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223 relations: Albert of Riga, Aleks Pluskowski, Ancient Estonia, Architecture of Estonia, Žemaitukas, Baltic Germans, Baltic languages, Baltic nobility, Baltic Sea, Baltic states, Bartians, Battle of Lihula, Battle of Lyndanisse, Battle of Nicopolis, Battle of Rudau, Battle of St. Matthew's Day, Battle on the Ice, Beer and breweries by region, Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, Brandenburg, Catholic Church in the Nordic countries, Caupo of Turaida, Chernyakhovsk, Christianity in the 11th century, Christianity in the 12th century, Christianity in the 13th century, Christianization of Lithuania, Christianization of Poland, Christianization of Pomerania, Christianization of Scandinavia, Coat of arms of Moscow, Counties of Estonia, Courland, Crusader states, Crusades, Curonians, Danevirke, Daugavgrīva castle, Dobele, Dobin am See, Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, Drang nach Osten, Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346), Early Finnish wars, East Prussia, East–West Schism, Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia, Economy of Estonia, Encastellation, Estonia, ..., Estonia under Swedish rule, Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Estonian literature, Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate, Estophilia, February 17, Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen, Finland, Finland under Swedish rule, Finns, Firby, First Swedish Crusade, Flag of Denmark, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Głotowo, Germanic Christianity, Gesta Danorum, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Hammershus, Håtuna games, Hörningsholm Castle, Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Henry of Latvia, Herkus Monte, Hermann of Dorpat, High Middle Ages, Historiography of the Crusades, History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance, History of Christianity, History of Christianity during the Middle Ages, History of Estonia, History of Finland, History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, History of Latvia, History of Lithuania, History of Lithuania (1219–95), History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, History of Russia, History of Sweden, History of the East–West Schism, History of the Eastern Orthodox Church, History of the Germans in Poland, History of the Jews in Belarus, History of the Jews in Lithuania, History of Western civilization, House of Lancaster, Human rights in Estonia, Hundred (county division), Index of history articles, Irreligion in Germany, Johann von Uexküll, June 15, Jungingen, Kaliningrad, Karise, Königsberg, Kievan Rus', Kihelkonna St. Michael's Church, Koknese, Lady Death, Latgalians, Latvian mythology, Lau Church, Lāčplēsis, List of book-based war films (wars before 1775), List of churches on Gotland, List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization, List of In Our Time programmes, List of popes, List of revolutions and rebellions, List of rulers of Mecklenburg, List of war films and TV specials, List of wars 1000–1499, List of wars involving Estonia, Lithuania, Lithuania Minor, Lithuanian Crusade, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Livonian campaign against Rus', Livonian Chronicle of Henry, Livonian Crusade, Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, Louis I of Hungary, Martin Palmer, Masuria, Mecklenburg, Medieval II: Total War, Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms, Medway Megaliths, Metsepole, Middle Ages, Middle Ages in film, Missionary, Mokhovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast, Oeselians, Old Prussians, Ostsiedlung, Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg, Pomerania during the High Middle Ages, Pope Gregory IX, Post-classical history, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Principality of Koknese, Prisoner of war, Prussia (region), Prussian Crusade, Prussian uprisings, Rēzekne, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Religion in Latvia, Religious war, Reszel, Riga District, Roma Church, Romuva (religion), Ruhnu, Russia, Saare County, Sacred grove, Saint George's Night Uprising, Sambians, Saulkrasti, Saxons, Second Swedish Crusade, Semigallians, Siege of Allenstein, Siege of Tripoli, Slavic paganism, Slavs, St Bees, St Bees Man, St Bees Priory, St John's Day (Estonia), St Peter and St Paul's Cathedral, Tallinn, State of the Teutonic Order, Swedish Crusades, Tallinn, Talsi, Tartu, Tālivaldis, Terra Mariana, Tharapita, Third Swedish Crusade, Tiesenhausen, Timeline of German history, Toompea Castle, Torkel Knutsson, Tower house, Treaty of Pozvol, Universal history, Valjala Church, Vamlingbo Church, Vends (Latvia), Vikings, Viljandi Castle, Vilnius Castle Complex, Vironians, Virumaa, Vladimir Pashuto, Volkwin Schenk, Vyachko, Warmia, Wendish Crusade, Wends, William de Greystoke, 2nd Baron Greystoke, William Douglas of Nithsdale, William III, Earl of Ross, William Urban, Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast, 1193, 1293, 1340s. Expand index (173 more) »
Albert of Riga
Albert of Riga or Albert of Livonia (Alberts fon Buksthēvdens; Albert von Buxthoeven; c.1165 – 17 January 1229) was the third Bishop of Riga in Livonia.
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Aleks Pluskowski
Alexs Pluskowski is an Associate Professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading.
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Ancient Estonia
Ancient Estonia refers to a period covering History of Estonia from the middle of the 8th millennium BC until the conquest and subjugation of the local Finnic tribes in the first quarter of the 13th century during the Danish Northern Crusades.
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Architecture of Estonia
This article covers the architecture of Estonia.
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Žemaitukas
The Žemaitukas (plural: Žemaitukai, literally: little Samogitian) is a historic horse breed from Lithuania.
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Baltic Germans
The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.
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Baltic languages
The Baltic languages belong to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Baltic nobility
The Baltic or Baltic German nobility was the privileged social class in the territories of today's Estonia and Latvia.
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Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.
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Baltic states
The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
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Bartians
The Bartians (also Barthi, Barthoni, Bartens, or Barti) were an Old Prussian tribe who were among the last pagans of Europe before the Northern Crusades forced their conversion to Christianity.
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Battle of Lihula
The Battle of Lihula or Battle of Leal was fought between invading Swedes and Estonians for the control of a castle in Lihula, Estonia in 1220.
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Battle of Lyndanisse
The Battle of Lindanise was a battle which helped King Valdemar II of Denmark establish the territory of Danish Estonia during the Northern Crusades, which were undertaken in response to calls from the Pope.
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Battle of Nicopolis
The Battle of Nicopolis (Битка при Никопол, Bitka pri Nikopol; Niğbolu Savaşı, Nikápolyi csata, Bătălia de la Nicopole) took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, English, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444.
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Battle of Rudau
The Battle of Rudau (Schlacht bei Rudau, Rūdavos mūšis) was a medieval pitched battle fought between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 17 or 18 February 1370 near Rudau village north of Königsberg (now Melnikovo village in the Kaliningrad oblast).
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Battle of St. Matthew's Day
The Battle of Matthew's Day (Madisepäeva lahing) was fought near Viljandi (probably in Vanamõisa) on September 21, 1217 during the Livonian Crusade.
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Battle on the Ice
The Battle on the Ice (Ледовое побоище, Ledovoye poboish'ye); Schlacht auf dem Eise; Jäälahing; Schlacht auf dem Peipussee) was fought between the Republic of Novgorod led by prince Alexander Nevsky and the crusader army led by the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus. The battle is notable for having been fought largely on the frozen lake, and this gave the battle its name. The battle was a significant defeat sustained by the crusaders during the Northern Crusades, which were directed against pagans and Eastern Orthodox Christians rather than Muslims in the Holy Land. The Crusaders' defeat in the battle marked the end of their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Slavic territories for the next century. The event was glorified in Sergei Eisenstein's historical drama film Alexander Nevsky, released in 1938, which created a popular image of the battle often mistaken for the real events. Sergei Prokofiev turned his score for the film into a concert cantata of the same title, with "The Battle on the Ice" being its longest movement.
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Beer and breweries by region
This is a list of articles and categories dealing with beer and breweries by region: the breweries and beers in various regions.
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Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania
Bogislaw II (– 23 January 1220) was Duke of Pomerania-Stettin from 1187 until his death.
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Brandenburg
Brandenburg (Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska, Braniborsko) is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany.
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Catholic Church in the Nordic countries
The Catholic Church in the Nordic countries was the only Christian church in that region before the Reformation in the 16th Century.
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Caupo of Turaida
Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo (died September 21, 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia.
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Chernyakhovsk
Chernyakhovsk (Черняхо́вск); prior to 1946 known by its German name (Įsrutis; Wystruć) is a town and the administrative center of Chernyakhovsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Instruch and Angrapa Rivers, forming the Pregolya.
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Christianity in the 11th century
Christianity in the 11th century is marked primarily by the Great Schism of the Church, which formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches.
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Christianity in the 12th century
Christianity in the 12th century was marked by a continuation of the Crusades, namely with the Second Crusade in the Holy Land.
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Christianity in the 13th century
Bibliothèque Nationale de France --> The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) imperial church headed by Constantinople continued to assert its universal authority.
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Christianization of Lithuania
The Christianization of Lithuania (Lietuvos krikštas) occurred in 1387, initiated by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II Jagiełło and his cousin Vytautas the Great.
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Christianization of Poland
The Christianization of Poland (Polish: chrystianizacja Polski) refers to the introduction and subsequent spread of Christianity in Poland.
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Christianization of Pomerania
Medieval Pomerania was converted from Slavic paganism to Christianity by Otto von Bamberg in 1124 and 1128 (Duchy of Pomerania), and in 1168 by Absalon (Principality of Rügen).
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Christianization of Scandinavia
The Christianization of Scandinavia as well as other Nordic countries and the Baltic countries, took place between the 8th and the 12th centuries.
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Coat of arms of Moscow
The coat of arms of Moscow depicts a horseman with a spear in his hand slaying a basilisk and is identified with Saint George and the Dragon.
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Counties of Estonia
Counties (maakond, plural maakonnad) are the first-level administrative subdivisions of Estonia.
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Courland
Courland, or Kurzeme (in Latvian; Kurāmō; German and Kurland; Curonia/Couronia; Курляндия; Kuršas; Kurlandia), is one of the historical and cultural regions in western Latvia.
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Crusader states
The Crusader states, also known as Outremer, were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal Christian states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land, and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Curonians
The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Kursi; Kuren; kurši; курши; kuršiai; kuralased; Kurowie) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes.
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Danevirke
The Danevirke (modern Danish spelling: Dannevirke; in Old Norse; Danavirki, in German; Danewerk, literally meaning earthwork of the Danes) is a system of Danish fortifications in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
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Daugavgrīva castle
Daugavgrīva Castle (Dünamünde; Dynemunt; Усть-Двинск or Ust`-Dvinsk) is a former monastery converted into a castle, located at Vecdaugava oxbow on right bank of Daugava, in the northern part of Riga city, Latvia.
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Dobele
Dobele (Doblen) is a town in the cultural region Zemgale in Latvia, and is located near the center of Latvia on the banks of the river Bērze.
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Dobin am See
Dobin am See is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
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Dobrzyń nad Wisłą
Dobrzyń nad Wisłą (Dobrin an der Weichsel) is a town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.
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Drang nach Osten
Drang nach Osten ("Drive to the East",Ulrich Best, Transgression as a Rule: German–Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement, 2008, p. 58,, "push eastward",Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, 1996, p. 118,, "drive toward the East"Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 2003, p. 579,, or "desire to push East") was a term coined in the 19th century to designate German expansion into Slavic lands.
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Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)
The Duchy of Estonia (Hertugdømmet Estland Ducatus Estonie), also known as Danish Estonia, was a direct dominion (dominium directum) of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat.
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Early Finnish wars
Early Finnish wars are scattered descriptions of conflicts involving Finnish tribes or Finland prior medieval times.
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East Prussia
East Prussia (Ostpreußen,; Prusy Wschodnie; Rytų Prūsija; Borussia orientalis; Восточная Пруссия) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.
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East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.
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Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia is practiced by 12.8% of the population, making it the second most identified religion in this majority-secular state after Lutheran Christianity with 13.6%.
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Economy of Estonia
Estonian economy is an advanced economy and a member of the European Union and of the eurozone.
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Encastellation
Encastellation (sometimes castellation, which can also mean crenellation) is the process whereby the feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted with castles, from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours', and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Estonia under Swedish rule
Estonia under Swedish rule signifies the time between 1558 and 1710, when parts of present-day Estonia (and after 1645 all of the present-day country) were under Swedish rule.
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Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church
The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church (Eesti Apostlik-Õigeusu Kirik) is an autonomous Orthodox church whose primate is confirmed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
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Estonian literature
Estonian literature (eesti kirjandus) is literature written in the Estonian language (c. 1,100,000 speakers) The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language.
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Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate
The Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate (Moskva Patriarhaadi Eesti Õigeusu Kirik) is a semi-autonomous Church in the canonical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Moscow whose primate is appointed by the Holy Synod of the latter.
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Estophilia
Estophilia (from Greek: φίλος, filos - "dear, loving") refers to the ideas and activities of people not of Estonian descent who are sympathetic to or interested in Estonian language, Estonian literature or Estonian culture, the history of Estonia and Estonia in general.
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February 17
No description.
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Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen
Count Berend Gregor Ferdinand (Fiodor Ivanovich in Russian) von Tiesenhausen (June 1, 1782, Reval – December 2, 1805, at the Battle of Austerlitz) was a Russian noble and military officer of German Baltic origin.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Finland under Swedish rule
Finland under Swedish rule refers to the period in the history of Finland when it was a part of Sweden.
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Finns
Finns or Finnish people (suomalaiset) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Finland.
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Firby
Firby or Fritheby is an English toponymic surname, with its original location now registered in modern government as Firby, Hambleton.
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First Swedish Crusade
The First Swedish Crusade was a mythical military expedition in 1150s to Southwest Finland by Swedish King Eric IX and English Bishop Henry of Uppsala.
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Flag of Denmark
The flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side.
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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250; Fidiricu, Federico, Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.
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Głotowo
Głotowo (Glottau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre Miasto, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
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Germanic Christianity
The Germanic peoples underwent gradual Christianization in the course of late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.
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Gesta Danorum
Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes") is a patriotic work of Danish history, by the 13th century author Saxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Literate", literally "the Grammarian").
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Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.
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Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
The Grand Master (Hochmeister; Magister generalis) is the holder of the supreme office of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood. An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.
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Hammershus
Hammershus is Scandinavia's largest medieval fortification, situated above sea level on Hammeren, the northern tip of the Danish island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea.
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Håtuna games
The Håtuna games (Swedish: Håtunaleken) were a 1306 conflict between king Birger Magnusson and his two brothers, the dukes Eric and Valdemar.
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Hörningsholm Castle
Hörningsholm Castle (Hörningsholms slott) is a castle in Sweden.
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Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, KG (c. 1310 – 23 March 1361), also Earl of Derby, was a member of the English nobility in the 14th century, and a prominent English diplomat, politician, and soldier.
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Henry of Latvia
Henry of Latvia (Henricus de Lettis, Heinrich von Lettland, Latviešu Indriķis, Läti Henrik; before 1188, Magdeburg, Landgraviate of Thuringia – after 1259 in Papendorf, Livonia (currently Rubene, Kocēni parish, Kocēni Municipality, Latvia)), also known in the English speaking world as Henry of Livonia, was a priest, missionary and historian.
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Herkus Monte
Herkus Monte (also Hercus, Herkus Mantas, Henricus Montemin) was the most famous leader of the Great Prussian Uprising against the Teutonic Knights and Northern Crusaders.
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Hermann of Dorpat
Hermann of Dorpat (or Hermann I, or Hermann von Buxhövden) (1163–1248) was the first Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Dorpat (1224–1248) within the Livonian Confederation.
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High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.
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Historiography of the Crusades
The historiography of the crusades has been a controversial topic since at least the Protestant Reformation.
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History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
This article gives a historical overview of Christian positions on Persecution of Christians, persecutions by Christians, religious persecution and toleration.
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History of Christianity
The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christendom, and the Church with its various denominations, from the 1st century to the present.
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History of Christianity during the Middle Ages
The history of Christianity during the Middle Ages is the history of Christianity between the Fall of Rome and the onset of the Protestant Reformation during the early 16th century, the development usually taken to mark the beginning of modern Christianity.
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History of Estonia
The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe.
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History of Finland
The history of Finland begins around 9,000 BCE during the end of the last glacial period.
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History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe
The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire.
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History of Latvia
The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in northern Europe.
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History of Lithuania
The history of Lithuania dates back to settlements founded many thousands of years ago, but the first written record of the name for the country dates back to 1009 AD.
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History of Lithuania (1219–95)
The history of Lithuania between 1219 and 1295 concerns the establishment and early history of the first Lithuanian state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation.
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History of Russia
The History of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs.
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History of Sweden
During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included what is today Finland.
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History of the East–West Schism
In the History of the East–West Schism, Eastern and Western Mediterranean Christians had a history of differences and disagreements dating back to the 2nd century.
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History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
The history of the Eastern Orthodox Church is traced back to Jesus Christ and the Apostles.
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History of the Germans in Poland
The history of the Germans in Poland dates back over a millennium.
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History of the Jews in Belarus
The Jews in Belarus were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century.
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History of the Jews in Lithuania
The history of the Jews in Lithuania spans the period from the 8th century to the present day.
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History of Western civilization
Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.
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House of Lancaster
The House of Lancaster was the name of two cadet branches of the royal House of Plantagenet.
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Human rights in Estonia
Human rights in Estonia are acknowledged as generally respected by the government, while there are concerns in some areas, such as detention conditions, police use of force, and child abuse.
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Hundred (county division)
A hundred is an administrative division that is geographically part of a larger region.
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Index of history articles
History is the study of the past.
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Irreligion in Germany
Irreligion is prevalent in Germany.
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Johann von Uexküll
Johann von Uexküll (or Johann von Mentz (Menzen.
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June 15
No description.
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Jungingen
Jungingen is a village in the Zollernalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad (p; former German name: Königsberg; Yiddish: קעניגסבערג, Kenigsberg; r; Old Prussian: Twangste, Kunnegsgarbs, Knigsberg; Polish: Królewiec) is a city in the administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea.
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Karise
Karise is the main town of Karise Parish in Faxe Municipality, Region Sjælland ("Zealand Region") in the southeast of Denmark.
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Königsberg
Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.
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Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' (Рѹ́сь, Рѹ́сьскаѧ землѧ, Rus(s)ia, Ruscia, Ruzzia, Rut(h)enia) was a loose federationJohn Channon & Robert Hudson, Penguin Historical Atlas of Russia (Penguin, 1995), p.16.
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Kihelkonna St. Michael's Church
Kihelkonna St.
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Koknese
Koknese is a historic town in Latvia, the administrative centre of Koknese municipality on the right bank of the Daugava River.
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Lady Death
Lady Death is a fictional goddess appearing in American comic books published by Coffin Comics.
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Latgalians
Latgalians, sometimes also Ancient Latvians (Letti, Lethi, modern; variant translations also include Latgallians, Lettigalls or Lettigallians), were an ancient Baltic tribe.
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Latvian mythology
Latvian mythology is set of paganic beliefs of Latvian people reconstructed from written evidence and folklore materials.
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Lau Church
Lau Church (Lau kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church on the Swedish island of Gotland, in the Diocese of Visby.
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Lāčplēsis
Lāčplēsis is an epic poem by Andrejs Pumpurs, a Latvian poet, who wrote it between 1872–1887 based on local legends.
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List of book-based war films (wars before 1775)
A list of films that are based on war books.
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List of churches on Gotland
Of the churches of the Swedish island of Gotland, 93 – the vast majority – are medieval.
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List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization
The historical period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people.
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List of In Our Time programmes
In Our Time is a discussion programme on the history of ideas; it has been hosted since 1998 by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom.
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List of popes
This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.
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List of revolutions and rebellions
This is a list of revolutions and rebellions.
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List of rulers of Mecklenburg
This list of dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg dates from the origins of the German princely state of Mecklenburg's royal house in the High Middle Ages to the monarchy's abolition at the end of World War I. Strictly speaking, Mecklenburg’s princely dynasty was descended linearly from the princes (or kings) of a Slavic tribe, the Obotrites, and had its original residence in a castle (Mecklenburg) in Dorf Mecklenburg (Mikelenburg) close to Wismar.
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List of war films and TV specials
This is a list of war films and TV specials such as documentaries, TV mini-series, and drama serials depicting aspects of historical wars.
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List of wars 1000–1499
This is a list of wars that began between 1000 to 1499. Other wars can be found in the historical lists of wars and the list of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity.
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List of wars involving Estonia
Below is a list of military conflicts in which Estonians participated on a larger scale or took place on Estonian territory.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Lithuania Minor
Lithuania Minor (Mažoji Lietuva; Kleinlitauen; Litwa Mniejsza; Máлая Литвá) or Prussian Lithuania (Prūsų Lietuva; Preußisch-Litauen, Litwa Pruska) is a historical ethnographic region of Prussia, later East Prussia in Germany, where Prussian Lithuanians or Lietuvininkai lived.
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Lithuanian Crusade
The Lithuanian Crusade was a series of campaigns by the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order, two crusading military orders, to convert the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania into Roman Catholicism.
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Livonian Brothers of the Sword
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, Schwertbrüderorden, Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive) was a Catholic military order established by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treyden), in 1202.
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Livonian campaign against Rus'
The Livonian campaign against Rus' was a military campaign that lasted from 1240 to 1242, and was carried out by the Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order with the aim to conquer the lands of Pskov and Novgorod and convert them to Catholicism.
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Livonian Chronicle of Henry
The Livonian Chronicle of Henry (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) or Henry's chronicle of Livonia is a document in Latin describing historic events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's inland Estonia and north of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227.
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Livonian Crusade
The Livonian Crusade refers to the conquest of the territory constituting modern Latvia and Estonia during the pope-sanctioned Northern Crusades, performed mostly by Germans from the Holy Roman Empire and Danes.
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Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik) was a chronicle written in High German by an anonymous writer.
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Louis I of Hungary
Louis I, also Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos; Ludovik Veliki; Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian (Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370.
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Martin Palmer
Martin Giles Palmer (born 14 October 1953) is the translator of several popular books on Sinology, including Zhuangzi and I Ching.
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Masuria
Masuria (Masuren, Masurian: Mazurÿ) is a region in northern Poland famous for its 2,000 lakes.
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Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg (locally, Low German: Mękel(n)borg) is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
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Medieval II: Total War
Medieval II: Total War, the indirect sequel to 2002's Medieval: Total War and the fourth game in the Total War series from Creative Assembly, is a game of turn-based strategic rounds and real-time tactically-oriented battles, released on 10 November 2006 for Windows.
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Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms
Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms is the expansion to the 2006 turn-based strategy PC game Medieval II: Total War.
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Medway Megaliths
The Medway Megaliths, sometimes termed the Kentish Megaliths, are a group of Early Neolithic chambered long barrows and other megalithic monuments located in the lower valley of the River Medway in Kent, South-East England.
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Metsepole
Mõtsa Pūol or Metsepole was an ancient Livonian county inhabited by a Finnic people Livonians, on the east coast of the Gulf of Riga, at the northwest of what is now the Vidzeme region of Latvia.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Middle Ages in film
Medieval films imagine and portray the Middle Ages through the visual, audio and thematic forms of cinema.
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Missionary
A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to proselytize and/or perform ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.
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Mokhovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast
Mokhovoye (Моховое; Wiskiauten; Viskiautai) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Zelenogradsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the southwestern corner of the Curonian Lagoon.
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Oeselians
The Oeselians, Osilians, Esths, or Ests were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Oesel or Osilia), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea.
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Old Prussians
Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: Prūsai; Pruzzen or Prußen; Pruteni; Prūši; Prūsai; Prusowie; Prësowié) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia.
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Ostsiedlung
Ostsiedlung (literally east settling), in English called the German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germanic-speaking peoples from the Holy Roman Empire, especially its southern and western portions, into less-populated regions of Central Europe, parts of west Eastern Europe, and the Baltics.
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Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg
Otto I (c. 1128 – July 8, 1184) was the second Margrave of Brandenburg, from 1170 until his death.
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Pomerania during the High Middle Ages
Pomerania during the High Middle Ages covers the history of Pomerania in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX Gregorius IX (born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241), was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241.
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Post-classical history
Post-classical history (also called the Post-Antiquity era, Post-Ancient Era, or Pre-Modern Era) is a periodization commonly used by the school of "world history" instead of Middle Ages (Medieval) which is roughly synonymous.
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Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
The Prince-Bishopric of Warmia (Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie, Fürstbistum Ermland) was a semi-independent ecclesiastical state, ruled by the incumbent ordinary of the Ermland/Warmia see and comprising one third of the then diocesan area.
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Principality of Koknese
The Principality of Koknese (Russian: Кукейнос (Kukeinos), German: Kokenhusen, Latin:Kukonouyes) was a small vassal state of the Principality of Polotsk on the right bank of the Daugava River in ancient Livonia (modern Latvia) during the Middle Ages.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Prussia (region)
Prussia (Old Prussian: Prūsa, Preußen, Prūsija, Prusy, tr) is a historical region in Europe, stretching from Gdańsk Bay to the end of Curonian Spit on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and extending inland as far as Masuria.
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Prussian Crusade
The Prussian Crusade was a series of 13th-century campaigns of Roman Catholic crusaders, primarily led by the Teutonic Knights, to Christianize the pagan Old Prussians.
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Prussian uprisings
The Prussian uprisings were two major and three smaller uprisings by the Prussians, one of the Baltic tribes, against the Teutonic Knights that took place in the 13th century during the Prussian Crusade.
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Rēzekne
Rēzekne (Latgalian Rēzekne or Rēzne, Rēzekne; see other names) is a city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia.
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Reichskommissariat Ostland
Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II.
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Religion in Latvia
The main religion traditionally practiced in Latvia is Christianity.
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Religious war
A religious war or holy war (bellum sacrum) is a war primarily caused or justified by differences in religion.
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Reszel
Reszel (Rößel; Prussian: Resel or Resl) is a town in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northeastern Poland.
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Riga District
Riga District (Rīgas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Semigallia and Vidzeme regions, in the centre of the country.
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Roma Church
Roma Church (Roma kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church in Lövsta, Gotland (Sweden), in the Diocese of Visby.
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Romuva (religion)
Romuva is a modern reinstitution of the traditional ethnic religion of the Baltic peoples, reviving the ancient religious practices of the Lithuanians before their Christianization in 1387.
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Ruhnu
Ruhnu (Runö; Roņu sala) is an Estonian island in the Gulf of Riga in the Baltic Sea.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Saare County
Saare County (Saare maakond), or Saaremaa; (Oesel; Ösel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
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Sacred grove
A sacred grove or sacred woods are any grove of trees that are of special religious importance to a particular culture.
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Saint George's Night Uprising
Saint George’s Night Uprising in 1343–1345 (Jüriöö ülestõus) was an unsuccessful attempt by the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek, and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion.
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Sambians
The Sambians were one of the Prussian tribes.
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Saulkrasti
Saulkrasti (Neubad) (in translation from Latvian - Sun shores) is a town in Latvia, which lies on the east coast of Gulf of Riga.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Saxones, Sachsen, Seaxe, Sahson, Sassen, Saksen) were a Germanic people whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, Saxonia) near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany.
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Second Swedish Crusade
The Second Swedish Crusade was a 13th century Swedish military expedition against the Tavastians, in present-day Finland, led by Birger jarl.
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Semigallians
Semigallians (Latvian Zemgaļi; Žiemgaliai, also Zemgalians, Semigalls, Semigalians) were the Baltic tribe that lived in the southcentral part of contemporary Latvia and northern Lithuania.
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Siege of Allenstein
The Siege of Allenstein or the Siege of Olsztyn took place from January 1521 to February 1521, during the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21).
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Siege of Tripoli
The Siege of Tripoli lasted from 1102 until July 12, 1109.
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Slavic paganism
Slavic paganism or Slavic religion define the religious beliefs, godlores and ritual practices of the Slavs before the formal Christianisation of their ruling elites.
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Slavs
Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.
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St Bees
St Bees is a coastal village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Copeland district of Cumbria, England, on the Irish Sea.
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St Bees Man
St Bees Man was the name given to the extremely well preserved body of a medieval man discovered on the grounds of St Bees Priory, Cumbria, in 1981.
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St Bees Priory
St Bees Priory is the parish church of St Bees, Cumbria.
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St John's Day (Estonia)
Jaanipäev (St John's Day for Christians) and Jaaniõhtu, also Jaanilaupäev (St John's Eve for Christians) are the most important days in the Estonian calendar, apart from Christmas.
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St Peter and St Paul's Cathedral, Tallinn
St.
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State of the Teutonic Order
The State of the Teutonic Order (Staat des Deutschen Ordens; Civitas Ordinis Theutonici), also called Deutschordensstaat or Ordensstaat in German, was a crusader state formed by the Teutonic Knights or Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades along the Baltic Sea.
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Swedish Crusades
Part of the Northern Crusades, the Swedish Crusades were campaigns by Sweden in Finland and Novgorod.
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Tallinn
Tallinn (or,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.
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Talsi
Talsi (Tālsa, Talsen) (population 11,371) is a town in Latvia.
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Tartu
Tartu (South Estonian: Tarto) is the second largest city of Estonia, after Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn.
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Tālivaldis
Tālivaldis or Tālibalds (Thalibaldus de Tolowa; d. 1215) was a Latgalian elder, the ruler of Tālava, whose support for Albert of Riga and the German crusaders brought about his death at the hands of the native Baltic peoples.
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Terra Mariana
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (Alt-Livland, Vana-Liivimaa, Livonija), which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia.
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Tharapita
Taara (variations of the name include Tooru, Tharapita and Tarapitha) is a prominent god in Estonian mythology.
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Third Swedish Crusade
The Third Swedish Crusade to Finland was a Swedish military expedition against the pagan Karelians in 1293.
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Tiesenhausen
Tiesenhausen is the name of a Baltic German nobility family.
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Timeline of German history
This is a timeline of German history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Germany and its predecessor states.
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Toompea Castle
Toompea Castle (Toompea loss) (Castrum Danorum) is a castle on Toompea hill in the central part of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia.
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Torkel Knutsson
Torkel (Tyrgils or Torgils) Knutsson, known well as Marshal Torkel, (?–1306) of Aranäs, was constable, privy council (riksråd), and virtual ruler of Sweden during the early reign of King Birger Magnusson (1280–1321).
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Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation.
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Treaty of Pozvol
The Treaty or Peace of Pozvol, Pasvalys or Pozwol was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.
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Universal history
A universal history is a work aiming at the presentation of the history of humankind as a whole, coherent unit.
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Valjala Church
Saint Martin's Church of Valjala is a Lutheran church in Valjala, on the island of Saaremaa, Estonia.
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Vamlingbo Church
Vamlingbo Church (Vamlingbo kyrka) is a medieval Lutheran church on the Swedish island of Gotland, in the Diocese of Visby.
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Vends (Latvia)
The Vends (Vendi, Венды) were a small tribe that lived in the 12th to 16th centuries in the area around the town of Wenden (now Cēsis) in present-day north-central Latvia.
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Vikings
Vikings (Old English: wicing—"pirate", Danish and vikinger; Swedish and vikingar; víkingar, from Old Norse) were Norse seafarers, mainly speaking the Old Norse language, who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across wide areas of northern, central, eastern and western Europe, during the late 8th to late 11th centuries.
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Viljandi Castle
Viljandi castle (Viljandi ordulinnus, Ordensburg Fellin) of Livonian Order, construction of which started 1224 in place of a former hillfort, was one of the strongest castles in Livonia.
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Vilnius Castle Complex
The Vilnius Castle Complex (Vilniaus pilių kompleksas or Vilniaus pilys) is a group of cultural, and historic structures on the left bank of the Neris River, near its confluence with the Vilnia River, in Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Vironians
The Vironians were one of the Finnic tribes that later formed the Estonian nation.
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Virumaa
Virumaa (Vironia; Low German: Wierland; Old Norse: Virland) is a former independent county in Ancient Estonia.
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Vladimir Pashuto
Vladimir Terentyevich Pashuto (Владимир Терентьевич Пашуто; April 19, 1918 – June 10, 1983) was a Russian Marxist historian who specialized in the history of medieval Lithuania and Russia, especially in their foreign policies.
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Volkwin Schenk
Volkwin von Naumburg zu Winterstätten (also Wolquin, Folkwin, Folkvin, Wolguinus, Wolgulin, Middle High German: Volkewîn; died 22 September 1236) was the Master (Herrmeister) of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword from 1209 to 1236.
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Vyachko
Vyachko of Koknese, also Vetseke of Kokenhusen (Rex Vesceka de Kukenois, Vetseke, Вячко) was the ruler of the Principality of Koknese in present-day Latvia, a vassal of Polotsk, who unsuccessfully tried to establish himself as a local ruler first in Latvia and then in Estonia, and fought against the expansionism of the Livonian Knights at the turn of the 13th century.
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Warmia
Warmia (Warmia, Latin: Varmia,, Old Prussian: Wārmi, Varmė) is a historical region in northern Poland.
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Wendish Crusade
The Wendish Crusade (Wendenkreuzzug) was a military campaign in 1147, one of the Northern Crusades and a part of the Second Crusade, led primarily by the Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire and directed against the Polabian Slavs (or "Wends").
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Wends
Wends (Winedas, Old Norse: Vindr, Wenden, Winden, vendere, vender, Wendowie) is a historical name for Slavs living near Germanic settlement areas.
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William de Greystoke, 2nd Baron Greystoke
William de Greystoke, 2nd Baron Greystoke, (6 January 1321 – 10 July 1359) of Greystoke in Cumbria, was an English peer and landowner.
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William Douglas of Nithsdale
Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale (c. 1370 – 1391 AD) was a Scottish knight and Northern Crusader.
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William III, Earl of Ross
William (or Uilleam) III, 5th Earl of Ross (d. 1372) was a fourteenth-century Scottish nobleman.
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William Urban
William Urban is an American historian specializing in the Baltic Crusades and Teutonic knights.
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Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast
Yantarny, previously known in German as (Palvininkai; Palmniki), is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Sambian Peninsula, about from Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast.
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1193
Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1293
Year 1293 (MCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
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1340s
The 1340s were a Julian calendar decade in the 14th century, in the midst of a period in world history often referred to as the Late Middle Ages in the Old World and the pre-Columbian era in the New World.
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Redirects here:
Baltic Crusades, Baltic crusades, Germanic crusaders, Northern Crusade, Northern crusades, Prusades.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades
