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284 relations: Alpinorum auxiliary regiments, Ancient Greek temple, Ancient Roman cuisine, Ancient Rome, Annals (Tacitus), Annona (mythology), Anthypatos, Antoninus Pius, Aprilis, Aryeh Kasher, Assassination of Julius Caesar, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Augur, Augustus, Aulnay, Charente-Maritime, Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, Aulus Petronius Lurco, Autun, Auxilia, Ballot laws of the Roman Republic, Barbaricum, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Basileus, Bastarnae, Battle of Mutina, Battle of Strasbourg, Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia, Blacas Cameo, Caligula, Cassius Chaerea, Cassius Severus, Castra Albana, Ceres (mythology), Cestius Gallus, Civic Crown, Classical Anatolia, Classical antiquity, Cleopatra, Cohors amicorum, Cohors I Ulpia Dacorum, Cohortes urbanae, Comes sacrarum largitionum, Consistorium, Consortium imperii, Constitution of the Late Roman Empire, Constitution of the Year VIII, Cornelius Lupus, Corrector, Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (consul AD 60), Cossutianus Capito, ..., Cura Annonae, Cybele, Daqin, De Clementia, Decarch (military rank), December (Roman month), Decimus Laelius Balbus (consul 46), Decurio, Decurion (Roman cavalry officer), Defence-in-depth (Roman military), Dominate, Dominus (title), Domitian, Drususstein, Emil Ritterling, Emperor, Equites, Equites cataphractarii, Equites singulares Augusti, Ernst Stein, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Firefighter, Flavian dynasty, Fulvia (wife of Saturninus), G. 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Alpinorum auxiliary regiments
This article concerns the Roman auxiliary regiments of the Principate period originally recruited in the western Alpine regions of the empire (for the central/eastern Alps, see Raetorum auxiliary cohorts).
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Ancient Greek temple
Greek temples (dwelling, semantically distinct from Latin templum, "temple") were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in ancient Greek religion.
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Ancient Roman cuisine
Ancient Roman cuisine changed over the long duration of the ancient Roman civilization.
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Annals (Tacitus)
The Annals (Annales) by Roman historian and senator Tacitus is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68.
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Annona (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion, Annona (Latin annōna “corn, grain; means of subsistence”, from annus "year") is the divine personification of the grain supply to the city of Rome.
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Anthypatos
Anthypatos (ἀνθύπατος) is the translation in Greek of the Latin proconsul.
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Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius; 19 September 867 March 161 AD), also known as Antoninus, was Roman emperor from 138 to 161.
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Aprilis
Aprilis or mensis Aprilis (April) was the fourth month of the ancient Roman calendar, following Martius (March) and preceding Maius (May).
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Aryeh Kasher
Aryeh Kasher (אריה כשר; 1935 – October 26, 2011) was an Israeli academic and writer.
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Assassination of Julius Caesar
The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and Marcus Junius Brutus.
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Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, commonly referred to by its German acronym, ANRW, or in English as Rise and Decline of the Roman World, is an extensive collection of books dealing with the history and culture of ancient Rome.
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Augur
An augur was a priest and official in the classical Roman world.
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Augustus
Augustus (Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was a Roman statesman and military leader who was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire, controlling Imperial Rome from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.
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Aulnay, Charente-Maritime
Aulnay, commonly referred to as Aulnay-de-Saintonge, is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus
Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus (died AD 7) was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Aulus Petronius Lurco
Aulus Petronius Lurco was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Autun
Autun is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department, France.
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Auxilia
The Auxilia (Latin, lit. "auxiliaries") constituted the standing non-citizen corps of the Imperial Roman army during the Principate era (30 BC–284 AD), alongside the citizen legions.
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Ballot laws of the Roman Republic
The ballot laws of the Roman Republic (Latin: leges tabellariae) were four laws which introduced the secret ballot to all popular assemblies in the republic.
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Barbaricum
Barbaricum (from the Βαρβαρικόν, "foreign", "barbarian") is a geographical name used by historical and archaeological experts to refer to the vast area of barbarian-occupied territory that lay, in Roman times, beyond the frontiers or limes of the Roman Empire in North, Central and South Eastern Europe, the "lands lying beyond Roman administrative control but nonetheless a part of the Roman world." In the Late Antiquity it was the Latin name for those tribal territories not occupied by Rome that lay beyond the Rhine and Danube (but not for Persia): Ammianus Marcellinus used it, as did Eutropius.
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Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World
The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World is a large-format English language atlas of ancient Europe, Asia, and North Africa, edited by Richard J. A. Talbert.
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Basileus
Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs in history.
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Bastarnae
The Bastarnae (Latin variants: Bastarni, or Basternae; Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι) were an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited the region between the Carpathian mountains and the river Dnieper, to the north and east of ancient Dacia.
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Battle of Mutina
The Battle of Mutina took place on 21 April 43 BC between the forces loyal to the Senate under consuls Gaius Vibius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius, supported by the legions of Caesar Octavian, and the Caesarian legions of Mark Antony who were besieging the troops of Decimus Brutus.
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Battle of Strasbourg
The Battle of Strasbourg, also known as the Battle of Argentoratum, was fought in AD 357 between the Western Roman army under the Caesar (deputy emperor) Julian and the Alamanni tribal confederation led by the joint paramount king Chnodomar.
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Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia
For nearly 250 years, Berber kings of the 'House of Masinissa' ruled in Numidia, which included much of Tunisia, and later in adjacent regions, first as sovereigns allied with Rome and then eventually as Roman clients.
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Blacas Cameo
The Blacas Cameo is an unusually large Ancient Roman cameo, high, carved from a piece of sardonyx with four alternating layers of white and brown.
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Caligula
Caligula (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 31 August 12 – 24 January 41 AD) was Roman emperor from AD 37 to AD 41.
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Cassius Chaerea
Cassius Chaerea (died 41) served as a centurion in the army of Germanicus and in the Praetorian Guard under the emperor Caligula, whom he eventually assassinated in January 41.
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Cassius Severus
Titus Cassius Severus (died in 32 AD) was an ancient Roman rhetor from the ''gens Cassia''.
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Castra Albana
The Castra Albana was a permanent legionary fortress of the Legio II Parthica, founded by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) on the modern site of Albano Laziale.
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Ceres (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion, Ceres (Cerēs) was a goddess of agriculture, grain crops, fertility and motherly relationships.
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Cestius Gallus
Gaius Cestius Gallus (d. 67 AD) was a Roman senator and general who was active during the Principate.
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Civic Crown
The Civic Crown (corona civica) was a military decoration during the Roman Republic and the subsequent Principate, regarded as the second highest to which a citizen could aspire (the Grass Crown being held in higher regard).
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Classical Anatolia
Anatolia, also known by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is considered to be the westernmost extent of Asia.
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Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
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Cleopatra
Cleopatra VII Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ Cleopatra Philopator; 69 – August 10 or 12, 30 BC)Theodore Cressy Skeat, in, uses historical data to calculate the death of Cleopatra as having occurred on 12 August 30 BC.
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Cohors amicorum
Cohors amicorum is a Latin term, literally meaning "cohort of friends".
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Cohors I Ulpia Dacorum
Cohors prima Ulpia Dacorum ("1st Ulpian cohort of Dacians") was an infantry regiment of the Auxilia corps of the Imperial Roman army.
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Cohortes urbanae
The cohortes urbanae (Latin meaning urban cohorts) of ancient Rome were created by Augustus to counterbalance the enormous power of the Praetorian Guard in the city of Rome and serve as a police force.
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Comes sacrarum largitionum
The comes sacrarum largitionum ("Count of the Sacred Largesses"; in κόμης τῶν θείων θησαυρῶν, kómes tōn theíon thesaurōn) was one of the senior fiscal officials of the late Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
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Consistorium
The sacrum consistorium or sacrum auditorium (from consistere, "discuss a topic"; theion synedrion, "sacred assembly") was the highest political council of the Roman Empire from the time of Constantine the Great on.
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Consortium imperii
Consortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman Dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, each hence designated as consors imperii, i.e. "partner in (exercising) imperium", either as formal equals or in subordination, in which case the junior was often the senior's designated heir—not necessarily the natural one—and successor.
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Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
The constitution of the late Roman Empire was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down, mainly through precedent, which defined the manner in which the late Roman Empire was governed.
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Constitution of the Year VIII
The Constitution of the Year VIII (Constitution de l'an VIII or Constitution du 22 frimaire an VIII) was a national constitution of France, adopted on December 24, 1799 (during the Year VIII of the French Revolutionary Calendar), which established the form of government known as the Consulate.
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Cornelius Lupus
Cornelius Lupus was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Corrector
A corrector (English plural correctors, Latin plural correctores) is a person or object practicing correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors.
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Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (consul AD 60)
Cossus Cornelius Lentulus was a Roman senator, who flourished during the Principate.
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Cossutianus Capito
Cossutianus Capito was a Roman senator and delator, often acting on behalf of the contemporary Roman emperor during the Principate.
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Cura Annonae
In ancient Rome, the Romans used the term Cura Annonae ("care for the grain supply"), in honour of their goddess Annona and the grain dole was distributed from the Temple of Ceres.
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Cybele
Cybele (Phrygian: Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya "Kubileya/Kubeleya Mother", perhaps "Mountain Mother"; Lydian Kuvava; Κυβέλη Kybele, Κυβήβη Kybebe, Κύβελις Kybelis) is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible precursor in the earliest neolithic at Çatalhöyük, where statues of plump women, sometimes sitting, have been found in excavations.
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Daqin
Daqin (alternative transliterations include Tachin, Tai-Ch'in) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire or, depending on context, the Near East, especially Syria.
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De Clementia
De Clementia (frequently translated as On Mercy in English) is a two volume (incomplete) hortatory essay written in 55–56 CE by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, to the emperor Nero in the first five years of his reign.
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Decarch (military rank)
Decarch (δέκαρχος (dekarkhos), decarchus) was a rank in the Late Roman army, used in the East Roman army, among Greek-speaking soldiers, that continued on as a Byzantine military rank.
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December (Roman month)
December (from Latin decem, "ten") or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar, following November (novem, "nine") and preceding Ianuarius.
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Decimus Laelius Balbus (consul 46)
Decimus Laelius Balbus was a Roman senator and delator or informer, active during the Principate.
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Decurio
Decurio was an official title in Ancient Rome, used in various connections.
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Decurion (Roman cavalry officer)
A decurion (Latin: decurio, plural decuriones) was a Roman cavalry officer in command of a squadron (turma) of cavalrymen in the Roman army.
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Defence-in-depth (Roman military)
Defence-in-depth is the term used by American political analyst Edward Luttwak (born 1942) to describe his theory of the defensive strategy employed by the Late Roman army in the third and fourth centuries AD.
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Dominate
The Dominate or late Roman Empire is the name sometimes given to the "despotic" later phase of imperial government, following the earlier period known as the "Principate", in the ancient Roman Empire.
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Dominus (title)
Dominus is the Latin word for master or owner.
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Domitian
Domitian (Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96 AD) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96.
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Drususstein
The Drususstein (Drusus stone) is a nearly 20 metres high masonry block of Roman origin on the grounds of the citadel of Mainz, Germany.
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Emil Ritterling
Emil Ritterling (20 December 1861, in Leipzig – 7 February 1928, in Wiesbaden) was a German historian and archaeologist.
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Emperor
An emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.
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Equites
The equites (eques nom. singular; sometimes referred to as "knights" in modern times) constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class.
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Equites cataphractarii
Equites cataphractarii, or simply cataphractarii, were the most heavily armoured type of Roman cavalry in the Imperial Roman army and Late Roman army.
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Equites singulares Augusti
The equites singulares Augusti (lit: "personal cavalry of the emperor" i.e. imperial horseguards) were the cavalry arm of the Praetorian Guard during the Principate period of imperial Rome.
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Ernst Stein
Ernst Edward Aurel Stein (19 September 1891, in Jaworzno – 25 February 1945, in Fribourg) was an Austrian-Jewish Byzantinist and a historian of Late Antiquity.
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Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The Fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called Fall of the Roman Empire or Fall of Rome) was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which it failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities.
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Firefighter
A firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property and the environment as well as to rescue people and animals from dangerous situations.
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Flavian dynasty
The Flavian dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 AD and 96 AD, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian (69–79), and his two sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96).
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Fulvia (wife of Saturninus)
Fulvia, the wife of Tiberius' 'amicus' Saturninus, lived during the reign of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.
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G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
Geoffrey Ernest Maurice de Ste.
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Gaius Anicius Cerialis
Gaius Anicius Cerialis (died 66) was a Roman senator who was active during the Principate.
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Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 23)
Gaius Asinius Pollio was a Roman senator and orator active during the Principate.
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Gaius Ateius Capito (jurist)
Gaius Ateius Capito (about 30 BCE – 22 CE) was a Roman jurist in the time of emperors Augustus and Tiberius.
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Gaius Fonteius Capito (consul 59)
Gaius Fonteius Capito was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Gaius Fonteius Capito (consul AD 12)
Gaius Fonteius Capito (fl. AD 12) was a Roman senator during the Principate.
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Gaius Fufius Geminus (consul 29)
Gaius Fufius Geminus (d. AD 29) was a Roman senator who lived during the Principate.
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Gaius Laecanius Bassus
Gaius Laecanius Bassus was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Gaius Marius
Gaius MariusC·MARIVS·C·F·C·N is how Marius was termed in official state inscriptions in Latin: "Gaius Marius, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius" (157 BC – January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
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Gaius Octavius Laenas
Gaius Octavius Laenas was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Gaius Petronius (consul 25)
Gaius Petronius was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Gaius Rubellius Blandus
Gaius Rubellius Blandus was a Roman senator who lived during the Principate.
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Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus
Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus (c. 12 BCE – c. 60 CE) was a Roman senator of the Principate.
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Gaius Vibius Marsus
Gaius Vibius Marsus, whom Tacitus calls "vetustis honoribus studiisque illustris," was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Gaius Vibius Rufus
Gaius Vibius Rufus was a Roman senator and orator, who flourished during the Principate.
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Galactic empire
Galactic empires are a common trope used in science fantasy and science fiction, particularly in works known as 'space operas'.
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Geoffrey of Hauteville
Geoffrey of Hauteville (also Gottfried, Godfrey, Goffredo, or Gaufrido; about 1020-1071) was a Norman military leader, the second youngest son of Tancred of Hauteville by his first wife Muriella.
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Giordano Filangieri II
Giordano Filangieri (born 1195/1200) was a Neapolitan nobleman, the son of Giordano, lord of Nocera, and Oranpiassa, and younger brother of Riccardo.
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Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)
Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (fl. 1st century BC) was a Roman Senator who was appointed the replacement consul in 23 BC.
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Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur (c. 54 BC – 25 AD) was a politician and general of the early Roman Empire, who became consul in 14 BC as the colleague of Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi.
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Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator (consul 61)
Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator was a Roman senator who was active under the Principate.
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Governor
A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state.
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Hadrian
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138 AD) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.
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Hauteville family
The Hauteville family, also called the Hauteville dynasty or House of Hauteville (French: Maison de Hauteville, Italian: Casa d'Altavilla), was a Norman family originally of seigneurial rank from the Cotentin.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.
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Hispania
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.
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Histories (Tacitus)
Histories (Historiae) is a Roman historical chronicle by Tacitus.
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History of Rome
Roman history has been among the most influential to the modern world, from supporting the tradition of the rule by law to influencing the American Founding Fathers to the creation of the Catholic church.
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History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
The History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire is a study of the ancient Roman Empire that traces the progression of Roman political development from the abolition of the Roman Principate around the year 200 until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE.
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History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire
The history of the constitution of the Roman Empire begins with the establishment of the Principate in 27 BC and is considered to conclude with the abolition of that constitutional structure in favour of the Dominate at Diocletian's accession in AD 284.
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History of the Roman Constitution
The History of the Roman Constitution is a study of Ancient Rome that traces the progression of Roman political development from the founding of the city of Rome in 753 BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
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History of the Roman Empire
The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of Ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of the last Western emperor in 476 AD.
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Homosexuality in ancient Rome
Homosexuality in ancient Rome often differs markedly from the contemporary West.
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Honesta missio
The honesta missio was the honorable discharge from the military service in the Roman Empire.
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Ianuarius
Ianuarius, fully Mensis Ianuarius (Latin for the "January Month", i.e., "The Month of Janus"), was the first month of the ancient Roman calendar, from which the Julian and Gregorian month of January derived.
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Imperator
The Latin word imperator derives from the stem of the verb imperare, meaning ‘to order, to command’.
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Imperial cult of ancient Rome
The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State.
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Imperial province
An imperial province was a Roman province during the Principate where the Roman Emperor had the sole right to appoint the governor (legatus Augusti).
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Imperial Roman army
The Imperial Roman army are the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD.
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Index of politics articles
This is a list of political topics, including political science terms, political philosophies, political issues, etc.
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Infamia
In ancient Roman culture, infamia (in-, "not," and fama, "reputation") was a loss of legal or social standing.
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Iunius (month)
On the ancient Roman calendar, mensis Iunius or Iunius, also Junius (June), was the fourth month, following Maius (May).
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Jochen Bleicken
Jochen Bleicken (3 September 1926 in Westerland, Sylt – 24 February 2005 in Hamburg) was a German professor of ancient history.
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Jordan IV of L'Isle-Jourdain
Jordan IV (died 1288) was the Lord of L'Isle-Jourdain and a vassal of Alfonso of Poitou.
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Judea (Roman province)
The Roman province of Judea (יהודה, Standard Tiberian; يهودا; Ἰουδαία; Iūdaea), sometimes spelled in its original Latin forms of Iudæa or Iudaea to distinguish it from the geographical region of Judea, incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
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Late Roman army
In modern scholarship, the "late" period of the Roman army begins with the accession of the Emperor Diocletian in AD 284, and ends in 476 with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus, being roughly coterminous with the Dominate.
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Latins (Italic tribe)
The Latins (Latin: Latini), sometimes known as the Latians, were an Italic tribe which included the early inhabitants of the city of Rome.
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Lèse-majesté
Lèse-majesté (or; also lese-majesty, lese majesty or leze majesty) is the crime of violating majesty, an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state.
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Legatus Augusti pro praetore
A legatus Augusti pro praetore (literally: "envoy of the emperor - acting praetor") was the official title of the governor of some imperial provinces of the Roman Empire during the Principate era, normally the larger ones or those where legions were based.
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Legio V Macedonica
Legio quinta Macedonica (the Fifth Macedonian Legion) was a Roman legion.
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List of historical period drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization
The historical period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people.
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List of Roman auxiliary regiments
This article lists auxilia, non-legionary auxiliary regiments of the imperial Roman army, attested in the epigraphic record, by Roman province of deployment during the reign of emperor Hadrian (117–).
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List of Roman deities
The Roman deities most familiar today are those the Romans identified with Greek counterparts (see interpretatio graeca), integrating Greek myths, iconography, and sometimes religious practices into Roman culture, including Latin literature, Roman art, and religious life as it was experienced throughout the Empire.
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List of Roman emperors
The Roman Emperors were rulers of the Roman Empire, wielding power over its citizens and military.
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List of Roman legions
This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence.
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List of state leaders in the 1st century
;State leaders in the 1st century BC – State leaders in the 2nd century AD – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 1st century (1–100 AD).
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List of state leaders in the 1st century BC
;State leaders in the 2nd century BC – State leaders in the 1st century AD – State leaders by year This is a list of state leaders in the 1st century BC (100–1 BC).
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List of time periods
The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Langobardi, Longobardi, Longobard (Western)) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.
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Lucius Annius Vinicianus
Lucius Annius Vinicianus (died 42 CE) was a Roman senator during the Principate.
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Lucius Antistius Vetus (consul 55)
Lucius Antistius Vetus (died AD 65) was a Roman senator, who lived during the Principate.
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Lucius Arruntius the Younger
Lucius Arruntius the Younger (before 27 BC – 37 AD) was a Roman senator praised by the ancient Roman historian Tacitus.
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Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius
Lucius Calventius Vetus Carminius was a Roman senator who flourished during the Principate.
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Lucius Cornelius Balbus (consul)
Lucius Cornelius Balbus (called Major—"the Elder"—to distinguish him from his nephew) was born in Gades early in the first century BC.
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Lucius Marcius Censorinus (consul 39 BC)
Lucius Marcius Censorinus was a consul of the Roman Republic in 39 BC, during the Second Triumvirate.
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Lucius Nonius Asprenas (son of consul 36 BC)
Lucius Nonius Asprenas (fl. 1st century AD) was a Roman Senator active during the Principate.
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Lucius Nonius Asprenas (suffect consul 29)
Lucius Nonius Asprenas was a Roman senator who flourished during the Principate.
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Lucius Norbanus Balbus
Lucius Norbanus Balbus was a Roman senator during the Principate.
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Lucius Volusius Saturninus (pontiff)
Lucius Volusius Saturninus was a senator of the early Roman Empire, who was active during the Principate.
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Lucius Volusius Saturninus (suffect consul 3)
Lucius Volusius Saturninus (38/37 BC - 56 ADTacitus, Annales, XIII.30) was a Roman senator who held several offices in the emperor's service.
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Macedonia (terminology)
The name "Macedonia" is used in a number of competing or overlapping meanings to describe geographical, political and historical areas, languages and peoples in a part of south-eastern Europe.
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Maius
Maius or mensis Maius (May) was the third month of the ancient Roman calendar, following Aprilis (April) and preceding Iunius (June).
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March 28
No description.
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Marcus Arruntius Aquila (consul 66)
Marcus Arruntius Aquila was a Roman senator who flourished during the Principate.
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Marcus Asinius Agrippa
Marcus Asinius Agrippa was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 15)
Marcus Junius C. f. M. n. Silanus (c.26 BC – 37)Barrett (1989), p. 76 was an Ancient Roman senator who became suffect consul in 15.
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Marcus Ostorius Scapula (consul 59)
Marcus Ostorius Scapula (died AD 65) was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Marcus Plautius Silvanus
Marcus Plautius Silvanus was a Roman politician and general active during the Principate.
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Marcus Porcius Cato (consul 36)
Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Marcus Suillius Nerullinus
Marcus Suillius Nerullinus was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (64/62 BC – 12 BC) was a Roman consul, statesman, general and architect.
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Mariniana
Egnatia Mariniana was probably the wife of Roman Emperor Valerian and mother of Emperor Gallienus.
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Mark Antony
Marcus Antonius (Latin:; 14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Marc Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire.
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Marsyas
In Greek mythology, the satyr Marsyas (Μαρσύας) is a central figure in two stories involving music: in one, he picked up the double oboe (aulos) that had been abandoned by Athena and played it; in the other, he challenged Apollo to a contest of music and lost his hide and life.
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Martius (month)
Martius or mensis Martius ("March") was the first month of the ancient Roman year until possibly as late as 153 BC.
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Masurius Sabinus
Masurius Sabinus, also Massurius, was a Roman jurist who lived in the time of Tiberius (reigned 14–37 AD).
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Mediolanum
Mediolanum, the ancient Milan, was originally an Insubrian city, but afterwards became an important Roman city in northern Italy.
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Melinno
Melinno (Μελιννῶ) was a Greek lyric poet.
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Military history of Italy
The military history of Italy chronicles a vast time period, lasting from the overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus in 509 BC, through the Roman Empire, Italian unification, and into the modern day.
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Monarchies in Europe
Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.
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Nobiles
During the Roman Republic, nobilis ("noble," plural nobiles) was a descriptive term of social rank, usually indicating that a member of the family had achieved the consulship.
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Notitia Dignitatum
The Notitia Dignitatum (Latin for "The List of Offices") is a document of the late Roman Empire that details the administrative organization of the Eastern and Western Empires.
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Novae
Novae was initially one of the few great Roman legionary fortresses along the empire's border, forming part of the defences (limes Moesiae) along the Danube in northern Bulgaria.
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November (Roman month)
November (from Latin novem, "nine") or mensis November was originally the ninth of ten months on the Roman calendar, following October (octo, "eight") and preceding December (decem, "ten").
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October (Roman month)
October (from Latin octo, "eight") or mensis October was the eighth of ten months on the oldest Roman calendar.
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Oescus
Oescus, or Palatiolon Palatiolum, (Улпия Ескус) was an ancient town along the Danube river, in Moesia, northwest of the modern Bulgarian city of Pleven, near the village of Gigen.
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Otto Lenel
Otto Lenel (13 December 1849 – 7 February 1935) was a German Jewish jurist and legal historian.
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Outlaw
In historical legal systems, an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law.
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Outline of ancient Rome
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome: Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC.
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Patrician (ancient Rome)
The patricians (from patricius) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome.
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Pax Romana
The Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace") was a long period of relative peace and stability experienced by the Roman Empire between the accession of Caesar Augustus, founder of the Roman principate, and the death of Marcus Aurelius, last of the "good emperors".
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Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire occurred intermittently over a period of over two centuries between the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD under Nero Caesar and the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, in which the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Licinius legalised the Christian religion.
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Pierre Willems
Pierre Willems (born Maastricht, 6 January 1840; died Leuven, 23 February 1898) was a Dutch philologist and historian of Ancient Rome.
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Plutarch
Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarkhos,; c. CE 46 – CE 120), later named, upon becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, (Λούκιος Μέστριος Πλούταρχος) was a Greek biographer and essayist, known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia.
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Pons Agrippae
The Pons Agrippae (Bridge of Agrippa) was an ancient bridge across the River Tiber in Rome.
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Ponte Nomentano
The Ponte Nomentano (called Pons Lamentanus in the Middle Ages) is a Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, which carried the Via Nomentana over the Aniene (Anio).
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Poppaea Sabina the Elder
Poppaea Sabina the Elder was an aristocratic woman who lived during the Principate.
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Porta Caelimontana
The Porta Caelimontana or Celimontana was a gate in the Servian Wall on the rise of the Caelian Hill (Caelius Mons).
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Praeses
Praeses (Latin praesides) is a Latin word meaning "placed before" or "at the head".
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Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard (Latin: cohortes praetorianae) was an elite unit of the Imperial Roman army whose members served as personal bodyguards to the Roman emperors.
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Prince
A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.
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Princeps
Princeps (plural: principes) is a Latin word meaning "first in time or order; the first, foremost, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first man, first person".
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Princeps senatus
The princeps senatus (plural principes senatus) was the first member by precedence of the Roman Senate.
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Procurator (Ancient Rome)
Procurator (plural: Procuratores) was a title of certain officials (not magistrates) in ancient Rome who were in charge of the financial affairs of a province, or imperial governor of a minor province.
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Proskynesis
Proskynesis or proscynesis (Greek προσκύνησις, proskúnēsis) refers to the traditional Persian act of bowing or prostrating oneself before a person of higher social rank.
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Prosopography
In historical studies, prosopography is an investigation of the common characteristics of a historical group, whose individual biographies may be largely untraceable, by means of a collective study of their lives, in multiple career-line analysis.
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Prosopography of ancient Rome
The prosopography of ancient Rome is an approach to classical studies and ancient history that focuses on family connections, political alliances, and social networks in ancient Rome.
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Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (usually abbreviated as PLRE) is a set of three volumes collectively describing many of the people attested or claimed to have lived in the Roman Empire from AD 260, the date of the beginning of Gallienus' sole rule, to 641, the date of the death of Heraclius, which is commonly held to mark the end of Late Antiquity.
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Publius Aelius Aelianus
Aelianus (P. Aelius Aelianus) was a senior officer in the Roman Army in the mid-Third Century AD who rose from relatively lowly origins to become the prefect of a legion under the Emperor Gallienus He was one of the earliest beneficiaries of Gallienus’s policy that effectively excluded senators from army commands in favour of career-soldiers of equestrian rank.
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Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 10)
Publius Cornelius Dolabella (fl. 10–47 AD) was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 16 BC)
Publius Cornelius Scipio (b. 48 BC) was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 56)
Publius Cornelius Scipio was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Publius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Publius Silius Nerva
Publius Silius Nerva was a Roman senator and general, who flourished under the reign of Augustus.
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Publius Suillius Rufus
Publius Suillius Rufus was a Roman senator who was active during the Principate.
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Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silanus, born Iunius Silanus was adopted by Quintus Caecilius Metellus, a descendant of the optimate Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and the natural son of Marcus Junius Silanus.
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Quintus Futius Lusius Saturninus
Quintus Futius Lusius Saturninus was a Roman senator, who lived during the reign of Claudius.
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Quintus Plautius
Quintus Plautius was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate.
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Quintus Sanquinius Maximus
Quintus Sanquinius Maximus was a senator of the early Roman Empire, who flourished during the Principate.
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Quintus Valerius Orca
Quintus Valerius Orca (fl. 50s–40s BC) was a Roman praetor, a governor of the Roman province of Africa, and a commanding officer under Julius Caesar in the civil war against Pompeius Magnus and the senatorial elite.
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Quintus Valerius Soranus
Quintus Valerius Soranus (b. circa 140–130 BC, d. 82 BC) was a Latin poet, grammarian, and tribune of the people in the Late Roman Republic.
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Quintus Volusius Saturninus
Quintus Volusius Saturninus (born AD 25) was a Roman Senator who lived in the Roman Empire during the Principate.
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Ratiaria
Ratiaria (or: Raetiaria, Retiaria, Reciaria, Razaria; Рациария; Ραζαρία μητρόπολις) was a city founded by the Moesians, a Daco-Thracian tribe, in the 4th century BC, along the river Danube.
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Reign of Cleopatra
The reign of Cleopatra VII of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt began with the death of her father, the ruling pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes, by March 51 BC.
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Religion in ancient Rome
Religion in Ancient Rome includes the ancestral ethnic religion of the city of Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people, as well as the religious practices of peoples brought under Roman rule, in so far as they became widely followed in Rome and Italy.
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Res Gestae Divi Augusti
Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Eng. The Deeds of the Divine Augustus) is the funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus, giving a first-person record of his life and accomplishments.
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Res publica
Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'.
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Retiarius
A retiarius (plural retiarii; literally, "net-man" or "net-fighter" in Latin) was a Roman gladiator who fought with equipment styled on that of a fisherman: a weighted net (rete, hence the name), a three-pointed trident (fuscina or tridens), and a dagger (pugio).
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Rex Nemorensis
The rex Nemorensis (Latin, "king of Nemi" or "king of the Grove") was a priest of the goddess Diana at Aricia in Italy, by the shores of Lake Nemi, where she was known as Diana Nemorensis.
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Roma (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion, Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and more broadly, the Roman state.
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Roman army
The Roman army (Latin: exercitus Romanus) is a term that can in general be applied to the terrestrial armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (to c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC – 395), and its medieval continuation the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Roman army of the late Republic
The Roman army of the late Republic refers to the armed forces deployed by the late Roman Republic, from the beginning of the first century B.C. until the establishment of the Imperial Roman army by Augustus in 30 B.C. Shaped by major social, political, and economic change, the late Republic saw the transition from the Roman army of the mid-Republic, which was a temporary levy based solely on the conscription of Roman citizens, to the Imperial Roman army of the Principate, which was a standing, professional army based on the recruitment of volunteers.
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Roman army of the mid-Republic
The Roman army of the mid-Republic (also known as the manipular Roman army or the "Polybian army"), refers to the armed forces deployed by the mid-Roman Republic, from the end of the Samnite Wars (290 BC) to the end of the Social War (88 BC).
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Roman commerce
The commerce of the Roman Empire was a major sector of the Roman economy during the early Republic and throughout most of the imperial period.
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Roman Constitution
The Roman Constitution was an uncodified set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent.
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Roman consul
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the cursus honorum (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired).
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Roman emperor
The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman Empire during the imperial period (starting in 27 BC).
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Roman Emperor (Dominate)
The accession on November 20, 284, of Diocletian, the lower-class, Greek-speaking Dalmatian commander of Carus's and Numerian's household cavalry, marked a major departure from traditional Roman constitutional theory regarding the Emperor, who was nominally first among equals during the Principate.
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Roman Emperor (Principate)
The office of Roman Emperor went through a complex evolution over the centuries of its existence.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
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Roman governor
A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the Roman Empire.
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Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
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Roman military diploma
A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service.
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Roman province
In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin: provincia, pl. provinciae) was the basic and, until the Tetrarchy (from 293 AD), the largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside Italy.
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Roman Senate
The Roman Senate (Senatus Romanus; Senato Romano) was a political institution in ancient Rome.
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Roman triumph
The Roman triumph (triumphus) was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, originally and traditionally, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Sagittarii
Sagittarii (Latin, plural form of sagittarius) is the Latin term for archers.
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Salii
In ancient Roman religion, the Salii were the "leaping priests" (from the verb saliō "leap, jump") of Mars supposed to have been introduced by King Numa Pompilius.
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Salvius Julianus
Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Iulianus Aemilianus (c. 110 – c. 170), generally referred to as Salvius Iulianus, or Julian the Jurist, or simply Iulianus, was a well known and respected jurist, public official, and politician who served in the Roman imperial state.
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Sanctuary of the Three Gauls
The Sanctuary of the Three Gauls (Tres Galliae) was the focal structure within an administrative and religious complex established by Rome in the very late 1st century BC at Lugdunum (the site of modern Lyon in France).
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Sejanus
Lucius Aelius Sejanus (June 3, 20 BC – October 18, AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus, was an ambitious soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius.
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Senatorial province
A senatorial province (provincia populi Romani, province of the Roman people) was a Roman province during the Principate where the Roman Senate had the right to appoint the governor (proconsul).
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Senatus consultum ultimum
Senatus consultum ultimum ("final decree of the Senate" or Final Act, often abbreviated SCU), more properly senatus consultum de re publica defendenda ("decree of the Senate about defending the Republic") is the modern term (based on Caesar's wording at Bell. Civ. 1.5) given to a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency.
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September (Roman month)
September (from Latin septem, "seven") or mensis September was originally the seventh of ten months on the ancient Roman calendar that began with March (mensis Martius, "Mars' month").
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Servilius Nonianus
Marcus Servilius Nonianus (died in 59AD) was a Roman senator, best known as a historian.
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Servius Asinius Celer
Servius Asinius Celer (d. AD 46) was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Servius Cornelius Cethegus
Servius Cornelius Cethegus was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Severan dynasty
The Severan dynasty was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235.
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Sextilis
Sextilis ("sixth") or mensis Sextilis was the Latin name for what was originally the sixth month in the Roman calendar, when March (Martius, "Mars' month") was the first of ten months in the year.
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Sextus Palpellius Hister
Sextus Palpellius Hister was a Roman senator and general who was active during the Principate.
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Sextus Papinius Allenius
Sextus Papinius Allenius was a Roman senator of the First Century AD.
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Sextus Tedius Valerius Catullus
Sextus Tedius Valerius Catullus was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Sexuality in ancient Rome
Sexuality in ancient Rome, and more broadly, sexual attitudes and behaviors in ancient Rome, are indicated by Roman art, literature and inscriptions, and to a lesser extent by archaeological remains such as erotic artifacts and architecture.
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Silk Road
The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.
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Sino-Roman relations
Sino-Roman relations comprised the mostly indirect contact, flow of trade goods, information, and occasional travellers between the Roman Empire and Han Empire of China, as well as between the later Eastern Roman Empire and various Chinese dynasties.
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Size of the Roman army
By the size of the Roman army is meant the changes (increases and reductions) in the number of its contingents: legions, auxiliaries, Praetorian cohorts, Urban cohorts, vigiles, and naval forces over the course of twelve centuries - from 753 BC to AD 476 (the Fall of the Western Roman Empire).
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Social class in ancient Rome
Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical, but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies, and an individual's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another.
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Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general.
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Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent and Shahrisabz.
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Southern Italy
Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is a macroregion of Italy traditionally encompassing the territories of the former Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all the southern section of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily), with the frequent addition of the island of Sardinia.
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Spatha
The spatha was a type of straight and long sword, measuring between, in use in the territory of the Roman Empire during the 1st to 6th centuries AD.
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Strategos
Strategos or Strategus, plural strategoi, (στρατηγός, pl.; Doric Greek: στραταγός, stratagos; meaning "army leader") is used in Greek to mean military general.
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Strenua
In ancient Roman religion, Strenua or Strenia was a goddess of the new year, purification, and wellbeing.
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Tacitean studies
Tacitean studies, centred on the work of Tacitus (&ndash) the Ancient Roman historian, constitute an area of scholarship extending beyond the field of history.
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Tenagino Probus
Tenagino Probus was a Roman soldier and procuratorial official whose career reached its peak at the end of the sixth decade of the third century AD (c. 255-260).
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Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth
The last will and testament of the Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, established rules for governance of the Polish kingdom by his four surviving sons after his death.
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The Story of Civilization
The Story of Civilization, by husband and wife Will and Ariel Durant, is an eleven-volume set of books covering Western history for the general reader.
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The Twelve Caesars
De vita Caesarum (Latin; literal translation: About the Life of the Caesars), commonly known as The Twelve Caesars, is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.
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Tiberius
Tiberius (Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti filius Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was Roman emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD, succeeding the first emperor, Augustus.
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Timeline of Portuguese history
This is a timeline of Portuguese history.
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Timeline of Portuguese history (Lusitania and Gallaecia)
This is a historical timeline of Portugal.
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Titus
Titus (Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 30 December 39 – 13 September 81 AD) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81.
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Titus Mussidius Pollianus
Titus Mussidius Pollianus was a Roman senator active during the Principate.
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Toga
The toga, a distinctive garment of Ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body.
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Tribunus angusticlavius
A tribunus angusticlavius ("narrow-striped tribune"; plural: tribuni angusticlavii) was a senior military officer in the Roman legions during the late Roman Republic and the Principate.
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Tribunus laticlavius
In the Roman army of the late Republic and the Principate, the tribunus laticlavius ("broad-striped tribune") was one of the six military tribunes in a legion.
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Triple deity
A triple deity (sometimes referred to as threefold, tripled, triplicate, tripartite, triune or triadic, or as a trinity) is three deities that are worshipped as one.
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Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta.
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Turma
A turma (Latin for "swarm, squadron", plural turmae) was a cavalry unit in the Roman army of the Republic and Empire.
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Unguentarium
An unguentarium (plural "unguentaria") is a small ceramic or glass bottle found frequently by archaeologists at Hellenistic and Roman sites, especially in cemeteries.
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Usury
Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender.
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Utica (Rome)
"Utica" is the ninth episode of the first season of the television series ''Rome''.
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Valerian and Porcian laws
The Valerian and Porcian laws were Roman laws passed between 509 BC and 184 BC.
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Vexillatio
A vexillatio (plural vexillationes) was a detachment of a Roman legion formed as a temporary task force created by the Roman army of the Principate.
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Vine staff
The vine staff, vine-staff, or centurion's staff (vitis) was a vinewood rod of about in length used in the ancient Roman Army and Navy.
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Women in ancient Rome
Freeborn women in ancient Rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office.
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1st century BC
The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC.
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Redirects here:
Princeps Civitatis, Princeps civitatis, Roman Principate, Roman principate.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate
