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Lanzhou

Lanzhou is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China.

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Lapland Biosphere Reserve

Lapland Nature Reserve (Лапландский заповедник) (also Laplandskiy) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, above the Arctic Circle.

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Large igneous province

In geology, a large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including plutonic rocks (intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (extrusive), arising when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out.

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Largo Winch II

Largo Winch II (released internationally as The Burma Conspiracy) is a 2011 French film based on the Belgian comic book Largo Winch.

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Lascar (volcano)

Lascar is a stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans the countries of Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.

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Laser ablation

Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam.

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Laterite

Laterite is a soil and rock type rich in iron and aluminium, and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas.

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Lateritic nickel ore deposits

Lateritic nickel ore deposits are surficial, weathered rinds formed on ultramafic rocks.

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Laurence Brodie-Hall

Sir Laurence "Brodie" Brodie-Hall AO CMG (10 June 1910 – 1 October 2006) was an influential figure in the mining industry of Western Australia (WA).

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Lavendulan

Lavendulan is an uncommon copper arsenate mineral, known for its characteristic intense electric blue colour.

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Laverton, Western Australia

Laverton, originally known as British Flag, is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, and the centre of administration for the Shire of Laverton.

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Law of Maximum

The Law of Maximum also known as Law of the Maximum is a principle developed by Arthur Wallace which states that total growth of a crop or a plant is proportional to about 70 growth factors.

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Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.

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Leason Adams

Leason Heberling Adams (January 16, 1887 – August 20, 1969) was an American geophysicist and researcher.

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Lee Kee Group

Founded in 1947 by Mr.

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Leersia hexandra

Leersia hexandra is a species of grass known by the common names southern cutgrass, clubhead cutgrass, and swamp rice grass.

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Legnica

Legnica (archaic Polish: Lignica, Liegnitz, Lehnice, Lignitium) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the Kaczawa River (left tributary of the Oder) and the Czarna Woda.

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Leinster, Western Australia

Leinster is a town in the northern goldfields area of Western Australia.

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Leonid Rozhetskin

Leonid Borisovich Rozhetskin (Леонид Борисович Рожецкин, born August 4, 1966; disappeared March 16, 2008) was a financier and lawyer who went missing under suspicious circumstances after disappearing from his village in Jūrmala, Latvia.

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Letts nitrile synthesis

The Letts nitrile synthesis is a chemical reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids with metal thiocyanates to form nitriles.

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Leucocroton havanensis

Leucocroton havanensis is an endemic species to Cuba.

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Leviathan Mine

Leviathan Mine is a United States superfund site (CERCLIS ID: CAD98067685) at an abandoned open-pit sulfur mine located in Alpine County, California.

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Liberty Head nickel

The Liberty Head nickel, sometimes referred to as the V nickel because of its reverse (or tails) design, is an American five-cent piece.

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Librazhd District

Librazhd District (Rrethi i Librazhdit) was one of the thirty-six districts of Albania (which were dissolved in 2000) that is now part of Elbasan County.

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Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

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Lillsjön (Ulvsunda)

Lillsjön (The Small Lake) is a small lake in the western suburb Bromma in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Limoilou dust controversy

The Limoilou dust controversy involves the Port of Quebec, St.

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Lindesay Clark

Sir Lindesay Clark (7 January 18963 January 1986) was a renowned Australian mining engineer and company director.

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Liquefied natural gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane C2H6) that has been converted to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport.

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Liquid fluoride thorium reactor

The liquid fluoride thorium reactor (acronym LFTR; often pronounced lifter) is a type of molten salt reactor.

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Liquid metal

Liquid metal consists of alloys with very low melting points which form a eutectic that is liquid at room temperature.

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Liquid–liquid extraction

Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).

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Liquidmetal

Liquidmetal and Vitreloy are commercial names of a series of amorphous metal alloys developed by a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) research team and marketed by Liquidmetal Technologies.

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List of acronyms: N

(Main list of acronyms).

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List of allergens

This is a list of allergies, which includes the allergen, potential reactions, and a brief description of the cause where applicable.

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List of alloys

This is a list of named alloys grouped alphabetically by base metal.

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List of blade materials

Blade materials are those used to make the blade of a knife or other simple edged hand tool or weapon, such as a hatchet or sword.

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List of chemical element name etymologies

This is the list of etymologies for all chemical element names.

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List of chemical elements

, 118 chemical elements are identified.

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List of commonly available chemicals

Many chemicals are commonly available in pure form.

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List of companies traded on the JSE

This is a list of companies traded on the JSE.

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List of copper alloys

Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component.

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List of elements by atomic properties

This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by Atomic number.

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List of elements by stability of isotopes

Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons, which attract each other through the nuclear force, while protons repel each other via the electric force due to their positive charge.

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List of exports of Canada

The following is a list of the exports of Canada.

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List of exports of Russia

The following is a list of the exports of Russia.

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List of gemstones in the Bible

Gemstones are referenced in multiple books of the Bible, particularly in the Old Testament.

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List of geologists

A geologist is a contributor to the science of geology.

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List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens

Substances, mixtures and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 2B: The agent (mixture) is "possibly carcinogenic to humans".

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List of laser types

This is a list of laser types, their operational wavelengths, and their applications.

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List of MeSH codes (D01)

This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH.

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List of meteorite minerals

A meteorite mineral is a mineral found chiefly or exclusively within meteorites or meteorite derived material.

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List of minerals

This is a list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia.

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List of minerals N (complete)

No description.

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List of mines in British Columbia

This is an incomplete list of mines in British Columbia, Canada and includes operating and closed mines, as well as proposed mines at an advanced stage of development (e.g. mining permits applied for).

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List of mines in Indonesia

This list of mines in Indonesia is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output.

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List of mines in Japan

This list of mines in Japan is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country.

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List of mines in Manitoba

This is a list of mines in Manitoba, Canada.

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List of mines in Michigan

This is a list of current and defunct mines in Michigan.

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List of mines in Quebec

This a list of mines in the Canadian province of Quebec and includes both operating and closed mines.

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List of mines in Temagami

This is a list of mines in Temagami, a municipality in the northern part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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List of mining areas in Colombia

This is a list of mining areas in Colombia.

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List of misidentified chemical elements

Chemical elements that have been mistakenly "discovered".

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List of oxidation states of the elements

This is a list of known oxidation states of the chemical elements, excluding nonintegral values.

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List of public art in Milwaukee

This is a list of public art in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

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List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

This is a list of public art in Ward 2 of Washington, D.C..

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List of Russian explorers

The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of show mines

This is a list of show mines, that are currently open to the public.

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List of Superfund sites in Alabama

This is a list of Superfund sites in Alabama designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Arkansas

This is a list of Superfund sites in Arkansas designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Colorado

This is a list of Superfund sites in Colorado designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Florida

This is a list of Superfund sites in Florida designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Idaho

This is a list of Superfund sites in Idaho, United States of America, as designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

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List of Superfund sites in Iowa

This is a list of Superfund sites in Iowa designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Minnesota

This is a list of Superfund sites in Minnesota designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Missouri

This is a list of Superfund sites in Missouri designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in New Mexico

This is a list of Superfund sites in New Mexico designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Tennessee

This is a list of Superfund sites in Tennessee designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of Superfund sites in Washington (state)

This is a list of Superfund sites in Washington State designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law.

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List of The Colbert Report episodes (2005–06)

This is a list of episodes for The Colbert Report in 2005 and 2006.

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List of thermal conductivities

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.

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List of top international rankings by country

This list of top international rankings by country includes global-scale lists of countries with rankings (this list only contains sovereign states), sorted by country that is placed top or bottom in the respective ranking.

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List of traded commodities

The following is a list of traded commodities.

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List of vacuum tubes

This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes.

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List of volcanic craters in Arizona

The United States National Geodetic Survey lists 28 craters in the state of Arizona.

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List of world production

This is a list of annual world production.

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Lists of countries by mineral production

The following list creates a summary of the two major producers of different minerals (and coal, which is generally not considered a mineral).

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Little Nescopeck Creek

Little Nescopeck Creek is a tributary of Nescopeck Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Lo-Ex

Lo-Ex is an aluminium alloy with a very small thermal expansion co-efficient.

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Local oxidation nanolithography

Local oxidation nanolithography (LON) is a tip-based nanofabrication method.

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Loch Enoch

Loch Enoch is a multi-basin freshwater loch in Galloway, to the east of Merrick and south of Mullwharchar.

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Loch Line

The Loch Line of Glasgow, Scotland, was a group of ill-fated colonial clippers managed by Messrs William Aitken and James Lilburn, whose sailing ships plied between the United Kingdom and Australia from 1867 to 1911.

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Loch Neldricken

Loch Neldricken is a loch in Galloway to the south-east of Merrick, south of Craig Neldricken and west of Craignaw.

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Loch Valley

Loch Valley is a loch in Galloway Forest Park to the east of Buchan Hill, north of the Rig of the Jarkness and southwest of Craignaw.

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Loellingite

Loellingite, also spelled löllingite, is an iron arsenide mineral with formula FeAs2.

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London Metal Exchange

The London Metal Exchange (LME) is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals.

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Lonely Mine

Lonely Mine is a village in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe and is located about 84 km north-east of Bulawayo, just north of Inyati.

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Long Harbour Nickel Processing Plant

The Long Harbour Nickel Processing Plant is a Canadian nickel concentrate processing facility located in Long Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador.

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Longki Djanggola

Longki Djanggola is an Indonesian politician and currently the governor of Central Sulawesi.

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Loonie

The Canadian one dollar coin, commonly called the loonie (huard), is a gold-coloured one-dollar coin introduced in 1987.

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Loreto, Dinagat Islands

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Los, Sweden

Los is a locality situated in Ljusdal Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 387 inhabitants in 2010.

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Lost-foam casting

Lost-foam casting (LFC) is a type of evaporative-pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam is used for the pattern instead of wax.

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Low-alloy special purpose steel

Low-alloy special purpose steel is a grade of tool steel characterized by its proportion of iron to other elements, the kind of elements in its composition, and its treatment during the manufacturing process.

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Low-energy electron diffraction

Low-Energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low energy electrons (20–200 eV) and observation of diffracted electrons as spots on a fluorescent screen.

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Lower Swansea valley

The Lower Swansea valley (Cwm Tawe Isaf) is the lower half of the valley of the River Tawe in south Wales.

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Loyola University New Orleans

Loyola University New Orleans is a private, co-educational, Jesuit university located in New Orleans, Louisiana.

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Ludwig Mond

Ludwig Mond (7 March 1839 – 11 December 1909) was a German-born chemist and industrialist who took British nationality.

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Lundin Mining

Lundin Mining is a multinational minerals company with operations in the United States, Sweden, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Russia.

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Luwu

The Kingdom of Luwu (also Luwuq or Wareq) is the oldest kingdom in South Sulawesi.

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Lynn Lake

Lynn Lake is a town in the northwest region of Manitoba, Canada, approximately from Winnipeg.

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M-type asteroid

M-type asteroids are asteroids of partially known composition; they are moderately bright (albedo 0.1–0.2).

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M. A. Hanna Company

M.

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Mabuchi Motor

is a Japanese manufacturing company based in Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

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Mach number

In fluid dynamics, the Mach number (M or Ma) is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound.

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Mackenzie Large Igneous Province

The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province (MLIP) is a major Mesoproterozoic large igneous province of the southwestern, western and northwestern Canadian Shield in Canada.

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Mackinac Island meteorite

Mackinac Island meteorite was found on Mars by the ''Opportunity'' rover on October 13, 2009.

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Mackinawite

Mackinawite is an iron nickel sulfide mineral with formula (Fe,Ni)1 + xS (where x.

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Macroolithus

Macroolithus is an oogenus (fossil-egg genus) of dinosaur egg belonging to the oofamily Elongatoolithidae.

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Magic number (physics)

In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons, separately) such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus.

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Magnesite

Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate).

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Magnet

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

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Magnetic alloy

A magnetic alloy is a combination of various metals from the periodic table such as ferrite that contains at least one of the three main magnetic elements: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) or cobalt (Co) etc..

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Magnetic core

A magnetic core is a piece of magnetic material with a high magnetic permeability used to confine and guide magnetic fields in electrical, electromechanical and magnetic devices such as electromagnets, transformers, electric motors, generators, inductors, magnetic recording heads, and magnetic assemblies.

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Magnetic domain

A magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction.

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Magnetic field

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.

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Magnetic field-assisted finishing

Magnetic field-assisted finishing, sometimes called magnetic abrasive finishing, is a surface finishing technique in which a magnetic field is used to force abrasive particles against the target surface.

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Magnetic force microscope

The magnetic force microscope (MFM) is a variety of atomic force microscope, where a sharp magnetized tip scans a magnetic sample; the tip-sample magnetic interactions are detected and used to reconstruct the magnetic structure of the sample surface.

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Magnetic impurity

A magnetic impurity is an impurity in a host metal that has a magnetic moment.

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Magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields.

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Magnetic particle inspection

pipeline to check for stress corrosion cracking using what is known as the "black and white" method. No indications of cracking appear in this picture; the only marks are the "footprints" of the magnetic yoke and drip marks. pipeline showing indications of stress corrosion cracking (two clusters of small black lines) revealed by MPI. Cracks that would normally have been invisible are detectable due to the magnetic particles clustering at the crack openings. The scale at the bottom is numbered in centimetres. Magnetic particle Inspection (MPI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) process for detecting surface and shallow subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of their alloys.

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Magnetic refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.

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Magnetic semiconductor

Magnetic semiconductors are semiconductor materials that exhibit both ferromagnetism (or a similar response) and useful semiconductor properties.

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Magnetic shape-memory alloy

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs), also called ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMA), are particular shape memory alloys which produce forces and deformations in response to a magnetic field.

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Magnetic susceptibility

In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: susceptibilis, "receptive"; denoted) is one measure of the magnetic properties of a material.

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Magnetic tape data storage

Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording.

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Magnetic-plasmonic bifunctional nanoparticles

Bifunctional plasmonic-magnetic nanoparticles (PM-NPs) consist of optical and magnetic components.

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Magnetism

Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields.

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Magnetism and temperature

Magnetism and temperature.

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Magnetosphere of Jupiter

The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the cavity created in the solar wind by the planet's magnetic field.

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Magnetostriction

Magnetostriction (cf. electrostriction) is a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization.

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Mahanoy Creek

Mahanoy Creek is a U.S. Geological Survey.

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Mainspring

A mainspring is a spiral torsion spring of metal ribbon—commonly spring steel—used as a power source in mechanical watches, some clocks, and other clockwork mechanisms.

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Malayaite

Malayaite is a calcium tin silicate mineral with formula CaSnO.

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Malaysian ringgit

The Malaysian ringgit (plural: ringgit; symbol: RM; currency code: MYR; formerly the Malaysian dollar) is the currency of Malaysia.

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Maldivian laari

The laari is a coin denomination issued by the Maldives as the subdenomination of the Maldivian rufiyaa since 1960.

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Malignant transformation

Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.

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Mangalloy

Mangalloy, also called manganese steel or Hadfield steel, is an alloy steel containing an average of around 13% manganese.

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Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

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Manganese nodule

Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core.

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Manganese(IV) fluoride

Manganese tetrafluoride, MnF4, is the highest fluoride of manganese.

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Manganin

| specific_heat.

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Manganoblödite

Manganoblödite is a rare manganese mineral with the formula Na2Mn(SO4)2·4H2O.

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Manhès–David process

The Manhès–David process is a refining process of the copper mattes, invented in 1880 by the French industrialist Pierre Manhès and his engineer.

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Manitoba Highway 6

Provincial Trunk Highway 6 (PTH 6) is a provincial primary highway located in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

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Mantle (geology)

The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies.

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Mantle convection

Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface.

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Manufacturers Trust Company Building

The Manufacturers Trust Company Building, now known as 510 Fifth Avenue, is a historic building located at the southwest corner of West 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue in the New York City borough of Manhattan.

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Maraging steel

Maraging steels (a portmanteau of "martensitic" and "aging") are steels (iron alloys) that are known for possessing superior strength and toughness without losing malleability, although they cannot hold a good cutting edge.

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Marcetta Y. Darensbourg

Dr.

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Margarine

Margarine is an imitation butter spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking.

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Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle

The Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program.

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Marie-Agnès Courty

Marie-Agnès Courty is a French geologist of the CNRS who works at the European Centre for Prehistoric Research, in Tautavel (Pyrénées-Orientales).

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Marine pollution

Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural, and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms.

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Maritime, Fluvial and Harbour Museum of Rouen

The Maritime, Fluvial and Harbour Museum of Rouen (musée maritime fluvial et portuaire de Rouen) is a museum dedicated to the history of the port of Rouen, which is one of the greatest ports of France.

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Mars Exploration Rover

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars.

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Marx generator

A Marx generator is an electrical circuit first described by Erwin Otto Marx in 1924.

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Maslovskoye mine

The Maslovskoye mine is a large mine in the center of Russia in the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

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Material properties of diamond

Diamond is the allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the specific type of cubic lattice called diamond cubic.

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Materials for use in vacuum

Materials for use in vacuum are materials showing very low rate of outgassing in vacuum, and, where applicable, tolerant to the bake-out temperatures.

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Matte (metallurgy)

Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper, nickel, and other base metals.

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Matter wave

Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being an example of wave–particle duality.

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Mauser

Mauser, begun as Königliche Waffen Schmieden, is a German arms manufacturer.

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Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect.

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McArthur Lake (Ontario)

McArthur Lake is a lake in Ontario, Canada to the south of the city of Timmins.

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McClean Lake mine

The McClean Lake mine is a uranium mine and milling operation located west of Wollaston Lake, about 700 kilometres north of Saskatoon, in the Athabasca Basin region of Saskatchewan, Canada.

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McFaulds Lake

McFaulds Lake is a lake located in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada.

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Meccano

Meccano is a model construction system created in 1898 by Frank Hornby in Liverpool, United Kingdom.

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Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan)

The is a list of sites, landmarks, machines, and documents that made significant contributions to the development of mechanical engineering in Japan.

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Mechanical properties of biomaterials

Materials that are used for biomedical or clinical applications are known as biomaterials.

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Medal

A medal or medallion is a small portable artistic object, a thin disc, normally of metal, carrying a design, usually on both sides.

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Melba Flats

Melba Flats is a railway siding on the Emu Bay Railway east of Zeehan that served as a terminus for trains carrying copper ore from the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company in west coast Tasmania, once the Emu Bay Railway ceased services into the Zeehan townsite.

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Melchior (alloy)

In metallurgy, melchior is an alloy of copper, mainly with nickel (5–30%).

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Melonite

Melonite is a telluride of nickel; it is a metallic mineral.

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Melting point

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.

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Melting points of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Mental illness in fly-in fly-out workers

Fly-in fly-out (FIFO) work practices in Australia occur amongst various professions primarily associated within the resources industry as well as medical and related health services.

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Merchant submarine

A merchant submarine is a type of submarine intended for trade, and being without armaments, it is not considered a warship like most other types of submarines.

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Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act

In the United States, the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act (the Battery Act) (Public law 104-142) was signed into law on May 13, 1996.

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Merensky Reef

The Merensky Reef is a layer of igneous rock in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) in the North West, Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa which together with an underlying layer, the Upper Group 2 Reef (UG2), contains most of the world's known reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs) or platinum group elements (PGEs) - platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.

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Meridiani Planum

Meridiani Planum is a plain located 2 degrees south of Mars' equator (centered at), in the westernmost portion of Terra Meridiani.

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Meritorious Team Commendation

The Meritorious Team Commendation (MTC) is a unit award of the United States Coast Guard.

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Merlis Serpentinites

The Merlis Serpentinites are an aligned group of small serpentinite outcrops in the northwestern French Massif Central.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Metal bellows

Metal bellows are elastic vessels that can be compressed when pressure is applied to the outside of the vessel, or extended under vacuum.

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Metal carbonyl

Metal carbonyls are coordination complexes of transition metals with carbon monoxide ligands.

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Metal fume fever

Metal fume fever, also known as brass founders' ague, brass shakes, zinc shakes, galvie flu, metal dust fever, Welding Shivers, or Monday morning fever, is an illness primarily caused by exposure to chemicals such as zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or magnesium oxide (MgO) which are produced as byproducts in the fumes that result when certain metals are heated.

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Metal ions in aqueous solution

A metal ion in aqueous solution (aqua ion) is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula z+.

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Metal matrix composite

A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound.

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Metal prices

Metal prices (metal commodities) are only for a few metals quoted on exchanges.

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Metal Stocks in Society report

The report Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific Synthesis was the first of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the International Resource Panel (IRP) of the United Nations Environment Programme.

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Metal zipper

A metal zipper is a zipper, zip, zip fastener or fly with its binding edges consisting of individual pieces of metal that are molded into shape and set at regular intervals on the zipper tape.

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Metal–organic framework

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are compounds consisting of metal ions or clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures.

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Metallic microlattice

A metallic microlattice is a synthetic porous metallic material consisting of an ultra-light metal foam.

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Metalloestrogen

Metalloestrogens are a class of inorganic xenoestrogens which can affect the gene expression of human cells responding to estrogen.

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Metalloid

A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them.

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Metalloprotein

Metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal ion cofactor.

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Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

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Metallurgy of Russia

The metallurgy branch of Russian industry involves about 5% of Russia's GDP, about 18% of industrial production and about 14% of exports.

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Metals in medicine

Metals in medicine are used in organic systems for diagnostic and treatment purposes.

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Metco 308

Metco 308 is a graphite cermet powder used to lubricate gas turbine and jet engines.

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Meteor Crater

Meteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater approximately east of Flagstaff and west of Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States.

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Meteoric iron

Meteoric iron, sometimes meteoritic iron, is a native metal found in meteorites and made from the elements iron and nickel mainly in the form of the mineral phases kamacite and taenite.

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Meteorite

A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon.

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Methane reformer

A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst.

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Methanizer

Methanizer is an appliance used in gas chromatography, which allows to detect very low concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

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Methanosarcina

Methanosarcina is a genus of euryarchaeote archaea that produce methane.

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Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein

Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) is a transmembrane sensor protein of bacteria.

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Methylobacterium goesingense

Methylobacterium goesingense is a bacterium from the genus of Methylobacterium which has been isolated from the endospores from the plant Thlapi goesingense in Austria.

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Mexican peso

The Mexican peso (sign: $; code: MXN) is the currency of Mexico.

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Michael Lesher

Carl Michael Lesher (born 1951) is an American geologist.

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Microelectromechanical systems

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS, also written as micro-electro-mechanical, MicroElectroMechanical or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems and the related micromechatronics) is the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts.

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Micronutrient deficiency

Micronutrient deficiency or dietary deficiency is not enough of one or more of the micronutrients required for optimal plant or animal health.

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Microtech Gefell

Founded by Georg Neumann, Microtech Gefell was originally known as Georg Neumann & Company Gefell, and is considered by many in the audio recording industry to be the true bearer of the well-known Neumann name.

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Mikhail Prokhorov

Mikhail Dmitrievitch Prokhorov (p; born 3 May 1965) is a Russian billionaire, politician, and owner of the American basketball team the Brooklyn Nets.

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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 (Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-25; NATO reporting name: Foxbat) is a supersonic interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft that was among the fastest military aircraft to enter service.

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Military colours, standards and guidons

In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours, standards or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some 5,000 years ago.

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Military history of Finland during World War II

Finland participated in the Second World War, twice battling the Soviet Union, and then against Nazi Germany.

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Miller Run

Miller Run is a tributary of Limestone Run in Union County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Millerite

Millerite is a nickel sulfide mineral, NiS.

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Millers Run

Millers Run is a tributary of Shamokin Creek in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Milorganite

Milorganite is a brand of biosolids fertilizer produced by treating sewage sludge by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District.

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Milton C. Whitaker

Milton C. Whitaker was a noted 20th-century chemist.

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Minara Resources

Minara Resources Pty Ltd is one of the major mining companies of Australia, specializing in the mining of cobalt and nickel.

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Mineral (nutrient)

In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life.

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Mineral and Lapidary Museum

The Mineral and Lapidary Museum of Henderson County is a non-profit, volunteer-run museum in Hendersonville, North Carolina founded in 1997 at 400 North Main Street in the middle of the city's Historic District.

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Mineral industry of Colombia

Mineral industry of Colombia refers to the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials in Colombia.

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Mineral industry of Guatemala

The mineral industry of Guatemala includes.

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Mineral redox buffer

In geology, a redox buffer is an assemblage of minerals or compounds that constrains oxygen fugacity as a function of temperature.

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Minglanilla Science High School

The Minglanilla Science High School (Mataas na Paaralang Pang-Agham ng Minglanilla) is a public science high school in Poblacion Ward 1, Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines.

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Mining in Australia

Mining in Australia is a significant primary industry and contributor to the Australian economy.

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Mining in Japan

Mining in Japan is minimal because Japan possesses very few mining resources.

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Mining in North Korea

Mining in North Korea is important to the country's economy.

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Mining in Sweden

The mining industry in Sweden had a vital history of mining that traces back to 6,000 years, with the famous known mine in Sweden named Falun Mine, located in Dalarna.

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Mining in Western Australia

Mining in Western Australia, together with the petroleum industry in the state, accounted for 92 per cent of the State's and 41% of Australia's income from total merchandise exports in 2015–16.

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Mining industry of Botswana

The mineral industry of Botswana has dominated the national economy since the 1970s.

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Mining industry of Burundi

Burundi is a producer of columbium (niobium) and tantalum ore, tin ore, and tungsten ore, and some deposits of gold which are designated for export.

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Mining industry of Cameroon

Cameroon has a total area of approximately 475 thousand square kilometers, a coastline of some 400 kilometers, and a population approaching 19 million people.

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Mining industry of Guinea

The mining industry of Guinea was developed during colonial rule.

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Mining industry of Ivory Coast

Although the subsoil of Ivory Coast contained many other minerals, none existed in commercially exploitable amounts, given the high costs of extraction.

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Mining industry of Madagascar

The mining industry of Madagascar is on a small scale, centred mainly around remote locations with large mineral deposits.

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Mining industry of Malawi

The mining industry of Malawi, includes a number of gemstones and other minerals.

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Mining industry of South Sudan

The mining industry of South Sudan started operating from the time South Sudan became a regional government of Sudan in 2005.

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Mining industry of Sudan

The mining industry of Sudan was mostly driven by extraction fuel minerals, with petroleum accounting for a substantial contribution to the country's economy, until the autonomous region of Southern Sudan became an independent country in July 2011.

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Mining industry of Tanzania

Tanzania is a land rich in minerals.

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Mining the Sky

Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets, is a 1997 book by University of Arizona Planetary Sciences professor emeritus John S. Lewis that describes possible routes for accessing extraterrestrial resources, either for use on Earth or for enabling space colonization.

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Mir (submersible)

Mir (Russian: "Мир", world or peace) is a self-propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle.

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Mirrored sunglasses

Mirrored sunglasses are sunglasses with a reflective optical coating (called a mirror coating or flash coating) on the outside of the lenses to make them appear like small mirrors.

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Mitsubishi Corporation

is Japan's largest trading company (sogo shosha) and a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu.

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Mixer-settler

Mixer settlers are a class of mineral process equipment used in the solvent extraction process.

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MKM steel

MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist Tokuhichi Mishima.

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Moa, Cuba

Moa is a municipality and an industrial city in the Holguín Province of Cuba.

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Modulated neutron initiator

A modulated neutron initiator is a neutron source capable of producing a burst of neutrons on activation.

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Mohs scale of mineral hardness

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.

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Mokra Gora mine

The Mokra Gora mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Serbia.

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Molar ionization energies of the elements

These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ mol−1.

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Moldovan leu

The leu (ISO 4217 code MDL) is the currency of Moldova.

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Molten-salt battery

Molten-salt batteries (including liquid-metal batteries) are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density.

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Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment

The Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) was an experimental molten salt reactor at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) researching this technology through the 1960s; constructed by 1964, it went critical in 1965 and was operated until 1969.

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Molybdenum disulfide

Molybdenum disulfide is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.

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Monégasque franc

The franc (ISO 4217: MCF) was the official currency of the Principality of Monaco until 1995 (de facto, 1996 de jure), when it changed to the French Franc.

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Monchegorsk

Monchegorsk (Мончего́рск) is a town in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, south of Murmansk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Monchegorsky District

Monchegorsky District (Мончего́рский райо́н) was an administrative division (a district) of Murmansk Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, and later of Murmansk Oblast of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, which existed in 1938–1949.

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Mond process

The Mond process, sometimes known as the carbonyl process, is a technique created by Ludwig Mond in 1890, to extract and purify nickel.

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Monel

Monel is a group of nickel alloys, primarily composed of nickel (up to 67%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon.

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Morasko Meteorite Nature Reserve

The Morasko meteorite nature reserve (Rezerwat przyrody meteoryt Morasko) is located in Morasko, on the northern edge of the city of Poznań, Poland.

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Moroccan dirham

The dirham (درهم); plural: (دراهم, ⴰⴷⵔⵀⵎ, Dirham, Dírha, pronounced darahim) is the currency of Morocco.

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Morupule Colliery

The Morupule Colliery is a coal mine located in Palapye, Botswana, and owned and operated by Debswana, a partnership between the government of Botswana and De Beers.

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Moseley's law

Moseley's law is an empirical law concerning the characteristic x-rays that are emitted by atoms.

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MOSFET

MOSFET showing gate (G), body (B), source (S) and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an insulating layer (white). surface-mount packages. Operating as switches, each of these components can sustain a blocking voltage of 120nbspvolts in the ''off'' state, and can conduct a continuous current of 30 amperes in the ''on'' state, dissipating up to about 100 watts and controlling a load of over 2000 watts. A matchstick is pictured for scale. A cross-section through an nMOSFET when the gate voltage ''V''GS is below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there is little or no conduction between the terminals drain and source; the switch is off. When the gate is more positive, it attracts electrons, inducing an ''n''-type conductive channel in the substrate below the oxide, which allows electrons to flow between the ''n''-doped terminals; the switch is on. Simulation result for formation of inversion channel (electron density) and attainment of threshold voltage (IV) in a nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold voltage for this device lies around 0.45 V The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon.

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Mount Keith Mine

Mount Keith Mine is an open pit nickel mine in Western Australia.

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Mount Pinatubo

Mount Pinatubo (Bakil nin Pinatobo; Bunduk/Bulkan ning Pinatubu, Bunduk ning Apu Malyari; Palandey/Bulkan na Pinatubu; Bantay Pinatubo; Bundok/Bulkang Pinatubo) is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon.

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Mount Polley mine disaster

The Mount Polley mine disaster is an environmental disaster in the Cariboo region of central British Columbia, Canada, that began 4 August 2014 with a breach of the Imperial Metals-owned Mount Polley copper and gold mine tailings pond, releasing its water and slurry with years worth of mining waste into Polley Lake.

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Mounted corkscrew

A mounted or bar corkscrew is a device screwed or clamped to a wall or counter top, used to draw corks from beer, wine or other bottles.

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Mu-metal

Mu-metal is a nickel–iron soft ferromagnetic alloy with very high permeability, which is used for shielding sensitive electronic equipment against static or low-frequency magnetic fields.

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Mueang Ratchaburi District

Mueang Ratchaburi (เมืองราชบุรี) is the capital district (amphoe mueang) of Ratchaburi Province, western Thailand.

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Muncy Creek

Muncy Creek (also known as Big Muncy Creek) is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Sullivan County and Lycoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Mundrabilla (meteorite)

The Mundrabilla meteorite is an iron meteorite found in 1911 in Australia, one of the largest meteorites found, with a total known weight of 22 tonnes and the main mass (the single largest fragment) accounting for 12.4 tonnes.

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Munisport

Munisport Landfill is a closed landfill located in North Miami, Florida adjacent to a low-income community, a regional campus of Florida International University, Oleta River State Park (a state recreational park), and estuarine Biscayne Bay.

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Muonionalusta

The Muonionalusta is a meteorite classified as fine octahedrite, type IVA (Of) which impacted in northern Scandinavia, west of the border between Sweden and Finland, about one million years BCE.

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Murmansk Okrug

Murmansk Okrug (Му́рманский о́круг, Murmansky okrug) was an administrative division (an okrug) of the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, which existed in 1927–1938.

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Murmansk–Nikel Railway

The Murmansk–Nikel Railway is a 206 km long railway between Murmansk and Nikel in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, primarily for freight from the nickel mine at Nikel, with the passenger service east of Kola currently suspended.

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Murray Edmund Watts

Murray Edmund Watts, (1909 – October 8, 1982) was a Canadian mining engineer and prospector.

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Murray Mine

Murray Mine is a defunct nickel and copper mine in Greater Sudbury, Ontario.

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Murray Raney

Murray Raney (October 14, 1885 – March 3, 1966) was an American mechanical engineer born in Carrollton, Kentucky.

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Murrin Murrin Joint Venture

The Murrin Murrin Joint Venture is a major nickel-cobalt mining operation being conducted in the North Eastern Goldfields, approximately 45 km east of Leonora, Western Australia.

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Murrin Murrin, Western Australia

Murrin Murrin is an abandoned town in Western Australia located east of Perth, situated along the Old Laverton Road in between Leonora and Laverton in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

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Mutagen

In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.

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MV Vinalines Queen

MV Vinalines Queen was a bulk carrier of the Vietnam National Shipping Lines, or Vinalines.

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Mwetaung mine

The Gullu Mual (Mwetaung) is a large mine in the east of Burma in the Chin State.

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Mycena inclinata

Mycena inclinata, commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak-stump bonnet cap, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae.

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Mycoremediation

Mycoremediation (from ancient Greek μύκης (mukēs), meaning "fungus" and the suffix -remedium, in Latin meaning 'restoring balance') is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based technology is used to decontaminate the environment.

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NACA Technical Note No. 842

NACA Technical Note No.

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Nainital Lake

Nainital Lake, a natural freshwater body, situated amidst the township of Nainital in Uttarakhand State of India, tectonic in origin, is kidney shaped or crescent shaped and has an outfall at the southeastern end.

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Nakkerud

Nakkerud is a small village in Ringerike municipality, Buskerud, Norway.

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Namer

Namer (נמ"ר), means "leopard" and also a syllabic abbreviation of "Nagmash" (APC) and "Merkava" is an Israeli armoured personnel carrier based on a Merkava Mark IV tank chassis.

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Namibian dollar

The Namibian dollar (symbol: $; code: NAD; Namibiese dollar) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993.

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Namtu

Namtu (နမၼတူ) is a town situated in northern Shan State, Burma.

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Nanocrystalline material

A nanocrystalline (NC) material is a polycrystalline material with a crystallite size of only a few nanometers.

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Nanofoam

Nanofoams are a class of nanostructured, porous materials (foams) containing a significant population of pores with diameters less than 100 nm.

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Nanomagnet

A nanomagnet is a submicrometric system that presents spontaneous magnetic order (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field (remanence).

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Nanomaterial-based catalyst

Nanomaterial-based catalysts are usually heterogeneous catalysts broken up into metal nanoparticles in order to speed up the catalytic process.

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Nanomesh

The nanomesh is a new inorganic nanostructured two-dimensional material, similar to graphene.

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Nanorod

In nanotechnology, nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects.

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NanoScale Corporation

NanoScale Corporation was a private US corporation, located in Manhattan, Kansas.

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Nanowire

A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9 meters).

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Nantan meteorite

The Nantan meteorite is an iron meteorite that belongs to the IAB group and the MG (main group) subgroup.

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National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, also using the acronym NESHAP, are emission standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

The National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) is a Smithsonian Institution museum established in December 2003.

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National Physical Laboratory of India

The National Physical Laboratory of India, situated in New Delhi, is the measurement standards laboratory of India.

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National Pollutant Inventory

The National Pollutant Inventory or NPI is a database of Australian pollution emissions managed by the Australian Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments.

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Native element minerals

Native element minerals are those elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.

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Native metal

A native metal is any metal that is found in its metallic form, either pure in nature.

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Natural resource economics

Natural resource economics deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.

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Natural resources of Kosovo

Natural resources are abundant in Kosovo.

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Natural resources of the Arctic

Natural resources of the Arctic are the mineral and animal resources within the Arctic region (sometimes defined as north of the Arctic Circle) that provide or have potential to provide utility or economic benefit to humans.

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Natural resources use in Tanzania

The main natural resources in Tanzania are land, rivers, lakes, the ocean, and forests/woodlands.

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Nautsi

Nautsi (Наутси) was a rural locality in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.

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Naval artillery

Naval artillery is artillery mounted on a warship, originally used only for naval warfare, later also for naval gunfire support against targets on land, and for anti-aircraft use.

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Naval Ordnance Laboratory

The Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), now disestablished, formerly located in the White Oak area of Montgomery County, Maryland, was the site of considerable work that had practical impact upon world technology.

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Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41)

After the Nazis rose to power in Germany in 1933, relations between Germany and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate rapidly, and trade between the two countries decreased.

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Népouite

Népouite is a rare nickel silicate mineral which has the apple green colour typical of such compounds.

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Neal Menzies

Neal Menzies (born 7 December 1959) is an Australian professor of soil science at the University of Queensland.

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Neder-Betuwe

Neder-Betuwe is a municipality in Gelderland, in the east of the Netherlands.

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Negishi coupling

The Negishi coupling is a widely employed transition metal catalyzed cross-coupling reaction.

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Nensebo (woreda)

Nensebo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

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Neodymium

Neodymium is a chemical element with symbol Nd and atomic number 60.

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Nepenthes rajah

Nepenthes rajah is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the Nepenthaceae family.

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Nephelauxetic effect

The nephelauxetic effect is a term used the inorganic chemistry of transition metals.

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Neutron activation

Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nuclei capture free neutrons, becoming heavier and entering excited states.

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Neutron cross section

In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus.

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Neutron scattering length

A neutron may pass by a nucleus with a probability determined by the nuclear interaction distance, or be absorbed, or undergo scattering that may be either coherent or incoherent.

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Neutron supermirror

A neutron supermirror is a highly polished surface used in connection with neutron beams.

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New Caledonia

New Caledonia (Nouvelle-Calédonie)Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV — see). The French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.

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New Caledonia rain forests

The New Caledonia rain forests are a terrestrial ecoregion, located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific.

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New Caledonian barrier reef

The New Caledonian barrier reef is located in New Caledonia in the South Pacific, and is the second-longest double-barrier coral reef in the world, after the Belize Barrier Reef.

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New Order (Nazism)

The New Order (German: Neuordnung), or the New Order of Europe (German: Neuordnung Europas), was the political order which Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the conquered areas under its dominion.

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New Taiwan dollar

New Taiwan dollar (sign: NT$; code: TWD) is the official currency of Taiwan.

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New York Herald Tribune

The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966.

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New Zealand fifty-cent coin

The New Zealand fifty-cent coin is a coin of the New Zealand dollar.

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New Zealand twenty-cent coin

The New Zealand twenty-cent coin is the second-lowest-denomination coin of the New Zealand dollar.

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NextGenPower

NextGenPower is an integrated project which aims to demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, turbine and interconnecting pipework.

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NI

NI or Ni may refer to.

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Nicaraguan córdoba

The córdoba (sign: C$; code: NIO) is the currency of Nicaragua.

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Nicaro-Levisa

Nicaro-Levisa, also Levisa-Nicaro, is a Cuban town and consejo popular ("people's council", i.e. hamlet) of the municipality of Mayarí, in Holguín Province, formed by the settlements of Nicaro and Levisa.

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Nichrome

Nichrome (NiCr, nickel-chrome, chrome-nickel, etc.) is any of various alloys of nickel, chromium, and often iron (and possibly other elements).

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Nichromite

Nichromite (Ni,Co,Fe)(Cr,Fe,Al)2O4 is a black cubic metallic mineral and member of the spinel group.

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Nickel (Canadian coin)

The Canadian five-cent coin, commonly called a nickel, is a coin worth five cents or one-twentieth of a Canadian dollar.

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Nickel (disambiguation)

Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

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Nickel (United States coin)

A nickel, in American usage, is a five-cent coin struck by the United States Mint.

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Nickel allergy

Nickel allergy (also referred to as Ni-ACD) is a form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by exposure to the chemical element nickel.

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Nickel aluminide

Nickel aluminide (Ni3Al) is an intermetallic alloy of nickel and aluminum with properties similar to both a ceramic and a metal.

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Nickel Asia Corporation

Nickel Asia Corporation (NAC) is a Philippine mining company based at the Bonifacio Global City in Taguig, Metro Manila which primarily mines lateritic nickel ore.

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Nickel Babbitt

Babbitt refers to a bearing alloy consisting typically of tin, lead, antimony, and copper.

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Nickel bis(dimethylglyoximate)

Nickel bis(dimethylglyoximate) is the coordination complex with the formula Ni2.

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Nickel boride

Nickel borides are inorganic compounds with the chemical formula NixBy, where x and y vary.

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Nickel compounds

Compounds of nickel are chemical compounds containing the element nickel which is a member of the group 10 of the periodic table.

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Nickel deposits of Finland

The Finnish nickel deposits were found in the Petsamo area near the Barents Sea.

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Nickel Directive

The Nickel Directive was a European Union directive regulating the use of nickel in jewellery and other products that come into contact with the skin.

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Nickel electroplating

Nickel electroplating is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of nickel onto a metal object.

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Nickel hydride

Nickel hydride describes an alloy made by combining nickel and hydrogen.

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Nickel mine

A Nickel mine is a mine that produces nickel.

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Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania

Nickel Mines is a hamlet in Bart Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA.

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Nickel mining in New Caledonia

Nickel mining in New Caledonia is a major sector of the New Caledonian economy.

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Nickel mining in Western Australia

Nickel mining in Western Australia has been an industry that has had many fluctuations of fortune in its history.

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Nickel Mountain (company)

Nickel Mountain Groub AB, formerly IGE Resources is a mining company based in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Nickel pig iron

Nickel pig iron (NPI) is a low grade ferronickel invented in China as a cheaper alternative to pure nickel for the production of stainless steel.

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Nickel Queen

Nickel Queen is a 1971 Australian comedy film starring Googie Withers and directed by her husband John McCallum.

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Nickel selenide

Nickel selenide is the inorganic compound with the formula NiSe.

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Nickel silver

Nickel silver, Maillechort, German silver, Argentan, new silver, nickel brass, albata, alpacca, or electrum is a copper alloy with nickel and often zinc.

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Nickel succinate

Nickel succinate is a transition metal carboxylic acid salt.

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Nickel sulfide

Nickel sulfide is a inorganic compound with the formula NiS.

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Nickel tetracarbonyl

Nickel carbonyl (IUPAC name: tetracarbonylnickel) is the organonickel compound with the formula Ni(CO)4.

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Nickel titanium

Nickel titanium, also known as Nitinol (part of shape memory alloy), is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages e.g. Nitinol 55, Nitinol 60.

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Nickel(II) carbonate

Nickel(II) carbonate describes one or a mixture of inorganic compounds containing nickel and carbonate.

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Nickel(II) chloride

Nickel(II) chloride (or just nickel chloride), is the chemical compound NiCl2.

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Nickel(II) fluoride

Nickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2.

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Nickel(II) nitrate

Nickel nitrate is the inorganic compound Ni(NO3)2 or any hydrate thereof.

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Nickel(II) oxide

Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Nickel(II) precatalysts

Nickel(II) precatalysts are a type of catalyst used in organic reactions.

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Nickel(II) sulfate

Nickel(II) sulfate, or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula NiSO4(H2O)6.

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Nickel(II) titanate

Nickel(II) titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NiTiO3 nickel(II) titanate, also known as nickel titanium oxide, is a coordination compound between nickel(II), titanium(IV) and oxide ions.

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Nickel-62

Nickel-62 is an isotope of nickel having 28 protons and 34 neutrons.

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Nickel-dependent hydrogenase

Hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the reversible activation of hydrogen and which occur widely in prokaryotes as well as in some eukaryotes.

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Nickel-transporting ATPase

In enzymology, a nickel-transporting ATPase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, H2O, and Ni2+, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and Ni2+.

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Nickel–cadmium battery

The nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes.

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Nickel–hydrogen battery

A nickel–hydrogen battery (NiH2 or Ni–H2) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen.

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Nickel–iron battery

The nickel–iron battery (NiFe battery) is a rechargeable battery having nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive plates and iron negative plates, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide.

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Nickel–metal hydride battery

A nickel metal hydride battery, abbreviated NiMH or Ni–MH, is a type of rechargeable battery.

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Nickel–zinc battery

A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery similar to NiMH batteries, but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V.

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Nickelblödite

Nickelblödite is a rare nickel sulfate mineral with the formula Na2Ni(SO4)2·4H2O.

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Nickelhütte Aue

The Nickelhütte Aue is a modern manufacturing site in East Germany for pure non-ferrous metals like nickel, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten.

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Nickeline

Nickeline or niccolite is a mineral consisting of nickel arsenide (NiAs) containing 43.9% nickel and 56.1% arsenic.

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Nickelocene

Nickelocene is the organonickel compound with the formula Ni(''η''5-C5H5)2.

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NiCo riboswitch

The NiCo riboswitch is a riboswitch that senses nickel or cobalt ions.

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NicO transporters

The Nickel/Cobalt Transporter (NicO) Family is a member of the Lysine Exporter (LysE) Superfamily.

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NiCoT family

Proteins currently known to belong to the Ni2+-Co2+ Transporter (NiCoT) family can be found in organisms ranging from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to archaea and some eukaryotes.

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Nicrosil

Nicrosil is a nickel alloy containing 14.4% chromium, 1.4% silicon, and (in some sources) 0.1% magnesium.

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Nigusil

Nigusil is a patented metal alloy created by Moto Guzzi for motorcycle cylinder liners.

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Nik operon

The nik operon is an operon required for uptake of nickel ions.

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Nikasil

Nikasil is a trademarked electrodeposited lipophilic nickel matrix silicon carbide coating for engine components, mainly piston engine cylinder liners.

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Nikel

Nikel (Ни́кель, lit. nickel; Nikkeli) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the shores of Lake Kuets-Yarvi northwest of Murmansk and from the Norwegian border on.

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Nikolay Urvantsev

Nikolay Nikolayevich Urvantsev (Николай Николаевич Урванцев; – 20 February 1985) was a Soviet geologist and explorer.

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Nimonic

Nimonic is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation that refers to a family of nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloys.

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Ninjas in Pyjamas

Ninjas in Pyjamas (abbreviated NiP) is a professional esports organisation from Sweden that is best known for their Counter-Strike: Global Offensive team.

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Niobium

Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41.

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Niquelândia

Niquelândia is municipality in northern Goiás state, Brazil.

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Nisil

Nisil is an alloy of nickel (95.5% wt.) and silicon (4.4% wt.) with traces of Mg (0.1% wt.). Nisil melts at 1341 - 1420 °C and has a density of 8.58 g/cm³, a Temperature resistance of 0.365 Ω⋅mm2/m at 20 °C.

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Nitinol biocompatibility

Nitinol biocompatibility is an important factor in biomedical applications.

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Nitric acid

Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.

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Nitronic

Nitronic is the trade name for a collection of nitrogen strengthened stainless steel alloys.

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Nitronickelate

The nitronickelates are a class of chemical compounds containing a nickel atom complexed by nitro groups, -NO2.

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Nivarox

Nivarox (full business name Nivarox - FAR SA) is a Swiss company formed by a merger in 1984 between Nivarox SA and Fabriques d'Assortiments Réunis (FAR).

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Nkomati mine

The Nkomati mine is a large mine in the north-east of South Africa near Machadodorp in Mpumalanga.

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Nodule (geology)

In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock.

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Non-celiac gluten sensitivity

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or gluten sensitivity is defined as "a clinical entity induced by the ingestion of gluten leading to intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms that improve once the gluten-containing foodstuff is removed from the diet, and celiac disease and wheat allergy have been excluded".

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Non-faradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity

Non-faradic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity (NEMCA effect), also known as electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC), is used to describe the increase in catalytic activity (up to 90-fold) and selectivity of a gas exposed electrode on a solid electrolyte cell upon application of a potential.

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Non-ferrous metal

In metallurgy, a non-ferrous metal is a metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron (ferrite) in appreciable amounts.

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Nonferrous archaeometallurgy of the Southern Levant

Nonferrous Archaeometallurgy in the Southern Levant refers to the archaeological study of non-Iron-related metal technology in the region of the Southern Levant during the Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age from approximately 4500BC to 1000BC.

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Nonmagmatic meteorite

Nonmagmatic meteorite (also nonmagmatic iron meteorite) is a deprecated term formerly used in meteoritics to describe iron meteorites that were originally thought to have not formed by igneous processes, to differentiate them from the magmatic meteorites, produced by the crystallization of a metal melt.

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Nonmetal

Apart from hydrogen, nonmetals are located in the p-block. Helium, as an s-block element, would normally be placed next to hydrogen and above beryllium. However, since it is a noble gas, it is instead placed above neon (in the p-block). In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributes.

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Nordic Mining

Nordic Mining ASA is a mining company in Norway.

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Nordland

Nordland (Nordlánda) is a county in Norway in the Northern Norway region, bordering Troms in the north, Trøndelag in the south, Norrbotten County in Sweden to the east, Västerbotten County to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) to the west.

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Norillag

Norillag, Norilsk Corrective Labor Camp (Норильлаг, Норильстрой, Норильский ИТЛ) was a gulag labor camp set by Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia and headquartered there.

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Norilsk

Norilsk (p) is an industrial city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, located above the Arctic Circle, east of the Yenisei River and south of the western Taymyr Peninsula.

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Norite

Norite is a mafic intrusive igneous rock composed largely of the calcium-rich plagioclase labradorite, orthopyroxene, and olivine.

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Nornickel

Nornickel (until 2016 Norilsk Nickel, ГМК «Норильский никель») is a Russian nickel and palladium mining and smelting company.

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Norrie Mine

Norrie Mine is an abandoned surface mine in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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North American Palladium

North American Palladium Ltd., founded in 1968 as Madeleine Mines Ltd., is a mining company with headquarters located at Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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North American X-15

The North American X-15 was a hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft operated by the United States Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of the X-plane series of experimental aircraft.

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North China Craton

The North China Craton is a continental crustal block with one of Earth's most complete and complex record of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic processes.

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North Konawe mine

The North Konawe mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Sulawesi.

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Northeast Arm Iron Range

The Northeast Arm Iron Range, also called the Temagami Iron Range, is an elongated area of iron ore in Nipissing District of Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Northern Ontario Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire is the name given to a massive planned chromite mining and smelting development project in the mineral-rich James Bay Lowlands of Northern Ontario.

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Northern Power Station (South Australia)

Northern Power Station was located in the locality of Port Paterson in the Australian state of South Australia about south of the city centre of Port Augusta.

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Northland Pyrite Mine

The Northland Pyrite Mine, also known as James Lake Mine, Rib Lake Mine, Harris Mine or simply Northland Mine, is an abandoned underground mine in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, located on the southwestern shore of James Lake in Best Township of Temagami.

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NorthMet Deposit

The NorthMet Deposit is a deposit of minerals located in northeastern Minnesota contained within the geological region known as the Duluth Complex.

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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.

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Nouméa

Nouméa is the capital and largest city of the French special collectivity of New Caledonia.

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Nouméa Cathedral

Nouméa Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Joseph de Nouméa) is a Roman Catholic church in Nouméa, New Caledonia.

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Novotroitsk

Novotroitsk (Новотро́ицк) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of and along the Ural River, from Orenburg, on the border with Kazakhstan.

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Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction

The Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction is a nickel/chromium coupling reaction forming an alcohol from the reaction of an aldehyde with an allyl or vinyl halide.

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Nuclear binding energy

Nuclear binding energy is the minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.

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Nuclear fuel

Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines.

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Nuclear fusion

In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).

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Nuclear physics

Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions.

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Nuclear technology

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.

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Nuclear weapon design

Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate.

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Nucleosynthesis

Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.

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O'Connor Mine

O'Connor Mine, also known as Milestone Mine, is an abandoned surface mine in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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O-ring

An O-ring, also known as a packing, or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at the interface.

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Obsolete denominations of United States currency

The United States has produced several coins and banknotes of its dollar which no longer circulate or have been disused.

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Occupational cancer

Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards.

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Oceania

Oceania is a geographic region comprising Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and Australasia.

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Octahedrite

Octahedrites are the most common structural class of iron meteorites.

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Octahedron

In geometry, an octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces, twelve edges, and six vertices.

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Octávio Barbosa

Octávio Barbosa (April 29, 1907 – January 31, 1997) was a Brazilian geologist.

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October 1941

The following events occurred in October 1941.

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Oddo–Harkins rule

The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that an element with an even atomic number (such as carbon: element 6) is more abundant than both elements with the adjacently smaller and larger odd atomic numbers (such as boron: element 5 and nitrogen: element 7, respectively for the carbon).

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Oil refinery

Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.

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Oil sands

Oil sands, also known as tar sands or crude bitumen, or more technically bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit.

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Oil shale

Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales), can be produced.

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Oil shale geology

Oil shale geology is a branch of geologic sciences which studies the formation and composition of oil shales–fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing significant amounts of kerogen, and belonging to the group of sapropel fuels.

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Ojén

Ojén (population approximately 2,000) is a town and municipality that sits in the mountains behind Marbella in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain.

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Old Black

Old Black is the name given to the main electric guitar used by rock musician Neil Young.

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Old Man of Coniston

The Old Man of Coniston is a fell in the Furness Fells in the English Lake District.

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Oliver Typewriter Company

The Oliver Typewriter Company was an American typewriter manufacturer headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

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Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.

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OM Group

OM Group Incorporated is a metal-based chemistry firm based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

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Omega-3 fatty acid

Omega−3 fatty acids, also called ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

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Omer Arbel

Omer Arbel (born 1976) is a designer and sculptor based in Vancouver and Berlin.

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One guilder coin (1982–2001)

The Dutch 1 guilder coin featuring Queen Beatrix on its obverse was a unit of currency of the Dutch guilder minted between 1982 and 2001.

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One guilder coin (Netherlands)

The One guilder coin was a coin struck in the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1818 and 2001.

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One leu (Romanian coin)

The one leu coin was a coin of the Romanian leu.

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One pound (British coin)

The British one pound (£1) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling.

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One rupee (Indian coin)

One rupee coin is an Indian coin worth one Indian rupee and is made up of hundred paisas.

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One-baht coin

The one-baht coin is a currency unit of the Thai baht.

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Ontario Northland Railway

The Ontario Northland Railway is a Canadian railway operated by the Ontario Northland Transportation Commission, a provincial Crown agency of the government of Ontario.

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Open-pit mining

Open-pit, open-cast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow.

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Operation Rentier

Operation Rentier (Reindeer) was a German operation during World War II intended to secure the nickel mines around Petsamo in Finland, against a Soviet attack in the event of a renewed war between Finland and the Soviet Union.

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Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude.

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Ore genesis

Various theories of ore genesis explain how the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust.

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Ore Mountain Mining Region

The Ore Mountain Mining Region (Montanregion Erzgebirge) is an industrial heritage landscape, over 800 years old, in the border region between the German state of Saxony and North Bohemia in the Czech Republic.

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Ore Mountains

The Ore Mountains or Ore Mountain Range (Erzgebirge; Krušné hory; both literally "ore mountains") in Central Europe have formed a natural border between Saxony and Bohemia for around 800 years, from the 12th to the 20th centuries.

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Ore resources on Mars

Mars may contain ores that would be very useful to potential colonists.

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Ore sorting

Ore sorting is separating an ore into constituent parts.

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Oregonite

Oregonite, Ni2FeAs2 is a nickel iron arsenide mineral first described from Josephine Creek, Oregon, US.

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Orenburg Oblast

Orenburg Oblast (Оренбу́ргская о́бласть, Orenburgskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast).

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Organoiron chemistry

Organoiron chemistry is the chemistry of iron compounds containing a carbon-to-iron chemical bond.

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Organonickel

Organonickel chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic compounds featuring nickel-carbon bonds.

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Ormolu

Ormolu (from French or moulu, signifying ground or pounded gold) is an English term, used since the 18th century for the gilding technique of applying finely ground, high-carat gold–mercury amalgam to an object of bronze, and for objects finished in this way.

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Orthodontic archwire

An archwire in orthodontics is a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch that can be used with dental braces as a source of force in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth.

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Osaka Mercantile Exchange

Osaka Mercantile Exchange (OME) was a futures exchange based in Osaka, Japan.

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Osmium

Osmium (from Greek ὀσμή osme, "smell") is a chemical element with symbol Os and atomic number 76.

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Otta seal

Otta seal is a type of bituminous surface treatment that was developed by the Norwegian Road Research Laboratory (NRRL).

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Ottawa River (Lake Erie)

The Ottawa River, also known as Ottawa Creek, is a short river, approximately longU.S. Geological Survey.

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Otto Linné Erdmann

Otto Linné Erdmann (11 April 1804 – 9 October 1869) was a German chemist.

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Otwayite

Otwayite, Ni2CO3(OH)2, is a hydrated nickel carbonate mineral.

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Outer core

The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer about thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle.

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Outline of mining

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mining: Mining – extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam.

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Outotec

Outotec Oyj is a Finnish listed technology company that was created when Outokumpu Oyj span off its technology business into a separate entity in 2006.

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Overpotential

In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed.

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Owen Nacker

Owen Nacker (November 7, 1883 in Highland Township, Oakland County, Michigan – May 4, 1959 in Pleasant Ridge, Michigan) was an American automotive engineer.

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Owens Lake

Owens Lake is a mostly dry lake in the Owens Valley on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County, California.

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Oxalatonickelate

The oxalatonickelates are a class of compounds that contain nickel complexed by oxalate groups.

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Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.

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Oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy

Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are used for high temperature turbine blades and heat exchanger tubing.

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Oxymorphone

Oxymorphone, sold under the brand names Numorphan among others, is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic (painkiller) developed in Germany in 1914.

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Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants

The Paatsjoki River hydroelectric power plants are a series of hydroelectric installations on the Paatsjoki River.

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Paintbrush

A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or sometimes ink.

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Pakistani rupee

The Pakistani rupee (روپیہ / ALA-LC:; sign: ₨; code: PKR) is the currency of Pakistan.

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Palawan

Palawan (pron.), officially the Province of Palawan (Cuyonon: Probinsya i'ang Palawan / Paragua; Kapuoran sang Palawan; Lalawigan ng Palawan) is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of MIMAROPA.

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Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

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Pallasite

The pallasites are a class of stony–iron meteorite.

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Pangyo County

P'an'gyo County is a ''kun'', or county, in Kangwŏn province, North Korea.

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Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea (PNG;,; Papua Niugini; Hiri Motu: Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia.

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Parkerizing

Parkerizing, bonderizing, phosphating, or phosphatizing is a method of protecting a steel surface from corrosion and increasing its resistance to wear through the application of a chemical phosphate conversion coating.

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Particle (ecology)

In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object.

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Passivation (chemistry)

Passivation, in physical chemistry and engineering, refers to a material becoming "passive," that is, less affected or corroded by the environment of future use.

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Patapsco River

The Patapsco River is a U.S. Geological Survey.

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Patch test

A patch test is a method used to determine whether a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of a patient's skin.

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Patrick Bohan

Patrick "Burly" Bohan (1864–1931) was an American saloonkeeper and owner of The Doctor's, a popular Park Row dive bar and hangout for panhandlers and professional beggars known as the "Bowery Bums".

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Patterson power cell

The Patterson power cell is an electrolysis device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he said created 200 times more energy than it used, and neutralize radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation.

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Paul Sabatier (chemist)

Prof Paul Sabatier FRS(For) HFRSE (5 November 1854 – 14 August 1941) was a French chemist, born in Carcassonne.

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Peaceful nuclear explosion

Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes.

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Pećka Banja

Pećka Banja (Albanian: Banja e Pejës, Serbian Cyrillic: Пећка Бања) is a township located in the municipality of Istok, Kosovo.

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Pecan

The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is a species of hickory native to Mexico and the Southern United States.

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Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast

Pechenga (Пече́нга; Finnish and Petsamo; Petsjenga; Beahcán; Peäccam) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Pechengsky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

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Pechengsky District

Pechengsky District (Пе́ченгский райо́н; Petsamo; Peisen; Beahcán; Peäccam) is an administrative district (raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia.

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Pecoraite

Pecoraite is a nickel silicate mineral and a member of the serpentine group.

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Pedelec

A pedelec (from pedal electric cycle) is a bicycle where the rider's pedalling is assisted by a small electric motor; thus it is a type of low-powered e-bike.

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Peltaria

Peltaria is a genus of flowering plants, within the family Brassicaceae.

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Pendulum

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely.

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Penny (Canadian coin)

In Canada, a penny is a coin worth one cent, or of a dollar.

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Penny (United States coin)

The United States one-cent coin, often called a penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar.

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Pentlandite

Pentlandite is an iron-nickel sulfide, (Fe,Ni)9S8.

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Perideridia erythrorhiza

Perideridia erythrorhiza is a rare species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common names western yampah and redroot yampah.

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Period (periodic table)

A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row.

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Period 4 element

A period 4 element is one of the chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements.

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Period 6 element

A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the lanthanides.

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Periodatonickelates

The periodatonickelates are a series of anions and salts of nickel complexed to the periodate anion.

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Permalloy

Permalloy is a nickel–iron magnetic alloy, with about 80% nickel and 20% iron content.

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Permeability (electromagnetism)

In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself.

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Perspiration

Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.

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Petermann Orogeny

The Petermann Orogeny was an Australian intracontinental event that affected basement rocks of the northern Musgrave Province and Ediacaran (Proterozoic) sediments of the (now) southern Amadeus Basin between ~550-535 Ma.

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Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive

The Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway.

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Philippine one-peso coin

The Philippine one-peso coin (₱1) coin is the third-highest denomination coin of the Philippine peso.

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Phlorotannin

Phlorotannins are a type of tannins found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds or sargassacean species, and in a lower amount also in some red algae.

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Phoenix nickel mine

The Phoenix mine is a large mine in the west of Botswana in the North-East District.

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Phonograph record

A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English, or record) is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

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Phosphate

A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.

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Phosphide

In chemistry, a phosphide is a compound containing the P3− ion or its equivalent.

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Phosphor

A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.

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Phosphor bronze

Phosphor bronze is an alloy of copper with 0.5–11% of tin and 0.01–0.35% phosphorus.

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Phosphoria Formation

The Phosphoria Formation of the western United States is a geological formation of Early Permian age.

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Phosphorus trifluoride

Phosphorus trifluoride (formula PF3), is a colorless and odorless gas.

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Photochemical machining

Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as photochemical milling or photo etching, is a chemical milling process used to fabricate sheet metal components using a photoresist and etchants to corrosively machine away selected areas.

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Photon upconversion

Photon upconversion (UC) is a process in which the sequential absorption of two or more photons leads to the emission of light at shorter wavelength than the excitation wavelength.

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Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.

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Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.

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Pi interaction

In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems.

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Pilling–Bedworth ratio

The Pilling–Bedworth ratio (P–B ratio), in corrosion of metals, is the ratio of the volume of the elementary cell of a metal oxide to the volume of the elementary cell of the corresponding metal (from which the oxide is created).

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Pimelite

Pimelite was discredited as a mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) in 2006, in an article which suggests that “pimelite” specimens are probably willemseite (which is approved), or kerolite (which is also discredited).

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Pin

A pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together.

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Pioche, Nevada

Pioche is an unincorporated town in Lincoln County, Nevada, United States, about northeast of Las Vegas.

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Pioneer Resources

Pioneer Resources is an ASX listed (ASX code PIO) junior exploration company with a portfolio of lithium, gold, nickel and base metals projects in established mining and exploration regions in Western Australia.

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Pit (nuclear weapon)

The pit, named after the hard core found in fruits such as peaches and apricots, is the core of an implosion nuclear weapon – the fissile material and any neutron reflector or tamper bonded to it.

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Planet

A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.

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Plant nutrition

Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth, plant metabolism and their external supply.

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Plated wire memory

Plated wire memory is a variation of core memory developed by Bell Laboratories in 1957.

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Platinaire

Platinaire is a patented alloy combining sterling silver and platinum.

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Plating

Plating is a surface covering in which a metal is deposited on a conductive surface.

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Platinum

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.

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Platinum group

The platinum-group metals (abbreviated as the PGMs; alternatively, the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs)) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table.

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Playford B Power Station

Playford B Power Station was located at Port Paterson in the Australian state of South Australia about south of the city centre of Port Augusta.

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Plerixafor

Plerixafor (INN and USAN, trade name Mozobil) is an immunostimulant used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells in cancer patients into the bloodstream.

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Plutonium

Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.

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Plutonium–gallium alloy

Plutonium–gallium alloy (Pu–Ga) is an alloy of plutonium and gallium, used in nuclear weapon pits, the component of a nuclear weapon where the fission chain reaction is started.

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PM3 (chemistry)

PM3, or Parameterized Model number 3, is a semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure in computational chemistry.

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Podocarpus angustifolius

Podocarpus angustifolius is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae.

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Podstakannik

The podstakannik (подстака́нник, literally "thing under the glass"), or tea glass holder, is a holder with a handle, most commonly made of metal that holds a drinking glass (stakan).

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POLARIS (seismology)

POLARIS was an underground experiment to observe seismic signals at depth in very hard rock.

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Polish złoty

The złoty (pronounced; sign: zł; code: PLN), which is the masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden', is the currency of Poland.

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Polyarc reactor

The Polyarc reactor is a scientific instrument for the measurement of organic molecules.

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Polybutadiene

Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber.

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Polyhistidine-tag

A polyhistidine-tag is an amino acid motif in proteins that consists of at least six histidine (His) residues, often at the N- or C-terminus of the protein.

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Polythiophene

Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle.

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Port Colborne

Port Colborne (2016 population 18,306) is a city on Lake Erie, at the southern end of the Welland Canal, in the Niagara Region of southern Ontario, Canada.

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Portimo mine

The Portimo mine is one of the largest gold mines in Finland and in the world.

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Poseidon bubble

The Poseidon bubble was a stock market bubble in which the price of Australian mining shares soared in late 1969, then crashed in early 1970.

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Post-metallocene catalyst

A post-metallocene catalyst is a kind of catalyst for the polymerization of olefins, i.e., the industrial production of some of the most common plastics.

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Post-transition metal

Post-transition metals are a set of metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals to their left, and the metalloids to their right.

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Potassium dimanganate(III)

No description.

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Potassium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH, and is commonly called caustic potash.

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Potential applications of graphene

Potential graphene applications include lightweight, thin, flexible, yet incredibly lightweight to, electric/photonics circuits, solar cells, and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of new graphene materials.

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Potosi Mining District

The Potosi mining district, or Potosi, was an area in Clark County of southern Nevada, U.S. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and includes three structures.

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Powder metallurgy

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders.

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Prafulla Kumar Jena

Prafulla Kumar Jena is an Indian metallurgist and a former director of the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (formerly Regional Research Laboratory) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneshwar.

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Praseodymium

Praseodymium is a chemical element with symbol Pr and atomic number 59.

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Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon

Pre-spawn mortality is a phenomenon where adult coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, die before spawning when returning to freshwater streams to spawn.

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Precipitation (chemistry)

Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution.

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Precipitation hardening

Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels and stainless steels.

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Presidential $1 Coin Program

The Presidential $1 Coin Program, was the release by the United States Mint of $1 coins with engravings of relief portraits of U.S. presidents on the obverse and the Statue of Liberty on the reverse.

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Prevent defense

The prevent defense is a defensive alignment in American football that seeks to prevent the offense from completing a long pass or scoring a touchdown in a single play and seeks to run out the clock.

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Prices of elements and their compounds

This table lists the elements by their name and gives some historical prices for them and their commonly traded compounds.

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Prime Minister's Medal of Appreciation

The Prime Minister's Medal of Appreciation is an award presented by the Prime Minister of Jamaica to those individuals whom he feels are worthy to be recognized for services to Jamaica or to those Jamaicans who have excelled in personal achievements outside of Jamaica.

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Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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PRNP

PRNP (PRioN Protein) is the human gene encoding for the major prion protein PrP (for prion protein), also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230).

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Programmable metallization cell

The programmable metallization cell, or PMC, is a non-volatile computer memory developed at Arizona State University.

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Progress Energy Inc

Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues.

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Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals

can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein purification

Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.

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Przybylski's Star

Przybylski's Star, or HD 101065, is a rapidly oscillating Ap star that is located at a distance of roughly from the Sun in the southern constellation of Centaurus.

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Pseudevernia furfuracea

Pseudevernia furfuracea, commonly known as tree moss, is a lichenized species of fungus that grows on the bark of firs and pines.

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Pseudospark switch

The pseudospark switch, also known as a cold-cathode thyratron due to the similarities with regular thyratrons, is a gas-filled tube capable of high speed switching.

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Public Service Enterprise Group

The Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG) is a publicly traded diversified energy company headquartered in Newark, New Jersey and was established in 1985.

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PUREX

PUREX is a chemical method used to purify fuel for nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons.

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Putorana Plateau

The Putorana Plateau or the Putorana Mountains is a high-lying basalt plateau, a mountainous area at the northwestern edge of the Central Siberian Plateau, to the south from Taymyr Peninsula.

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Pycnandra acuminata

Pycnandra acuminata is a species of plant in the Sapotaceae family.

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Pyridine

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N.

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Pyrite

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron(II) disulfide).

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Pyrotechnic composition

A pyrotechnic composition is a substance or mixture of substances designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas/smoke or a combination of these, as a result of non-detonative self-sustaining exothermic chemical reactions.

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Pyrotechnic initiator

A pyrotechnic initiator (also initiator or igniter) is a device containing a pyrotechnic composition used primarily to ignite other, more difficult-to-ignite materials, e.g. thermites, gas generators, and solid-fuel rockets.

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QPNC-PAGE

QPNC-PAGE, or quantitative preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a bioanalytical, high-resolution and highly accurate technique applied in biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry to separate proteins quantitatively by isoelectric point.

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Quadra FNX Mining

Quadra FNX Mining Ltd is a Vancouver, British Columbia-based company that produces and explores for copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, gold, cobalt, and molybdenum with operations in Nevada, Arizona, Chile, Greenland, and the Sudbury Basin, Ontario, Canada.

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Qualitative inorganic analysis

Classical qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of analytical chemistry which seeks to find the elemental composition of inorganic compounds.

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Quantum dot solar cell

A quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) is a solar cell design that uses quantum dots as the absorbing photovoltaic material.

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Quarter (Canadian coin)

The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a Canadian coin worth 25 cents or one fourth of a Canadian dollar.

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Quarter (United States coin)

The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-fourth of a dollar.

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Queensland Nickel

Queensland Nickel is a company owned by businessman and politician Clive Palmer.

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Quenching

In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material properties.

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R. Tom Baker

R.

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Rabbit Lake Occurrence

The Rabbit Lake Occurrence is a mineral showing near the southeastern shore of Rabbit Lake in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Radioactive scrap metal

Radioactive scrap metal is created when radioactive material enters the metal recycling process and contaminates scrap metal.

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Radioisotope piezoelectric generator

A Radioisotope piezoelectric generator converts energy stored in the radioactive material directly into motion to generate electricity by the repeated deformation of a piezoelectric material.

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Raglan Mine

Raglan Mine is a large nickel mining complex in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec, Canada.

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Rain-out model

The rain-out model is a model of planetary science that describes the first stage of planetary differentiation and core formation.

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Ramgarh crater

Ramgarh crater.

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Rammelsbergite

Rammelsbergite is a nickel arsenide mineral with formula NiAs2.

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Raney nickel

Raney nickel, also called spongy nickel, is a fine-grained solid composed mostly of nickel derived from a nickel-aluminium alloy.

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Rankin Inlet

Rankin Inlet (Kangiqliniq; Inuktitut syllabics: ᑲᖏᕿᓂᖅ or Kangirliniq, ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᖅ, or Kangir&iniq meaning deep bay/inlet) is an Inuit hamlet on Kudlulik Peninsula in Nunavut, Canada.

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Rare-earth magnet

Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare-earth elements.

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Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine

Ravensthorpe Nickel Operations is a nickel mine and hydrometallurgical processing plant located 550 km south east of Perth, in the Ravensthorpe district of Western Australia.

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Ravensthorpe, Western Australia

Ravensthorpe is a town 541 km south-east of Perth, 40 km inland from the south coast of Western Australia.

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Rönnbäcken mine

Rönnbäcken is a planned mining project in the north of Sweden in the Västerbotten County.

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Reactions on surfaces

Reactions on surfaces are reactions in which at least one of the steps of the reaction mechanism is the adsorption of one or more reactants.

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Reactive bonding

Reactive bonding describes a wafer bonding procedure using highly reactive nanoscale multilayer systems as an intermediate layer between the bonding substrates.

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Reactive material

In the U.S. military, reactive materials (RM) are a new class of materials currently being investigated by the Office of Naval Research and others as a means to increase the lethality of direct-hit or fragmentation warheads.

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Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.

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Reactivity series

In chemistry, a reactivity series (or activity series) is an empirical, calculated, and structurally analytical progression of a series of metals, arranged by their "reactivity" from highest to lowest.

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Record press

A record press is a machine for manufacturing vinyl records.

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Red Back Mining

Red Back Mining Inc.

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Redox

Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

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Reference materials for stable isotope analysis

Isotopic reference materials are compounds (solids, liquids, gasses) with well-defined isotopic compositions and are the ultimate sources of accuracy in mass spectrometric measurements of isotope ratios.

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Refinery

A refinery is a production facility composed of a group of chemical engineering unit processes and unit operations refining certain materials or converting raw material into products of value.

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Refractory metals

Refractory metals are a class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear.

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Reg Sprigg

Reginald Claude Sprigg, AO, HonDSc ANU, HonDSc Flinders, MSc Adelaide, FTSE (1 March 1919 – 2 December 1994) was an Australian geologist and conservationist.

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Reichstein process

The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps.

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Remington Model 95

The Remington Model 95 is a double-barrel pocket pistol commonly recognized as a derringer.

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René 41

René 41 is a nickel-based high temperature alloy developed by General Electric.

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Renewable hydrocarbon fuels via decarboxylation/decarbonylation

Renewable hydrocarbon fuels via decarboxylation/decarbonylation.

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Renminbi

The renminbi (Ab.: RMB;; sign: 元; code: CNY) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China.

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Replicas of the Statue of Liberty

Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) have been created worldwide.

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Replication (optical media)

In optical disc manufacturing, replication is the process of producing discs via methods that do not involve "burning" blank CD, DVD or other discs; the latter is known as duplication.

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Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013, often known by the acronym RIDDOR, is a 2013 Statutory Instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Research in lithium-ion batteries

Research in lithium-ion batteries has produced many proposed refinements of lithium-ion batteries.

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Resistance thermometer

Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature.

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Resistance wire

Resistance wire is wire intended for making electrical resistors (which are used to control the amount of current in a circuit).

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Resistance-nodulation-cell division superfamily

Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family transporters are a category of bacterial efflux pumps, especially identified in Gram-negative bacteria and located in the cytoplasmic membrane, that actively transport substrates.

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Reuben Wells Leonard

Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Wells Leonard (21 February 1860 – 17 December 1930) was a soldier, civil engineer, railroad and mining executive, and philanthropist.

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Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75.

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Rhino Arms

Rhino Arms is a St. Louis based firearms manufacturer, most known for their sporting and competition rifles.

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Rhydymwyn

Rhydymwyn (the name in Welsh means 'Ford of the Ore' and takes its placename from the ford across the River Alyn now replaced by a small iron bridge) is a village in Flintshire, Wales, located in the upper Alyn valley.

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Riboswitch

In molecular biology, a riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA.

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Richard Quesnel

Richard Quesnel (born 1955) is a Canadian entrepreneur and mining engineer, currently president and chief executive officer of Colt Middle East,and a member of the board of directors of Sama Resources.

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Richelsdorf Hills

The Richelsdorf Hills (Richelsdorfer Gebirge) is the name given to a landscape in the German Central Uplands.

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Riddle, Oregon

Riddle is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States.

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Rift Valley Resources

Rift Valley Resources Limited is a mineral exploration company with tenements in highly prospective areas of Tanzania.

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Rigs-to-Reefs

Rigs-to-Reefs (RTR) is the practice of converting decommissioned offshore oil and petroleum rigs into artificial reefs.

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Rinorea niccolifera

Rinorea niccolifera is a species of plant in the Violaceae family.

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Rio Tuba mine

The Rio Tuba mine is a large nickel mine run by Nickel Asia Corporation in the west of the Philippines in Bataraza, Palawan.

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River Tawe

The River Tawe (Welsh: Afon Tawe) is a river in the south of Wales.

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Rivet

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener.

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Road

A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.

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Road case

A road case, roadie case, ATA case or flight case is a shipping container specifically built to protect musical instruments, motion picture equipment, audio and lighting production equipment, properties, or other sensitive equipment when it must be moved between locations, or frequently thrown around by airport baggage-handling personnel.

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Road ecology

Road ecology is the study of the ecological impacts (both positive and negative) of roads and highways (public roads).

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Roaldite

Roaldite is a rare meteorite mineral containing iron, nickel and nitrogen ((Fe,Ni)4N).

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Roaring Brook (Lackawanna River tributary)

Roaring Brook (also known as Roaring Branch Creek or Roaring Creek and historically known as Nay-aug) is a tributary of the Lackawanna River in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Robert Brewster Stanton

Robert Brewster Stanton (5 August 1846, Woodville, Mississippi – 23 February 1922, New Canaan, Connecticut) was a United States civil and mining engineer.

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Robert Gilmour Leckie

Robert Gilmour Leckie (23 August 1833 – 5 November 1914) was a Scottish-born Canadian major who may almost be described as the father of mining engineering in Canada.

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Robin Nicholson (metallurgist)

Sir Robin Buchanan Nicholson, FRS, FREng (born 12 August 1934 Warwickshire England) was a university and then industrial metallurgist, who served as Chief Scientific Adviser, Cabinet Office, from 1983 to 1985.

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Robotic sperm

Robotic Sperm (also called spermbots) are biohybrid microrobots consisting of sperm cells and artificial microstructures.

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Roentgenium

Roentgenium is a chemical element with symbol Rg and atomic number 111.

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Roger Reed

Roger Charles Reed is a Professor of Engineering Science and Materials at the University of Oxford.

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Rogue River (Oregon)

The Rogue River (Tolowa: yan-shuu-chit’ taa-ghii~-li~’, Takelma: tak-elam) in southwestern Oregon in the United States flows about in a generally westward direction from the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean.

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Roles of chemical elements

This table is designed to show the role(s) performed by each chemical element, in nature and in technology.

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Rolls-Royce BR700

The Rolls-Royce BR700 family of turbofan engines powers regional jets and corporate jets.

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Rolls-Royce Trent

Rolls-Royce Trent is a British family of three spool, high bypass turbofan aircraft engines manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc.

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Romanian leu

The Romanian leu (plural lei; ISO 4217 code RON; numeric code 946) is the currency of Romania.

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Romblon

Romblon is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region.

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Romsåsen

Romsåsen, in Askim in Indre Østfold, Norway, is a hill that has an old nickel mine and minerals; it is now protected by law.

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Rosetta Project

The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historic Rosetta Stone to last from 2000 to 12,000 AD; it is run by the Long Now Foundation.

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Roter Bär Pit

The Roter Bär Pit (Grube Roter Bär) in Sankt Andreasberg in the Upper Harz is an iron ore mine that was worked from about 1800 until the 1860s.

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Royal Canadian Mint

The Royal Canadian Mint (Monnaie royale canadienne) is a Crown corporation of Canada, operating under the Royal Canadian Mint Act.

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Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins

Since the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the Royal Canadian Mint has struck Summer and Winter Olympic coins to mark Games held in Canada.

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Rum Jungle, Northern Territory

Rum Jungle is a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 105 kilometres south of Darwin on the East Branch of the Finniss River.

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Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

K-141 Kursk (Атомная Подводная Лодка «Курск» (АПЛ «Курск»)., transl., meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine Kursk") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise-missile submarine of the Russian Navy.

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Russula virescens

Russula virescens is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula, and is commonly known as the green-cracking russula, the quilted green russula, or the green brittlegill.

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Ruthenium

Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44.

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Rwandan franc

The Rwandan franc (sign: FRw,National Bank of Rwanda. "." Accessed 2017-02-20. and possibly RF or R₣; ISO 4217: RWF) is the currency of Rwanda.

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Rylands v Fletcher

was a decision by the House of Lords which established a new area of English tort law.

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S-50 (Manhattan Project)

The S-50 Project was the Manhattan Project's effort to produce enriched uranium by liquid thermal diffusion during World War II.

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Sabatier reaction

The Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process was discovered by the French chemist Paul Sabatier in the 1910s.

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SABRE (rocket engine)

SABRE (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) is a concept under development by Reaction Engines Limited for a hypersonic precooled hybrid air-breathing rocket engine.

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Sacagawea dollar

The Sacagawea dollar (also known as the "golden dollar") is a United States dollar coin that has been minted every year since 2000, although not released for general circulation from 2002 to 2008 and again from 2012 onward due to its general unpopularity with the public and low business demand for the coin.

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SAE 304 stainless steel

SAE 304 stainless steel is the most common stainless steel.

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SAE 310S stainless steel

SAE 310S stainless steel is the low carbon version of 310 and is suggested for applications where sensitisation, and subsequent corrosion by high temperature gases or condensates during shutdown may pose a problem.

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SAES Getters

SAES Getters S.p.A. is an Italian joint stock company, established in 1940.

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SAF 2205

SAF 2205, also known as Sandvik SAF 2205, is a Sandvik-owned trademark for a 22Cr duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel.

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SAF 2507

SAF 2507, also known as Sandvik SAF 2507, is a Sandvik-owned trademark for a 25Cr duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel.

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Safflorite

Safflorite is a rare cobalt iron arsenide mineral with formula: (Co,Fe)As2.

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Salekhard–Igarka Railway

The broad gauge Salekhard–Igarka Railway, (Трансполярная магистраль, Transpolyarnaya Magistral - "Transpolar Mainline") also referred to variously as Мёртвая дорога (Dead Road), and Stalinbahn, is an incomplete railway in northern Siberia.

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Salicide

The term salicide refers to a technology used in the microelectronics industry used to form electrical contacts between the semiconductor device and the supporting interconnect structure.

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Salicylaldoxime

Salicylaldoxime is an organic compound described by the formula C6H4CH.

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Salt spray test

The salt spray (or salt fog) test is a standardized and popular corrosion test method, used to check corrosion resistance of materials and surface coatings.

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Samar Mubarakmand

Samar Mubarakmand (Urdu: ثمر مبارک مند; b. 17 September 1942), is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in gamma spectroscopy and experimental development of the linear accelerator.

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San Benito Mountain

San Benito Mountain is the highest mountain in the Diablo Range of California.

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Sandwich compound

In organometallic chemistry, a sandwich compound is a chemical compound featuring a metal bound by haptic covalent bonds to two arene ligands.

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Sanicro 28

Alloy 28 or Sanicro 28 (trade name) is an alloy of iron which contains nickel and chromium.

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Santiago de Cuba Province

Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba.

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Saprolite

Saprolite is a chemically weathered rock.

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Sargassum muticum

Sargassum muticum, commonly known as Japanese wireweed, is a large brown seaweed of the genus Sargassum.

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Saturation (magnetic)

Seen in some magnetic materials, saturation is the state reached when an increase in applied external magnetic field H cannot increase the magnetization of the material further, so the total magnetic flux density B more or less levels off.

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Sava

The Sava (Сава) is a river in Central and Southeastern Europe, a right tributary of the Danube.

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Saw Mill River

The Saw Mill River is a tributary of the Hudson River in Westchester County, New York, United States.

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Saxophone

The saxophone (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments.

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Scandinavian Peninsula

The Scandinavian Peninsula (Skandinaviska halvön; Den skandinaviske halvøy; Skandinavian niemimaa; ?; Скандинавский полуостров, Skandinavsky poluostrov) is a peninsula of Eurasia located in Northern Europe, which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden, the mainland of Norway (with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia), the northwestern area of Finland, as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia.

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Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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Schreibersite

Schreibersite is generally a rare iron nickel phosphide mineral, (Fe,Ni)3P, though common in iron-nickel meteorites.

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Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission

NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission has amassed an enormous amount of scientific information related to the Martian geology and atmosphere, as well as providing some astronomical observations from Mars.

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Scientific wager

A scientific wager is a wager whose outcome is settled by scientific method.

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Scrap

Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials.

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Sea

A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.

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Sea urchin

Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.

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Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge

The Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge encompassing located in the California coastal community of Seal Beach.

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Second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

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Sedum eastwoodiae

Sedum eastwoodiae is a rare species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family known by the common name Red Mountain stonecrop.

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Seebeck coefficient

The Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower, thermoelectric power, and thermoelectric sensitivity) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the Seebeck effect.

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Selebi-Phikwe

Selebi-Phikwe (also spelt Selibe Phikwe) is a mining town located in the Central District of Botswana.

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Selective surface

In solar thermal collectors, a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Selenium rectifier

A selenium rectifier is a type of metal rectifier, invented in 1933.

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Self-cleaning oven

A self-cleaning oven is an oven which uses high temperature (approximately 500 degrees Celsius or 900 degrees Fahrenheit) to burn off leftovers from baking, without the use of any chemical agents.

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Self-expandable metallic stent

A self-expandable metallic stent (or SEMS) is a metallic tube, or stent, used in order to hold open a structure in the gastrointestinal tract in order to allow the passage of food, chyme, stool, or other secretions required for digestion.

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Selkirk mine

The Selkirk mine is a large mine in the west of Botswana in the North-East District.

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Semi-empirical mass formula

In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called Weizsäcker's formula, or the Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or the Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass and various other properties of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons.

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Senecio coronatus

Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv. aka the woolly grassland senecio is a plant in the family Asteraceae, endemic to and widespread in Southern Africa, occurring in the moister southern and eastern regions.

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Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe

The sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (also sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe or SHRIMP) is a large-diameter, double-focusing secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) sector instrument produced by Australian Scientific Instruments in Canberra, Australia.

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Sequestrant

A sequestrant is a food additive which improves the quality and stability of foods.

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Seretse Khama

Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, GCB, KBE (1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980) was the first President of Botswana, in office from 1966 to 1980.

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Sergio Focardi

Sergio Focardi (1932 – 22 June 2013) was an Italian physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Bologna.

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Serpentine soil

Serpentine soil is mostly derived from ultramafic rocks; In particular, serpentinite, a rock formed by the hydration and metamorphic transformation of peridotite.

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Serpentine subgroup

The serpentine subgroup (part of the kaolinite-serpentine group) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite rocks.

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Serranía de San Lucas

The Serranía de San Lucas is a forested massif in the Bolívar Department of northern Colombia that reaches heights of 2,600m above sea level.

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Sewing needle

A sewing needle for hand-sewing is a long slender tool with a pointed tip at one end and a hole or eye at the other.

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Seymour Lipton

Seymour Lipton (6 November 1903 – 15 December 1986) was an American abstract expressionist sculptor.

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Shades of gray

Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black, and nearby colors with low colorfulness.

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Shaft (mechanical engineering)

A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a machine which absorbs power.

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Shalozersky mine

The Shalozersky mine is a large mine in the north of Russia in the Republic of Karelia.

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Shamokin Creek

Shamokin Creek (also known as Great Shamokin Creek or Middle Branch Shamokin Creek) is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Shanghai Metal Exchange

Shanghai Metal Exchange (SHME), one of the national level futures exchanges of China, was established on 28 May 1992.

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Shape-memory alloy

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated.

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Shape-memory polymer

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are polymeric smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state (temporary shape) to their original (permanent) shape induced by an external stimulus (trigger), such as temperature change.

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Shaped charge

A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosive's energy.

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Sheet metal

Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces.

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Shell and tube heat exchanger

A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs.

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Sherridon, Manitoba

Sherridon, Manitoba is an unincorporated community in Manitoba, Canada.

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Sherritt International

Sherritt International is a Canadian resource company, based in Toronto, Ontario.

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Shevchenko mine

The Shevchenko mine is a large mine in the north-west of Kazakhstan.

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Shield nickel

The Shield nickel was the first United States five-cent piece to be made out of copper-nickel, the same alloy of which American nickels are struck today.

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Shielded metal arc welding

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.

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Shilling (British coin)

The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence.

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Shilling (Irish coin)

The shilling (1s) (scilling) coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound.

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Shinkolobwe

Shinkolobwe, or Kasolo, or Chinkolobew, or Shainkolobwe, is a radium and uranium mine in the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), located 20 km west of Likasi, 20 km south of Kambove, and about 145 km northwest of Lubumbashi.

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Shot (pellet)

Shot is a collective term for small balls or pellets, often made of lead.

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Shpack Landfill

Shpack Landfill is a hazardous waste site in Norton, Massachusetts.

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Siberia

Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.

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Siberian natural resources

Siberian natural resources refers to resources found in Russian Siberia, in the North Asian Mainland.

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Siberian Traps

The Siberian Traps (Сибирские траппы, Sibirskiye trappy) is a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in Siberia, Russia.

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Sibplaz

ZAO Sibplaz (СИБПЛАЗ) is one of Russian leading mining, metallurgical and chemical companies, producing coal, anthracite, coke, nickel, aluminium, zinc, lead, titanium, group of rare metals, and engaging in mineral oil and conducts oil production and gas exploration in Siberia.

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Sidney Kimmel

Sidney J. Kimmel (born 16 January 1928) is founder of the Jones Apparel Group, philanthropist and film producer.

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Siegenite

Siegenite is a cobalt nickel sulfide mineral with formula: (Ni,Co)3S4 (a member of the thiospinel group).

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Siegfried Line

The term Siegfried Line refers to two different German defensive lines, one during the First World War and the other during the Second World War.

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Sikhote-Alin meteorite

An iron meteorite fell on the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, in southeastern Russia, in 1947.

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Silicon carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon.

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Siljan (lake)

Siljan, in Dalarna in central Sweden, is Sweden's sixth largest lake.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Silver chloride electrode

A silver chloride electrode is a type of reference electrode, commonly used in electrochemical measurements.

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Silver mining

Silver mining is the resource extraction of silver by mining.

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Simon–Ehrlich wager

The Simon-Ehrlich Wager describes a 1980 scientific wager between business professor Julian L. Simon and biologist Paul Ehrlich, betting on a mutually agreed-upon measure of resource scarcity over the decade leading up to 1990.

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Sink

A sink — also known by other names including sinker, washbowl, hand basin and wash basin—is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes.

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Sinus Meridiani

Sinus Meridiani is an albedo feature on Mars stretching east-west just south of that planet's equator.

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Six String Nation

Six String Nation was conceived by award-winning Toronto-based writer and broadcaster Jowi Taylor and designed and built by Master Luthier George Rizsanyi in Annapolis County Nova Scotia, from 64 pieces of bone, metal, wood, stone and horn.

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Sixpence (British coin)

The sixpence (6d), sometimes known as a tanner or sixpenny bit, is a coin that was worth one-fortieth of a pound sterling, or six pence. It was first minted in the reign of Edward VI and circulated until 1980. Following decimalisation in 1971 it had a value of new pence. The coin was made from silver from its introduction in 1551 to 1947, and thereafter in cupronickel. Prior to Decimal Day in 1971 there were 240 pence in one pound sterling. Twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in shillings and pence, e.g. 42 old pence (p) would be three shillings and sixpence (3/6), often pronounced "three and six". Values of less than a shilling were simply written in terms of pence, e.g. eight pence would be 8d ('d' for denarius).

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Sixpence (Irish coin)

The sixpence (6d, reul) coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound or of a shilling.

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Skin conditions in instrumental musicians

The intense contact between a musical instrument and skin may exaggerate existing skin conditions or cause new skin conditions.

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Skutterudite

Named after the city of Skotterud, Norway, Skutterudite is a cobalt arsenide mineral containing variable amounts of nickel and iron substituting for cobalt with a general formula: CoAs3.

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Slang terms for money

Slang terms for money often derive from the appearance and features of banknotes or coins, their values, historical associations or the units of currency concerned.

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Slide Hollow

Slide Hollow (also known as Slide Hollow Run) is a tributary of Panther Run in Union County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Slingerland Drum Company

Slingerland is an American drum kits brand, currently owned by Gibson.

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Slovenian tolar

The tolar was the currency of Slovenia from 8 October 1991 until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2007.

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Slug (coin)

A slug is a counterfeit coin that is used to make illegal purchases from a coin-operated device, such as a vending machine, payphone, parking meter, transit farebox, copy machine, coin laundry, gaming machine, or arcade game.

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Slurry pipeline

A slurry pipeline is a specially engineered pipeline used to move ores, such as coal or iron, or mining waste, called tailings, over long distances.

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Smaltite

Smaltite is a variety of the mineral skutterudite consisting of cobalt iron nickel arsenide: (Co,Fe,Ni)As2.

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Smith & Wesson .38/44

Smith & Wesson.38/44 identifies a series of Smith & Wesson N-frame revolvers chambered for the.38 Special cartridge loaded to higher pressures than were considered appropriate for earlier revolvers of that caliber.

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Smith & Wesson Model 29

The Smith & Wesson Model 29 is a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the.44 Magnum cartridge and manufactured by the United States company Smith & Wesson.

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Smith & Wesson Model 57

The Smith & Wesson Model 57 is a large frame, double-action revolver with a six round cylinder, chambered for the.41 Magnum cartridge, and designed and manufactured by the Smith & Wesson firearms company.

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Smith & Wesson Model 586

The Smith & Wesson Model 586, is a six- or seven-shot double-action revolver chambered for the.357 Magnum cartridge.

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Smoke

Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

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Smooth toadfish

The smooth toadfish (Tetractenos glaber) is a species of fish in the pufferfish family Tetraodontidae.

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SNC-Lavalin

Founded in 1911, SNC-Lavalin Group Inc., a Montreal-based company, provides EPC and EPCM services in a variety of industry sectors, including mining and metallurgy, oil and gas, environment and water, infrastructure and clean power.

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SNOLAB

SNOLAB is a Canadian underground physics laboratory at a depth of 2 km in Vale's Creighton nickel mine in Sudbury, Ontario.

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Sodium aluminate

Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications.

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Sodium bifluoride

Sodium bifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula NaHF2.

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Sodium dichloroisocyanurate

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (INN: sodium troclosene, troclosenum natricum or NaDCC or SDIC) is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant.

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Sodium hypochlorite

No description.

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Soft Magnetic Materials Conference

The Soft Magnetic Materials Conference, commonly referred to as SMM, is an international conference devoted to all kinds of soft magnetic materials with the emphasis on industrial and applications aspects.

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Soft-point bullet

A soft-point bullet (SP), also known as a soft-nosed bullet, is a jacketed expanding bullet with a soft metal core enclosed by a stronger metal jacket left open at the forward tip.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Solar power in Israel

The use of solar energy began in Israel in the 1950s with the development by Levi Yissar of a solar water heater to address the energy shortages that plagued the new country.

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Solar System

The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.

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Solder

Solder (or in North America) is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces.

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Solderability

The solderability of a substrate is a measure of the ease with which a soldered joint can be made to that material.

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Soldering

Soldering (AmE:, BrE), is a process in which two or more items (usually metal) are joined together by melting and putting a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.

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Solid oxide fuel cell

A solid oxide fuel cell (or SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel.

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Solid-state reaction route

The solid-state reaction route is the most widely used method for the preparation of polycrystalline solids from a mixture of solid starting materials.

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Solvent extraction and electrowinning

Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent.

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Solway Group

The Solway Investment Group Limited, Solway Group, or Solway Investment Group, The Solway Investment Group, GmbH, is a private international mining and metals group located in Switzerland.

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Sorowako mine

The Sorowako mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Sulawesi.

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Sotkamo

Sotkamo is a municipality of Finland, located in the Kainuu region.

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South Branch Tunkhannock Creek

South Branch Tunkhannock Creek is a tributary of Tunkhannock Creek in Lackawanna County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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South Korean hwan

The hwan was the currency of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) between February 15, 1953 and June 9, 1962.

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South Korean won

The won (원,; symbol: ₩; code: KRW) or the Korean Republic Won is the currency of South Korea.

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South Vietnamese đồng

The đồng was the currency of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) from 1953 to 2 May 1978.

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South32

South32 is a mining and metals company headquartered in Perth, Western Australia.

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Southeast Missouri Lead District

The Southeast Missouri Lead District, commonly called the Lead Belt, is a lead mining district in the southeastern part of Missouri.

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Spark plug

A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug, and, colloquially, a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

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Special treatment steel

Special Treatment Steel (STS), also known as Protective Deck Plate, was originally developed by Carnegie Steel around 1910.

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Speeds of sound of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Sperrylite

Sperrylite is a platinum arsenide mineral with formula PtAs2 and is an opaque metallic tin white mineral which crystallizes in the isometric system with the pyrite group structure.

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Spirit of Ecstasy

The Spirit of Ecstasy is the bonnet ornament on Rolls-Royce cars.

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Spontaneous glass breakage

Spontaneous glass breakage is a phenomenon by which toughened glass (or tempered) may spontaneously break without any apparent reason.

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Spray forming

Spray forming, also known as spray casting, spray deposition and in-situ compaction, is a method of casting near net shape metal components with homogeneous microstructures via the deposition of semi-solid sprayed droplets onto a shaped substrate.

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Sri Lankan rupee

The rupee (රුපියල්, ரூபாய்) (signs: රු, ரூ, Rs; code: LKR) is the currency of Sri Lanka, divided into 100 cents.

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SS Ithaka

SS Ithaka was a small freighter, originally built as Frank A. Augsbury for the Canadian George Hall Coal & Shipping Corporation in 1922.

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St. Francois Mountains

The St.

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Stabilized liquid membrane devices

A stabilized liquid membrane device or SLMD is a type of passive sampling device which allows for the in situ, integrative collection of waterborne, labile ionic metal contaminants.

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Stabilizer (chemistry)

In industrial chemistry, a stabilizer is a chemical that is used to prevent degradation.

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Stacking-fault energy

The stacking-fault energy (SFE) is a materials property on a very small scale.

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Stagg Music

Stagg music is a Belgian musical instrument company owned by Warren Hampton.

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Stahlhelm

Stahlhelm (plural Stahlhelme) is German for "steel helmet".

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Stained glass

The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it.

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Stalin's ten blows

In Soviet historiography, Stalin's ten blows were the ten successful strategic offensives conducted by the Red Army in 1944 during World War II.

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Standard electrode potential (data page)

The data values of standard electrode potentials are given in the table below, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions.

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Standard Gibbs free energy of formation

The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).

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Steady-state economy

A steady-state economy is an economy consisting of a constant stock of physical wealth (capital) and a constant population size.

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Steam reforming

Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or other useful products from hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas.

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Steel

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.

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Steel guitar

Steel guitar is a type of guitar or the method of playing the instrument.

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Steelmaking

Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap.

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Stellite

Stellite is a range of cobalt-chromium alloys designed for wear resistance.

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Stomatitis

Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips.

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Stopping power

Stopping power is the ability of a firearm or other weapon to cause enough ballistic trauma to a target (human or animal) to immediately incapacitate (and thus stop) the target.

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Storm drain

A storm drain, storm sewer (U.S. and Canada), surface water drain/sewer (United Kingdom), or stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from impervious surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs.

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Straight razor

A straight razor is a razor with a blade that can fold into its handle.

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Streptanthus polygaloides

Streptanthus polygaloides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name milkwort jewelflower.

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Streptomyces mirabilis

Streptomyces mirabilis is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces.

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String (music)

A string is the vibrating element that produces sound in string instruments such as the guitar, harp, piano (piano wire), and members of the violin family.

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Structural material

Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.

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Structure of the Earth

The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core.

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Subarctic

The subarctic is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Shetland Islands.

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Subgrain rotation recrystallization

In metallurgy, materials science and structural geology, subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation.

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Substitution of dangerous chemicals

Substitution of hazardous chemicals in the working environment is a method to a fundamental and continued improvement of occupational health by selection and development of alternative technical processes using less hazardous chemicals or no chemicals at all.

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Sudan

The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Sudbury Basin

The Sudbury Basin, also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, is a major geological structure in Ontario, Canada.

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Suhanko mine

The Suhanko mine is one of the largest platinum group element projects in Finland and in the world.

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Suillus brevipes

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae.

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Suke mine

The Suke mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Kosovo.

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Sulfide

Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.

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Sulfolobus metallicus

Sulfolobus metallicus is a coccoid shaped thermophilic archaeon.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Summer Olympic coins

Although the first Olympic coin can be traced back to 480 BC, the modern Olympics did not see its first commemoratives until 1951.

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Sungrazing comet

A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion – sometimes within a few thousand kilometres of the Sun's surface.

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Super black

Super black is a surface treatment developed at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom.

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Super Trouper (spotlight)

Super Trouper is the registered trademark of a series of follow spotlights used in stadium, concert, and special-event lighting.

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Super-iron battery

The Super-iron battery is a moniker for a proposed class of rechargeable electric battery.

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Superalloy

A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics: excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation.

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Supercapacitor

A supercapacitor (SC) (also called a supercap, ultracapacitor or Goldcap) is a high-capacity capacitor with capacitance values much higher than other capacitors (but lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries.

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Superluminous supernova

A superluminous supernova (SLSN, plural superluminous supernovae or SLSNe; also known as hypernova) is a type of stellar explosion with a luminosity 10 or more times higher than that of standard supernovae.

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Supermalloy

Supermalloy is an alloy composed of nickel (75%), iron (20%), and molybdenum (5%).

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Supernova

A supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a star's life, either a massive star or a white dwarf, whose destruction is marked by one final, titanic explosion.

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Supernova nucleosynthesis

Supernova nucleosynthesis is a theory of the nucleosynthesis of the natural abundances of the chemical elements in supernova explosions, advanced as the nucleosynthesis of elements from carbon to nickel in massive stars by Fred Hoyle in 1954.

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Superoxide dismutase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

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Supertherm

Supertherm is a registered trademark of Duraloy Technologies, Inc.

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Surface diffusion

Surface diffusion is a general process involving the motion of adatoms, molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid material surfaces.

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Surface science

Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.

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Surgical stainless steel

Surgical stainless steel is a grade of stainless steel used in biomedical applications.

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Surigao del Norte

Surigao del Norte (Surigaonon: Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte; Amihanang Surigao; Spanish: Provincia de Surigao del Norte) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao.

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Surigao del Sur

Surigao del Sur (Surigaonon/Tandaganon: Probinsya nan Surigao del Sur; Habagatang Surigao) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region in Mindanao.

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Susanne Kriemann

Susanne Kriemann (born 1972 in Erlangen) is a German artist and university professor who investigates the medium of photography in the context of social history and archival practice.

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Sustainable design

Sustainable design (also called environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.

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Suzuki reaction

The Suzuki reaction is an organic reaction, classified as a coupling reaction, where the coupling partners are a boronic acid and an organohalide catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex.

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Sverker 21

Sverker 21 is a tool steel manufactured by Uddeholms AB.

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Swansea Canal

The Swansea Canal (Welsh: Camlas Abertawe) was a canal constructed by the Swansea Canal Navigation Company between 1794 and 1798, running for from Swansea to Hen Neuadd, Abercraf in South Wales.

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Swedish krona

The krona (plural: kronor; sign: kr; code: SEK) has been the currency of Sweden since 1873.

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Swiss franc

The franc (sign: Fr. or SFr.; Franken, French and Romansh: franc, franco; code: CHF) is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave Campione d'Italia.

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Synechocystis

Synechocystis is a genus of unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria primarily represented by the strain Synechocystis sp.

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Synthesis of carbon nanotubes

Techniques have been developed to produce carbon nanotubes in sizable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

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Synthetic diamond

A synthetic diamond (also known as an artificial diamond, cultured diamond, or cultivated diamond) is diamond produced in an artificial process, as opposed to natural diamonds, which are created by geological processes.

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Szklary mine

The Szklary mine is a large mine in the centre of Poland in Szklary, Kłodzko County, 142 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.

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Szklary, Ząbkowice Śląskie County

Szklary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie, within Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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T Tauri wind

The T Tauri wind — so named because of the young star currently in this stage—is a phenomenon indicative of the phase of stellar development between the accretion of material from the slowing rotating material of a solar nebula and the ignition of the hydrogen that has agglomerated into the protostar.

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TA Luft

Germany has an air pollution control regulation titled "Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control" (Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft) and commonly referred to as the TA Luft.

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Taenite

Taenite (Fe,Ni) is a mineral found naturally on Earth mostly in iron meteorites.

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Tagaung, Mandalay

Tagaung is a town in Mandalay Region of Myanmar (Burma).

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Talmessite

Talmessite is a hydrated calcium magnesium arsenate, often with significant amounts of cobalt or nickel.

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Talnakh

Talnakh (Талнах) was a town located about north of Norilsk at the foot of the Putoran Mountains in Taymyr Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia.

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Talnakh mine

The Talnakh mine is a large mine in the north of Russia near Norilsk in the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

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Talvivaara mine

The Talvivaara mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Finland.

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Tamejiro Hiyama

Tamejiro Hiyama (born August 24, 1946) is a Japanese organic chemist.

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Tape drive

A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape.

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Tape measure

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance.

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TAPS (buffer)

TAPS or propanesulfonic acid is commonly used to make buffer solutions.

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Tattoo ink

Tattoo inks consist of pigments combined with a carrier, and are used in tattooing.

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Taylor Forge

Taylor Forge was an engineering and manufacturing company founded by J. Hall Taylor in 1900 as the American Spiral Pipe Works.

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Tea culture

Tea culture is defined by the way tea is made and consumed, by the way the people interact with tea, and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking.

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Technology in Star Wars

The space opera blockbuster Star Wars has borrowed many real-life scientific and technological concepts in its settings.

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Telluric iron

Telluric iron, also called native iron, is iron that originated on Earth, and is found in a metallic form rather than as an ore.

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Tellurium tetrafluoride

Tellurium tetrafluoride, TeF4, is a stable, white, hygroscopic crystalline solid and is one of two fluorides of tellurium.

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Telomerization (dimerization)

The telomerization is the linear dimerization of 1,3-dienes with simultaneous addition of a nucleophile in a catalytic reaction.

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Temagami Greenstone Belt

The Temagami Greenstone Belt (TGB) is a small 2.7 billion year old greenstone belt in the Temagami region of Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Temagami-Lorrain Mine

Temagami-Lorrain Mine is an abandoned surface and underground mine in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

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Temagamite

Temagamite is a bright white palladium mercury telluride mineral with a hardness of on the Mohs scale.

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Tempering (metallurgy)

Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys.

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Template reaction

In chemistry, a template reaction is any of a class of ligand-based reactions that occur between two or more adjacent coordination sites on a metal center.

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Ten bani

The ten-bani coin is a coin of the Romanian leu.

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Ten pence (British coin)

The British decimal ten pence (10p) coin – often pronounced ten pee – is a unit of currency equalling ten one-hundredths of a pound sterling.

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Ten pence (Irish coin)

The ten pence (10p) (deich pingin) coin was a subdivision of the Irish pound.

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Tennessee-class cruiser

The Tennessee-class cruisers were four armored cruisers built for the United States Navy between 1903 and 1906.

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Terzan 7

Terzan 7 is a sparse and young globular cluster that is believed to have originated in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy (Sag DEG) and is physically associated with it.

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Tesla Gigafactory Europe

Tesla Gigafactory Europe is a proposed manufacturing plant for Tesla, Inc. to be located in Europe.

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Tetrafluoroborate

Tetrafluoroborate is the anion BF4−.

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Tetraiodonickelate

Tetraiodonickelate is a complex ion of nickel with four iodide atoms 2− arranged in a tetrahedron.

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Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate

Tetrakisborate is an anion with chemical formula −, which is commonly abbreviated as − as the boron atom (B) is surrounded by four fluorinated aryl (ArF) groups.

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Tetrataenite

Tetrataenite is a native metal composed of chemically-ordered L10-type FeNi, recognized as a mineral in 1980.

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Thai baht

The baht (บาท,; sign: ฿; code: THB) is the currency of Thailand.

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The Amazing Race Canada 3

The third season of The Amazing Race Canada is a reality game show based on the American series The Amazing Race.

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The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace

The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace are bronze, fire-gilded statue groups on Lincoln Memorial Circle in West Potomac Park in Washington, D.C., in the United States.

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The Beauty of Durrës

The Beauty of Durrës (also called The Beautiful Maiden of Durrës or The Belle of Durrës) is a polychromatic mosaic of the 4th century BC and is the most ancient and important mosaic discovered in Albania.

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The FBI Story

The FBI Story is a 1959 American drama film starring James Stewart, and produced and directed by Mervyn LeRoy.

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The Keep (film)

The Keep is a 1983 horror film directed by Michael Mann and starring Scott Glenn, Gabriel Byrne, Jürgen Prochnow, Alberta Watson and Ian McKellen.

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The Magnificent Possession

"The Magnificent Possession" is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov.

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The Most Dangerous Game (novel)

The Most Dangerous Game is a first person narrative novel by English author Gavin Lyall, first published in 1964.

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The Periodic Table (short story collection)

The Periodic Table (Il Sistema Periodico) is a collection of short stories by Primo Levi, published in 1975, named after the periodic table in chemistry.

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The Quick and the Dead (1995 film)

The Quick and the Dead is a 1995 American western film directed by Sam Raimi, and starring Sharon Stone, Gene Hackman, Russell Crowe and Leonardo DiCaprio.

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The Sudans

The Sudans (sometimes also known as the two Sudans) is a region in Africa comprising the countries of Sudan and South Sudan.

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Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

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Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page)

All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.

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Thermocouple

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures.

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Thin-film memory

Thin-film memory is a high-speed variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project.

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Third series of the renminbi

The third series of Renminbi banknotes was introduced since April 15, 1962.

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Thomas Goff Lupton

Thomas Goff Lupton (3 September 1791 – 18 May 1873) was an English mezzotint engraver and artist, who engraved many works by Turner and other notable British painters of the 19th century.

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Thomas Gordon Thompson

Thomas Gordon Thompson (November 28, 1888 – August 10, 1961) was an American chemist and oceanographer.

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Thomas Murray (Canadian politician)

Thomas Murray (January 18, 1836 – July 29, 1915) was a businessman and political figure in the Ottawa Valley.

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Thompson, Manitoba

Thompson is a city in northern Manitoba.

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Three-cent nickel

The copper-nickel three-cent piece, often called a three-cent nickel piece or three-cent nickel, was designed by US Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre and struck by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1865 to 1889.

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Three-cent piece (United States coin)

The United States three cent piece was a unit of currency equaling of a United States dollar.

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Threepence (British coin)

The British threepence (3d) coin, usually simply known as a threepence or threepenny bit, was a unit of currency equaling one eightieth of a pound sterling, or three old pence sterling.

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Threepence (Irish coin)

The threepence (leath reul) or 3d coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound or of a shilling.

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Thunderbox Gold Mine

The Thunderbox Gold Mine is a gold mine 41 km south-east of Leinster, Western Australia.

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Tibesti Mountains

The Tibesti Mountains are a mountain range in the central Sahara, primarily located in the extreme north of Chad, with a small extension into southern Libya.

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Tibetan silver

Tibetan silver is used primarily in jewelry components, and is similar to pewter – an alloy of copper, and sometimes tin or nickel, with a small percentage of pure silver.

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Tiebaghi

Tiebaghi is a mine and former village in Kaala-Gomen, New Caledonia.

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Timeline of chemical element discoveries

The discovery of the 118 chemical elements known to exist today is presented here in chronological order.

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Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research

Since the 19th century, a significant amount of research has been conducted on the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the mass extinction that ended the dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic Era and set the stage for the Age of Mammals, or Cenozoic Era.

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Tin whistle

The tin whistle, also called the penny whistle, English flageolet, Scottish penny whistle, tin flageolet, Irish whistle, Belfast Hornpipe, feadóg stáin (or simply feadóg) and Clarke London FlageoletThe Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs is a simple, six-holed woodwind instrument.

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Tin Woodman

The Tin Woodman, better known as either the Tin Man or (incorrectly) the Tin Woodsman (the third name appears only in adaptations, the first—and in rare instances, the second—was used by Baum), is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum.

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Tippmann TPX

The TPX/TiPX is a magazine fed paintball pistol made by Tippmann.

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Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

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Titanium alloy

Titanium alloys are metals that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements.

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Titanium aluminide

Titanium aluminide, TiAl, is an intermetallic chemical compound.

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Titanium carbide

Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide.

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Titanium nitride

Titanium nitride (sometimes known as tinite) is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties.

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Titanium yellow

Titanium yellow, also nickel antimony titanium yellow, nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, CI Pigment Yellow 53, or C.I. 77788, is a yellow pigment with the chemical composition of NiO·Sb2O3·20TiO2.

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TLR4

Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.

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Toaster

A toaster, or a toast maker, is an electric small appliance designed to toast sliced bread by exposing it to radiant heat, thus converting it into toast.

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Tobacco

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.

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Tobacco smoke

Cigarette smoke is an aerosol produced by the incomplete combustion of tobacco during the smoking of cigarettes.

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Todorokite

Todorokite is a rare complex hydrous manganese oxide mineral with the formula (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O.

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Tokushichi Mishima

was a Japanese metallurgist.

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Toli (shamanism)

A toli is a round, ritual mirror used in Shamanism in some parts of Mongolia and in the Republic of Buryatia.

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Toll-like receptor

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.

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Tondu

Tondu (Black Sward) is a village in Bridgend County Borough, Wales, located about north of the town of Bridgend.

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Tool steel

Tool steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools.

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Toonie

The Canadian two-dollar coin, commonly called the toonie, is the highest monetary value among Canadian coins.

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Torbern Bergman

Torbern Olaf (Olof) Bergman (KVO) (20 March 17358 July 1784) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist noted for his 1775 Dissertation on Elective Attractions, containing the largest chemical affinity tables ever published.

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Towanda Creek

Towanda Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Toxic heavy metal

A toxic heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in environmental contexts.

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Trace element

A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration (or other measure of amount) is very low (a "trace amount").

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Trace metal

Trace metals are the metals subset of trace elements; that is, metals normally present in small but measurable amounts in animal and plant cells and tissues and that are a necessary part of nutrition and physiology.

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Tracheal collapse

Tracheal collapse in dogs is a condition characterized by incomplete formation or weakening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea resulting in flattening of the trachea.

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Trade policy of Japan

The trade policy of Japan relates to Japan's approach to import and export with other countries.

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Traité Élémentaire de Chimie

Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry) is a textbook written by Antoine Lavoisier published in 1789 and translated into English by Robert Kerr in 1790 under the title Elements of Chemistry in a New Systematic Order containing All the Modern Discoveries.

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Transition metal

In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible meanings.

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Trevorite

Trevorite is a rare nickel iron oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group.

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Triboelectric effect

The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectric charging) is a type of contact electrification on which certain materials become electrically charged after they come into frictional contact with a different material.

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Trifluoramine oxide

Trifluoramine oxide or Nitrogen oxide trifluoride (F3NO) is an inorganic molecule with strong fluoronating powers.

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Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition

Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition is the formal annulation of trimethylenemethane (TMM) derivatives to two-atom pi systems.

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Trinity (nuclear test)

Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon.

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Triumph Group

Triumph Group, Inc. is an international supplier of aerospace services, structures, systems and support.

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Troctolite

Troctolite is a mafic intrusive rock type.

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Tuba

The tuba is the largest and lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family.

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Tuma MTE 224 VA

The Tuma MTE 224 VA is a machine pistol of Swiss origin and is manufactured by Solothurn.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Tungsten carbide

Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms.

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Tunguska event

The Tunguska event was a large explosion that occurred near the Stony Tunguska River in Yeniseysk Governorate (now Krasnoyarsk Krai), Russia, on the morning of 30 June 1908 (NS).

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Turbine blade

A turbine blade is the individual component which makes up the turbine section of a gas turbine or steam turbine.

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Turbofan

The turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft propulsion.

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Turgutlu

Turgutlu, also known as Kasaba (Cassaba or Casaba) is a city and district in Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey.

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Turkish lira

The Turkish lira (Türk lirası; sign: ₺; code: TRY; usually abbreviated as TL) is the currency of Turkey and the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

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Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger

Tutankhamun's iron dagger closely correlates with meteoric composition, including homogeneity.

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Twannberg meteorite

The Twannberg meteorite is a hexahedrite iron meteorite.

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Twenty pence (Irish coin)

The twenty pence (20p) (fiche pingin) coin was a subdivision of the Irish pound.

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Twenty-five cent coin (Netherlands)

The twenty-five cent was a coin worth a quarter of decimal Dutch guilder.

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Twenty-five-satang coin

The Thailand twenty-five-satang coin is a currency unit equivalent to one-fourth of a Thai baht.

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Two pounds (British coin)

The British two pound (£2) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling.

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Two-baht coin

In Thailand, the two-baht coin is the coin which is worth 2 baht or 200 satang.

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Two-cent piece (United States)

The two-cent piece was produced by the Mint of the United States for circulation from 1864 to 1872 and for collectors in 1873.

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Type II supernova

A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star.

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Type set

A type set is a coin collection based on coin design or type.

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Type three secretion system

Type three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria.

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Ullmannite

Ullmannite is a nickel antimony sulfide mineral with formula: NiSbS.

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Ulrike Arnold

Ulrike Arnold (born 1950 in Düsseldorf) is a German artist.

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Ultimate tensile strength

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or Ftu within equations, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size.

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Ultra-low-sulfur diesel

Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur content.

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Ultracold neutrons

Ultracold neutrons (UCN) are free neutrons which can be stored in traps made from certain materials.

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Ultramafic rock

Ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content).

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Ultramicrotomy

Ultramicrotomy is a method for cutting specimens into extremely thin slices, called ultra-thin sections, that can be studied and documented at different magnifications in a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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Ultrasonic impact treatment

Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a metallurgical processing technique, similar to work hardening, in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object.

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Ultratrace element

In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.

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Umicore

Umicore N.V..

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Unbinilium

Unbinilium, also known as eka-radium or simply element 120, is the hypothetical chemical element in the periodic table with symbol Ubn and atomic number 120.

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Unbiunium

Unbiunium, also known as eka-actinium or element 121, is the hypothetical chemical element with symbol Ubu and atomic number 121.

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Underground mining (hard rock)

Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds.

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UNISERVO

The UNISERVO tape drive was the primary I/O device on the UNIVAC I computer.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.

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United States Mint

The United States Mint is the agency that produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion.

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United States Mint coin sizes

The United States Mint has minted over 20 different kinds of coins, of many different sizes.

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United Technologies

United Technologies Corporation (UTC) is an American multinational conglomerate headquartered in Farmington, Connecticut.

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Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company

Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC or UGMK Открытое акционерное общество «Уральская горно-металлургическая компания») is a Russian metallurgical company based in Verkhnyaya Pyshma.

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Uranium glass

Uranium glass is glass which has had uranium, usually in oxide diuranate form, added to a glass mix before melting for coloration.

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Uranium ore

Uranium ore deposits are economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth's crust.

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Urban runoff

Urban runoff is surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization.

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Urease

Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.

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Urushibara nickel

Urushibara nickel is a nickel based hydrogenation catalyst, named after Yoshiyuki Urushibara.

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Uspantán mine

The Uspantán mine is one of the largest nickel mines in Guatemala.

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USS Massachusetts (BB-2)

USS Massachusetts (BB-2) was an and the second United States Navy ship comparable to foreign battleships of the time.

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USS Oregon (BB-3)

USS Oregon (BB-3) was a pre-dreadnought of the United States Navy.

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UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase also known as glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or UDP–glucose pyrophosphorylase) is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

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Uzbekistani soʻm

The soʻm (soʻm in Latin script, сўм in Cyrillic script) is the currency of Uzbekistan in Central Asia.

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Vacuum arc remelting

Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary melting process for production of metal ingots with elevated chemical and mechanical homogeneity for highly demanding applications.

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Vacuum ceramic filter

A vacuum ceramic filter is designed to separate liquids from solids for dewatering purposes.

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Vaesite

Vaesite (NiS2) is a mineral found together with cattierite in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Vale (company)

Vale S.A. is a Brazilian multinational corporation engaged in metals and mining and one of the largest logistics operators in Brazil.

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Vale Limited

Vale Canada Limited (formerly Vale Inco, CVRD Inco and Inco Limited; for corporate branding purposes simply known as "Vale" and pronounced in English) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Brazilian mining company Vale.

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Valence electron

In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.

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Valve

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

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Vanadis 4 Extra

Vanadis 4 Extra is a powder metallurgical cold work tool steel produced by Uddeholms AB.

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Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)

No description.

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Vapour phase decomposition

Vapour phase decomposition (VPD) is a method used in the semiconductor industry to improve the sensitivity of total-reflection x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by changing the contaminant from a thin layer (which has an angle-dependent fluorescence intensity in the TXRF-domain) to a granular residue.

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Vash the Stampede

, also simply referred as Vash, is the main protagonist and the titular character of Trigun, an anime and manga series created by Yasuhiro Nightow.

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Vatican lira

The lira (plural lire) was the currency of the Vatican City between 1929 and 2002.

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Vegetable oil

Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are fats extracted from seeds, or less often, from other parts of fruits.

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Verkhnekingashskoye mine

The Verkhnekingashskoye mine is a large mine in the north of Russia near Norilsk in the Krasnoyarsk Krai.

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Verkhny Ufaley

Verkhny Ufaley (Ве́рхний Уфале́й) is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Ufaley River (a tributary of the Ufa River), northwest of Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of the oblast.

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Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays or VANTAs are a unique microstructure consisting of carbon nanotubes oriented along their longitudinal axes normal to a substrate surface.

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Very-low-drag bullet

The very-low-drag bullet (VLD) is primarily a small arms ballistics development of the 1980s–1990s, driven by shooters' desire for bullets that will give a higher degree of accuracy and kinetic efficiency, especially at extended ranges.

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Victory (volcano)

Victory is a volcano on New Guinea island, Papua New Guinea.

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Vietnamese đồng

The đồng (sign: ₫; code: VND) has been the currency of Vietnam since May 3, 1978.

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Violarite

Violarite (Fe2+Ni23+S4) is a supergene sulfide mineral associated with the weathering and oxidation of primary pentlandite nickel sulfide ore minerals.

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Voisey's Bay Mine

Voisey's Bay Mine is a nickel mine in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, near the bay of the same name.

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Voyageur dollar

The Voyageur Dollar was a coin of Canada struck for circulation from 1935 through 1986.

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Vulcanoid

The vulcanoids are a hypothetical population of asteroids that orbit the Sun in a dynamically stable zone inside the orbit of the planet Mercury.

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W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.

W.R. Case & Sons Cutlery Company is an American manufacturer of traditional pocket knives, fixed blades/sporting knives, Kitchen knives, limited edition commemoratives and collectibles.

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W49B

W49B (also known as SNR G043.3-00.2 or 3C 398) is a nebula in Westerhout 49 (W49).

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Wadi Allaqi

Wadi Allaqi, (وادي العلاقي) also transliterated as Wadi Allaqui or Wadi Alalaqi, is a wadi (dry river) in southern Egypt.

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Wadsley Parish Church

Wadsley Parish Church is situated within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

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Wallace Silversmiths Inc.

Wallace Silversmiths is a major American manufacturer of sterling silver owned by Lifetime Brands.

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Walter Reppe

Walter Julius Reppe (29 July 1892 in Göringen – 26 July 1969 in Heidelberg) was a German chemist.

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Waspaloy

Waspaloy is a registered trademark of United Technologies Corp that refers to an age hardening austenitic (face-centred cubic) nickel-based superalloy.

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Water bottle

A water bottle is a container that is used to hold water, liquids or other beverages for consumption.

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Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989 (England and Wales)

The Water Supply Water Quality Regulations 1989 (SI No. 1147) are regulations imposed on the England and Wales Water industry by Statutory Instrument.

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WD 1145+017

WD 1145+017 (also known as EPIC 201563164) is a white dwarf star located approximately from Earth in the constellation of Virgo.

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WD 1145+017 b

WD 1145+017 b (also known by its EPIC designation EPIC 201563164.01), is a confirmed exoplanetary object, likely rocky, orbiting the white dwarf star WD 1145+017.

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Weak-Link Approach

The Weak-Link Approach (WLA) is a supramolecular coordination-based assembly methodology, first introduced in 1998 by the Mirkin Group at Northwestern University.

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Weathering steel

Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericized trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years exposure to weather.

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Wedding anniversary

A wedding anniversary is the anniversary of the date a wedding took place.

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Wedza District

Wedza (or Hwedza) is a district in the province of Mashonaland East, Zimbabwe.

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Weebo Station

Weebo or Weebo Station is a pastoral lease that has operated as both a sheep and cattle station located about south of Leinster and about north west of Leonora in the Goldfields region of Western Australia.

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Weld purging

Weld purging is the act of removing, from the vicinity of the joint, oxygen, water vapour and any other gases or vapours that might be harmful to a welding joint as it is being welded and immediately after welding.

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Weldability

The weldability, also known as joinability,.

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Welding

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

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Western concert flute

The Western concert flute is a transverse (side-blown) woodwind instrument made of metal or wood.

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Westinghouse Time Capsules

The Westinghouse Time Capsules are two time capsules prepared by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company: "Time Capsule I" was created for the 1939 New York World's Fair and "Time Capsule II" was created for the 1964 New York World's Fair.

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Wetherlam

Wetherlam (763 m) is a mountain in the English Lake District.

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Wharton, New Jersey

Wharton is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

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Wheatbelt (Western Australia)

The Wheatbelt is one of the nine regions of Western Australia.

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White Deer Creek

White Deer Creek is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Centre County and Union County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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White Portland cement

White Portland cement or white ordinary Portland cement (WOPC) is similar to ordinary, gray Portland cement in all aspects except for its high degree of whiteness.

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Widgiemooltha, Western Australia

Widgiemooltha is an abandoned town in Western Australia east of Perth between Kambalda and Norseman in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

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Widmanstätten pattern

Widmanstätten patterns, also called Thomson structures, are figures of long nickel-iron crystals, found in the octahedrite iron meteorites and some pallasites.

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Wild fisheries

A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial value.

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Wilhelm Ralph Merton

Wilhelm Ralph Merton (14 May 1848 in Frankfurt–15 December 1916 in Berlin) was a prominent and influential German-born entrepreneur, social democrat and philanthropist.

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Willamette Meteorite

The Willamette Meteorite, officially named Willamette, The Meteoritical Society.

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Willard Libby

Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology and palaeontology.

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William C. Drinkard

William Charles Drinkard, Jr. (May 11, 1929 - January 9, 2008) was an American industrial chemist and the inventor of the catalytic hydrocyanation process for making adiponitrile, a key intermediate in nylon production.

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William Clyde Martin Jr.

William Clyde Martin Jr. (November 27, 1929 – September 15, 2013) was an American physicist.

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William James Russell

William James Russell (1830–1909) was an English chemist and Fellow of the Royal Society.

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William Murray (Ontario politician)

William Murray (June 17, 1839 – July 15, 1898) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario, Canada.

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William Tranter

William Tranter (1816 – January 7, 1890) was a British gunmaker and gun designer famous for inventing the Tranter Revolver.

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Wiluna Gold Mine

The Wiluna Gold Mine is an active gold mine in Western Australia near the town of Wiluna.

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Winchester Model 1886

The Winchester Model 1886 was a lever-action repeating rifle designed by John Browning to handle some of the more powerful cartridges of the period.

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Windimurra intrusion

The Windimurra Igneous Complex is a giant ultramafic-mafic intrusion emplaced within the Yilgarn craton of Western Australia.

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Winter Olympic coins

Although the first Olympic coin can be traced back to 480 BC, the modern Olympics did not see its first commemoratives until 1951.

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Wire

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.

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WMC Resources

WMC Resources Limited was an Australian diversified mining and fertiliser company that was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.

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Wolfsegg Iron

The Wolfsegg Iron, also known as the Salzburg Cube, is a small cuboid mass of iron that was found buried in Tertiary lignite in Wolfsegg am Hausruck, Austria, in 1885.

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Wolfson Centre for Magnetics

Wolfson Centre for Magnetics (WCM) is a research and knowledge centre operating within School of Engineering at Cardiff University.

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Wondoola

Wondoola or Wondoola Station, often misspelt as Woondoola, is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station.

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Woodwind instrument

Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments.

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Work function

In solid-state physics, the work setting (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e. energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface.

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Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve

Wrangell–St.

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Wreck of Rochelongue

The shipwreck of Rochelongue, located west of Cap d'Agde in southwestern France, dates to the Iron Age, c. 600 BC.

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Wrecking yard

A wrecking yard (Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian English), scrapyard (Irish and British English) or junkyard (American English) is the location of a business in dismantling where wrecked or decommissioned vehicles are brought, their usable parts are sold for use in operating vehicles, while the unusable metal parts, known as scrap metal parts, are sold to metal-recycling companies.

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Wrist piercing

A wrist piercing is a piercing through the surface of the wrist, first popularized by Jon Cobb in PFIQ.

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WYLS

WYLS (670 AM, "Rejoice 670") is a radio station licensed to serve York, Alabama, United States.

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Wyman-Gordon

Wyman-Gordon is a company that designs and manufactures complex metal components.

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Wynand Havenga

Wynand Havenga (born 6 September 1965) is a former South African darts player.

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X-ray laser

An X-ray laser is a device that uses stimulated emission to generate or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually on the order of several of tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.

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X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is a difference spectrum of two X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) taken in a magnetic field, one taken with left circularly polarized light, and one with right circularly polarized light.

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X-type asteroid

The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra, but probably quite different compositions.

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Xanthiosite

Xanthiosite is an arsenate mineral first discovered in Germany in 1858; it may also be found in Greece.

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Xenon

Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54.

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Xenon tetrafluoride

Xenon tetrafluoride is a chemical compound with chemical formula.

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Xingye Copper

Xingye Copper International Group Limited one of the leading high precision copper producer in China.

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Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Company

Xinjiang Xinxin Mining Industry Company, or in short form "Xinxin Mining" or "Xinxin", is the second largest electrolyted nickel in Mainland China.

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XMM-Newton

XMM-Newton, also known as the High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, is an X-ray space observatory launched by the European Space Agency in December 1999 on an Ariane 5 rocket.

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Y alloy

Y alloy is a nickel-containing aluminium alloy.

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Yabelo (woreda)

Yabelo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, named after its administrative center, Yabelo.

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Yabulu, Queensland

Yabulu is a small residential suburb approximately north of Townsville, Queensland, Australia.

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Yardymly (meteorite)

The Yardymly meteorite (also known as Aroos meteorite, Yardımlı meteoriti or Ərus meteoriti) is an iron meteorite that fell in Yardymli Rayon, Azerbaijan on November 24, 1959.

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Yellow Dog Plains

The Yellow Dog Plains is an area north and west of Marquette, Michigan, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States.

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Yield (engineering)

The yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior.

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Yilgarn Craton

The Yilgarn Craton is a large craton that constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass.

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YouTube Play Button

YouTube Play Buttons, a part of the YouTube Creator Rewards, act as recognition by YouTube of its most popular channels.

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Yunnan

Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country.

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Zaratite

Zaratite is a bright emerald green nickel carbonate mineral with formula Ni3CO3(OH)4·4H2O.

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Zeehan, Tasmania

Zeehan is a town on the west coast of Tasmania, Australia south-west of Burnie.

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Zerovalent iron

Zerovalent iron and other zerovalent metals (ZVI and ZVM, respectively) have a variety of applications ranging from filters to electrodes to trenches.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zinc alloy electroplating

Zinc alloy electroplating is an electrogalvanization process for corrosion protection of metal surfaces and increasing their wear resistance.

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Zinc mining

Zinc mining is the process by which mineral forms of the metal zinc are extracted from the earth through mining.

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Zinc smelting

Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates (ores that contain zinc) into pure zinc.

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ZinT protein domain

In molecular biology, ZinT (formerly known as YodA) is a family of protein domains found in prokaryotes.

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Zirconium alloy

Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy.

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(29075) 1950 DA

is an asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter.

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(6178) 1986 DA

is a metallic asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter.

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.32 ACP

.32 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), also known as the.32 Automatic, is a centerfire pistol cartridge.

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.38 ACP

The.38 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) also known as the.38 Auto was introduced at the turn of the 20th century for the John Browning-designed Colt M1900.

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.408 Cheyenne Tactical

The.408 Cheyenne Tactical designated 408 Chey Tac (10.36×77mm) by the C.I.P. is a specialized rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire cartridge for military long-range sniper rifles that was developed by Dr.

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1 euro coin

The 1-euro coin is a euro coin with a value of one euro (€1).

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1 kroon coin (1934)

The 1 kroon coin was put in circulation from 1 August 1934 to 25 March 1941, during the first independence period of Estonia.

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10 sen coin

The was a Japanese coin worth one tenth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen.

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100 yen coin

The is a denomination of Japanese yen.

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110 Lydia

110 Lydia is a large belt asteroid with an M-type spectrum, and thus may be metallic in composition, consisting primarily of nickel-iron.

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129 Antigone

129 Antigone is a large main-belt asteroid.

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15 Eunomia

15 Eunomia is a very large asteroid in the inner asteroid belt.

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16 Psyche

16 Psyche is one of the ten most massive asteroids in the asteroid belt.

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162173 Ryugu

162173 Ryugu, provisional designation, is a near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.

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17-4 stainless steel

SAE type 630 stainless steel (more commonly known as 17-4; also known as UNS 17400) is a grade of martensitic precipitation-hardened stainless steel.

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1751 in science

The year 1751 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1751 in Sweden

Events from the year 1751 in Sweden.

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1844 Victoria One Penny Model

The 1844 Victoria One Penny Model was a model coin issued by Birmingham medallist Joseph Moore (1817–1892) between 1844 and 1848, during a period in which the British Government were considering the notion of replacing the heavy copper coinage then in use.

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1845 in Norway

Events in the year 1845 in Norway.

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1883

No description.

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1883 in Canada

Events from the year 1883 in Canada.

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1902 in Wales

This article is about the particular significance of the year 1902 to Wales and its people.

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1969 in Australia

The following lists events that happened during 1969 in Australia.

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1970

No description.

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2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (CBDO) is an aliphatic diol.

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2000s commodities boom

The 2000s commodities boom or the commodities super cycle was the rise, and fall, of many physical commodity prices (such as those of food, oil, metals, chemicals, fuels and the like) during the early 21st century (2000–2014), following the Great Commodities Depression of the 1980s and 1990s.

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2007 Carancas impact event

The Carancas impact event refers to the fall of the Carancas chondritic meteorite on September 15, 2007, near the village of Carancas in Peru, close to the Bolivian border and Lake Titicaca.

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2008 Western Australian gas crisis

The Western Australian gas crisis was a major disruption to natural gas supply in Western Australia, caused by the rupture of a corroded pipeline and subsequent explosion at a processing plant on Varanus Island, off the state's north west coast on 3 June 2008.

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2010 Senkaku boat collision incident

The 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident (or the Minjinyu 5179 incident) occurred on the morning of September 7, 2010, when a Chinese trawler, Minjinyu 5179, operating in disputed waters collided with Japanese Coast Guard's patrol boats near the Senkaku Islands.

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2010 Winter Paralympics

The 2010 Winter Paralympics, officially the X Paralympic Winter Games (French: Les Xes Jeux paralympiques d'hiver), or the tenth Winter Paralympics, were held in Vancouver and Whistler, Canada from March 12 to 21, 2010.

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2011 in science

The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion.

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2012 in science

The year 2012 involved many significant scientific events and discoveries, including the first orbital rendezvous by a commercial spacecraft, the discovery of a particle highly similar to the long-sought Higgs boson, and the near-eradication of guinea worm disease.

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2014 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2014, including the first robotic landing on a comet and the first complete stem-cell-assisted recovery from paraplegia.

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2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents

Samples of potable water in Hong Kong were found to contain excessive levels of heavy metals including lead, nickel and cadmium in 2015.

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2015 Kerala meteorite

The 2015 Kerala fireball was a midair meteor blast that occurred during its descent to Earth over Kerala state in India on 27 February 2015.

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2017 in Brazil

Events in the year 2017 in Brazil.

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2018 in science

A number of significant scientific events have occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2018.

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2018 North Korea–United States summit

U.S. President Donald Trump met with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un on June 12, 2018, in Singapore, in the first summit meeting between the leaders of the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).

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22 Kalliope

22 Kalliope is a large M-type asteroid from the asteroid belt discovered by J. R. Hind on November 16, 1852.

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28 (number)

28 (twenty-eight) is the natural number following 27 and preceding 29.

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5 Astraea

5 Astraea is a large asteroid from the asteroid belt.

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5 sen coin

The was a Japanese coin worth one twentieth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen.

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50 paise

The Indian Fifty paise (पचास पैसे) (singular: Paisa), is a unit of currency equaling (half) of the Indian rupee.

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50 yen coin

The is a denomination of Japanese yen.

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50-cent piece (Canadian coin)

The fifty-cent piece, also referred to as the half dollar (demi dollar), is the common name of the Canadian coin worth 50 cents.

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500 yen coin

### main.

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7 Iris

7 Iris is a large main-belt asteroid orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

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75 Eurydike

75 Eurydike is a main-belt asteroid.

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8 Flora

8 Flora is a large, bright main-belt asteroid.

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9 Metis

9 Metis is one of the larger main-belt asteroids.

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Redirects here:

Element 28, Kupfernickel, Ni (element), Ni2+, Nickel (element), Nickel metallurgy, Nickel mining in BC, Nickelic, Nickelous.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel