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378 relations: Achaemenes, Achaemenes (satrap), Achaemenid architecture, Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island, Achaemenid Macedonia, Acinaces, Ahasuerus, Ahura Mazda, Ahvaz, Airyanem Vaejah, Akkadian language, Alvand, Amestris, Amyrgians, Amytis, Amytis of Media, Anahit, Anahita, Ancient Armenia, Ancient language, Apadana, Arachosia, Aramaic alphabet, Arameans, Aria (region), Ariana, Ariaramnes, Arimanius, Ariobarzanes of Phrygia, Armenia, Armenians, Around the World in 80 Treasures, Arsames (satrap of Egypt), Arses of Persia, Artaphernes, Artaxerxes II of Persia, Artazostre, Artemisia I of Caria, Artoxares, Aryan, Aryan language, Aryan race, Asawira, Asōristān, Asha, Ashavan, Asii, Aspet, Assimilation (phonology), ..., Assur, Assyriology, Aswaran, Atar, Ateshgah of Baku, Atropates, Avestan, Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Župan, Baghdad, Bagrat, Bakhdida, Baku, Balkh, Banbishn, Baran Duz, Bardiya, Bastarnae, Bazaar, Behistun Inscription, Bhaga, Biblical Magi, Bilingual inscription, Black Sea, Bo Utas, Bobak, Book of Esther, Calligraphy, Cambyses I, Cappadocia, Cappadocia (satrapy), Caria, Carians, Carmania (region), Cash, Cataphract, Classical language, Clay Sanskrit Library, Code2000, Comparative method, Croatia, Cross potent, Crown princes in pre-Islamic Iran, Cuneiform script, Cyropolis, Cyrus, Cyrus Cylinder, Cyrus H. 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Achaemenes
Achaemenes (c. 705 BC – c. 675 BC) was the eponymous apical ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty of rulers from Persis.
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Achaemenes (satrap)
Achaemenes (also incorrectly called Achaemenides by Ctesias, from the Old Persian HaxāmanišM. A. Dandamayev, “Achaemenes,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/4, p. 414; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenes-greek) was an Achaemenid general and satrap of ancient Egypt during the early 5th century BC, at the time of the 27th Dynasty of Egypt.
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Achaemenid architecture
Achaemenid architecture (Persian: معماری هخامنشیان) includes all architectural achievements of the Achaemenid Persians manifesting in construction of spectacular cities used for governance and inhabitation (Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana), temples made for worship and social gatherings (such as Zoroastrian temples), and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of Cyrus the Great).
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great.
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Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
The achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island is an important inscription from the Achaemenid Empire that was discovered in 2007 while constructing a road.
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Achaemenid Macedonia
Achaemenid Macedonia refers to the period in which the ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedonia was under the sway of the Achaemenid Persians.
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Acinaces
The acinaces, also spelled akinakes (Greek ἀκῑνάκης) or akinaka (unattested Old Persian *akīnakah, Sogdian kynʼk) is a type of dagger or short sword used mainly in the first millennium BC in the eastern Mediterranean region, especially by the Medes, Scythians and Persians, then by the Greeks.
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Ahasuerus
Ahasuerus (Asouēros in the Septuagint; or Assuerus in the Vulgate; commonly transliterated Achashverosh; cf. 𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 Xšayārša; اخشورش Axšoreš; Xerxes) is a name used several times in the Hebrew Bible, as well as related legends and Apocrypha.
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Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hourmazd, Hormazd, Harzoo and Hurmuz) is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism, the old Iranian religion that spread across the Middle East, before ultimately being relegated to small minorities after the Muslim conquest of Iran.
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Ahvaz
Ahvaz (or Ahwaz; translit) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province.
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Airyanem Vaejah
Airyanem Vaejah (Airyanəm Vaējah, approximately “expanse of the Aryans”, i.e. Iranians) is the homeland of the early Iranians and a reference in the Zoroastrian Avesta (Vendidad, Farg. 1) to one of Ahura Mazda's "sixteen perfect lands.".
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Akkadian language
Akkadian (akkadû, ak-ka-du-u2; logogram: URIKI)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
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Alvand
Alvand or Alvand Kuh (الوند) is a subrange of the Zagros Mountains in western Iran located 10 km south of the city of Hamedan in Hamedan Province.
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Amestris
Amestris (Άμηστρις, Amēstris, perhaps the same as Άμαστρις, Amāstris, from Old Persian Amāstrī-, "strong woman") was the wife of Xerxes I of Persia, mother of Achaemenid King of Kings Artaxerxes I of Persia.
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Amyrgians
The Amyrgians were the Scythian tribe in closest proximity to Bactria and Sogdiana.
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Amytis
Amytis (Greek Ámitys, Old Persian *Umati) was an Achaemenid princess, daughter of king Xerxes I and queen Amestris, and sister of king Artaxerxes I. She was given in marriage to the nobleman Megabyzus.
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Amytis of Media
Amuhia or Amytis of Media (c. 630–565 BC) was the daughter or granddaughter of the Median king Cyaxares, and the wife of Nebuchadnezzar II.
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Anahit
Anahit (Անահիտ) was the goddess of fertility and healing, wisdom and water in Armenian mythology.
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Anahita
Anahita is the Old Persian form of the name of an Iranian goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aredvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā), the Avestan name of an Indo-Iranian cosmological figure venerated as the divinity of "the Waters" (Aban) and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.
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Ancient Armenia
Ancient Armenia refers the history of Armenia during Antiquity.
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Ancient language
An ancient language is any language originating in times that may be referred to as ancient.
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Apadana
An Apadana (𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴) is a large hypostyle hall, the best known examples being the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa.
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Arachosia
Arachosia is the Hellenized name of an ancient satrapy in the eastern part of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Greco-Bactrian, and Indo-Scythian empires.
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Aramaic alphabet
The ancient Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinct from it by the 8th century BCE.
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Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were an ancient Northwest Semitic Aramaic-speaking tribal confederation who emerged from the region known as Aram (in present-day Syria) in the Late Bronze Age (11th to 8th centuries BC).
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Aria (region)
Aria (Ἀρ(ε)ία Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian. Haraiva, Avestan Haraeuua) is the name of an Achaemenid region centered on the Herat city of present-day western Afghanistan.
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Ariana
Ariana, the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Ἀρ(ε)ιανή Ar(e)ianē (inhabitants: Ariani; Ἀρ(ε)ιανοί Ar(e)ianoi), was a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of the ancient period for a district of wide extent between Central Asia and the Indus River, compromising the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire that covered the whole of modern-day Afghanistan, as well as the easternmost part of Iran and up to the Indus River in Pakistan (former Northern India).
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Ariaramnes
Ariaramnes (Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎼𐎶𐎴 Ariyāramna, "He who brings peace to the Aryans (i.e. Iranians)") was a great uncle of Cyrus the Great and the great-grandfather of Darius I, and perhaps the king of Parsumash, the ancient core kingdom of Persia.
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Arimanius
Arimanius (Αρειμάνιος; Arīmanius) is a name for an obscure deity found in a few Greek literary texts and five Latin inscriptions.
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Ariobarzanes of Phrygia
Ariobarzanes (in Greek Ἀριoβαρζάνης), (Old Persian: Ariyabrdhna, Ariyaubrdhna) Ariobarzan or spelled as Ario Barzan or Aryo Barzan, perhaps signifying "exalting the Aryans" (death: crucified in c. 362 BCE), sometimes known as Ariobarzanes I of Cius, was a Persian Satrap of Phrygia and military commander, leader of an independence revolt, and the first known of the line of rulers of the Greek town of Cius from which were eventually to stem the kings of Pontus in the 3rd century BCE.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Armenians
Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.
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Around the World in 80 Treasures
Around the World in 80 Treasures is a 10 episode art and travel documentary series by the BBC, presented by Dan Cruickshank, and originally aired in February, March, and April 2005.
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Arsames (satrap of Egypt)
Arsames (also called Sarsamas and Arxanes, from the Old Persian Aršāma) was an Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt during the 5th century BC, at the time of the 27th Dynasty of Egypt.
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Arses of Persia
Artaxerxes (Artaxšacā) IV Arses (12), was king of Persia between 338 BC and 336 BC.
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Artaphernes
Artaphernes (Ἀρταφέρνης, Old Persian: Artafarna, from Median Rtafarnah), was the brother of the Achaemenid king of Persia, Darius I, satrap of Sardis and a Persian general.
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Artaxerxes II of Persia
Artaxerxes II Mnemon (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂, meaning "whose reign is through truth") was the Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm (King of Kings) of Persia from 404 BC until his death in 358 BC.
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Artazostre
Artazostre (or Artozostre) (Old Persian *Arta-zausri) was a Persian princess, daughter of king Darius the Great (521-485 BC) by Artystone, daughter of Cyrus the Great.
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Artemisia I of Caria
Artemisia I of Caria (Ἀρτεμισία; fl. 480 BCE) was a Greek queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby islands of Kos, Nisyros and Kalymnos,Enc.
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Artoxares
Artoxares (Old Persian *Artaxšara) (c. 465 BC - after 419 BC) was a Paphlagonian eunuch, who played a central role during the reigns of Artaxerxes I and Darius II of Persia.
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Aryan
"Aryan" is a term that was used as a self-designation by Indo-Iranian people.
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Aryan language
Aryan language occurs in works published in the 19th century and 20th century to mean: Very old Indo-European languages.
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Aryan race
The Aryan race was a racial grouping used in the period of the late 19th century and mid-20th century to describe people of European and Western Asian heritage.
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Asawira
The Asawira (أساورة) or Asawirat (أساويرات) were a military unit of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphate.
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Asōristān
Asōristān (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōrestān, Āsūrestān) was the name of the Sasanian provinces of Mesopotamia from 226 to 637.
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Asha
Asha (also arta; Avestan: aša/arta) is a concept of cardinal importance.
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Ashavan
Avestan ashavan (ašavan) is a Zoroastrian theological term.
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Asii
The Asii, Osii, Ossii, Asoi, Asioi, Asini or Aseni were an ancient Indo-European people of Central Asia, during the 2nd and 1st Centuries BCE.
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Aspet
Aspet (Ἀσπέτης, Aspetes in contemporary Greek) was a hereditary military title of the Armenian nobility, usually found within the Bagratuni family.
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Assimilation (phonology)
In phonology, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.
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Assur
Aššur (Akkadian; ܐܫܘܪ 'Āšūr; Old Persian Aθur, آشور: Āšūr; אַשּׁוּר:, اشور: Āšūr, Kurdish: Asûr), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was an Assyrian city, capital of the Old Assyrian Empire (2025–1750 BC), of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC), and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire of 911–608 BC.
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Assyriology
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of not just Assyria, but the entirety of ancient Mesopotamia (a region encompassing what is today modern Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey, and north western and south western Iran) and of related cultures that used cuneiform writing.
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Aswaran
The Aswārān (singular aswār), also spelled Asbārān, was a military force that formed the backbone of the army of the Sasanian Empire.
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Atar
Atar (Avestan ātar) is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire" (Mirza, 1987:389).
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Ateshgah of Baku
The Baku Ateshgah (from آتشگاه, Atashgāh, Atəşgah), often called the "Fire Temple of Baku" is a castle-like religious temple in Surakhani town (in Suraxanı raion), a suburb in Baku, Azerbaijan.
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Atropates
Atropates (Greek Aτρoπάτης, from Old Persian Athurpat "protected by fire"; c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian trader and nobleman who served Darius III, then Alexander the Great, and eventually founded an independent kingdom and dynasty that was named after him.
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Avestan
Avestan, also known historically as Zend, is a language known only from its use as the language of Zoroastrian scripture (the Avesta), from which it derives its name.
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Azerbaijan (Iran)
Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (آذربایجان Āzarbāijān; آذربایجان Azərbaycan), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Azerbaijan (Азәрбајҹан; Azərbaycan), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası, Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Azerbajdžanskaja Sovetskaja Socialističeskaja Respublika) and the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası, Азәрбајҹан Республикасы), also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991.
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Župan
Župan is a noble and administrative title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 21st century.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Bagrat
Bagrat (Բագրատ, ბაგრატ) is a male name popular in Georgia and Armenia.
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Bakhdida
Bakhdida (ܒܲܓܼܕܹܝܕܵܐ, Arabic:بخديدا, languages), also known as Baghdeda, Qaraqosh, or Al-Hamdaniya, is an Assyrian city in northern Iraq within the Nineveh Governorate, located about 32 km (20 mi) southeast of the city of Mosul and 60 km west of Erbil amid agricultural lands, close to the ruins of the ancient Assyrian cities Nimrud and Nineveh.
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Baku
Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region, with a population of 2,374,000.
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Balkh
Balkh (Pashto and بلخ; Ancient Greek and Βάχλο Bakhlo) is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.
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Banbishn
Bānbishn was the Middle Persian title of the Sasanian Queens of Iran.
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Baran Duz
Baran Duz (باراندوز, also Romanized as Bārān Dūz and Bārāndūz) is a village in Baranduz Rural District, in the Central District of Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran.
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Bardiya
Bardiya (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹 Bardiya), also known as Smerdis (Σμέρδις Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC) was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings.
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Bastarnae
The Bastarnae (Latin variants: Bastarni, or Basternae; Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι) were an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the Carpathian mountains and the river Dnieper, to the north and east of ancient Dacia.
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Bazaar
A bazaar is a permanently enclosed marketplace or street where goods and services are exchanged or sold.
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Behistun Inscription
The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bistun or Bisutun; بیستون, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.
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Bhaga
Sanskrit bhaga (IAST) is a term for "lord, patron", but also for "wealth, prosperity".
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Biblical Magi
The biblical Magi (or; singular: magus), also referred to as the (Three) Wise Men or (Three) Kings, were, in the Gospel of Matthew and Christian tradition, a group of distinguished foreigners who visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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Bilingual inscription
In epigraphy, a bilingual is an inscription that is extant in two languages (or trilingual in the case of three languages, etc.). Bilinguals are important for the decipherment of ancient writing systems, and for the study of ancient languages with small or repetitive corpora.
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Black Sea
The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.
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Bo Utas
Bo Utas, born May 26, 1938 in Höglunda, a village in Jämtland, Sweden, is a Swedish linguist, Iranologist and chess historian.
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Bobak
Bobak is a given name and a surname.
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Book of Esther
The Book of Esther, also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" (Megillah), is a book in the third section (Ketuvim, "Writings") of the Jewish Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and in the Christian Old Testament.
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Calligraphy
Calligraphy (from Greek: καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing.
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Cambyses I
Cambyses I or Cambyses the Elder (via Latin from Greek Καμβύσης, from Old Persian Kambūǰiya, Aramaic Knbwzy) was king of Anshan from c. 580 to 559 BC and the father of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II), younger son of Cyrus I, and brother of Arukku.
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Cappadocia
Cappadocia (also Capadocia; Καππαδοκία, Kappadokía, from Katpatuka, Kapadokya) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, largely in the Nevşehir, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Aksaray, and Niğde Provinces in Turkey.
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Cappadocia (satrapy)
Cappadocia (from Old Persian Katpatuka) was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire used by the Achaemenids to administer the regions beyond the Taurus Mountains and the Euphrates river.
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Caria
Caria (from Greek: Καρία, Karia, Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia.
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Carians
The Carians (Κᾶρες, Kares, plural of Κάρ, Kar) were the ancient inhabitants of Caria in southwest Anatolia.
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Carmania (region)
Carmania (Καρμανία, Karmanía, Old Persian: Karmanâ,Lendering (1997) Middle Persian: Kirmān) is a historical region that approximately corresponds to the modern province of Kerman and was a province of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Arsacid, and Sasanian Empire.
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Cash
In economics, cash is money in the physical form of currency, such as banknotes and coins.
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Cataphract
A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry used in ancient warfare by a number of peoples in Europe, East Asia, Middle East and North africa.
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Classical language
A classical language is a language with a literature that is classical.
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Clay Sanskrit Library
The Clay Sanskrit Library is a series of books published by New York University Press and the JJC Foundation.
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Code2000
Code2000 is a serif and pan-Unicode digital font, which includes characters and symbols from a very large range of writing systems.
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Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.
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Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.
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Cross potent
A cross potent (plural: crosses potent), also known as a crutch cross, is a form of heraldic cross with crossbars or "crutches" at the four ends.
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Crown princes in pre-Islamic Iran
The position of a crown prince in pre-Islamic Iran was affirmed in the Median and early Achaemenid eras, when sovereignty was becoming standardized, due to the influence of Mesopotamian, Urartian, and Elamite practices.
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Cuneiform script
Cuneiform script, one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians.
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Cyropolis
Cyropolis (Latin form of Gr. Kyroúpolis (Κυρούπολις) literally "The City of Cyrus") was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great in 544 BCE to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid empire.
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Cyrus
Cyrus is the given name of a number of Persian kings.
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Cyrus Cylinder
The Cyrus Cylinder (Ostovane-ye Kūrosh) or Cyrus Charter (منشور کوروش) is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great.
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Cyrus H. Gordon
Cyrus Herzl Gordon (June 29, 1908 – March 30, 2001) was an American scholar of Near Eastern cultures and ancient languages.
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Cyrus I
Cyrus I (Old Persian: Kuruš) or Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus I of Persia, was King of Anshan in Persia from to 580 BC or, according to others, from to 600 BC.
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Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kuruš;; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.
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Daeva
Daeva (daēuua, daāua, daēva) is an Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics.
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Dahae
The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans --> (Dahae; Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι, Δάσαι Dáoi, Dáai, Dai, Dasai; Sanskrit: Dasa; Chinese Dayi 大益)(p. 19. were a people of ancient Central Asia. A confederation of three tribes – the Parni, Xanthii and Pissuri – the Dahae lived in an area now comprising much of modern Turkmenistan. The area has consequently been known as Dahestan, Dahistan and Dihistan. Relatively little is known about their way of life. For example, according to the Iranologist A. D. H. Bivar, the capital of "the ancient Dahae (if indeed they possessed one) is quite unknown.". The Dahae dissolved, apparently, some time before the beginning of the 1st millennium. One of the three tribes of the Dahae confederation, the Parni, emigrated to Parthia (present-day north-eastern Iran), where they founded the Arsacid dynasty.
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Damaspia
Damaspia (from Old Persian *Jāmāspi-) was a queen of Persia, wife of King Artaxerxes I, and mother of Xerxes II, his legitimate heir.
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Danake
The danake or danace (Greek: δανάκη) was a small silver coin of the Persian Empire (Old Persian dânake), equivalent to the Greek obol and circulated among the eastern Greeks.
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Dara
Dara is a name with more than one origin.
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Dargaz County
Dargaz County (شهرستان درگز) is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran.
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Dari language
Darī (دری) or Dari Persian (فارسی دری Fārsī-ye Darī) or synonymously Farsi (فارسی Fārsī) is the variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan.
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Daria (name)
Daria or Darya is the female variant of the ancient name of Persian origin Darius (via Latin Darius and Δαρεῖος Dareĩos from Old Persian داریوش Dārayavauš, literally "he who holds firm the good").
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Darius (given name)
Darius is a male given name.
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Darius I
Darius I (Old Persian: Dārayava(h)uš, New Persian: rtl Dāryuš;; c. 550–486 BCE) was the fourth king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
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Darius II
Darius II (Old Persian: Dārayavahuš), was king of the Persian Empire from 423 BC to 404 or 405 BC.
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Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions
Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions were texts written in Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian and Egyptian on five monuments erected in Wadi Tumilat, commemorating the opening of a canal between the Nile and the Bitter Lakes.
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Dariush
Dariush (also spelled Daryoush or Dariyush) is a common Persian male given name, and was the throne name of Darius the Great and two other kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, which thus enjoyed considerable popularity among noblemen in later periods.
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Darya Dadvar
Daryā Dādvar (دريا دادور., born in Mashhad, Iran) is an accomplished Iranian soprano soloist and composer living in Paris, France.
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Datis
Datis or Datus (Old Persian: Dâtiça), was a Median admiral who served the Persian Empire, under Darius the Great.
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David Neil MacKenzie
David Neil MacKenzie FBA (8 April 1926 – 13 October 2001) was a scholar of Iranian languages.
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Dehwari language
Dehwari is a southwestern Persian language spoken by c. 14,000 people in Balochistan, Pakistan.
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Deioces
Deioces or Dia—oku was the founder and the first shah as well as priest of the Median government.
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Deity
A deity is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred.
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Digraphia
In sociolinguistics, digraphia refers to the use of more than one writing system for the same language.
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Divan
A divan or diwan (دیوان, dīvān) was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states, or its chief official (see dewan).
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Divljana Monastery
Divljana Monastery, also known as the Monastery of St. Demetrius, is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located near the village of Divljana and Divljana Lake,, Language: Serbian, accessed 17.
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Drangiana
Drangiana or Zarangiana (Δραγγιανή, Drangianē; also attested in Old Western Iranian as Zranka was a historical region and administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around Hamun Lake, wetlands in endorheic Sistan Basin on the Iran-Afghan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in what is nowadays southwestern region of Afghanistan.
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Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes (Greek: Ἐκκλησιαστής, Ekklēsiastēs, קֹהֶלֶת, qōheleṯ) is one of 24 books of the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, where it is classified as one of the Ketuvim (or "Writings").
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Ekbatan
Ekbatan Town (شهرک اکباتان) is a planned town in western Tehran, Iran.
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Elamite cuneiform
Elamite cuneiform was a logo-syllabic script used to write the Elamite language.
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Elamite language
Elamite is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites.
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Epigraphy
Epigraphy (ἐπιγραφή, "inscription") is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers.
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Erbil
Erbil, also spelt Arbil or Irbil, locally called Hawler by the Kurdish people (ھەولێر Hewlêr; أربيل, Arbīl; ܐܲܪܒܝܠ, Arbela), is the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan and the largest city in northern Iraq.
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Euphrates
The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
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Ezāfe
Ezāfe (اضافه), also written as izafet, izafe, izafat, izāfa, and izofa (Tajik: изофа izofa), is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages and Urdu that links two words together; in the Persian language it consists of the unstressed vowel -e or -i (-ye or -yi after vowels) between the words it connects and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition of.
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Ezra–Nehemiah
Ezra–Nehemiah is a book in the Hebrew Bible found in the Ketuvim section, originally with the Hebrew title of Ezra.
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Faravahar
The Faravahar (فروهر), also known as Farr-e Kiyani (فر کیانی), is one of the best-known symbols of Iran.
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Fars Province
Pars Province (استان پارس, Ostān-e Pārs) also known as Fars (Persian: فارس) or Persia in the Greek sources in historical context, is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran and known as the cultural capital of the country.
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Farshid
Farshid (or Farsheed) is one of the most ancient Persian proper names whose philological background could be traced back even in Old Persian scriptures.
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Farvardinegan
Farvardinegan or Farvardog is a monthly Zoroastrian ceremony.
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Fire temple
A fire temple in Zoroastrianism is the place of worship for Zoroastrians, often called dar-e mehr (Persian) or agiyari (Gujarati).
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Friedrich von Spiegel
Friedrich (von) Spiegel (July 11, 1820 in Kitzingen – December 15, 1905 in München) was a German orientalist.
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Full translation of the Behistun Inscription
The following translation of the Behistun Inscription was made by L.W. King and R.C. Thompson Where names are rendered by the Greek or Biblical form, the Persian original regularly follows in square brackets.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra was an ancient kingdom situated along the Kabul and Swat rivers of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
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Ganjnameh
Ganj Nameh (گنجنامه literally: Treasure epistle) is an ancient inscription, 5 km south-west of Hamedan, on the side of Alvand Mountain in Iran.
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Garmash
Garmash (or Harmash in Ukrainian, Belarusian), (Cyrillic: Гармаш) — is a Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) last name derived from the word гармата (Ukr., Bel. harmáta, "gun, cannon").
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Genitive case
In grammar, the genitive (abbreviated); also called the second case, is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun.
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Golestan Province
Golestān Province (استان گلستان, Ostān-e Golestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the north-east of the country south of the Caspian Sea.
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Gondophares
Gondophares I was the founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in western Pakistan.
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Gospel of Mani
The Living Gospel (also Great Gospel, Gospel of the Living and variants) was a 3rd-century gnostic gospel written by Mani.
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Greater Iran
Greater Iran (ایران بزرگ) is a term used to refer to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various imperial dynasties of Persian Empire (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajars), having considerable aspects of Persian culture due to extensive contact with the various imperial dynasties of Iran (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranic peoples who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and Tajikistan).
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Greek fire
Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire that was first developed.
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Greek gardens
A distinction is made between Greek gardens, made in ancient Greece, and Hellenistic gardens, made under the influence of Greek culture in late classical times.
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Gwadar
Gwadar (Balochi and گوادر) is a port city on the southwestern coast of Balochistan, Pakistan.
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Hamadan
Hamadān or Hamedān (همدان, Hamedān) (Old Persian: Haŋgmetana, Ecbatana) is the capital city of Hamadan Province of Iran.
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Haman
Haman (also known as Haman the Agagite המן האגגי, or Haman the evil המן הרשע) is the main antagonist in the Book of Esther, who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was a vizier in the Persian empire under King Ahasuerus, traditionally identified as Xerxes I. As his name indicates, Haman was a descendant of Agag, the king of the Amalekites, a people who were wiped out in certain areas by King Saul and David.
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Hamilton Gardens
Hamilton Gardens is a public garden park in the south of Hamilton owned and managed by Hamilton City Council in New Zealand.
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Harem
Harem (حريم ḥarīm, "a sacred inviolable place; harem; female members of the family"), also known as zenana in South Asia, properly refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family and are inaccessible to adult males except for close relations.
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Harev (province)
Harev (also known as Harey), was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity, that lay within the kust of Khorasan.
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Hazarbed
Hazārbed (meaning "the commander of thousand"), also known as hazaruft or hazaraft, was a Sasanian office which functioned as the commander of the royal guard.
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Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg
Heleen W.A.M. Sancisi-Weerdenburg (23 May 1944, in Haarlem – 28 May 2000, in Utrecht), was a Dutch ancient historian, specializing in classical Greek and Achaemenid history.
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Herat
Herat (هرات,Harât,Herât; هرات; Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις, Alexándreia hē en Aríois; Alexandria Ariorum) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan.
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Hermann Mittelberger
Hermann Mittelberger (24 January 1935 in Klagenfurt – 13 May 2004 in Treibach-Althofen) was an Austrian Indo-Europeanist.
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Hinduism in India
Hinduism is the largest religion in India, with 79.8% of the population identifying themselves as Hindus, that accounts for roughly (966 million) Hindus in India as of 2011 Census of India, while 14.2% of the population follow Islam and the remaining 6% adhere to other religions (such as Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, various indigenous ethnically-bound faiths, Atheism and Irreligion).
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Hindustan Zindabad
Hindustan Zindabad (हिन्दुस्तान ज़िन्दाबाद, ہندوستان زِندہ باد Lit. Long live Hindustan) is a Hindustani phrase and battle cry most commonly used in India in speeches and communications pertaining to or referring to patriotism towards India.
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History of communication
Since prehistoric times, significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) have evolved in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power.
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History of Iran
The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
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History of the alphabet
The history of alphabetic writing goes back to the consonantal writing system used for Semitic languages in the Levant in the 2nd millennium BCE.
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History of writing
The history of writing traces the development of expressing language by letters or other marks and also the studies and descriptions of these developments.
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Hundred Thousand Martyrs of Tbilisi
The Hundred Thousand Martyrs (ასი ათასი მოწამე, asi atasi mots'ame; originally, ათნი ბევრნი მოწამენი, at'ni bevrni mots'ameni) are saints of the Georgian Orthodox Church, who were put to death, according to the 14th-century anonymous Georgian source Chronicle of a Hundred Years, for not renouncing Christianity by the Khwarezmid sultan Jalal ad-Din upon his capture of the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in 1226.
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Hyborian Age
The Hyborian Age is the fictional period within the artificial mythology created by Robert E. Howard in which the sword and sorcery tales of Conan the Barbarian are set.
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Hydarnes
Hydarnes (Greek: Ὑδάρνης, from Old Persian Vidarna- possibly New Persian H(a)idar), son of Bagābigna, was a Persian nobleman of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC.
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Hydarnes II
Hydarnes II (Ὑδάρνης, Old Persian: Vidarna), son of Hydarnes, was a Persian commander of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC.
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Hyrcania
Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία Hyrkania, Old Persian: Varkâna,Lendering (1996) Middle Persian: Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east.
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Igrar Aliyev
Igrar Habib oglu Aliyev (İqrar Əliyev.) (14 March 1924, Baku – 11 June 2004, Baku) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani historian.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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India (Herodotus)
In ancient Greek geography, the basin of the Indus River (essentially corresponding to the territory of modern Pakistan) was on the extreme eastern fringe of the known world.
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Indian people
No description.
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Indo-European copula
A feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.
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Indo-European vocabulary
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
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Indo-Iranian languages
The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages, or Aryan languages, constitute the largest and easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Ionia
Ionia (Ancient Greek: Ἰωνία, Ionía or Ἰωνίη, Ioníe) was an ancient region on the central part of the western coast of Anatolia in present-day Turkey, the region nearest İzmir, which was historically Smyrna.
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Ionia (satrapy)
Ionia, known in Old Persian as Yauna, was a region within the satrapy of Sardis within the First Persian Empire.
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Ionians
The Ionians (Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided into during the ancient period; the other three being the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iran (word)
The modern Persian name of Iran (ایران) derives immediately from 3rd-century Sassanian Middle Persian (Pahlavi spelling: ʼyrʼn), where it initially meant "of the Iranians", but soon also acquired a geographical connotation in the sense of "(lands inhabited by) Iranians".
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Iranian calendars
The Iranian calendars (گاهشماری ایرانی Gâhshomâriye Irâni) are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Iran (Persia).
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Iranian languages
The Iranian or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.
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Iranian Literature
Iranian literature is a term that has been used mainly in reference to Persian literature, but the term has other meanings as well.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.
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Islam in Iran
The Islamic conquest of Persia (637–651) led to the end of the Sasanian Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia.
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ISO 639:o
|- !oaa | || ||I/L|| || ||Orok|| || ||鄂罗克语|| || |- !oac | || ||I/L|| || ||Oroch|| || ||鄂罗奇语|| || |- !oar | || ||I/A|| || ||Aramaic, Old|| || ||古阿拉米语|| ||Altaramäisch |- !oav | || ||I/H|| || ||Avar, Old|| || ||古阿瓦尔语|| || |- !obi | || ||I/E|| || ||Obispeño|| || || || || |- !obk | || ||I/L|| || ||Southern Bontok|| || || || || |- !obl | || ||I/L|| || ||Oblo|| || || || || |- !obm | || ||I/A|| || ||Moabite|| || ||摩押语|| || |- !obo | || ||I/L|| || ||Manobo, Obo|| || || || || |- !obr | || ||I/H|| || ||Burmese, Old|| || ||古缅甸语|| ||Altburmesisch |- !obt | || ||I/H|| || ||Breton, Old|| || ||古布列塔尼语|| ||Altbretonisch |- !obu | || ||I/L|| || ||Obulom|| || || || || |- !oca | || ||I/L|| || ||Ocaina|| ||ocaina|| || || |- !(occ) | || || || || ||Occidental|| || || || || |- !och | || ||I/A||Chinese|| ||Old Chinese|| || ||上古漢語|| ||Altchinesisch |- !oci |oc||oci||I/L|| ||occitan||Occitan (post 1500)||occitan (après 1500)||occitano||奥克西唐语; 奥克西坦语; 奥克语||окситанский||Okzitanisch |- !oco | || ||I/H|| || ||Cornish, Old|| || ||古康沃尔语|| || |- !ocu | || ||I/L|| || ||Matlatzinca, Atzingo|| || || || || |- !oda | || ||I/L|| || ||Odut|| || || || || |- !odk | || ||I/L|| || ||Od|| || || || || |- !odt | || ||I/H|| || ||Dutch, Old|| || ||古荷兰语|| || |- !odu | || ||I/L|| || ||Odual|| || || || || |- !ofo | || ||I/E|| || ||Ofo||ofo|| || || || |- !ofs | || ||I/H||Friesisch|| ||Frisian, Old|| || ||古弗里西亚语|| ||Altfriesisch |- !ofu | || ||I/L|| || ||Efutop|| || || || || |- !ogb | || ||I/L|| || ||Ogbia|| || || || || |- !ogc | || ||I/L|| || ||Ogbah|| || || || || |- !oge | || ||I/H|| || ||Georgian, Old|| || ||古格鲁吉亚语|| ||Altgeorgisch |- !ogg | || ||I/L|| || ||Ogbogolo|| || || || || |- !(ogn) | || || || || ||Ogan|| || || || || |- !ogo | || ||I/L|| || ||Khana|| || || || || |- !ogu | || ||I/L|| || ||Ogbronuagum|| || || || || |- !oht | || ||I/A|| || ||Hittite, Old|| || ||古赫梯语|| || |- !ohu | || ||I/H|| || ||Hungarian, Old|| || ||古匈牙利语|| || |- !oia | || ||I/L|| || ||Oirata|| || || ||оирата|| |- !oin | || ||I/L|| || ||One, Inebu|| || || || || |- !ojb | || ||I/L|| || Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwemowin) ||Ojibwa, Northwestern|| || || || || |- !ojc | || ||I/L|| || Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwemowin) ||Ojibwa, Central|| || || || || |- !ojg | || ||I/L|| || Nishnaabemwin (Jibwemwin) ||Ojibwa, Eastern|| || || || || |- !oji |oj||oji||M/L|| ||ᐊᓂᔑᓇᐯᒧᐎᓐ (Anishinaabemowin)||Ojibwa||ojibwa||ojibwa||奥吉布瓦语||оджибва|| |- !ojp | || ||I/H|| || ||Japanese, Old|| || ||古日语|| || |- !ojs | || ||I/L|| || ᐊᓂᔑᓂᓂᒧᐎᓐ (Anishininiimowin) ||Ojibwa, Severn|| || || || || |- !ojv | || ||I/L|| || ||Ontong Java|| || || || ||Ontong Java |- !ojw | || ||I/L|| || Anihšināpēmowin (Nakawēmowin) ||Ojibwa, Western|| || || || || |- !oka | || ||I/L|| || ||Okanagan|| || || || || |- !okb | || ||I/L|| || ||Okobo|| || || || || |- !okd | || ||I/L|| || ||Okodia|| || || || || |- !oke | || ||I/L|| || ||Okpe (Southwestern Edo)|| || || || || |- !okg | || ||I/E|| || ||Koko Babangk|| || || || || |- !okh | || ||I/L|| || ||Koresh-e Rostam|| || || || || |- !oki | || ||I/L|| || ||Okiek|| || || || || |- !okj | || ||I/E|| || ||Oko-Juwoi|| || || || || |- !okk | || ||I/L|| || ||One, Kwamtim|| || || || || |- !okl | || ||I/E|| || ||Old Kentish Sign Language|| || ||古肯特手语|| || |- !okm | || ||I/H|| || ||Korean, Middle (10th–16th centuries)|| || ||中古朝鲜语|| ||Mittelkoreanisch |- !okn | || ||I/L|| || ||Oki-No-Erabu|| || ||冲永良部岛琉球语|| || |- !oko | || ||I/H|| || ||Korean, Old (3rd–9th centuries)|| || ||古朝鲜语|| ||Altkoreanisch |- !okr | || ||I/L|| || ||Kirike|| || || || || |- !oks | || ||I/L|| || ||Oko-Eni-Osayen|| || || || || |- !oku | || ||I/L|| || ||Oku|| || || || || |- !okv | || ||I/L|| || ||Orokaiva|| || || || || |- !okx | || ||I/L|| || ||Okpe (Northwestern Edo)|| || || || || |- !ola | || ||I/L|| || ||Walungge|| || || || || |- !old | || ||I/L|| || ||Mochi|| || || || || |- !ole | || ||I/L|| || ||Olekha|| || || || || |- !olk | || ||I/E|| || ||Olkol|| || || || || |- !olm | || ||I/L|| || ||Oloma|| || || || || |- !olo | || ||I/L|| || ||Livvi|| || || || || |- !olr | || ||I/L|| || ||Olrat|| || || || || |- !oma | || ||I/L|| || ||Omaha-Ponca||omaha-ponca||omaha-ponca|| || || |- !omb | || ||I/L|| || ||Ambae, East|| || || || || |- !omc | || ||I/E|| || ||Mochica|| || || || || |- !ome | || ||I/E|| || ||Omejes|| || || || || |- !omg | || ||I/L|| || ||Omagua|| ||omagua|| || || |- !omi | || ||I/L|| || ||Omi|| || || || || |- !omk | || ||I/E|| || ||Omok|| || || || || |- !oml | || ||I/L|| || ||Ombo|| || || || || |- !omn | || ||I/A|| || ||Minoan|| || || || || |- !omo | || ||I/L|| || ||Utarmbung|| || || || || |- !omp | || ||I/H|| || ||Manipuri, Old|| || ||古曼尼普尔语|| || |- !omr | || ||I/H|| || ||Marathi, Old|| || ||古马拉地语|| || |- !omt | || ||I/L|| || ||Omotik|| || || || || |- !omu | || ||I/E|| || ||Omurano|| ||omurano|| || || |- !omw | || ||I/L|| || ||Tairora, South|| || || || || |- !omx | || ||I/H|| || ||Mon, Old|| || ||古孟语|| || |- !ona | || ||I/L|| || ||Ona|| || || || || |- !onb | || ||I/L|| || ||Lingao|| || ||临高语|| || |- !one | || ||I/L|| ||Onʌyota’a:ka||Oneida||oneida||oneida||奥内达语|| || |- !ong | || ||I/L|| || ||Olo|| || || || || |- !oni | || ||I/L|| || ||Onin|| || || || || |- !onj | || ||I/L|| || ||Onjob|| || || || || |- !onk | || ||I/L|| || ||One, Kabore|| || || || || |- !onn | || ||I/L|| || ||Onobasulu|| || || || || |- !ono | || ||I/L|| ||Onǫta’kéka’||Onondaga||onondaga||onondaga|| || || |- !onp | || ||I/L|| || ||Sartang|| || || || || |- !onr | || ||I/L|| || ||One, Northern|| || || || || |- !ons | || ||I/L|| || ||Ono|| || || || || |- !ont | || ||I/L|| || ||Ontenu|| || || || || |- !onu | || ||I/L|| || ||Unua|| || || || || |- !onw | || ||I/H|| || ||Nubian, Old|| || ||古努比亚语|| || |- !onx | || ||I/L|| || ||Onin Based Pidgin|| || || || || |- !ood | || ||I/L|| ||O'odham||Tohono O'odham||papago||pápago|| ||тогоно о'одам||Tohono O'odham |- !oog | || ||I/L|| || ||Ong|| || || || || |- !oon | || ||I/L|| || ||Önge|| || || || || |- !oor | || ||I/L|| || ||Oorlams|| || || || || |- !oos | || ||I/A|| || ||Ossetic, Old|| || ||古奥塞梯语|| || |- !opa | || ||I/L|| || ||Okpamheri|| || || || || |- !(ope) | || || || || ||Old Persian|| || || || || |- !opk | || ||I/L|| || ||Kopkaka|| || || || || |- !opm | || ||I/L|| || ||Oksapmin|| || || || || |- !opo | || ||I/L|| || ||Opao|| || || || || |- !opt | || ||I/E|| || ||Opata|| ||ópata|| || || |- !opy | || ||I/L|| || ||Ofayé|| || || || || |- !ora | || ||I/L|| || ||Oroha|| || || || || |- !orc | || ||I/L|| || ||Orma|| || || || || |- !ore | || ||I/L|| || ||Orejón|| ||orejón|| || || |- !org | || ||I/L|| || ||Oring|| || || || || |- !orh | || ||I/L|| || ||Oroqen|| || ||鄂伦春语|| || |- !ori |or||ori||M/L|| ||ଓଡ଼ିଆ||Oriya||oriya||oriya||奥利亚语; 奥里亚语||ория||Oriya |- !(ork) | || || || || ||Orokaiva|| || || || || |- !orm |om||orm||M/L|| ||Oromoo||Oromo||galla||oromo||奥罗莫语||оромо||Oromo |- !orn | || ||I/L|| || ||Orang Kanaq|| || || || || |- !oro | || ||I/L|| || ||Orokolo|| || || || || |- !orr | || ||I/L|| || ||Oruma|| || || || || |- !ors | || ||I/L|| || ||Orang Seletar|| || || || || |- !ort | || ||I/L|| || ||Oriya, Adivasi|| || || || || |- !oru | || ||I/L|| || ||Ormuri|| || || || || |- !orv | || ||I/H|| || ||Russian, Old|| || ||古俄语|| || |- !orw | || ||I/L|| || ||Oro Win|| ||oro win|| || || |- !orx | || ||I/L|| || ||Oro|| || || || || |- !ory | || ||I/L|| || ||Oriya (individual language)|| || || || || |- !orz | || ||I/L|| || ||Ormu|| || || || || |- !osa | ||osa||I/L|| || ||Osage||osage||osage||奥萨格语||оседжи|| |- !osc | || ||I/A|| || ||Oscan||osque||osco||奥斯坎语||оскский||Oskisch |- !osi | || ||I/L|| || ||Osing|| || || || || |- !oso | || ||I/L|| || ||Ososo|| || || || || |- !osp | || ||I/H|| || ||Spanish, Old|| || ||古西班牙语|| || |- !oss |os||oss||I/L|| ||иронау||Ossetian||ossète||oseto||奥塞梯语; 奥塞提语||осетинский||Ossetisch |- !ost | || ||I/L|| || ||Osatu|| || || || || |- !osu | || ||I/L|| || ||One, Southern|| || || || || |- !osx | || ||I/H|| || ||Saxon, Old|| || ||古撒克逊语|| || |- !ota | ||ota||I/H|| ||لسان عثمانى||Turkish, Ottoman (1500–1928)||Turc ottoman||Turco-otomano||奥斯曼土耳其语||старотурецкий||Osmanisch |- !otb | || ||I/H|| || ||Tibetan, Old|| || ||古藏语|| || |- !otd | || ||I/L|| || ||Dohoi|| || || || || |- !ote | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Mezquital|| || || || || |- !oti | || ||I/E|| || ||Oti|| || || || || |- !otk | || ||I/H|| || ||Turkish, Old|| || ||古突厥语|| || |- !otl | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Tilapa|| || || || || |- !otm | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Eastern Highland|| || || || || |- !otn | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Tenango|| || || || || |- !otq | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Querétaro|| || || || || |- !otr | || ||I/L|| || ||Otoro|| || || || || |- !ots | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Estado de México|| || || || || |- !ott | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Temoaya|| || || || || |- !otu | || ||I/E|| || ||Otuke|| || || || || |- !otw | || ||I/L|| || Nishnaabemwin (Daawaamwin) ||Ottawa||ottawa|| || || || |- !otx | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Texcatepec|| || || || || |- !oty | || ||I/A|| || ||Tamil, Old|| || ||古泰米尔语|| || |- !otz | || ||I/L|| || ||Otomi, Ixtenco|| || || || || |- !oua | || ||I/L|| || ||Tagargrent|| || || || || |- !oub | || ||I/L|| || ||Glio-Oubi|| || || || || |- !oue | || ||I/L|| || ||Oune|| || || || || |- !oui | || ||I/H|| || ||Uighur, Old|| || ||回鹘语|| || |- !oum | || ||I/E|| || ||Ouma|| || || || || |- !oun | || ||I/L|| || ||!O!ung|| || || || || |- !owi | || ||I/L|| || ||Owiniga|| || || || || |- !owl | || ||I/H|| || ||Welsh, Old|| || ||古威尔士语|| || |- !oyb | || ||I/L|| || ||Oy|| || || || || |- !oyd | || ||I/L|| || ||Oyda|| || || || || |- !oym | || ||I/L|| || ||Wayampi|| ||wayampi|| || || |- !oyy | || ||I/L|| || ||Oya'oya|| || || || || |- !ozm | || ||I/L|| || ||Koonzime|| || || || || | Category:ISO 639.
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ISO 639:p
|- !pab | || ||I/L|| || ||Parecís|| || || || || |- !pac | || ||I/L|| || ||Pacoh|| || || || || |- !pad | || ||I/L|| || ||Paumarí|| || || || || |- !pae | || ||I/L|| || ||Pagibete|| || || || || |- !paf | || ||I/E|| || ||Paranawát|| ||paranawát|| || || |- !pag | ||pag||I/L|| ||Pangasinán||Pangasinan||pangasinan|| ||邦阿西楠语||пангасинан|| |- !pah | || ||I/L|| || ||Tenharim|| ||tenharim|| || || |- !pai | || ||I/L|| || ||Pe|| || || || || |- !(paj) | || || || || ||Ipeka-Tapuia|| || || || || |- !pak | || ||I/L|| || ||Parakanã|| || || || || |- !pal | ||pal||I/A|| || ||Pahlavi||pahlavi|| ||钵罗钵语||пехлеви|| |- !pam | ||pam||I/L|| ||Kapampangan||Pampanga||pampangan|| ||邦板牙语||пампанга||Pampango |- !pan |pa||pan||I/L|| ||ਪੰਜਾਬੀ||Panjabi; Punjabi||pendjabi||panyabí||旁遮普语||пенджаби||Pandschabisch |- !pao | || ||I/L|| || ||Paiute, Northern|| ||paiute septentrional|| || || |- !pap | ||pap||I/L|| ||Papiamentu||Papiamento||papiamento||papiamento||帕皮亚门托语||папьяменто||Papiamentu |- !paq | || ||I/L|| || ||Parya|| || || || || |- !par | || ||I/L|| || ||Panamint|| || || || || |- !pas | || ||I/L|| || ||Papasena|| || || || || |- !pat | || ||I/L|| || ||Papitalai|| || || || || |- !pau | ||pau||I/L|| ||tekoi ra Belau||Palauan||palau||palauano||帕劳语; 帛琉语||палау||Palauanisch |- !pav | || ||I/L|| || ||Pakaásnovos|| ||pakaásnovos|| || || |- !paw | || ||I/L|| || ||Pawnee||pawnee||pawnee||波尼语|| || |- !pax | || ||I/E|| || ||Pankararé|| || || || || |- !pay | || ||I/L|| || ||Pech|| ||pech|| || || |- !paz | || ||I/E|| || ||Pankararú|| || || || || |- !pbb | || ||I/L|| || ||Páez|| || || || || |- !pbc | || ||I/L|| || ||Patamona|| ||patamona|| || || |- !pbe | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, Mezontla|| || || || || |- !pbf | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, Coyotepec|| || || || || |- !pbg | || ||I/E|| || ||Paraujano|| || || || || |- !pbh | || ||I/L|| || ||Eñepa|| ||eñepa|| || || |- !pbi | || ||I/L|| || ||Parkwa|| || || || || |- !pbl | || ||I/L|| || ||Mak (Nigeria)|| || || || || |- !pbn | || ||I/L|| || ||Kpasam|| || || || || |- !pbo | || ||I/L|| || ||Papel|| || || || || |- !pbp | || ||I/L|| || ||Badyara|| || || || || |- !pbr | || ||I/L|| || ||Pangwa|| || || || || |- !pbs | || ||I/L|| || ||Pame, Central|| || || || || |- !pbt | || ||I/L|| || ||Pashto, Southern|| || ||南普什图语|| || |- !pbu | || ||I/L|| || ||Pashto, Northern|| || ||北普什图语|| || |- !pbv | || ||I/L|| || ||Pnar|| || || || || |- !pby | || ||I/L|| || ||Pyu|| || || || || |- !(pbz) | || ||I/L|| || ||Palu|| || || || || |- !pca | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, Santa Inés Ahuatempan|| || || || || |- !pcb | || ||I/L|| || ||Pear|| || || || || |- !pcc | || ||I/L|| || ||Bouyei|| || ||布依语|| || |- !pcd | || ||I/L|| ||picard||Picard||picard||picardo||庇卡底语|| || |- !pce | || ||I/L|| || ||Palaung, Pale|| || ||布雷语|| || |- !pcf | || ||I/L|| || ||Paliyan|| || || || || |- !pcg | || ||I/L|| || ||Paniya|| || || || || |- !pch | || ||I/L|| || ||Pardhan|| || || || || |- !pci | || ||I/L|| || ||Duruwa|| || ||帕尔基语|| || |- !pcj | || ||I/L|| || ||Parenga|| || || || || |- !pck | || ||I/L|| || ||Chin, Paite|| || || || || |- !pcl | || ||I/L|| || ||Pardhi|| || || || || |- !pcm | || ||I/L|| || ||Pidgin, Nigerian|| || || || || |- !pcn | || ||I/L|| || ||Piti|| || || || || |- !pcp | || ||I/L|| || ||Pacahuara|| || || || || |- !(pcr) | || ||I/L|| || ||Panang|| || || || || |- !pcw | || ||I/L|| || ||Pyapun|| || || || || |- !pda | || ||I/L|| || ||Anam|| || || || || |- !pdc | || ||I/L|| ||Pennsilfaani-Deitsch||German, Pennsylvania||allemand pennsylvanien|| ||宾夕法尼亚德语||Pennsylvanisch-Deutsch|| |- !pdi | || ||I/L|| || ||Pa Di|| || || || || |- !pdn | || ||I/L|| || ||Podena|| || || || || |- !pdo | || ||I/L|| || ||Padoe|| || || || || |- !pdt | || ||I/L|| ||Plautdietsch||Plautdietsch|| || ||门诺低地德语|| ||Plautdietsch |- !pdu | || ||I/L|| || ||Kayan|| || || || || |- !pea | || ||I/L|| || ||Indonesian, Peranakan|| || || || || |- !peb | || ||I/E|| || ||Pomo, Eastern|| || || || || |- !(pec) | || || || || ||Southern Pesisir|| || || || || |- !ped | || ||I/L|| || ||Mala (Papua New Guinea)|| || || || || |- !pee | || ||I/L|| || ||Taje|| || || || || |- !pef | || ||I/E|| || ||Pomo, Northeastern|| || || || || |- !peg | || ||I/L|| || ||Pengo|| || ||彭戈语|| || |- !peh | || ||I/L|| || ||Bonan|| || ||保安语|| || |- !pei | || ||I/L|| || ||Chichimeca-Jonaz|| || || || || |- !pej | || ||I/E|| || ||Pomo, Northern|| || || || || |- !pek | || ||I/L|| || ||Penchal|| || || || || |- !pel | || ||I/L|| || ||Pekal|| || || || || |- !pem | || ||I/L|| || ||Phende|| || || || || |- !(pen) | || || || || ||Penesak|| || || || || |- !peo | ||peo||I/H|| || ||Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.)||vieux perse (ca. 600–400 av. J.-C.)||persa antiguo||古波斯语||староперсидский||Altpersisch |- !pep | || ||I/L|| || ||Kunja|| || || || || |- !peq | || ||I/L|| || ||Pomo, Southern|| || || || || |- !pes | || ||I/L|| ||فارسی||Western Farsi|| || ||西波斯语|| || |- !pev | || ||I/L|| || ||Pémono|| ||pémono|| || || |- !pex | || ||I/L|| || ||Petats|| || || || || |- !pey | || ||I/L|| || ||Petjo|| || || || || |- !pez | || ||I/L|| || ||Penan, Eastern|| || || || || |- !pfa | || ||I/L|| || ||Pááfang|| || || || || |- !pfe | || ||I/L|| || ||Peere|| || || || || |- !pfl | || ||I/L|| ||Pälzisch||Pfaelzisch|| || ||巴列丁奈特德语|| || |- !pga | || ||I/L|| || ||Arabic, Sudanese Creole|| || ||苏丹克里奥尔阿拉伯语|| || |- !pgg | || ||I/L|| || ||Pangwali|| || || || || |- !pgi | || ||I/L|| || ||Pagi|| || || || || |- !pgk | || ||I/L|| || ||Rerep|| || || || || |- !pgl | || ||I/A|| || ||Primitive Irish|| || || || || |- !pgn | || ||I/A|| || ||Paelignian|| || ||帕埃利尼语|| || |- !pgs | || ||I/L|| || ||Pangseng|| || || || || |- !pgu | || ||I/L|| || ||Pagu|| || || || || |- !(pgy) | || ||I/L|| || ||Pongyong|| || || || || |- !pha | || ||I/L|| || ||Pa-Hng|| || ||巴哼语|| || |- !phd | || ||I/L|| || ||Phudagi|| || || || || |- !phg | || ||I/L|| || ||Phuong|| || || || || |- !phh | || ||I/L|| || ||Phula|| || || || || |- !phk | || ||I/L|| || ||Phake|| || || || || |- !phl | || ||I/L|| || ||Phalura|| || || || || |- !phm | || ||I/L|| || ||Phimbi|| || || || || |- !phn | ||phn||I/A|| || ||Phoenician||phénicien||fenicio||腓尼基语||финикийский||Phönizisch |- !pho | || ||I/L|| || ||Phunoi|| || || || || |- !phq | || ||I/L|| || ||Phana'|| || || || || |- !phr | || ||I/L|| || ||Pahari-Potwari|| || || || || |- !pht | || ||I/L|| || ||Phu Thai|| || ||孚泰语|| || |- !phu | || ||I/L|| || ||Phuan|| || || || || |- !phv | || ||I/L|| || ||Pahlavani|| || || || || |- !phw | || ||I/L|| || ||Phangduwali|| || || || || |- !pia | || ||I/L|| || ||Pima Bajo||pima||pima bajo|| || || |- !pib | || ||I/L|| || ||Yine|| || || || || |- !pic | || ||I/L|| || ||Pinji|| || || || || |- !pid | || ||I/L|| || ||Piaroa|| || || || || |- !pie | || ||I/E|| || ||Piro|| ||piro|| || || |- !pif | || ||I/L|| || ||Pingelapese|| || || || || |- !pig | || ||I/L|| || ||Pisabo|| ||pisabo|| || || |- !pih | || ||I/L|| ||Norfuk||Pitcairn-Norfolk|| || ||皮特凯恩-诺福克语|| || |- !pii | || ||I/L|| || ||Pini|| || || || || |- !pij | || ||I/E|| || ||Pijao|| || || || || |- !pil | || ||I/L|| || ||Yom|| || || || || |- !pim | || ||I/E|| || ||Powhatan||powhatan|| || || || |- !pin | || ||I/L|| || ||Piame|| || || || || |- !pio | || ||I/L|| || ||Piapoco|| || || || || |- !pip | || ||I/L|| || ||Pero|| || || || || |- !pir | || ||I/L|| || ||Piratapuyo|| ||piratapuyo|| || || |- !pis | || ||I/L|| || ||Pijin|| || || || || |- !pit | || ||I/E|| || ||Pitta Pitta|| || || || || |- !piu | || ||I/L|| || ||Pintupi-Luritja|| || || || || |- !piv | || ||I/L|| || ||Pileni|| || || || || |- !piw | || ||I/L|| || ||Pimbwe|| || || || || |- !pix | || ||I/L|| || ||Piu|| || || || || |- !piy | || ||I/L|| || ||Piya-Kwonci|| || || || || |- !piz | || ||I/L|| || ||Pije|| || || || || |- !pjt | || ||I/L|| || ||Pitjantjatjara|| ||pityantyatyara|| || || |- !pka | || ||I/H|| || ||Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit|| || || || || |- !pkb | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomo, Upper|| || || || || |- !pkc | || ||I/E|| || ||Paekche|| || || || || |- !pkg | || ||I/L|| || ||Pak-Tong|| || || || || |- !pkh | || ||I/L|| || ||Pankhu|| || || || || |- !pkn | || ||I/L|| || ||Pakanha|| || || || || |- !pko | || ||I/L|| || ||Pökoot|| || || || || |- !pkp | || ||I/L|| || ||Pukapuka|| || || || ||Pukapuka |- !pkr | || ||I/L|| || ||Attapady Kurumba|| || || || || |- !pks | || ||I/L|| || ||Pakistan Sign Language|| || ||巴基斯坦手语|| || |- !pkt | || ||I/L|| || ||Maleng|| || || || || |- !pku | || ||I/L|| || ||Paku|| || || || || |- !pla | || ||I/L|| || ||Miani|| || || || || |- !plb | || ||I/L|| || ||Polonombauk|| || || || || |- !plc | || ||I/L|| || ||Palawano, Central|| || || || || |- !pld | || ||I/L|| || ||Polari|| || || || || |- !ple | || ||I/L|| || ||Palu'e|| || || || || |- !plg | || ||I/L|| || ||Pilagá|| || || || || |- !plh | || ||I/L|| || ||Paulohi|| || || || ||Paulohi |- !pli |pi||pli||I/A|| ||पाऴि||Pali||pali|| ||巴利语||пали||Pali |- !plj | || ||I/L|| || ||Polci|| || || || || |- !plk | || ||I/L|| || ||Shina, Kohistani|| || || || || |- !pll | || ||I/L|| || ||Palaung, Shwe|| || ||德昂语|| || |- !(plm) | || || || || ||Palembang|| || || || || |- !pln | || ||I/L|| || ||Palenquero|| || || || || |- !plo | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoluca, Oluta|| ||popoluca de Oluta|| || || |- !plp | || ||I/L|| || ||Palpa|| || || || || |- !plq | || ||I/A|| || ||Palaic|| || || ||палайский|| |- !plr | || ||I/L|| || ||Senoufo, Palaka|| || || || || |- !pls | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, San Marcos Tlalcoyalco|| || || || || |- !plt | || ||I/L|| || ||Malagasy, Plateau|| || || || || |- !plu | || ||I/L|| || ||Palikúr|| || || || || |- !plv | || ||I/L|| || ||Palawano, Southwest|| || || || || |- !plw | || ||I/L|| || ||Palawano, Brooke's Point|| || || ||брук'с пойнт палавано||Brooke's Point Palawano |- !ply | || ||I/L|| || ||Bolyu|| || ||俫语|| || |- !plz | || ||I/L|| || ||Paluan|| || || || || |- !pma | || ||I/L|| || ||Paama|| || || || || |- !pmb | || ||I/L|| || ||Pambia|| || || || || |- !pmc | || ||I/E|| || ||Palumata|| || || || || |- !pmd | || ||I/E|| || ||Pallanganmiddang|| || || || || |- !pme | || ||I/L|| || ||Pwaamei|| || || || || |- !pmf | || ||I/L|| || ||Pamona|| || || || || |- !pmh | || ||I/H|| || ||Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit|| || || || || |- !pmi | || ||I/L|| || ||Pumi, Northern|| || ||北普米语|| || |- !pmj | || ||I/L|| || ||Pumi, Southern|| || ||南普米语|| || |- !pmk | || ||I/E|| || ||Pamlico||pamlico|| || || || |- !pml | || ||I/E|| || ||Lingua Franca|| || || || || |- !pmm | || ||I/L|| || ||Pomo|| || || || || |- !pmn | || ||I/L|| || ||Pam|| || || || || |- !pmo | || ||I/L|| || ||Pom|| || || || || |- !pmq | || ||I/L|| || ||Pame, Northern|| || || || || |- !pmr | || ||I/L|| || ||Paynamar|| || || || || |- !pms | || ||I/L|| ||piemontèis||Piedmontese||piémontais||piamontés||皮埃蒙特语||пьемонтский||Piemontisch |- !pmt | || ||I/L|| || ||Tuamotuan||tuamotuan|| ||土阿莫土语||туамотуан||Tuamotuanisch |- !pmu | || ||I/L|| || ||Panjabi, Mirpur|| || || || || |- !pmw | || ||I/L|| || ||Miwok, Plains|| || || || || |- !pmx | || ||I/L|| || ||Naga, Poumei|| || || || || |- !pmy | || ||I/L|| || ||Papuan Malay|| || || || || |- !pmz | || ||I/E|| || ||Pame, Southern|| || || || ||Süd-Paamesisch |- !pna | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Bah-Biau|| || || || || |- !pnb | || ||I/L|| || ||Panjabi, Western|| || ||西旁遮普语|| || |- !pnc | || ||I/L|| || ||Pannei|| || || || || |- !pne | || ||I/L|| || ||Penan, Western|| || || || || |- !png | || ||I/L|| || ||Pongu|| || || || || |- !pnh | || ||I/L|| || ||Penrhyn|| || || || ||Penrhyn |- !pni | || ||I/L|| || ||Aoheng|| || || || || |- !pnj | || ||I/E|| || ||Pinjarup|| || || || || |- !pnk | || ||I/L|| || ||Paunaka|| || || || || |- !pnm | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Batu 1|| || || || || |- !pnn | || ||I/L|| || ||Pinai-Hagahai|| || || || || |- !pno | || ||I/E|| || ||Panobo|| ||panobo|| || || |- !pnp | || ||I/L|| || ||Pancana|| || || || || |- !pnq | || ||I/L|| || ||Pana (Burkina Faso)|| || || || || |- !pnr | || ||I/L|| || ||Panim|| || || || || |- !pns | || ||I/L|| || ||Ponosakan|| || || || || |- !pnt | || ||I/L|| ||Ποντιακά||Pontic||pontique||póntico||旁狄希腊语||понтийский||pontisch |- !pnu | || ||I/L|| || ||Bunu, Jiongnai|| || ||炯奈布努语|| || |- !pnv | || ||I/L|| || ||Pinigura|| || || || || |- !pnw | || ||I/L|| || ||Panytyima|| || || || || |- !pnx | || ||I/L|| || ||Phong-Kniang|| || || || || |- !pny | || ||I/L|| || ||Pinyin|| || || || || |- !pnz | || ||I/L|| || ||Pana (Central African Republic)|| || || || || |- !(poa) | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomam, Eastern|| || || || || |- !(pob) | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomchí, Western|| || || || || |- !poc | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomam, Central|| ||pokomam central|| || || |- !pod | || ||I/E|| || ||Ponares|| || || || || |- !poe | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, San Juan Atzingo|| || || || || |- !pof | || ||I/L|| || ||Poke|| || || || || |- !pog | || ||I/E|| || ||Potiguára|| ||potiguára|| || || |- !poh | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomchí, Eastern|| || || || || |- !poi | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoluca, Highland|| || || || || |- !(poj) | || || || || ||Lower Pokomo|| || || || || |- !pok | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokangá|| ||pokangá|| || || |- !pol |pl||pol||I/L||Indo-European||polski||Polish||polonais||polaco||波兰语||польский||Polnisch |- !pom | || ||I/L|| || ||Pomo, Southeastern|| || || || || |- !pon | ||pon||I/L|| || ||Pohnpeian||pohnpei||pohnpei||波纳佩语||понапе||Pohnpeianisch |- !poo | || ||I/L|| || ||Pomo, Central|| || || || || |- !pop | || ||I/L|| || ||Pwapwa|| || || || || |- !poq | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoluca, Texistepec|| ||popoluca de Texistepec|| || || |- !por |pt||por||I/L|| ||português||Portuguese||portugais||portugués||葡萄牙语||португальский||Portugiesisch |- !pos | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoluca, Sayula|| ||popoluca de Sayula|| || || |- !pot | || ||I/L|| || Neshnabémwen (Bodéwadmimwen) ||Potawatomi||potawatomi||potawatomi|| || || |- !(pou) | || ||I/L|| || ||Pokomam, Southern|| || || || || |- !pov | || ||I/L|| || ||Crioulo, Upper Guinea|| || || || || |- !pow | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, San Felipe Otlaltepec|| || || || || |- !pox | || ||I/E|| || ||Polabian||polabe|| ||波拉布语||полабский||Polabisch |- !poy | || ||I/L|| || ||Pogolo|| || || || || |- !ppa | || ||I/L|| || ||Pao|| || || || || |- !ppe | || ||I/L|| || ||Papi|| || || || || |- !ppi | || ||I/L|| ||aka'ala||Paipai|| ||paipai|| || || |- !ppk | || ||I/L|| || ||Uma|| || || || || |- !ppl | || ||I/L|| || ||Pipil|| || || || || |- !ppm | || ||I/L|| || ||Papuma|| || || || || |- !ppn | || ||I/L|| || ||Papapana|| || || || || |- !ppo | || ||I/L|| || ||Folopa|| || || || || |- !ppp | || ||I/L|| || ||Pelende|| || || || || |- !ppq | || ||I/L|| || ||Pei|| || || || || |- !(ppr) | || ||I/L|| || ||Piru|| || || || || |- !pps | || ||I/L|| || ||Popoloca, San Luís Temalacayuca|| || || || || |- !ppt | || ||I/L|| || ||Pare|| || || || || |- !ppu | || ||I/E|| || ||Papora|| || ||巴布拉语; 洪雅语|| || |- !(ppv) | || ||I/L|| || ||Papavô|| || || || || |- !pqa | || ||I/L|| || ||Pa'a|| || || || || |- !pqm | || ||I/L|| ||Peskotomuhkati||Malecite-Passamaquoddy||malécite|| || || || |- !prb | || ||I/L|| || ||Lua'|| || || || || |- !prc | || ||I/L|| || ||Parachi|| || || || || |- !prd | || ||I/L|| ||(فارسی (دری||Dari (Persian)|| || || || || |- !pre | || ||I/L|| || ||Principense|| || || || || |- !prf | || ||I/L|| || ||Paranan|| || || || || |- !prg | || ||I/L|| ||Prūsiska||Prussian||(vieux) prussien||prusiano (antiguo)||普鲁士语||(древне)прусский||(Alt-)Preußisch |- !prh | || ||I/L|| || ||Porohanon|| || || || || |- !pri | || ||I/L|| || ||Paicî|| || || || || |- !prk | || ||I/L|| || ||Parauk|| || || || || |- !prl | || ||I/L|| || ||Peruvian Sign Language|| || ||秘鲁手语|| ||Peruanische Zeichensprache |- !prm | || ||I/L|| || ||Kibiri|| || || || || |- !prn | || ||I/L|| || ||Prasuni|| || || || || |- !pro | ||pro||I/H|| || ||Provençal, Old (to 1500)||provençal ancien (jusqu'à 1500)||provenzal antiguo||古普罗旺斯语||старопровансальский||Altprovençalisch |- !prp | || ||I/L|| ||فارسی||Persian|| || || || || |- !prq | || ||I/L|| || ||Ashéninka Perené|| || || || || |- !prr | || ||I/E|| || ||Puri|| || || || || |- !prs | || ||I/L|| ||(فارسی (دری||Persian (Dari)|| || ||东波斯语|| ||Persisch (Dari) |- !prt | || ||I/L|| || ||Phai|| || || || || |- !pru | || ||I/L|| || ||Puragi|| || || || || |- !(prv) | || || || || ||Provençal|| || || || || |- !prw | || ||I/L|| || ||Parawen|| || || || || |- !prx | || ||I/L|| || ||Purik|| || || || || |- !pry | || ||I/L|| || ||Pray 3|| || || || || |- !prz | || ||I/L|| || ||Providencia Sign Language|| || ||普罗维登西亚手语|| || |- !psa | || ||I/L|| || ||Awyu, Asue|| || || || || |- !psc | || ||I/L|| || ||Persian Sign Language|| || ||波斯手语|| || |- !psd | || ||I/L|| || ||Plains Indian Sign Language|| || ||大平原印地安手语|| || |- !pse | || ||I/L|| || ||Central Malay|| || ||中马来语|| || |- !psg | || ||I/L|| || ||Penang Sign Language|| || ||槟城手语|| || |- !psh | || ||I/L|| || ||Pashayi, Southwest|| || || || || |- !psi | || ||I/L|| || ||Pashayi, Southeast|| || || || || |- !psl | || ||I/L|| || ||Puerto Rican Sign Language|| || ||波多黎各手语|| || |- !psm | || ||I/E|| || ||Pauserna|| ||pauserna|| || || |- !psn | || ||I/L|| || ||Panasuan|| || || || || |- !pso | || ||I/L|| || ||Polish Sign Language|| || ||波兰手语|| || |- !psp | || ||I/L|| || ||Philippine Sign Language|| || ||菲律宾手语|| || |- !psq | || ||I/L|| || ||Pasi|| || || || || |- !psr | || ||I/L|| || ||Portuguese Sign Language|| || ||葡萄牙手语|| || |- !pss | || ||I/L|| || ||Kaulong|| || || || || |- !pst | || ||I/L|| || ||Pashto, Central|| || ||中普什图语|| || |- !psu | || ||I/H|| || ||Sauraseni Prākrit|| || || || || |- !psw | || ||I/L|| || ||Port Sandwich|| || || || || |- !psy | || ||I/E|| || ||Piscataway|| || || || || |- !pta | || ||I/L|| || ||Pai Tavytera|| ||pai tavytera|| || || |- !pth | || ||I/E|| || ||Pataxó-Hãhaãi|| || || || || |- !pti | || ||I/L|| || ||Pintiini|| || || || || |- !ptn | || ||I/L|| || ||Patani|| || || || || |- !pto | || ||I/L|| || ||Zo'é|| ||zo'é|| || || |- !ptp | || ||I/L|| || ||Patep|| || || || || |- !ptr | || ||I/L|| || ||Piamatsina|| || || || || |- !ptt | || ||I/L|| || ||Enrekang|| || || || || |- !ptu | || ||I/L|| || ||Bambam|| || || || || |- !ptv | || ||I/L|| || ||Port Vato|| || || || || |- !ptw | || ||I/E|| || ||Pentlatch|| || || || || |- !pty | || ||I/L|| || ||Pathiya|| || || || || |- !pua | || ||I/L|| || ||Purepecha, Western Highland|| || || || || |- !pub | || ||I/L|| || ||Purum|| || || || || |- !puc | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Merap|| || || || || |- !pud | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Aput|| || || || || |- !pue | || ||I/L|| || ||Puelche|| || || || || |- !puf | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Merah|| || || || || |- !pug | || ||I/L|| || ||Phuie|| || || || || |- !pui | || ||I/L|| || ||Puinave|| ||puinave|| || || |- !puj | || ||I/L|| || ||Punan Tubu|| || || || || |- !puk | || ||I/L|| || ||Pu Ko|| || ||普格语|| || |- !pum | || ||I/L|| || ||Puma|| || || || || |- !(pun) | || || || || ||Pubian|| || || || || |- !puo | || ||I/L|| || ||Puoc|| || || || || |- !pup | || ||I/L|| || ||Pulabu|| || || || || |- !puq | || ||I/E|| || ||Puquina|| || || || || |- !pur | || ||I/L|| || ||Puruborá|| ||puruborá|| || || |- !pus |ps||pus||M/L|| ||پښتو||Pushto||pachto||pastú||普什图语; 帕图语||пушту||Paschtunisch |- !put | || ||I/L|| || ||Putoh|| || || || || |- !puu | || ||I/L|| || ||Punu|| || || || || |- !puw | || ||I/L|| || ||Puluwatese|| || || || || |- !pux | || ||I/L|| || ||Puari|| || || || || |- !puy | || ||I/E|| || ||Purisimeño|| || || || || |- !puz | || ||I/L|| || ||Naga, Purum|| || || || || |- !pwa | || ||I/L|| || ||Pawaia|| || || || || |- !pwb | || ||I/L|| || ||Panawa|| || || || || |- !pwg | || ||I/L|| || ||Gapapaiwa|| || || ||гапапайва||Gapapaiwa |- !pwi | || ||I/E|| || ||Patwin|| || || || || |- !pwm | || ||I/L|| || ||Molbog|| || || || || |- !pwn | || ||I/L|| || ||Paiwan|| || ||排湾语|| || |- !pwo | || ||I/L|| || ||Karen, Pwo Western|| || || || || |- !pwr | || ||I/L|| || ||Powari|| || || || || |- !pww | || ||I/L|| || ||Karen, Pwo Northern|| || || || || |- !pxm | || ||I/L|| || ||Mixe, Quetzaltepec|| || || || || |- !pye | || ||I/L|| || ||Krumen, Pye|| || || || || |- !pym | || ||I/L|| || ||Fyam|| || || || || |- !pyn | || ||I/L|| || ||Poyanáwa||poyanáwa||poyanáwa|| || || |- !pys | || ||I/L|| || ||Paraguayan Sign Language|| || || || || |- !pyu | || ||I/L|| || ||Puyuma|| || ||卑南语|| ||Puyuma |- !pyx | || ||I/A|| || ||Pyu (Burma)|| || || || || |- !pyy | || ||I/L|| || ||Pyen|| || || || || |- !pzn | || ||I/L|| || ||Para Naga|| || || || || | Category:ISO 639.
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Iwan
An iwan (ایوان eyvān, إيوان Iwan, also spelled ivan, Turkish: eyvan) is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.
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Jaana
Jaana is a name with more than one origin.
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Jawed
Jawed (Javed, Javid جاود; Urdu Jawed, Javed جاوید) is a masculine given name of Persian origin, with a meaning of "eternal".
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Jebal Barez
The Jebal Barez is a mountain chain in the Kerman Province of Iran.
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John P. Clay
John Clay (born in 1934 in Paterson, New Jersey –) was the founder and patron of the Clay Sanskrit Library, a publishing venture that produced editions of Sanskrit classics with English translation on facing pages.
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K. S. Lal
Kishori Saran Lal (1920–2002) was an Indian historian.
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Kambu Swayambhuva
Kambu Swayambhuva was an ancestor of the Indian Kambuja tribe and king of Aryadesa.
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Kandys
A kandys (کنديس, translit.) (plural: kandyes), also called candys, kantuš or Median robe, is a type of three-quarter-length Persian coat.
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Karl Hoffmann (linguist)
Karl Hoffmann (26 February 1915, Hof – 21 May 1996, Erlangen) was a German linguist who specialized in Indo-European and Indo-Iranian studies.
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Kashgar
Kashgar is an oasis city in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Kay Bahman
Kai Bahman or -Wahman (and other variants) is a mythological figure of Greater Iranian legend and lore.
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Kermanshah
Kermanshah (کرمانشاه, کرماشان, Kirmashan; Kermānshāh; also known as Bākhtarān or Kermānshāhān), the capital of Kermanshah Province, is located from Tehran in the western part of Iran.
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Kermanshah Province
Kermanshah Province (استان كرمانشاه, Ostān-e Kermanšah) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
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Kharg Island
Kharg Island (جزیره خارگ) is a continental island in the Persian Gulf belonging to Iran.
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Khuzestan Province
Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان Ostān-e Khūzestān, محافظة خوزستان Muḥāfaẓa Khūzistān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
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Khvarenah
Khvarenah or khwarenah (𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵) is an Avestan word for a Zoroastrian concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed.
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Khwarezm
Khwarezm, or Chorasmia (خوارزم, Xvârazm) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum desert, on the south by the Karakum desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.
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King of Kings
The genitive phrase King of Kings (Assyrian šar šarrāni, Hebrew מֶלֶךְ מְלָכִים melek mĕlakîm, Persian شاهنشاه) is a superlative expression for "great king" or high king; it is probably originally of Semitic origins (compare the superlatives Lord of Lords, Song of Songs or Holy of Holies), but from there was also adopted in Persian (Shahanshah), Hellenistic and Christian traditions.
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Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
The Kingdom of Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior), was a monarchy in the Ancient Near East which existed from 321 BC to 428 AD.
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Kingdom of Cappadocia
The Kingdom of Cappadocia was a Hellenistic-era Iranian kingdom centered in the historical region of Cappadocia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey).
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Kingdom of Pontus
The Kingdom of Pontus or Pontic Empire was a state founded by the Persian Mithridatic dynasty,http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the Achaemenid dynasty.
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Lake Urmia
Lake Urmia (Daryāĉe Orumiye, Daryāche-ye Orumiye;, Urmiya gölü) is an endorheic salt lake in Iran.
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Laki language
Laki (لەکی; Lekî) is a speech variety that is either considered an independent Iranian language,, a dialect of Lurish or a dialect of Southern Kurdish.
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Languages of Africa
The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families.
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Laomedon of Mytilene
Laomedon (in Greek Λαoμέδων ὁ Μυτιληναῖος; lived during the 4th century BC), was a native of Mytilene and son of Larichus.
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Lasso
A lasso, from the Castilian word, Lazo.
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Library of Congress Classification:Class P -- Language and Literature
Class P: Language and Literature is a first order classification in the Library of Congress Classification system.
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Lipi
Lipi (लिपि) literally means "writing, letters, alphabet", and contextually refers to scripts, the art or manner of writing, or in modified form such as lipī (लिपी) to painting, decorating or anointing a surface to express something.
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List of ancient Iranian peoples
This list of ancient Iranian peoples or ancient Iranic peoples includes names of Indo-European peoples speaking Iranian languages or otherwise considered Iranian in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD.
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List of country-name etymologies
This list covers English language country names with their etymologies.
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List of geographic names of Iranian origin
This is a list of geographic names of Iranian origin.
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List of Indian inventions and discoveries
This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of ancient and modern India, including both the ancient and medieval nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state.
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List of Iran-related topics
This is a list of topics related to Iran (Persia) and Persian culture.
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List of ISO 639-2 codes
ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names.
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List of languages by first written accounts
This is a list of languages arranged by the approximate dates of the oldest existing texts recording a complete sentence in the language.
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List of languages by type of grammatical genders
This article lists languages depending on their approach to grammatical gender.
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List of national capital city name etymologies
This list covers English language national capital city names with their etymologies.
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List of Persia-related topics
No description.
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List of writing systems
This is a list of writing systems (or scripts), classified according to some common distinguishing features.
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Lokesh Chandra
Prof.
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Lydia
Lydia (Assyrian: Luddu; Λυδία, Lydía; Lidya) was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern western Turkish provinces of Uşak, Manisa and inland İzmir.
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Lydia (satrapy)
Lydia, known as Sparda in Old Persian, was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, with Sardis as its capital.
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Magi
Magi (singular magus; from Latin magus) denotes followers of Zoroastrianism or Zoroaster.
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Magic (supernatural)
Magic is a category in Western culture into which have been placed various beliefs and practices considered separate from both religion and science.
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Magoosh
Magoosh (pronunciation) (a play on the Old Persian word magush, which refers to a wise person) is an online test preparation company based in Berkeley, California that teaches students through video lessons, practice test questions, and online email support.
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Magu (deity)
Magu is a legendary Taoist ''xian'' (仙 "immortal; transcendent") associated with the elixir of life, and a symbolic protector of females in Chinese mythology.
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Mandane of Media
Mandana of Media was a princess of Media and, later, the Queen consort of Cambyses I of Anshan and mother of Cyrus the Great, ruler of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.
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Manuchehr (name)
Manuchehr, Manuchar, Manuchihr, or Manouchehr (منوچهر, Manūčehr, Old Persian: Manōčihr, Avestan: Manuščiθra) is a Persian male given name meaning heaven's face.
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Mardin
Mardin (Mêrdîn, ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ, Arabic/Ottoman Turkish: rtl Mārdīn) is a city and multiple (former/titular) bishopric in southeastern Turkey.
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Mardonius
Mardonius (Μαρδόνιος Mardonios, Old Persian: Marduniya, literally: "the mild one"; died 479 BC) was a leading Persian military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC who died at the Battle of Plataea.
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Margaret
Margaret is a female first name, derived via French (Marguerite) and Latin (Margarita) from Greek Margarites, derived from the noun margaron meaning 'pearl'.
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Margiana
Margiana (Μαργιανή Margianḗ, Old Persian: Marguš, Middle Persian: Marv) is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian empires.
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Mark R. V. Southern
Mark Roderick Vendrell Southern (3 March 1961 – 15 March 2006) was an Indo-Europeanist and professor of German and linguistics.
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Marzban
Marzbān, or Marzpān (Middle Persian transliteration: mrzwpn, derived from marz "border, boundary" and the suffix -pān "guardian"; Modern Persian: مرزبان Marzbān) were a class of margraves, warden of the marches, and by extension military commanders, in charge of border provinces of the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) and mostly Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD) of Iran.
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Masistes
Masistes (Greek Μασίστης, Masistês; Old Iranian *Masišta) (?- c. 478 BC) was a Persian prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I (reign: 520-486 BC) and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I (reign: 486-465 BC).
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Matthew Stolper
Matthew Wolfgang Stolper is Professor of Assyriology and the John A. Wilson Professor of Oriental Studies in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago.
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Medes
The Medes (Old Persian Māda-, Μῆδοι, מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. At around 1100 to 1000 BC, they inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Hamadan (Ecbatana) region. Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 800 BC and 700 BC, and in the 7th century the whole of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule. Its precise geographical extent remains unknown. A few archaeological sites (discovered in the "Median triangle" in western Iran) and textual sources (from contemporary Assyrians and also ancient Greeks in later centuries) provide a brief documentation of the history and culture of the Median state. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is unknown. The Medes had an ancient Iranian religion (a form of pre-Zoroastrian Mazdaism or Mithra worshipping) with a priesthood named as "Magi". Later during the reigns of the last Median kings, the reforms of Zoroaster spread into western Iran.
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Media (region)
Media (Old Persian: Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes.
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Median language
The Median language (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes.
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Megabyzus
Megabyzus (Μεγάβυζος, a folk-etymological alteration of Old Persian Bagabuxša, meaning "God saved") was a Achaemenid Persian general, son of Zopyrus, satrap of Babylonia.
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Megabyzus (disambiguation)
Megabyzus (Old Persian Baghabuxša) is the name of several Persian noblemen.
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Michael Everson
Michael Everson (born January 9, 1963) is an American and Irish linguist, script encoder, typesetter, font designer, and publisher.
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Middle Persian
Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language or ethnolect of southwestern Iran that during the Sasanian Empire (224–654) became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions of the empire as well.
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Mir (title)
Mir (مير) (which is derived from the Arabic title Emir 'general, prince') is a rare ruler's title in princely states and an aristocratic title generally used to refer to a person who is a descendant of a commander in medieval Muslim tradition.
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Mithridates
Mithridates or Mithradates (Old Persian 𐎷𐎡𐎰𐎼𐎭𐎠𐎫 Miθradāta) is the Hellenistic form of an Iranian theophoric name, meaning "given by the deity Mithra".
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Mithridates VI of Pontus
Mithridates VI or Mithradates VI (Μιθραδάτης, Μιθριδάτης), from Old Persian Miθradāta, "gift of Mithra"; 135–63 BC, also known as Mithradates the Great (Megas) and Eupator Dionysius, was king of Pontus and Armenia Minor in northern Anatolia (now Turkey) from about 120–63 BC.
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
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Mrtyu
Mṛtyu (from Vedic Sanskrit: मृत्यु IAST:; Latin cognate mortis), is a Sanskrit word meaning Death.
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Murashu family
The house of Murashu were a family discovered in archaeological findings dating to the late 19th century.
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Muscat
Muscat (مسقط) is the capital and largest city of Oman.
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Name of Armenia
The name Armenia enters English via Latin, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία.
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Name of Georgia (country)
Georgia is the Western exonym for the nation in the Caucasus natively known as Sakartvelo (საქართველო). The Russian exonym is Gruziya (Грузия).
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Name of Greece
The name of Greece differs in Greek compared with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks.
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Name of Iran
In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran.
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Names for India
The name in Indian languages is Bharata after the emperor Bharata.
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Names of the Greeks
The Greeks (Έλληνες) have been identified by many ethnonyms.
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Neyriz
Neyriz (نیریز, also Romanized as Neyrīz and Nīrīz) is the capital city of Neyriz County, Fars Province, Iran.
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Nushibi
Nushibi (Nu-shibi, Chinese 弩失畢) was a Chinese collective name for five tribes of the right (western) wing in the Western Turkic Kaganate, and members of On oq (Turkic ten arrows) confederation found in the literature about the Western Turkic Kaganate as Ten arrows (ten tribes) Türks.
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Old Aramaic language
Old Aramaic (code: oar) refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, considered to give way to Middle Aramaic by the 3rd century (a conventional date is the rise of the Sasanian Empire in 224 CE).
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Old Persian cuneiform
Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian.
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Optative mood
The optative mood or (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.
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Orthocorybantians
The Orthocorybantians (Old Persian tigra-xauda "people with pointy hoods") were a tribe of the Scythians.
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Oxyartes
Oxyartes (Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼, Greek: Oxyártēs, in Persian: وخشارد (Vaxš-ard), from an unattested form in an Old Iranian language: *Huxšaθra-) was a Sogdian or Bactrian nobleman of Bactria, father of Roxana, the wife of Alexander of Macedon.
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Oxyathres of Persia
Oxyathres (in Greek Oξυαθρης; in Old Persian Vaxšuvarda; lived 4th century BC) was a brother of the Persian king Darius III Codomannus.
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Paishiyauvada
Paishiyauvada was a Persian city during the Achaemenid era.
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Palace of Darius in Susa
The Palace of Darius in Susa was a palace complex in Susa, Iran, a capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
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Paradise
Paradise is the term for a place of timeless harmony.
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Paropamisadae
The Paropamisadae, also known by other names, were a people and district of Gandhara, which stretched along the Hindu Kush range and lying between Kabul Valley of Afghanistan and Peshawar Valley of Pakistan.
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Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran.
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Parthian language
The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is a now-extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Parthia, a region of northeastern ancient Iran.
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Pasargadae
Pasargadae (from Πασαργάδαι, from Old Persian Pāθra-gadā, "protective club" or "strong club"; Modern Persian: پاسارگاد Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great who had issued its construction (559–530 BC); it was also the location of his tomb.
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Pasha
Pasha or Paşa (پاشا, paşa), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others.
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Pati (title)
Pati (Hindustani: पति, پتی) is a title meaning "master" or "lord".
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PEO
Peo may refer to.
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Persepolis
Persepolis (𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
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Persepolis Administrative Archives
The Persepolis Fortification Archive and Persepolis Treasury Archive are two groups of clay administrative archives — sets of records physically stored together – found in Persepolis dating to the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
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Persian daric
The Persian daric was a gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the siglos, represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
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Persian dialects in Khuzestan
There are a number of Khuzestani Persian dialects and accents unique to the province of Khuzestan in southwestern Iran.
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Persian gardens
The tradition and style of garden design represented by Persian gardens or Iranian gardens (باغ ایرانی) has influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India and beyond.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Persian literature
Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.
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Persian nouns
Persian nouns have no grammatical gender, and the case markers have been greatly reduced since Old Persian—both characteristics of contact languages.
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Persian people
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran.
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Persian studies
Persian studies is the study of the Persian language and its literature specifically.
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Pharnacid dynasty
The Pharnacid Dynasty was an Iranian dynasty that ruled the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia under the Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia from the 5th until the 4th century BCE.
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Pherendates
Pherendates (from the Old Persian Farnadāta) was an Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt during the 5th century BCE, at the time of the 27th Dynasty of Egypt.
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Philology
Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.
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Phut
Phut or Put (פוט pûṭ; Septuagint Greek Φουδ Phoud) is the third son of Ham (one of the sons of Noah), in the biblical Table of Nations (Genesis 10:6; cf. 1 Chronicles 1:8).
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Prehistoric Asia
Prehistoric Asia refers to events in Asia during the period of human existence prior to the invention of writing systems or the documentation of recorded history.
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Proto-Indo-European numerals
The numerals and derived numbers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-European particles
The particles of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-European pronouns
Proto-Indo-European pronouns have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-Iranian language
Proto-Indo-Iranian or Proto-Indo-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian/Indo-Iranic branch of Indo-European.
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Proto-Iranian language
Proto-Iranian, or Proto-Iranic, is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family and thus the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Pashto, Persian, Sogdian, Zazaki, Ossetian, Mazandarani, Kurdish and others.
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Ptolemaic Baris
The Ptolemaic Baris (also Ptolemaic Acra) was a citadel maintained by Ptolemaic Egypt during its rule of Jerusalem in the 3rd century BC.
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Purim
Purim (Hebrew: Pûrîm "lots", from the word pur, related to Akkadian: pūru) is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the saving of the Jewish people from Haman, who was planning to kill all the Jews.
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Religion in Iran
According to the CIA World Factbook, around 90–95%.
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Richard N. Frye
Richard Nelson Frye (January 10, 1920 – March 27, 2014) was an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University.
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Rose
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears.
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Rostam
Rostam or Rustam (رُستَم, pronounced) is the most celebrated legendary hero in Shahnameh and Iranian mythology.
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Royal and noble ranks
Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Saale
The Saale, also known as the Saxon Saale (Sächsische Saale) and Thuringian Saale (Thüringische Saale), is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe.
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Safavid art
Safavid art is the art of the Persian Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1722, in present-day Iran and Caucasia.
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Sagartians
The Sagartians (Sagartii; Σαγάρτιοι Sagártioi; Old Persian: Asagartiya "Sagartian"; Elamite: Aš-ša-kar-ti-ia, Babylonian: KURSa-ga-ar-ta-a-a) were an ancient Iranian tribe, dwelling in the Iranian plateau.
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Saka
Saka, Śaka, Shaka or Saca mod. ساکا; Śaka; Σάκαι, Sákai; Sacae;, old *Sək, mod. Sāi) is the name used in Middle Persian and Sanskrit sources for the Scythians, a large group of Eurasian nomads on the Eurasian Steppe speaking Eastern Iranian languages.
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Sanskrit
Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.
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Sarasvati River
Sarasvati River (Sanskrit: सरस्वती नदी, IAST: sárasvatī nadī) is one of the Rigvedic rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda and later Vedic and post-Vedic texts.
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Satrap
Satraps were the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
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Satrapy of Armenia
The Satrapy of Armenia (Սատրապական Հայաստան Satrapakan Hayastan; Old Persian: Armina or Arminiya), a region controlled by the Orontid Dynasty (Երվանդունիներ Yervanduniner; 570–201 BC) was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC, which later became an independent kingdom.
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Savadkuh County
Savadkuh County (also Savadkooh and Savadkouh)(Ŝahrestāne Sawādkuh) is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran.
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Scythians
or Scyths (from Greek Σκύθαι, in Indo-Persian context also Saka), were a group of Iranian people, known as the Eurasian nomads, who inhabited the western and central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC until about the 1st century BC.
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Sepharad
Sepharad (Sp̄āraḏ; also Sefarad, Sephared, Sfard), is a biblical place name of uncertain location.
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Shabestan
A shabestan or shabistan (شبستان; Old Persian xšapā.stāna) is an underground space that can be usually found in traditional architecture of mosques, houses, and schools in ancient Iran.
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Shah
Shah (Šāh, pronounced, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia).
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Shalwar kameez
Shalwar kameez, also spelled salwar kameez or shalwar qameez, is a traditional outfit originating in the Indian subcontinent.
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Shiraz
Shiraz (fa, Šīrāz) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province (Old Persian as Pars).
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Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet
Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, (5 April 1810 – 5 March 1895) was a British East India Company army officer, politician and Orientalist, sometimes described as the Father of Assyriology.
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Sistan
Sīstān (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: سیستان), known in ancient times as Sakastan (Persian/Baloch/Pashto: ساكاستان; "the land of the Saka"), is a historical and geographical region in present-day eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province), southern Afghanistan (Nimruz, Kandahar) and the Nok Kundi region of Balochistan (western Pakistan).
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Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent and Shahrisabz.
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Sogdian language
The Sogdian language was an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the Central Asian region of Sogdia, located in modern-day Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), as well as some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China.
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Sound change
Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change).
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Spahan (province)
Spahan, also known as Parthau was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity, that lay within central Iran, almost corresponding to the present-day Isfahan Province in Iran.
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Spahbed
Spāhbed (𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲; also spelled spahbod and spahbad, early form spāhpat) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sasanian Empire.
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Sparabara
The sparabara, meaning "shield bearers" in Old Persian, were the front line infantry of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
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Spitamenes
Spitamenes (in old Persian Spitamaneh; Greek Σπιταμένης; 370 BC – 328 BC) was a Sogdian warlord, leader of the uprising in Sogdiana and Bactria against Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, in 329 BC.
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Sumerian language
Sumerian (𒅴𒂠 "native tongue") is the language of ancient Sumer and a language isolate that was spoken in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).
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Supernatural
The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.
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Susa
Susa (fa Šuš;; שׁוּשָׁן Šušān; Greek: Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ Šuš; Old Persian Çūšā) was an ancient city of the Proto-Elamite, Elamite, First Persian Empire, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of Iran, and one of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East.
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Svetlana
Svetlana (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic: Светлана; Святла́на; Світла́на) is a common Orthodox Slavic female name, deriving from the East and South Slavic root свет svet, which translates into English as "northern star","light", "shining", "luminescent", "pure", "blessed", or "holy", depending upon context similar if not the same as the word Shwet in Sanskrit.
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Syr Darya
The Syr Darya is a river in Central Asia. The Syr Darya originates in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the northern remnants of the Aral Sea. It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorrheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya. In the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake.
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Tachara
The Tachara, or the Tachar Château, also referred to as the Palace of Darius the Great, was the exclusive building of Darius I at Persepolis, Iran.
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Tajrish
Tajrish (تجريش,, also Romanized as Tajrīš) is a former village in Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran, which has since been absorbed into Tehran.
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Tarim Basin
The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in northwest China occupying an area of about.
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Ten Lost Tribes
The ten lost tribes were the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE.
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The Decameron
The Decameron (Italian title: "Decameron" or "Decamerone"), subtitled "Prince Galehaut" (Old Prencipe Galeotto and sometimes nicknamed "Umana commedia", "Human comedy"), is a collection of novellas by the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375).
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The Three Princes of Serendip
The Three Princes of Serendip is the English version of the story published by Michele Tramezzino in Venice in 1557.
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Tigris
Batman River The Tigris (Sumerian: Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼; دجلة Dijlah; ܕܹܩܠܵܬ.; Տիգրիս Tigris; Դգլաթ Dglatʿ;, biblical Hiddekel) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
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Timeline of Indian innovation
Timeline of Indian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state.
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Tissaphernes
Tissaphernes (Τισσαφέρνης; Old Persian Čiθrafarnah > Mod. Persian Čehrfar) (445 BC – 395 BC) was a Persian soldier and statesman.
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Tocharian languages
Tocharian, also spelled Tokharian, is an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Tocharians
The Tocharians or Tokharians were Indo-European peoples who inhabited the medieval oasis city-states on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China) in ancient times.
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Tribe of Shabazz
According to the Nation of Islam the Tribe of Shabazz was a supposed ancient Black nation that migrated into central Africa, led by a leader named Shabazz.
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Tushpa
Tushpa (Տոսպ Tosp, Assyrian: Turuspa, Tuşpa) was the 9th-century BC capital of Urartu, later becoming known as Van which is derived from Biainili the native name of Urartu.
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Urartu
Urartu, which corresponds to the biblical mountains of Ararat, is the name of a geographical region commonly used as the exonym for the Iron Age kingdom also known by the modern rendition of its endonym, the Kingdom of Van, centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.
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Van Fortress
The Fortress of Van (Armenian: Վանի Բերդ, also known as Van Citadel, Van Kalesi or Kela Wanê) is a massive stone fortification built by the ancient kingdom of Urartu during the 9th to 7th centuries BC, and is the largest example of its kind.
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Van, Turkey
Van (Van; Վան; Wan; فان; Εύα, Eua) is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van.
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Vashti
Vashti (Koine Greek: Αστιν Astin) was Queen of Persia and the first wife of Persian King Ahasuerus in the Book of Esther, a book included in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and read on the Jewish holiday of Purim.
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Warg
In Norse mythology, a vargr (pl. vargar; often anglicised as warg or varg) is a wolf and in particular refers to the wolf Fenrir and his sons Sköll and Hati.
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Western Iranian languages
The Western Iranian languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.
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Western Satraps
The Western Satraps, Western Kshatrapas, or Kshaharatas (35–405 CE) were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states).
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Writing
Writing is a medium of human communication that represents language and emotion with signs and symbols.
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Wu (shaman)
Wu are spirit mediums who have practiced divination, prayer, sacrifice, rainmaking, and healing in Chinese traditions dating back over 3,000 years.
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Wuzurgan
Wuzurgan (𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢, meaning "grandees" or the "great ones"), also known by its Modern Persian form of Bozorgan (بزرگان), was the third class-rank of the four or five types of the Sasanian aristocracy.
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Xerxes
Xerxes is a male name.
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Xerxes I
Xerxes I (𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 x-š-y-a-r-š-a Xšayaṛša "ruling over heroes", Greek Ξέρξης; 519–465 BC), called Xerxes the Great, was the fourth king of kings of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.
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Yama
Yama or Yamarāja is a god of death, the south direction, and the underworld, belonging to an early stratum of Rigvedic Hindu deities.
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Yauna
Yauna refers to variously.
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Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for "the province of Judah"), or simply Yehud, was an autonomous province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, roughly equivalent to the older kingdom of Judah but covering a smaller area, within the satrapy of Eber-Nari.
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Yona
The word Yona in Pali and the Prakrits, and the analogue "Yavana" in Sanskrit, are words used in Ancient India to designate Greek speakers.
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Youtab
Youtab (Persian: یوتاب, flourished 4th century BC) was an ancient Persian noblewoman.
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Zabih Behrouz
Zabih Behrouz (ذبیح بهروز; 17 July 1890- 12 December 1971) was an Iranian playwright and linguist.
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Zahhak
Zahhāk or Zahāk (ضحّاک) is an evil figure in Persian mythology, evident in ancient Persian folklore as Aži Dahāka (اژی دهاک), the name by which he also appears in the texts of the Avesta.
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Zanjan Province
Zanjan Province (استان زنجان, Ostâne Zanjân; also Romanized as Ostān-e Zanjān; Zəngan ostanı, زنگان اوستانی, Зәнган останы) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
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Zaranj
Zaranj or Zarang (Persian/Pashto/زرنج) is a city in southwestern Afghanistan, near the border with Iran, which has a population of 160,902 people as of 2015.
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Zaza language
Zaza language, also called Zazaki, Kirmanjki and Dimli, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas.
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Zeta
Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; ζῆτα, label, classical or zē̂ta; zíta) is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet.
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1
1 (one, also called unit, unity, and (multiplicative) identity) is a number, numeral, and glyph.
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Redirects here:
ISO 639:ope, ISO 639:peo, Old Pers., Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.), Old Persian language, Old Persian language (ca. 600-400 B.C.), Old persian, Old persian language, Old-Persian.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian
