Oil shale

Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales), can be produced. ^[1]

A.F.S.K. Hom Tov

A.F.S.K. Hom Tov is a spin-off of the A.F.S.K. Industries Group located in Haifa, Israel.

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Abbotsbury

Abbotsbury is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset.

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Abelsonite

Abelsonite is a nickel porphyrin mineral with chemical formula C31H32N4Ni.

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Abraham Pineo Gesner

Abraham Pineo Gesner, ONB (May 2, 1797 – April 29, 1864) was a Canadian physician and geologist who invented kerosene.

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Addiewell

Addiewell (Aidieswall, Tobar Adaidh) is a former mining village in the Scottish council area of West Lothian.

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Agusalu Nature Reserve

Agusalu Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated in eastern Estonia, in Ida-Viru County.

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Ahtme Power Plant

The Ahtme Power Plant (Ahtme soojuselektrijaam) was an oil shale-fired power plant in Ahtme, Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.

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Alan S. Kornacki

Alan Stanley Kornacki (born May 4, 1952, in Bayonne, New Jersey) is an American geologist and retired Army colonel, currently the Senior Staff Geochemist at Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.

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Alberta Taciuk process

The Alberta Taciuk process (ATP; known also as the AOSTRA Taciuk process) is an above-ground dry thermal retorting technology for extracting oil from oil sands, oil shale and other organics-bearing materials, including oil contaminated soils, sludges and wastes.

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Albertite

Albertite is a type of asphalt in the Albert Formation found in Albert County, New Brunswick.

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Aleksinac oil shale deposit

The Aleksinac oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Aleksinac, Nišava District, Serbia.

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Alexander Crum Brown

Alexander Crum Brown FRSE FRS (26 March 1838 – 28 October 1922) was a Scottish organic chemist.

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Alexander Selligue

Alexander François Selligue (1784-1845) was a French engineer.

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Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Occitan: Aups d'Auta Provença) is a French department in the south of France, it was formerly part of the province of Provence.

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ALS Limited

ALS Limited (ASX) is a listed Australian testing services provider.

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Alum Shale Formation

The Alum Shale Formation (also known as alum schist and alum slate) is a formation of black shale of Middle Cambrian to Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) in age found in southern Scandinavia.

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Ambre Energy

Ambre Energy Limited is an Australian coal and oil shale company.

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American Shale Oil

The American Shale Oil, LLC (AMSO), originally known as EGL Oil Shale, LLC, was a developer of in-situ shale oil extraction technology based in Rifle, Colorado.

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Ammonium bituminosulfonate

Ammonium bituminosulfonate or ammonium bituminosulphonate (synonyms of ichthammol, CAS# brand name: Ichthyol) is a product of natural origin obtained in the first step by dry distillation of sulfur-rich oil shale (bituminous schists).

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Anglo-Persian Oil Company

The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was a British company founded in 1908 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran.

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Anina Mine

Anina Coal Mine is an underground mine that is now closed.

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Araguainha crater

The Araguainha crater or Araguainha dome is an impact crater on the border of Mato Grosso and Goiás states, Brazil, between the villages of Araguainha and Ponte Branca.

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Attarat Power Plant

Attarat Power Plant is a planned oil shale-fueled power plant in the Attarat Um Ghudran area in Jordan.

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Autun

Autun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department, France.

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Bathgate

Bathgate (Bathket or italic, Both Chèit) is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, on the M8 motorway west of Livingston.

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Battle of Narva (1944)

The Battle of Narva was a military campaign between the German Army Detachment "Narwa" and the Soviet Leningrad Front fought for possession of the strategically important Narva Isthmus on 2 February – 10 August 1944 during World War II.

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Bituminite

Bituminite is an autochthonous maceral that is a part of the liptinite group in lignite, that occurs in petroleum source rocks originating from organic matter such as algae which has undergone alteration or degradation from natural processes such as burial.

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Blue Ensign Technologies

Blue Ensign Technologies Limited is an Australian oil shale company developing the Julia Creek oil shale project through its subsidiary Queensland Shale Oil Limited.

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Boltysh crater

The Boltysh Crater (Bovtyshka Crater) is an impact crater in the Kirovohrad Oblast of Ukraine, near the village of Bovtyshka.

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Bonanza, Utah

Bonanza is a census-designated place in eastern Uintah County, Utah, United States.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Brandy Bay, Dorset

Brandy Bay is a small secluded southwest-facing bay, with an oil shale and shingle beach immediately below Gad Cliff and Tyneham Cap, to the east of Worbarrow Bay and to the west of Hobarrow Bay on the south coast of the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorset, England.

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Bridgwater Bay

Bridgwater Bay is on the Bristol Channel, north of Bridgwater in Somerset, England at the mouth of the River Parrett and the end of the River Parrett Trail.

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Brigham Young Oil Well

The Brigham Young Oil Well is an oil seep near Evanston, Wyoming that was discovered and used by the original Mormon expedition to Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young.

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Buštranje oil shale deposit

The Buštranje oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Buštranje, Pčinja District, Serbia.

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Buddingtonite

Buddingtonite is an ammonium feldspar with formula: NH4AlSi3O8 (note: some sources add 0.5H2O to the formula).

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Burngrange mining disaster

Burngrange is an area of the Scottish village West Calder.

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Burntisland

Burntisland (Bruntisland) is a royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland, on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth.

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Cannel coal

Cannel coal or candle coal, is a type of bituminous coal, also classified as terrestrial type oil shale.

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Cape Bathurst

Cape Bathurst (Inuit: Awaq) is a cape and a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Northwest Territories in Canada.

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Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming.

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Casaleia

Casaleia is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Amblyoponinae described by Pagliano & Scaramozzino in 1990 from fossils found in Europe.

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Central Utah Project

The Central Utah Project is a US federal water project that was authorized for construction under the Colorado River Storage Project Act of April 11, 1956 (CRSPA) (Public Law 485), as a participating project.

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Cephalopone

Cephalopone is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe.

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Charles Eugène Bertrand

Charles Eugène Bertrand (2 January 1851, Paris – 18 August 1917) was a French botanist, paleobotanist and geologist.

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Chattanooga Corporation

Chattanooga Corporation is an American developer of technology for unconventional oil, particularly for tar sands and shale oil extraction.

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Chevron Corporation

Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation.

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Chevron CRUSH

Chevron CRUSH is an experimental in situ shale oil extraction technology to convert kerogen in oil shale to shale oil.

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Chevron STB process

The Chevron STB process (also known as Staged Turbulent Bed Retorting Process) is an above-ground shale oil extraction technology.

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Chimney sweeps' carcinoma

Chimney sweep's cancer, also called soot wart, is a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum.

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Cleveland Shale

The Cleveland Shale, also referred to as the Cleveland Member, is a shale geologic formation in the states of Kentucky and Ohio in the United States.

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Climate change in Russia

Global warming in Russia describes the global warming related issues in Russia.

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Coal oil

Coal oil is a shale oil obtained from the destructive distillation of cannel coal, mineral wax, or bituminous shale, once used widely for illumination.

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Cofán

The Cofan (endonym: A’i) people are an indigenous people native to Sucumbíos Province northeast Ecuador and to southern Colombia, between the Guamués River (a tributary of the Putumayo River) and the Aguaricó River (a tributary of the Napo River).

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Colony Shale Oil Project

Colony Shale Oil Project was an oil shale development project at the Piceance Basin near Parachute Creek, Colorado.

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Colorado

Colorado is a state of the United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains.

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Colorado School of Mines

Colorado School of Mines, also referred to as "Mines", is a public teaching and research university in Golden, Colorado, devoted to engineering and applied science, with special expertise in the development and stewardship of the Earth's natural resources.

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Comparison of United States presidential candidates, 2008

This article compares the presidential candidates in the United States' 2008 presidential election.

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Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet

The President of the United States has the authority to nominate members of the cabinet to the United States Senate for confirmation under Article II, Section II, Clause II of the United States Constitution.

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Craigleith Provincial Park

Craigleith Provincial Park was established in 1967 by Ontario Parks.

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Creosote

Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood or fossil fuel.

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Crivina Power Station

The Crivina Power Station (Termocentrala de la Crivina) was a large thermal power plant located in Crivina, near Anina in Caraş-Severin County.

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Cuadrilla Resources

Cuadrilla Resources is a controversial oil and gas exploration and production company founded in 2007.

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Cyrtopone

Cyrtopone is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe.

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Dalmeny

Dalmeny is a village and parish in Scotland.

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Dawsholm Park

Dawsholm Park is a public park in the Kelvindale area of Glasgow, Scotland.

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Deans, West Lothian

Deans is a small community within the town of Livingston in West Lothian, Scotland.

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Dedo

Dedo is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

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Derna mine

The Derna Mine is an oil shale mine located in Derna, Bihor County.

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Drežnica oil shale deposit

The Drežnica oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Bujanovac, Pčinja District, Serbia.

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Dry distillation

Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids).

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Dutch East Indies campaign

The Dutch East Indies Campaign of 1941–42 was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Forces from the Allies attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. The campaign and subsequent three and a half year Japanese occupation was also a major factor in the end of Dutch colonial rule in the region.

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Earl Douglass

Earl Douglass (October 28, 1862 – January 13, 1931) was an American paleontologist who discovered the dinosaur Apatosaurus, playing a central role in one of the most important fossil finds in North America.

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Economic history of Morocco

The economic history of Morocco has largely been charted by the national government through a series of five-year plans.

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Economy of Belarus

The economy of Belarus is world's 72nd largest economy by GDP based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which in 2017 stood at $175.9 billion, or $18,600 per capita.

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Economy of China

The socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), although China's National Bureau of Statistics denies the latter assessment.

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Economy of Estonia

Estonian economy is an advanced economy and a member of the European Union and of the eurozone.

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Economy of Jordan

Jordan's GDP per capita rose by 351% in the 1970s, declined 30% in the 1980s, and rose 36% in the 1990s.

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Economy of Manchukuo

This article looks at the economies of Manchukuo and Mengjiang, in the period 1931-1945.

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Economy of Queensland

The economy of Queensland was one of the fastest growing economies within Australia, with growth outstripping that of the wider Australian economy in every financial year between 1995–96 and 2007–08.

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Economy of Scotland

The economy of Scotland had an estimated nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of up to £152 billion in 2015.

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Economy of the Middle East

The Economy of the Middle East is very diverse as it consists of the economies of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Kurdistan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

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Eesti Energia

Eesti Energia AS is a private limited energy company in Estonia with its headquarters in Tallinn.

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Eesti Küttejõud

AS Eesti Küttejõud (also: AS Eesti Kütte-Jõud; commonly: Küttejõud; literally: Estonian Heating Power) was an oil shale company located in Küttejõu, Estonia.

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Eesti Kiviõli

AS Eesti Kiviõli (Estnische Steinöl AG, English: Estonian Oil Shale Co. Ltd.) was an oil shale company located in Kiviõli, Estonia.

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Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium

Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium (Estländska Oljeskifferkonsortiet; Estonian Oil Consortium) was an oil shale company located in Sillamäe, Estonia.

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Egmont Bight

Egmont Bight is a shallow embayment at the southern end of the Encombe valley in Dorset, England.

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Enefit American Oil

Enefit American Oil (former name: Oil Shale Exploration Company - OSEC) is a Utah based oil shale exploration and development company.

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Enefit Kaevandused

Enefit Kaevandused (former names: Eesti Põlevkivi and Eesti Energia Kaevandused) is a mining company located in Jõhvi, Estonia.

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Energetics of Serbia

Energetics in Serbia started to develop in the 19th century.

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Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2014

The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2014 refers to appropriations bills introduced during the 113th United States Congress.

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Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015

The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 is a bill that would make appropriations for energy and water development and related agencies for FY2015.

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Energy in Australia

Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export.

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Energy in Egypt

This article describes the energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Egypt.

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Energy in Estonia

Energy in Estonia describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Estonia.

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Energy in Ethiopia

Energy in Ethiopia is energy and electricity production, consumption, transport, exportation and importation in Ethiopia.

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Energy in Jordan

Energy in Jordan describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Jordan.

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Energy in Queensland

Queensland's energy policy is based on the year 2000 document called the Queensland Energy Policy: A Cleaner Energy Strategy.

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Energy in Russia

Energy in Russia describes energy and electricity production, consumption and export from Russia.

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Energy Markets Emergency Act of 2008

The Energy Markets Emergency Act of 2008 (was a bill in the 110th Congress that "directs the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to use its authority to deal with issues causing major market disturbances." More specifically, the legislation directed the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to utilize all its authority, including its emergency powers, to curb immediately excessive speculation, price distortion, sudden or unreasonable fluctuations or unwarranted changes in prices, or other unlawful activity that is allegedly causing major market disturbances that prevent the market from accurately reflecting the forces of supply and demand for commodities.

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Energy Policy Act of 2005

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is a bill passed by the United States Congress on July 29, 2005, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on August 8, 2005, at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Energy policy of Canada

Canada has access to all main sources of energy including oil and gas, coal, hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, wind, marine and nuclear.

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Environmental impact of the oil shale industry

Environmental impact of the oil shale industry includes the consideration of issues such as land use, waste management, and water and air pollution caused by the extraction and processing of oil shale.

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Environmental issues in Wyoming

The U.S. state of Wyoming faces a broad array of environmental issues stemming from environmental changes including species introduction, endangered species, global climate change, and natural resource extraction.

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Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus

Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus (literally: First Estonian Oil Shale Industry) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.

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Essex County, Ontario

Essex County is a primarily rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada comprising seven municipalities: Amherstburg, Kingsville, Lakeshore, LaSalle, Leamington, Tecumseh and the administrative seat, Essex.

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Estonia

Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.

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Estonian Forest Aid

Estonian Forest Aid (EFA, Estonian: Eesti Metsa Abiks, alternative English translation: Helping Estonia's Forests) is an Estonian civic movement which advocates sustainable forest management and draws attention to problems associated with Estonian forestry policy in general.

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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the Government of the Soviet Union.

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Ethanol fuel in the United States

The United States became the world's largest producer of ethanol fuel in 2005.

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Externalities of automobiles

The externalities of automobiles, as similarly other economic externalities, are the measurable costs for other parties except the car proprietor, such costs not being taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car.

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ExxonMobil climate change controversy

The ExxonMobil climate change controversy concerns ExxonMobil's activities related to climate change, especially their views on climate change skepticism.

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ExxonMobil Electrofrac

ExxonMobil Electrofrac is an in situ shale oil extraction technology proposed by ExxonMobil for converting kerogen in oil shale to shale oil.

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Fairyfly

The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world.

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FEHM

FEHM is a groundwater model that has been developed in the at Los Alamos National Laboratory over the past 30 years.

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Fischer assay

The Fischer assay is a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction.

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Flat Tops Wilderness Area

Flat Tops Wilderness Area is the third largest U.S. Wilderness Area in Colorado.

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Forestry in Estonia

Forests cover about 50% of the territory of Estonia, or around 2 million hectares, and so make out an important and dominating landscape type in the country.

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.

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Fossil fuel power station

A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.

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Franz Joseph Emil Fischer

Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (19 March 1877 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 1 December 1947 in Munich) was a German chemist.

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Franz Krull Sk class

The Franz Krull Sk-class is a class of steam locomotive built by the Franz Krull metal works of Tallinn, Estonia between 1931-1940.

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Fredrik Ljungström

Fredrik Ljungström (16 June 1875 in Stockholm – 18 February 1964 in Stockholm) was a Swedish engineer, technical designer, and industrialist.

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Freeway Warrior

Freeway Warrior is a series of 4 gamebooks, created by Joe Dever.

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Fushun Mining Group

Fushun Mining Group(FMG) is a large state-owned coal and oil shale company located in Fushun, Liaoning Province, China.

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Fushun process

The Fushun process is an above-ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Galoter process

The Galoter process (also known as TSK, UTT, or SHC; its newest modifications are called Enefit and Petroter) is a shale oil extraction technology for a production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil.

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Gas combustion retort process

The gas combustion retort process (also referred as gas-combustion retorting process) was an above-ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Gazprom Promgaz

Joint Stock Company Gazprom Promgaz (Акционерное Общество "Газпром промгаз", abbreviated JSC Gazprom Promgaz, (ОАО "Газпром промгаз")) is a Russian company that specializes in structural engineering, design, research, heating, the electric power market, and other services related to natural gas.

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General Mining Act of 1872

The General Mining Act of 1872 is a United States federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands.

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Genie Energy

Genie Energy Ltd. is an American energy company headquartered in Newark, New Jersey.

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Geography of Belarus

Belarus, a landlocked, generally flat country (the average elevation is above sea level) without natural borders, occupies an area of, or slightly smaller than the United Kingdom or the state of Kansas.

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Geography of Estonia

Between 57.3 and 59.5 latitude and 21.5 and 28.1 longitude, Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea on the level northwestern part of the rising East European Platform.

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Geography of Jordan

Jordan is situated geographically in Southwest Asia, south of Syria, west of Iraq, northwest of Saudi Arabia and east of Israel and the West Bank; politically, the area has also been referred to in the West as the Middle or Near East.

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Geology of Kansas

The Geology of Kansas encompasses the geologic history of the US state of Kansas and the present-day rock and soil that is exposed there.

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Geology of Queensland

The geology of Queensland can be subdivided into several regions with different histories.

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Geology of Tasmania

The geology of Tasmania is complex, with the world's biggest exposure of diabase, or dolerite.

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Gesomyrmex germanicus

Gesomyrmex germanicus is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae known from an Eocene fossil found in Europe.

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Gesomyrmex pulcher

Gesomyrmex pulcher is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae known from an Eocene fossil found in Europe.

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Glaucocarpum

Glaucocarpum is a monotypic plant genus containing the single species Glaucocarpum suffrutescens (syn. Hesperidanthus suffrutescens, Schoenocrambe suffrutescens), a rare species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names Uinta Basin waxfruit, waxfruit mustard, toad-flax cress, and shrubby reed-mustard.

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Glen Davis, New South Wales

Glen Davis is a village in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia.

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Glowworm Tunnel

The Glowworm Tunnel is a disused railway tunnel between Lithgow, New South Wales and Newnes, New South Wales, Australia.

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Goč oil shale deposit

The Goč oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Vrnjačka Banja, Raška District, Serbia.

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Grand Junction, Colorado

The city of Grand Junction is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Mesa County, Colorado, United States.

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Graptolitic argillite

Graptolitic argillite (also known as dictyonema argillite, dictyonema oil shale, dictyonema shale, or Tremadocian black shale) is a marinite-type black shale of sapropelic origin.

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Green River (Colorado River tributary)

The Green River, located in the western United States, is the chief tributary of the Colorado River.

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Green River Formation

The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day Green River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah.

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Green River, Wyoming

Green River is a city in and the county seat of Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States, in the southwestern part of the state.

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Guizhou

Guizhou, formerly romanized as Kweichow, is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country.

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Hainan

Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea.

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Hartley Vale, New South Wales

Hartley Vale is a small village in the Blue Mountains area of New South Wales, Australia.

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Heavy crude oil

Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly-viscous oil that cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions.

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Heiti Talvik

Heiti Talvik (9 November 1904 - 18 July 1947) was an Estonian poet.

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Hejaz railway

The Hejaz (or Hedjaz) railway (Hicaz Demiryolu) was a narrow-gauge railway (track gauge) that ran from Damascus to Medina, through the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, with a branch line to Haifa on the Mediterranean Sea.

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Henry Cadell

Dr Henry Moubray Cadell of Grange, DL FRSE LLD (1860 – 1934) was a Scottish geologist and geographer, noted for his work on the Moine Thrust, the oil-shale fields of West Lothian, and his experiments in mountain building published in 1888.

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Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney

Henry I Sinclair, Jarl of Orkney, Baron of Roslin (13451400) was a Scottish and a Norwegian nobleman.

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History of manufactured fuel gases

The history of gaseous fuel, important for lighting, heating, and cooking purposes throughout most of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, began with the development of analytical and pneumatic chemistry in the 18th century.

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History of the oil shale industry

The history of the oil shale industry started in ancient times.

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History of the oil shale industry in the United States

The history of the oil shale industry in the United States goes back to the 1850s; it dates back farther as a major enterprise than the petroleum industry.

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Hobarrow Bay

Hobarrow Bay is a small secluded southwest-facing bay, with an oil shale and shingle beach to the southeast of Brandy Bay and to the southwest of Kimmeridge on the south coast of the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorset, England.

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Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua, baie d'Hudson) (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of.

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Human impact on the environment

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crises, and ecological collapse.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrocarbon exploration

Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface, such as oil and natural gas.

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Hydrogen economy

The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen.

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Hytort process

The Hytort process is an above-ground shale oil extraction process developed by the Institute of Gas Technology.

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Ida-Viru County

Ida-Viru County (Ida-Viru maakond), or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia.

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Independent Energy Partners

Independent Energy Partners, Inc. (IEP) is an oil shale resources company based in Parker, Colorado, the United States.

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Index of Colorado-related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to the U.S. state of Colorado.

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Index of electrical engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to electrical and electronics engineering.

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Inkerman, Renfrewshire

Inkerman was a small hamlet set up in 1858 in the Abbey Parish of Paisley to house ironstone miners.

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IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.

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James Young (chemist)

James Young (13 July 1811 – 13 May 1883) was a Scottish chemist best known for his method of distilling paraffin from coal and oil shales.

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Jilin

Jilin, formerly romanized as Kirin is one of the three provinces of Northeast China.

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Joadja, New South Wales

Joadja is a Historic Town (ruin) on the New South Wales Heritage Register in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia, in Wingecarribee Shire.

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Johann Georg Anton Geuther

Johann Georg Anton Geuther (23 April 1833 – 23 August 1889) was a German chemist.

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John Braithwaite (engineer)

John Braithwaite, the younger (19 March 1797 – 25 September 1870) was an English engineer who invented the first steam fire engine.

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Jordan

Jordan (الْأُرْدُنّ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River.

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Kaludra oil shale deposit

The Kaludra oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Kaludra, Šumadija District, Serbia.

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Kam Controls

Kam Controls Incorporated is an R&D company based in Houston, Texas, United States manufacturing measurement instruments for producers and pipeline operators in the petroleum industry.

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Karrick process

The Karrick process is a low-temperature carbonization (LTC) and pyrolysis process of carbonaceous materials.

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Katoomba Scenic World

Scenic World Blue Mountains is a private, family owned tourist attraction located in Katoomba in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia, about 100 kilometres west of Sydney.

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Katoomba, New South Wales

Katoomba (postcode: 2780) is the chief town of the City of Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia, and the administrative headquarters of Blue Mountains City Council.

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Ken Salazar

Kenneth Lee Salazar (born March 2, 1955) is an American politician who served as the 50th United States Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013.

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KENTORT II

KENTORT II is an above-ground shale oil extraction process developed by the Center for Applied Energy Research of the University of Kentucky.

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Kerogen

Kerogen is a solid organic matter in sedimentary rocks.

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Kerosene

Kerosene, also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil (an obsolete term), is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum.

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Key bed

In geology, a key bed (''syn'' marker bed) is a relatively thin layer of sedimentary rock that is readily recognized on the basis of either its distinct physical characteristics or fossil content and can be mapped over a very large geographic area.

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Kilve

Kilve is a village in West Somerset, England, within the Quantock Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the first AONB to be established, in 1957.

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Kimmeridge

Kimmeridge is a small village and civil parish on the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula on the English Channel coast in Dorset, England.

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Kimmeridge Bay

Kimmeridge Bay is a bay on the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula on the English Channel coast in Dorset, England, close to and southeast of the village of Kimmeridge, on the Smedmore Estate.

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Kimmeridge Ledges

Kimmeridge Ledges is a set of Kimmeridge clay ledges stretching out in to the sea on the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula on the English Channel coast in Dorset, England.They are located to the southeast of Kimmeridge Bay and south of the villages of Kimmeridge, on the Smedmore Estate.

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Kirknewton, West Lothian

Kirknewton (Kirknewtoun, Eaglais a' Bhaile Ùir) is a village formerly in the county of Midlothian and, since 1975, in West Lothian, Scotland.

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Kiviõli

Kiviõli is an industrial town in Ida-Viru County, Estonia.

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Kiviter process

The Kiviter process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Klašnić oil shale deposit

The Klašnić oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Klašnić, Kolubara District, Serbia.

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Klenike oil shale deposit

The Klenike oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Klenike, Pčinja District, Serbia.

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Klystron

A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian,Pond, Norman H. "The Tube Guys".

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Kohtla-Järve

Kohtla-Järve (Кохтла-Ярве) is a city and municipality in north-eastern Estonia, founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946.

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Kohtla-Järve Power Plant

The Kohtla-Järve Power Plant (Kohtla-Järve soojuselektrijaam) is an oil shale-fired power plant in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, about 15 km to north-west of the Ahtme Power Plant.

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Kukersite

Kukersite is a light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age.

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Kukruse

Kukruse (Kuckers) is a village in Toila Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.

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Lagerstätte

A Lagerstätte (from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues.

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Lake

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.

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Lamosite

Lamosite is an olive-gray brown or dark gray to brownish black lacustrine-type oil shale, in which the chief organic constituent is lamalginite derived from lacustrine planktonic algae.

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an American federal research facility in Livermore, California, United States, founded by the University of California, Berkeley in 1952.

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Lazac oil shale deposit

The Lazac oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Lazac, Raška District, Serbia.

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Leningradslanets

OAO Leningradslanets (ОАО «Ленинградсланец») was an oil-shale-mining company based in Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Lewis Karrick

Lewis Cass Karrick (1890–1962) was an American petroleum refinery engineer, oil shale and coal technologist, and inventor.

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List of countries by proven oil reserves

This is a list of countries by proven oil reserves.

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List of energy resources

These are modes of energy production, energy storage, or energy conservation, listed alphabetically.

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List of ghost towns by country

The following is a list of ghost towns, listed by continent, then by country.

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List of largest power stations

This article lists the largest power stations in the world, the ten overall and the five of each type, in terms of current installed electrical capacity.

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List of power stations in Ethiopia

This page lists power stations in Ethiopia, both integrated with the national power grid but also isolated ones.

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List of University of Edinburgh medical people

List of University of Edinburgh medical people is a list of notable graduates as well as non-graduates, and academic staffs of the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland.

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LLNL HRS process

LLNL HRS (hot recycled solid) process is an above-ground shale oil extraction technology.

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LLNL RISE process

The LLNL RISE process was an experimental shale oil extraction technology developed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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Lurgi–Ruhrgas process

The Lurgi–Ruhrgas process is an above-ground coal liquefaction and shale oil extraction technology.

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Maceral

A maceral is a component, organic in origin, of coal or oil shale.

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Main Western railway line, New South Wales

The Main Western Railway is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia.

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Mangrullo Formation

The Mangrullo Formation is a Lower Permian (Artinskian) fossil locality in northeastern Uruguay.

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Maquoketa Group

The Maquoketa Group is an assemblage of several geologic formations.

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Maria Bakunin

Maria Bakunin (also known as Marussia Bakunin) was born in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, on 2 February 1873 and died in Naples on 17 April 1960.

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Marinite

Marinite is a gray to dark-gray or black oil shale of marine origin in which the chief organic components are lamalginite and bituminite derived from marine phytoplankton, with varied admixtures of bitumen, telalginite and vitrinite.

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Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

Melville Island is an uninhabited island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago with an area of.

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Mesozoic

The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about.

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Messel pit

The Messel Pit (Grube Messel) is a disused quarry near the village of Messel, (Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg, Hesse) about southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

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Messelepone

Messelepone is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe.

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Methanol economy

The methanol economy is a suggested future economy in which methanol and dimethyl ether replace fossil fuels as a means of energy storage, ground transportation fuel, and raw material for synthetic hydrocarbons and their products.

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Michael Strogoff

Michael Strogoff: The Courier of the Czar (Michel Strogoff) is a novel written by Jules Verne in 1876.

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Midnight regulations

Midnight regulations are United States federal government regulations created by executive branch agencies in the lame duck period of an outgoing president's administration.

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Mikhail Zalessky

Mikhail Zalessky (Михаил Дмитриевич Залесский, Mikhail Dmitrievich Zalesskiy; 15 September 1877 – 22 December 1946) was a Russian paleontologist and paleobotanist.

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Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.

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Mining in Australia

Mining in Australia is a significant primary industry and contributor to the Australian economy.

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Mishor Rotem Power Station

The Mishor Rotem Power Station is a former oil shale-fired power station and current natural gas-fired power station in Mishor Rotem, Israel.

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Mitigation of peak oil

The mitigation of peak oil is the attempt to delay the date and minimize the social and economic effects of peak oil by reducing the consumption of and reliance on petroleum.

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Monterey Formation

The Monterey Formation is an extensive Miocene oil-rich geological sedimentary formation in California, with outcrops of the formation in parts of the California Coast Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and on some of California's off-shore islands.

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Morava Valley

The Morava Valley (Поморавље/Pomoravlje), is a general term which in its widest sense marks valleys of any of three Morava rivers in Serbia: the West Morava (Западно Поморавље/Zapadno Pomoravlje), the South Morava (Јужно Поморавље/Južno Pomoravlje) and the Great Morava (Велико Поморавље/Veliko Pomoravlje).

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Mountain West Energy

Mountain West Energy, LLC is an American unconventional oil recovery technology research and development company based in Orem, Utah.

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Murrurundi

Murrurundi is a rural town located in the Upper Hunter Shire, in the Upper Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia.

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Nam Con Son Basin

The Nam Con Son Basin (also known as the Wanan Basin) formed as a rift basin during the Oligocene period.

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Narva Oil Plant

Narva Oil Plant (Narva Õlitehas), a subsidiary of Eesti Energia, is a producer of shale oil from oil shale.

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Narva Power Plants

The Narva Power Plants (Narva Elektrijaamad) are a power generation complex in and near Narva in Estonia, near the border with Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Nevada–Texas–Utah retort

The Nevada–Texas–Utah retort process (also known as NTU, Dundas–Howes or Rexco process) was an above-ground shale oil extraction technology to produce shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil.

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New Albany Shale

The New Albany Shale is an organic-rich geologic formation of Devonian and Mississippian age in the Illinois Basin of the United States.

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New Brunswick

New Brunswick (Nouveau-Brunswick; Canadian French pronunciation) is one of three Maritime provinces on the east coast of Canada.

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New Consolidated Gold Fields

New Consolidated Gold Fields Ltd Estonian Branch (commonly known as Goldfields) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Nõmme, Estonia.

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Newnes railway line

The Newnes railway line (also called Wolgan Valley Railway) is a closed and dismantled railway line in New South Wales, Australia.

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Newnes, New South Wales

Newnes, an abandoned oil shale mining site of the Wolgan Valley, is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia.

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Niddry Castle

Niddry Castle is a sixteenth-century tower house near Winchburgh, West Lothian, Scotland.

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Nightwing (film)

Nightwing is a 1979 American horror film directed by Arthur Hiller.

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Nikolay Dobrokhotov

Nikolay Nikolayevich Dobrokhotov (Никола́й Никола́евич Доброхо́тов; – 15 October 1963) was a Soviet scientist and metallurgist, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR, Academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences.

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Nikolay Pogrebov

Nikolay Pogrebov, (Николай Фёдорович Погребов; in Saint Petersburg – 10 January 1942 in Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet hydrogeologist and an engineering geologist.

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Nordic energy market

Nordic electricity market is a common market for electricity in the Nordic countries.

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Northern Estonia

Northern Estonia (Estonian: Põhja-Eesti) is a geographical region of Estonia, consisting of the three northernmost counties - Harju County, Ida-Viru County and Lääne-Viru County. The largest towns of Northern Estonia are Tallinn (capital of Estonia), Narva, Kohtla-Järve and Rakvere. Northern Estonia is the most populous area in Estonia, with 60.3% of the population living there. Northern Estonia has two main ethnic groups - Estonians and Russians. Ida-Viru County, most notably, has a large Russian population. The population of Ida-Viru County is 72.8% Russian, unlike other Estonian counties, where 80% of the population is Estonian. Harju County also has a large Russian population (31,2%), mainly of it resides in Tallinn. Lääne-Viru County, however, only has 9.5% Russian population.

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Nuclear energy in Estonia

In 2009, the Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament) approved, provisioning necessity to train specialists and pass relevant legislation by 2012 which would be necessary if Estonia were to carry out construction of a nuclear plant.

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Occidental Petroleum

Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol) is an American multinational petroleum and natural gas exploration and production company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in Houston, Texas with operations in the United States, the Middle East, and Latin America.

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Odžaci oil shale deposit

The Odžaci oil shale deposit is located in Odžaci, West Bačka District, Serbia.

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Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves

The United States Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves is part of the US Department of Energy.

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Oil depletion allowance

The oil depletion allowance in American (US) tax law is an allowance claimable by anyone with an economic interest in a mineral deposit or standing timber.

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Oil reserves

Oil reserves denote the amount of crude oil that can be technically recovered at a cost that is financially feasible at the present price of oil.

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Oil reserves in the United States

Proven oil reserves in the United States were of crude oil as of the end of 2014, excluding the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.

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Oil sands

Oil sands, also known as tar sands or crude bitumen, or more technically bituminous sands, are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit.

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Oil Shale (journal)

Oil Shale is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in petrology, especially concerning oil shale.

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Oil shale economics

Oil shale economics deals with the economic feasibility of oil shale extraction and processing.

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Oil shale gas

Oil shale gas (also: retort gas or retorting gas) is a synthetic non-condensable gas mixture (syngas) produced by oil shale thermal processing (pyrolysis).

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Oil shale geology

Oil shale geology is a branch of geologic sciences which studies the formation and composition of oil shales–fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing significant amounts of kerogen, and belonging to the group of sapropel fuels.

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Oil shale in Australia

There are oil shale deposits in Australia which range from small deposits to large reserves.

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Oil shale in Belarus

Oil shale in Belarus is a large, but undeveloped energy resource.

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Oil shale in China

Oil shale in China is an important source of unconventional oil.

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Oil shale in Estonia

Oil shale (põlevkivi) is a strategic energy resource that constitutes about 4% of Estonia's gross domestic product.

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Oil shale in Israel

Oil shale in Israel is widespread but an undeveloped resource, largely because of economic and technological constraints.

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Oil shale in Jordan

Oil shale in Jordan represents a significant resource.

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Oil shale in Morocco

Oil shale in Morocco represents a significant potential resource.

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Oil shale in Serbia

Oil shale in Serbia is a large, but undeveloped energy resource.

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Oil shale industry

The oil shale industry is an industry of mining and processing of oil shale—a fine-grained sedimentary rock, containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured.

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Oil shale reserves

Oil shale reserves refers to oil shale resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities.

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Oilstone

Oilstone may refer to.

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Omnishale process

Omnishale process (also known as the Petro Probe process) is an in situ shale oil extraction technology to convert kerogen in oil shale to shale oil.

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Operation Desert (German fuel project)

Operation Desert (Unternehmen Wüste) was a German synthetic fuel project during World War II.

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Ordovician

The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.

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Ore genesis

Various theories of ore genesis explain how the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust.

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Organic-rich sedimentary rocks

Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon.

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Orlja oil shale deposit

The Orlja oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Orlja, Pirot District, Serbia.

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Outline of mining

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mining: Mining – extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam.

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Outotec

Outotec Oyj is a Finnish listed technology company that was created when Outokumpu Oyj span off its technology business into a separate entity in 2006.

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Pachycondyla eocenica

Pachycondyla eocenica is an extinct species of ant in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe.

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Pachycondyla lutzi

Pachycondyla lutzi is an extinct species of ant in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described by from fossils found in Europe.

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Pachycondyla parvula

Pachycondyla parvula is an extinct species of ant in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described by from a fossil found in Europe.

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Pachycondyla petiolosa

Pachycondyla petiolosa is an extinct species of ant in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described by from a fossil found in Europe.

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Pachycondyla petrosa

Pachycondyla petrosa is an extinct species of ant in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from a fossil found in Europe.

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Pachycondyla? messeliana

Pachycondyla? messeliana is an extinct species of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described by from a fossil found in Europe.

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Pajualuse

Pajualuse is a village in Jõhvi Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.

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Palaeochiropteryx

Palaeochiropteryx is an extinct genus of bat from the Middle Eocene of Europe.

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Paljina oil shale deposit

The Paljina oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Paljina, Nišava District, Serbia.

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Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid, derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

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Paraho process

The Paraho process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Paraná Basin

The Paraná Basin (Bacia do Paraná, Cuenca Paraná) is a large cratonic sedimentary basin situated in the central-eastern part of South America.

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Paribas

Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas S.A. (Paribas, Bank of Paris and the Netherlands) was a French investment bank based in Paris that in May 2000 merged with Banque National de Paris S.A. to form BNP Paribas.

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Paul Kogerman

Paul Nikolai Kogerman (in Tallinn – 27 July 1951 Tallinn) was an Estonian chemist and founder of modern research in oil shale.

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Püssi

Püssi is a town in Lüganuse Parish, Ida-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia, with a population of 1,783.

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Peak oil

Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.

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Peak uranium

Peak uranium is the point in time that the maximum global uranium production rate is reached.

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Penstemon grahamii

Penstemon grahamii, known by the common names Uinta Basin beardtongue and Graham's beardtongue, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family.

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Penstemon scariosus

Penstemon scariosus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name White River beardtongue.

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Permian–Triassic extinction event

The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying, the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction, occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

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Peter Voser

Peter Robert Voser (born 29 August 1958) is a Swiss businessman.

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Petrobras

Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras, is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.

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Petrosix

Petrosix is the world’s largest surface oil shale pyrolysis retort with an diameter vertical shaft kiln, operational since 1992.

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Philip Abelson

Philip Hauge Abelson (April 27, 1913 – August 1, 2004) was an American physicist, a scientific editor, and a science writer.

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Philpstoun

Philpstoun is a small village in West Lothian, Scotland, situated roughly east of the historic county town of Linlithgow.

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Physaria congesta

Physaria congesta ITIS.

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Physaria obcordata

Physaria obcordata is a rare species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Dudley Bluffs twinpod.

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Physaria parviflora

Physaria parviflora (syn. Lesquerella parviflora) is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names Piceance bladderpod and frosty bladderpod.

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Piceance Basin

The Piceance Basin is a geologic structural basin in northwestern Colorado, in the United States.

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Plasma gasification

Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

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Polbeth

Polbeth is a former oil shale mining village located about a mile from West Calder, and not far from Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland.

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Porphyrin

Porphyrins (/phɔɹfɚɪn/ ''POUR-fer-in'') are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.

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Posidonia Shale

The Posidonia Shale is an Early Jurassic geological formation of south-western Germany, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles.

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Progressive massive fibrosis

Progressive Massive Fibrosis (PMF), characterized by the development of large conglomerate masses of dense fibrosis (usually in the upper lung zones), can complicate silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis.

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Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems

Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems (POLES) is a world simulation model for the energy sector that runs on the Vensim software.

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Protopone

Protopone is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ponerinae described from fossils found in Europe and Asia.

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Prugovac oil shale deposit

The Prugovac oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Prugovac, Nišava District, Serbia.

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Pseudectatomma

Pseudectatomma is an extinct genus of ants in the formicid subfamily Ectatomminae described by from fossils found in Europe.

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Pseudogygites

Pseudogygites is an extinct genus of trilobites from the Middle and Upper Ordovician.

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Puhatu Nature Reserve

Puhatu Nature Reserve is a nature reserve situated eastern Estonia, in Ida-Viru County.

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Pumpherston retort

The Pumpherston retort (also known as the Bryson retort) was a type of oil-shale retort used in Scotland at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century.

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Pyridine

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N.

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Queensland Energy Resources

Queensland Energy Resources Limited (QERL) is an Australian oil shale mining and shale oil extraction company with the headquarters in Brisbane.

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Questerre Energy

Questerre Energy Corporation is an international energy exploration company headquartered in Calgary, Canada, and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the Oslo Stock Exchange.

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Rača oil shale deposit

The Rača oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Rača, Šumadija District, Serbia.

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Rail transport in Estonia

The rail transport system in Estonia consists of about of railway lines, of which are currently in public use.

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Rainer Nõlvak

Rainer Nõlvak is an Estonian entrepreneur and nature protector who is Chairman of the board of Estonian Nature Fund.

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Raljin oil shale deposit

The Raljin oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Raljin, Pirot District, Serbia.

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Red Desert (Wyoming)

The Red Desert is a high altitude desert and sagebrush steppe located in south central Wyoming, comprising approximately 9,320 square miles (24,000 km2).

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Red Leaf Resources

Red Leaf Resources, Inc, is an oil-shale company based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

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Retort

In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances.

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Rifle, Colorado

The City of Rifle is a Home Rule Municipality in Garfield County, Colorado, United States.

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Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company

The Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company was an American shale oil extraction technology research and development company.

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Rock (geology)

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

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Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America.

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Ruhrgas

Ruhrgas AG (original name: Aktiengesellschaft für Kohleverwertung; later: E.ON Ruhrgas) was the largest natural gas transportation and trading company based in Essen, Germany.

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Sambaina

Sambaina is the name of several towns and communes in Madagascar.

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San Leon Energy

San Leon Energy plc is an independent oil and gas exploration company and is Europe's leading shale gas company by acreage.

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Sangruntau oil shale deposit

The Sangruntau oil shale deposit is an oil-shale deposit in Navoi Region, Uzbekistan.

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Saskatchewan Highway 690

Saskatchewan Highway 690 connects Saskatchewan Highway 23 near Arborfield to Saskatchewan Highway 789 in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada.

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Schoenocrambe argillacea

Schoenocrambe argillacea (syn. Hesperidanthus argillaceus) is a rare species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names clay reed-mustard, Uinta Basin plainsmustard, and clay thelypody.

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Searlesite

Searlesite is a sodium borosilicate mineral, with the chemical formula NaBSi2O5(OH)2.

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Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.

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Sedimentology

Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis.

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Seka Chekorsa (woreda)

Seka Chekorsa is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.

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Shale

Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.

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Shale (disambiguation)

Shale may refer to.

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Shale gas

Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations.

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Shale oil

Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.

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Shale oil extraction

Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production.

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Shale Technologies (company)

Shale Technologies, LLC is an American privately held oil shale company with headquarters in Rifle, Colorado.

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Shandong Energy

Shandong Energy Group Company is a state owned coal-mining company headquartered in Jinan, Shandong, China.

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Shell in situ conversion process

The Shell's in situ conversion process (Shell ICP) is an in situ shale oil extraction technology to convert kerogen in oil shale to shale oil.

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Shell Spher process

The Shell Spher process (Shell Pellet Heat Exchange Retorting) is an above ground fluidization bed retorting technology for shale oil extraction.

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Sillamäe

Sillamäe (Силламяэ), known also in Germanized version as Sillamäggi or Sillamägi (Estonian for "Bridge Hill"), is a town in Ida-Viru County in the northern part of Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland.

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Silmet

NPM Silmet AS is a rare-earth processor located in Sillamäe, Estonia.

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Skochinsky Institute of Mining

The Skochinsky Institute of Mining (full name: National Mining Research Center – A.A. Skochinsky Institute of Mining; Институт горного дела им.) is an institute of mining located in Lyubertsy, Russia.

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Slantsevsky District

Slantsevsky District (Сла́нцевский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #47-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast

Slantsy (Сла́нцы) is a town and the administrative center of Slantsevsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Plyussa River, west of St. Petersburg.

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Smedmore House

Smedmore House is a country house near Kimmeridge, Dorset, in England.

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Smoking Hills

The Smoking Hills are located on the east coast of Cape Bathurst in Canada's Northwest Territories, next to the Arctic Ocean and a small group of lakes.

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Source rock

In petroleum geology, source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated.

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Space colonization

Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.

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Spearfish Formation

The Spearfish Formation is a geologic formation, originally described from the Black Hills region of South Dakota, United States, but also recognised in North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana and Nebraska.

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Spent shale

Spent shale or spent oil shale (also known as retorted shale) is a solid residue from the shale oil extraction process of producing synthetic shale oil from oil shale.

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Stance oil shale deposit

The Stance oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Stance, Pčinja District, Serbia.

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Steam-assisted gravity drainage

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD; "Sag-D") is an enhanced oil recovery technology for producing heavy crude oil and bitumen.

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Stellarton

Stellarton is a town located in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

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Stuart Oil Shale Project

The Stuart Oil Shale Project is an oil shale development project in Yarwun near Gladstone, Queensland, Australia.

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Substitute natural gas

Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or from renewable electrical energy.

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Superior multimineral process

The Superior multimineral process (also known as the McDowell–Wellman process or circular grate process) is an above ground shale oil extraction technology designed for production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil.

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Swan's Landing Archeological Site

The Swan's Landing Archeological Site is an archaeological site from the Early Archaic period in Harrison County, Indiana, United States.

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Sweden during World War II

Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during World War II.

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Swedish Air Force

The Swedish Air Force (Svenska flygvapnet) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

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Synthetic crude

Synthetic crude is the output from a bitumen/extra heavy oil upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production.

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Synthetic fuel

Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel, or sometimes gaseous fuel, obtained from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas.

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Synthetic fuels in the United States

Synthetic fuels in the United States is an issue of rising importance due the crude oil prices, and geopolitical and economic considerations.

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Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program

The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program was a program run by the United States Bureau of Mines to create the technology to produce synthetic fuel from coal and oil shale.

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Tallinn

Tallinn (or,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.

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Tallinn Airport

Tallinn Airport (Tallinna lennujaam) or Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport (Lennart Meri Tallinna lennujaam) is the largest airport in Estonia and serves as a hub for the national airline Nordica, as well as the secondary hub for AirBaltic and LOT Polish Airlines.

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Tallinn Offensive

The Tallinn Offensive (Таллинская наступательная операция) was a strategic offensive by the Red Army's 2nd Shock and 8th Armies and the Baltic Fleet against the German Army Detachment ''Narwa'' and Estonian units in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II on 17–26 September 1944.

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Tallinn Power Plant

The Tallinn Power Plant (Tallinna elektrijaam) is a former power plant located in Tallinn, Estonia.

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Tarakan Island

Tarakan is an island off the coast of North Kalimantan, Indonesia.

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Tartu Offensive

The Tartu Offensive Operation (Тартуская наступательная операция), also known as the Battle of Tartu (Tartu lahing) and the Battle of Emajõgi (Emajõe lahingud, Schlacht am Embach) was a campaign fought over southeastern Estonia in 1944.

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Tasmanite

Tasmanite is a sedimentary rock type almost entirely consisting of the prasinophyte alga Tasmanites.

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Technological fix

A technological fix, technical fix, technological shortcut or solutionism refers to the attempt of using engineering or technology to solve a problem (often created by earlier technological interventions).

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The Holocaust in Estonia

The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany.

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Tight oil

Tight oil (also known as shale oil, shale-hosted oil or light tight oil, abbreviated LTO) is light crude oil contained in petroleum-bearing formations of low permeability, often shale or tight sandstone.

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Timahdit oil shale deposit

The Timahdit oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located about southeast of Rabat near Timahdite, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco.

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Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)

The following is a timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama from his inauguration as president of the United States on January 20, 2009, to December 31, 2009.

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Torbanite

Torbanite, also known as boghead coal, is a variety of fine-grained black oil shale.

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Tosco Corporation

Tosco (The Oil Shale COrporation) was an independent US based petroleum refining and marketing corporation.

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TOSCO II process

The TOSCO II process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction, which uses fine particles of oil shale that are heated in a rotating kiln.

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Transfer technique

The transfer technique is a technique to stabilise and prepare fossils by partially embedding them in plastic resins (i.e. epoxy or polyester) in order to preserve the position of the preserved fossil once all of the rock matrix is subsequently removed.

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Trona

Trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O) is a non-marine evaporite mineral.

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Tuatapere Branch

The Tuatapere Branch, including the Orawia Branch, was a branch line railway in Southland, New Zealand.

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Uintah Railway

The Uintah Railway was a small narrow gauge railroad company in Utah and Colorado in the United States.

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Unconventional oil

Unconventional oil is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional (oil well) method.

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Underground mining (soft rock)

Underground soft rock mining is a group of underground mining techniques used to extract coal, oil shale, potash and other minerals or geological materials from sedimentary ("soft") rocks.

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Union process

The Union process was an above ground shale oil extraction technology for production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil.

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United States energy law

United States energy law is a function of the federal government, states, and local governments.

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Uphall

Uphall (Uphauch, Ubhalaidh) is a village in West Lothian, Scotland.

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Uranium mining by country

The country mining the largest amount of uranium is Kazakhstan, which in 2015 produced 39% of the world's mining output.

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Utah

Utah is a state in the western United States.

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Utah Geological Survey

The Utah Geological Survey is based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

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Utah State Route 45

State Route 45 (SR-45) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah.

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Vaivara concentration camp

Vaivara concentration camp was the largest of the 22 concentration and labor camps established in Estonia by the Nazi regime during World War II.

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Vanadium

Vanadium is a chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23.

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Vina oil shale deposit

The Vina oil shale deposit is an oil shale deposit located in Vina, Zaječar District, Serbia.

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Vlase oil shale deposit

The Vlase oil shale deposit is an oil shale mine located in Vlase, Pčinja District, Serbia.

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War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia

A number of War crimes trials were held in the 1960s in Soviet Estonia.

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Wayne N. Aspinall

Wayne Norviel Aspinall (April 3, 1896 – October 9, 1983) was a lawyer and politician from Colorado.

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West Calder

West Calder (Scots: Wast Cauder, Gaelic: Calder an Iar) is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, located 4 miles west of Livingston.

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Western Climate Initiative

The Western Climate Initiative, or WCI, was started in February 2007 by the governors of five western U.S. states (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington) with the goal of developing a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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White Mountain (Wyoming)

The central portion of the mountain, from Rock Springs, Wyoming White Mountain is a long mountain located in central Sweetwater County, Wyoming, near the cities of Rock Springs and Green River.

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White Nothe

White Nothe (meaning "White Nose") is a chalk headland on the English Channel coast at the eastern end of Ringstead Bay, east of Weymouth in Dorset, England.

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White Portland cement

White Portland cement or white ordinary Portland cement (WOPC) is similar to ordinary, gray Portland cement in all aspects except for its high degree of whiteness.

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Wilkins Peak

Wilkins Peak is a small mountain located in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, between the cities of Green River and Rock Springs.

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Wilmot Hyde Bradley

Wilmot Hyde Bradley, a.k.a. "Bill" Bradley (4 April 1899 in New Haven, CT – 12 April 1979 in Bangor, ME) was a co-founder (1943) and Chief of the Branch of Military Geology and Chief Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1944 to 1959.

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Wilsontown, Morningside and Coltness Railway

The Wilsontown, Morningside and Coltness Railway was a railway opened in 1845, primarily for mineral traffic, although a passenger service was run sporadically.

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Winchburgh

Winchburgh Village is a village in the Council area of West Lothian, Scotland.

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Wollemi National Park

The Wollemi National Park is a protected national park and wilderness area that is located in the northern Blue Mountains and Lower Hunter regions of New South Wales, in eastern Australia.

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World energy resources

World energy resources are the estimated maximum capacity for energy production given all available resources on Earth.

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World oil market chronology from 2003

From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel.

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Wyoming Wildlife Federation

The Wyoming Wildlife Federation (WWF), established in 1937 and as of April 2010 with 5000 members, is Wyoming's oldest and largest statewide sportsmen/conservation organization.

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Wytch Farm

Wytch Farm is an oil field and processing facility in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England.

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Xtract Resources

Xtract Resources plc (former names: Resmex plc and Xtract Energy plc) is a diversified metals and minerals producer based in London, United Kingdom.

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Zavod Slantsy

Zavod Slantsy OAO (former names: Gazoslantsevyi zavod and Slantsepererabatyvayushiy zavod Slantsy, ОАО «Завод Сланцы») is a petrochemical company based in Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

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1840s

The 1840s was a decade that ran from January 1, 1840, to December 31, 1849.

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1846

No description.

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1846 in science

The year 1846 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1947 in Scotland

Events from the year 1947 in Scotland.

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Redirects here:

Algal coal, Bituminous Shale, Bituminous shale, Kerogen shale, Kerogenite, Kerosene shale, Oil Shale, Oil shales, Oil-shale, Schistes bitumineux, Wollongongite.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale

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