Communication

795 relations: ABCdb, Abortive initiation, Abyssal plain, Acetabularia, Acetohalobium arabaticum, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Acetylation, Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, Acidocalcisome, Acritarch, Actin, Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Ada regulon, Adenylylation, AIFM2, Algae, AlkD, Alpha solenoid, Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, American Society for Virology, Amidase, Amino acid kinase, Aminoacyl-tRNA, Anaerobic respiration, Animal, Ankyrin repeat, Ansamycin, Anti-sigma factors, Antigenic shift, Antimicrobial properties of copper, Antimicrobials in aquaculture, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Antisense RNA, Antitermination, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (dietary supplement), Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Archaea, Archaeobiology, Archean, Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Arginine repressor ArgR, Arsenate-reducing bacteria, Asexual reproduction, Asgard (archaea), Aster yellows, Astomonema, ATCase/OTCase family, ATP citrate lyase, ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, ..., ATP-binding cassette transporter, Attenuator (genetics), Azotobacter salinestris, Édouard Chatton, Bacillus thuringiensis, BacMap, Bacteria, Bacteria (disambiguation), Bacterial cell structure, Bacterial circadian rhythm, Bacterial outer membrane vesicles, Bacterial taxonomy, Bacterioplankton, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Baltimore classification, Baum–Welch algorithm, Beet leafhopper, Benford's law, Bet hedging (biology), Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, Bile acid:sodium symporter, Binding immunoglobulin protein, Biology, Bioluminescence imaging, Biomass (ecology), Biomining, Biosphere, Biosynthesis, Biovar, Blasticidin S, Boring Billion, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, Branch migration, C. B. van Niel, C10orf71, C17orf53, Calcium chloride transformation, Calcium-activated potassium channel, Calysta, Candida (fungus), Candidate division, Candidatus, CAP superfamily, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxydocella sporoproducens, Carl H. Johnson, Carl Woese, Carnitine biosynthesis, Cavalier-Smith's system of classification, CDC48 N-terminal domain, Celera Corporation, Cell (biology), Cell adhesion, Cell biology, Cell cycle, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cell division, Cell envelope, Cell growth, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell physiology, Cell theory, Cell type, Cell wall, Cell-free system, Cellular respiration, Central dogma of molecular biology, Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals, Chemokinesis, Chemotactic selection, Chemotaxis assay, Chert, Chitinase domain-containing protein 1, Chloroplast, Chloroplast DNA, Chloroplast sensor kinase, Cholesterol, Christian de Duve, Chromatin, Chromoplast, Chromosome, Chytridiomycota, CI1 fossils, Cinzia Verde, Circadian rhythm, Circular bacterial chromosome, Cobalamin biosynthesis, Codon usage bias, Cold seep, Cold-shock domain, Combrex, Comparative genomics, Complementary DNA, Complex adaptive system, Computational gene, Computational phylogenetics, Contact-dependent growth inhibition, Copine, Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, Corepressor, Cosmic Calendar, Cosmid, Coulter counter, CrcB RNA motif, Crenarchaeota, Crescentin, CRISPR, CRISPR interference, Critical Assessment of Function Annotation, CRM domain, Cyanase, Cyanobacteria, Cyanophages, Cyanothece, Cyclic nucleotide, Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel, Cyclodeaminase domain, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, Cytokinesis, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Dawkins vs. Gould, DC-SIGN, De novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation, DEAD box, Death fold, Degron, Deletion (genetics), DERB, Deuterium, Diatom, Dihydrodipicolinate synthase, Dinoflagellate, Dioxygenase, Directed evolution, Disease gene identification, Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNA, DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A, DNA clamp, DNA gyrase, DNA methyltransferase, DNA mismatch repair, DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase II, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, DNA polymerase IV, DNA repair, DNA unwinding element, DNA-binding 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Chakraborti, PreQ1 riboswitch, Primary nutritional groups, Primary transcript, Primer (molecular biology), Processivity, ProGlycProt, Programmed cell death, Prokaryotic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase dimerisation domain, Prokaryotic cytoskeleton, Prokaryotic DNA replication, Prokaryotic elongation factors, Prokaryotic initiation factor, Prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit, Prokaryotic release factors, Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein, Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, Prokaryotic translation, Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein, Prolyl isomerase, Prosthecobacter, Protease, Proteasome, Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein function prediction, Protein kinase, Protein moonlighting, Protein phosphorylation, Protein production, Protein synthesis inhibitor, Protein targeting, Protein tertiary structure, Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase, Proteinogenic amino acid, Proteolysis, Proteome Analyst, Protist, Proton pump, Protoplasm, PSORTdb, PtaRNA1, Pterin, Puromycin, Purple acid phosphatases, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Queuine, Quinella (bacterium), Ractopamine, Rad50, Rainbow Vent Field, Ranjan Sen, Rare Earth hypothesis, RegTransBase, Regulation of gene expression, Regulator gene, Regulatory region of repBA gene, Regulon, Relative biological effectiveness, Relaxase, Replicon (genetics), Replisome, Reporter gene, Restriction enzyme, Restriction modification system, Retrovirus, Rho factor, Rhodopsin, Rhomboid protease, Rhomboid, veinlet-like 2 (drosophila), Ribonomics, Ribonuclease H, Riboregulator, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, Ribosome, Ribosome biogenesis, Ribosomopathy, Ridge (biology), RNA editing, RNA integrity number, RNA splicing, RNA thermometer, RNA-induced silencing complex, RNase MRP, Roger Stanier, Rotating locomotion in living systems, S1 P1 nuclease protein domain, Saccharopine dehydrogenase, Sargasso Sea, Schizophyte, Sea snot, Seafood mislabelling, SecDF protein-export membrane protein, Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, Serine protease, Serpin, Sexual reproduction, Shapiro - Senapathy Algorithm, Shelphs, Shuttle vector, Sidney Altman, Signal peptidase, Signal peptide, Signal recognition particle, Signal transduction, SimEarth, Skeletal eroding band, SLC5A1, Soda lake, Soil, Soil life, Soil microbiology, Solenoid (DNA), Sortase, Species, Spiral bacteria, Spirochaete, Spore (2008 video game), Start codon, Stem-loop, Steroid, Stf0 sulfotransferase, Stigmergy, STIM2, Stirrup protein domain, Streamlining theory, Streptomyces clavuligerus, Stromatolite, Structural gene, Succinate dehydrogenase subunit E, Sugarcane grassy shoot disease, SUI1 protein domain, Sulfation, Sulfur cycle, Superoxide dismutase, Susan Gerbi, Susan Golden, Svedberg, SWI/SNF, Symbiogenesis, Symbiosis in lichens, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Synthetic biology, Syntrophococcus sucromutans, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, Tailings, Taq polymerase, Target peptide, TATA box, Taxis, Taxonomy (biology), Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates, TCP-1/cpn60 chaperonin family, Telomere, Termination factor, Terminator (genetics), Terrabacteria, Tetracycline, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Thermococcus celer, Thermoproteus, Thimet oligopeptidase, Thiolase, Thioredoxin fold, Thioredoxin reductase, Three-domain system, Tim Clausen, Timeline of human evolution, Timeline of natural history, Timeline of plant evolution, Timeline of the evolutionary history of life, Timeline of the far future, Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area, Tn3 transposon, Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya, Toxin-antitoxin system, Transcriptional regulation, Transfection, Translation (biology), Translocon, Transposable element, Transposon mutagenesis, Tree of life (biology), TRNA-dihydrouridine synthase, Trp operon, Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, Tryptophan-rich sensory protein, Tubulin, Tungsten, Turgor pressure, Tus (biology), Two-empire system, TXN2, Type I topoisomerase, Type II topoisomerase, Tyrosine sulfation, UbiD protein domain, Undulipodium, Unicellular organism, Untranslated region, UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, VapBC, Velvet assembler, Viomycin, Viral eukaryogenesis, Vitamin B12-binding domain, WAC protein domain, Woeseian revolution, World Summit on Evolution, XhoI, YbaK protein domain, YchF-GTPase C terminal protein domain, YgbB N terminal protein domain, ZinT protein domain, Zwittermicin A, (d)CMP kinase, 16S ribosomal RNA, 18S ribosomal RNA, 2017 in paleontology, 2018 in paleontology, 40S ribosomal protein S5, 5' flanking region, 6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase. Expand index (745 more) » « Shrink index

ABCdb

ABCdb is a biological database for the ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) transporters encoded by completely sequenced archaeal and (eu)bacterial genomes.

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Abortive initiation

Abortive initiation, also known as abortive transcription, is an early process of genetic transcription in which RNA polymerase binds to a DNA promoter and enters into cycles of synthesis of short mRNA transcripts which are released before the transcription complex leaves the promoter.

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Abyssal plain

An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between and.

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Acetabularia

Acetabularia is a genus of green algae in the family Polyphysaceae, Typically found in subtropical waters, Acetabularia is a single-celled organism, but gigantic in size and complex in form, making it an excellent model organism for studying cell biology.

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Acetohalobium arabaticum

Acetohalobium arabaticum is the type species of the genus Acetohalobium.

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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a biotin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT).

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Acetylation

Acetylation (or in IUPAC nomenclature ethanoylation) describes a reaction that introduces an acetyl functional group into a chemical compound.

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Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase

N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase also known as ASMT is an enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction in melatonin biosynthesis, converting Normelatonin to melatonin.

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Acidocalcisome

Acidocalcisomes are rounded electron-dense acidic organelles, rich in calcium and polyphosphate and between 100 nm and 200 nm in diameter.

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Acritarch

Acritarchs are organic microfossils, present from approximately to the present.

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Actin

Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.

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Actinobacteria

The Actinobacteria are a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria.

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Actinomycetales

The Actinomycetales are an order of Actinobacteria.

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Ada regulon

In DNA repair, the Ada Regulon is a set of genes whose expression is essential to adaptive response (also known as "Ada response", hence the name), which is triggered in prokaryotic cells by exposure to sub-lethal doses of alkylating agents.

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Adenylylation

Adenylylation, now known as AMPylation, is a process in which adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecule is covalently attached to a protein side chain, altering the function of the protein.

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AIFM2

Apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIFM2), also known as apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death (AMID), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM2 gene, also known as p53-responsive gene 3 (PRG3), on chromosome 10.

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Algae

Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.

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AlkD

AlkD (Alkylpurine glycosylase D) is an enzyme belonging to a family of DNA glycosylases that are involved in DNA repair.

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Alpha solenoid

An alpha solenoid (sometimes also known as an alpha horseshoe or as stacked pairs of alpha helices, abbreviated SPAH) is a protein fold composed of repeating alpha helix subunits, commonly helix-turn-helix motifs, arranged in antiparallel fashion to form a superhelix.

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Alternatives to evolution by natural selection

Alternatives to evolution by natural selection, also described as non-Darwinian mechanisms of evolution, have been proposed by scholars investigating biology since classical times to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.

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American Society for Virology

The American Society for Virology (ASV) is an American scientific society serving the community of researchers in virology.

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Amidase

In enzymology, an amidase (acylamidase, acylase (misleading), amidohydrolase (ambiguous), deaminase (ambiguous), fatty acylamidase, N-acetylaminohydrolase (ambiguous)) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an amide: Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are monocarboxylic acid amide and H2O, whereas its two products are monocarboxylate and NH3.

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Amino acid kinase

In molecular biology, the amino acid kinase domain is a protein domain.

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Aminoacyl-tRNA

Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded (charged).

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Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2).

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Animal

Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.

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Ankyrin repeat

The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in proteins consisting of two alpha helices separated by loops, first discovered in signaling proteins in yeast Cdc10 and Drosophila Notch.

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Ansamycin

Ansamycins is a family of bacterial secondary metabolites that show antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, and includes various compounds, including streptovaricins and rifamycins.

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Anti-sigma factors

In the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, anti-sigma factors bind to sigma factors and inhibit transcriptional activity.

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Antigenic shift

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.

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Antimicrobial properties of copper

Copper and its alloys (brasses, bronzes, cupronickel, copper-nickel-zinc, and others) are natural antimicrobial materials.

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Antimicrobials in aquaculture

Antimicrobials destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes.

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Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering reduction–oxidation (redox) signaling and antioxidant research.

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Antisense RNA

Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript, natural antisense transcript (NAT) or antisense oligonucleotide, is a single stranded RNA that is complementary to a protein coding messenger RNA (mRNA) with which it hybridizes, and thereby blocks its translation into protein.

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Antitermination

Antitermination is the prokaryotic cell's aid to fix premature termination of RNA synthesis during the transcription of RNA.

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Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (dietary supplement)

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) which is commercially processed into a dietary supplement.

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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

The Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed biweekly journal publishes papers and mini-reviews of new and emerging products, processes and technologies in the area of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, relevant enzymes and proteins; applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; genomics and proteomics; applied microbial and cell physiology; environmental biotechnology; process and products and more.

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Archaea

Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.

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Archaeobiology

Archaeobiology, the study of the biology of ancient times through archaeological materials, is a subspecialty of archaeology.

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Archean

The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan) is one of the four geologic eons of Earth history, occurring (4 to 2.5 billion years ago).

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Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt

The Barberton Greenstone Belt of eastern South Africa contains some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life.

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Arginine repressor ArgR

In molecular biology, the arginine repressor (ArgR) is a repressor of prokaryotic arginine deiminase pathways.

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Arsenate-reducing bacteria

Arsenate-reducing bacteria are bacteria which reduce arsenates.

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Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes, and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

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Asgard (archaea)

Asgard is a proposed superphylum consisting of a group of uncultivated archaea that includes Lokiarchaeota, Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota, Heimdallarchaeota.

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Aster yellows

Aster yellows is a chronic, systemic plant disease caused by a bacterium-like organism called a phytoplasma.

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Astomonema

Astomonema is a genus of nematode worms in the family Siphonolaimidae.

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ATCase/OTCase family

In molecular biology, the ATCase/OTCase family is a protein family which contains two related enzymes: aspartate carbamoyltransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase.

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ATP citrate lyase

ATP citrate lyase is an enzyme that in animals represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis.

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ATP phosphoribosyltransferase

In enzymology, an ATP phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP and diphosphate, whereas its two products are ATP and 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

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ATP-binding cassette transporter

ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are members of a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and is possibly one of the oldest families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans.

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Attenuator (genetics)

Attenuation (in genetics) is a proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons which results in premature termination of transcription and is based on the fact that, in bacteria, transcription and translation proceed simultaneously.

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Azotobacter salinestris

Azotobacter salinestris is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing bacterium; its specific name, salinestris, comes from the Latin words salinus meaning saline and estris which means "living in".

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Édouard Chatton

Édouard Chatton (11 October 1883 – 23 April 1947, Banyuls-sur-Mer) was a French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems of cellular organization.

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Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide.

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BacMap

BacMap is a freely available web-accessible database containing fully annotated, fully zoomable and fully searchable chromosome maps from more than 2500 prokaryotic (archaebacterial and eubacterial) species.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.

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Bacteria (disambiguation)

The bacteria are a major group of prokaryotic living organisms.

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Bacterial cell structure

Bacteria, despite their simplicity, contain a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity.

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Bacterial circadian rhythm

Bacterial circadian rhythms, like other circadian rhythms, are endogenous "biological clocks" that have the following three characteristics: (a) in constant conditions (i.e. constant temperature and either constant light or constant darkness) they oscillate with a period that is close to, but not exactly, 24 hours in duration, (b) this "free-running" rhythm is temperature compensated, and (c) the rhythm will entrain to an appropriate environmental cycle.

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Bacterial outer membrane vesicles

Bacteria communicate among themselves and with other living forms in their environment via nano-scale membrane vesicles in their bacterial outer membranes.

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Bacterial taxonomy

Bacterial taxonomy is the taxonomy, i.e. the rank-based classification, of bacteria.

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Bacterioplankton

Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column.

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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (formerly Bacillus thetaiotaomicron) is a species of bacterium of the genus Bacteroides.

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Baltimore classification

The Baltimore classification, developed by David Baltimore, is a virus classification system that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome (DNA, RNA, single-stranded (ss), double-stranded (ds), etc..) and their method of replication.

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Baum–Welch algorithm

In electrical engineering, computer science, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the Baum–Welch algorithm is used to find the unknown parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM).

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Beet leafhopper

The beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), also sometimes known as Neoaliturus tenellus, is a species of leafhopper which belongs to the family Cicadellidae in the order Hemiptera.

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Benford's law

Benford's law, also called Newcomb-Benford's law, law of anomalous numbers, and first-digit law, is an observation about the frequency distribution of leading digits in many real-life sets of numerical data.

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Bet hedging (biology)

Biological bet hedging occurs when organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange for increased fitness in stressful conditions.

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Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase

In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.

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Bile acid:sodium symporter

This family of proteins are found both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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Binding immunoglobulin protein

Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.

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Biology

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, development and evolution.

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Bioluminescence imaging

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a technology developed over the past decade that allows for the noninvasive study of ongoing biological processes in small laboratory animals.

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Biomass (ecology)

Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.

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Biomining

Biomining is a technique of extracting metals from ores and other solid materials typically using prokaryotes or fungi.

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Biosphere

The biosphere (from Greek βίος bíos "life" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος oîkos "environment" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.

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Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.

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Biovar

A biovar is a variant prokaryotic strain that differs physiologically and/or biochemically from other strains in a particular species.

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Blasticidin S

Blasticidin S is an antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces griseochromogenes.

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Boring Billion

The Boring Billion is a term coined by palaeontologist Martin Brasier to refer to the approximately one billion-year period between 1.8 and 0.8 Ga in Earth's history that is characterized by environmental, evolutionary, and lithospheric stability.

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Boris Kozo-Polyansky

Boris Mikhailovich Kozo-Polyansky (Борис Михайлович Козо-Полянский, 20 January 1890 – 21 April 1957) was a Russian botanist and evolutionary biologist, best known for his seminal work, Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which was the first work to place the theory of symbiogenesis into a Darwinian evolutionary context, as well as one of the first to redefine cell theory.

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Branch migration

Branch migration is the process by which base pairs on homologous DNA strands are consecutively exchanged at a Holliday junction, moving the branch point up or down the DNA sequence.

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C. B. van Niel

Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (November 4, 1897, Haarlem – March 10, 1985, Carmel, California) was a Dutch-American microbiologist.

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C10orf71

C10orf71 is a gene located on chromosome 10 open reading frame 71.

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C17orf53

C17orf53 is a gene in humans that encodes a protein known as C17orf53, uncharacterized protein C17orf53.

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Calcium chloride transformation

Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation is a laboratory technique in prokaryotic (bacterial) cell biology.

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Calcium-activated potassium channel

Calcium-activated potassium channels are potassium channels gated by calcium, or that are structurally or phylogenetically related to calcium gated channels.

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Calysta

Calysta is a multinational biotechnology firm based in Menlo Park, California.

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Candida (fungus)

Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide.

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Candidate division

A candidate division, candidate phylum or candidate division-level is a lineage of prokaryotic organisms for which until recently no cultured representatives have been found, but evidence of the existence of the clade has been obtained by 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis of environmental samples.

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Candidatus

In prokaryote nomenclature, Candidatus (Latin for candidate of Roman office, named after the white gown worn by Roman senators) is a component of the taxonomic name for a bacterium or other prokaryote, that cannot be maintained in a microbiological culture collection.

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CAP superfamily

The CAP superfamily (cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP)) is a large superfamily of secreted proteins that are produced by a wide range of organisms, including prokaryotes and non-vertebrate eukaryotes.

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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine or ammonia and bicarbonate.

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Carbonic anhydrase

The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and protons).

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Carboxydocella sporoproducens

Carboxydocella sporoproducensis a species of bacteria belonging to the family of Syntrophomonadaceae.

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Carl H. Johnson

Carl Hirschie Johnson is an American-born biologist who researches the chronobiology of different organisms, most notably the bacterial circadian rhythms of cyanobacteria.

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Carl Woese

Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Carnitine biosynthesis

Carnitine biosynthesis is a method for the endogenous production of L-carnitine, a molecule that is essential for energy metabolism.

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Cavalier-Smith's system of classification

The classification system of life introduced by British zoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith involves systematic arrangements of all life forms on earth.

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CDC48 N-terminal domain

In molecular biology, the CDC48 N-terminal domain is a protein domain found in AAA ATPases including cell division protein 48 (CDC48), VCP-like ATPase and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein.

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Celera Corporation

Celera is a subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics which focuses on genetic sequencing and related technologies.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Cell adhesion

Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.

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Cell cycle

The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.

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Cell cycle checkpoint

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell.

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Cell division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

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Cell envelope

The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium, if present, plus a bacterial outer membrane (i.e. in gram-negative bacteria).

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Cell growth

The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).

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Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

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Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

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Cell physiology

In the context of human physiology, the term cell physiology often specifically applies to the physiology of membrane transport, neuron transmission, and (less frequently) muscle contraction.

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Cell theory

In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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Cell type

A cell type is a classification used to distinguish between morphologically or phenotypically distinct cell forms within a species.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

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Cell-free system

A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells apart from a full cell system, thus reducing the complex interactions typically found when working in a whole cell.

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Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals

Ceragenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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Chemokinesis

Chemokinesis is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour.

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Chemotactic selection

Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand.

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Chemotaxis assay

Chemotaxis assays are experimental tools for evaluation of chemotactic ability of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

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Chert

Chert is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline silica, the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO2).

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Chitinase domain-containing protein 1

Chitinase domain-containing protein 1 (CHID1) is a highly conserved protein of unknown function located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 near the telomere.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.

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Chloroplast DNA

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as cpDNA.

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Chloroplast sensor kinase

Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) is a protein in chloroplasts of green plants and algae.

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Cholesterol

Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.

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Christian de Duve

Christian René Marie Joseph, Viscount de Duve (2 October 1917 – 4 May 2013) was a Nobel Prize-winning Belgian cytologist and biochemist.

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Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA.

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Chromoplast

Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes.

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Chromosome

A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.

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Chytridiomycota

Chytridiomycota is a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids.

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CI1 fossils

CI1 fossils refer to alleged morphological evidence of microfossils found in five CI1 carbonaceous chondrite meteorite fall: Alais, Orgueil, Ivuna, Tonk and Revelstoke.

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Cinzia Verde

Cinzia Verde is an Italian researcher in marine biochemistry at the National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR).

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Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm is any biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours.

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Circular bacterial chromosome

A circular bacterial chromosome is a bacterial chromosome in the form of a molecule of circular DNA.

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Cobalamin biosynthesis

In molecular biology, cobalamin biosynthesis is the synthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12).

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Codon usage bias

Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA.

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Cold seep

A cold seep (sometimes called a cold vent) is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool.

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Cold-shock domain

In molecular biology, the cold-shock domain (CSD) is a protein domain of about 70 amino acids which has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.

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Combrex

COMBREX is a multifaceted project that includes a database of gene annotations, functional predictions and recommendations based on Active Learning principles associated with millions of genes in prokaryotic genomes.

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Comparative genomics

Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which the genomic features of different organisms are compared.

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Complementary DNA

In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

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Complex adaptive system

A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior.

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Computational gene

A computational gene is a molecular automaton consisting of a structural part and a functional part; and its design is such that it might work in a cellular environment.

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Computational phylogenetics

Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses.

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Contact-dependent growth inhibition

Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a phenomenon where a bacterial cell may deliver a polymorphic toxin molecule into neighbouring bacterial cells upon direct cell-cell contact, causing growth arrest or cell death.

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Copine

In molecular biology, copines is a name for the group of human proteins that includes members such as CPNE1, CPNE4, CPNE6, and CPNE8.

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Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase

Coproporphyrinogen-III oxidase, mitochondrial (abbreviated as CPOX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPOX gene.

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Corepressor

In the field of molecular biology, a corepressor is a substance that inhibits the expression of genes.

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Cosmic Calendar

The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its current age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.

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Cosmid

A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence.

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Coulter counter

A Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes.

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CrcB RNA motif

The crcB RNA motif (now called the fluoride riboswitch) is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics in a wide variety of bacteria and archaea.

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Crenarchaeota

The Crenarchaeota (Greek for "spring old quality" as specimens were originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy) (also known as Crenarchaea or eocytes) are archaea that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain.

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Crescentin

Crescentin is a protein which is a bacterial relative of the intermediate filaments found in eukaryotic cells.

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CRISPR

CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.

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CRISPR interference

CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) is a genetic perturbation technique that allows for sequence-specific repression or activation of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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Critical Assessment of Function Annotation

The Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an experiment designed to provide a large-scale assessment of computational methods dedicated to predicting protein function.

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CRM domain

In molecular biology, the CRM domain is an approximately 100-amino acid RNA-binding domain.

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Cyanase

In molecular biology, cyanase (also known as cyanate hydratase or cyanate lyase) is an enzyme which catalyses the bicarbonate dependent metabolism of cyanate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide.

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Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

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Cyanophages

Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta or blue-green algae.

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Cyanothece

Cyanothece is a genus of unicellular, diazotrophic, oxygenic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria.

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Cyclic nucleotide

A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.

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Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel

Cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channels that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotides.

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Cyclodeaminase domain

In molecular biology, enzymes containing the cyclodeaminase domain function in channeling one-carbon units to the folate pool.

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Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I

Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene.

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Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.

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Cytoplasm

In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.

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Cytoskeleton

A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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Dawkins vs. Gould

Dawkins vs.

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DC-SIGN

DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 ('''C'''luster of '''D'''ifferentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD209 gene.

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De novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation

The de novo protein synthesis theory of memory formation is a hypothesis about the formation of the physical correlates of memory in the brain.

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DEAD box

DEAD box proteins are involved in an assortment of metabolic processes that typically involve RNAs, but in some cases also other nucleic acids.

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Death fold

The death fold is a tertiary structure motif commonly found in proteins involved in apoptosis or inflammation-related processes.

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Degron

A degron is a portion of a protein that is important in regulation of protein degradation rates.

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Deletion (genetics)

In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.

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DERB

Dual expression recombinase based (DERB) single vector system is a method of efficient cloning and subcloning of plasmid vectors for high throughput screening (HTS) and verification of protein-protein interactions inside living cells.

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Deuterium

Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1).

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Diatom

Diatoms (diá-tom-os "cut in half", from diá, "through" or "apart"; and the root of tém-n-ō, "I cut".) are a major group of microorganisms found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.

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Dihydrodipicolinate synthase

4-Hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (dihydrodipicolinate synthase, dihydropicolinate synthetase, dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase, L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclizing), dapA (gene)) is an enzyme with the systematic name L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde hydro-lyase (adding pyruvate and cyclizing; (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinate-forming).

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Dinoflagellate

The dinoflagellates (Greek δῖνος dinos "whirling" and Latin flagellum "whip, scourge") are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata.

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Dioxygenase

Dioxygenases are oxidoreductase enzymes.

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Directed evolution

Directed evolution (DE, "gelenkte Evolution") is a method used in protein engineering that mimics the process of natural selection to evolve proteins or nucleic acids toward a user-defined goal.

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Disease gene identification

Disease gene identification is a process by which scientists identify the mutant genotypes responsible for an inherited genetic disorder.

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Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), also known as nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is the result of anaerobic respiration by chemoorganoheterotrophic microbes using nitrate (NO3−) as an electron acceptor for respiration.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups to specific CpG structures in DNA, a process called DNA methylation.

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DNA clamp

A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein fold that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication.

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DNA gyrase

DNA gyrase, or simply gyrase, is an enzyme within the class of topoisomerase (Type II topoisomerase) that relieves strain while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by helicase.

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DNA methyltransferase

In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.

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DNA mismatch repair

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.

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DNA polymerase

DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

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DNA polymerase I

DNA polymerase I (or Pol I) is an enzyme that participates in the process of prokaryotic DNA replication.

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DNA polymerase II

DNA polymerase II (also known as DNA Pol II or Pol II) is a prokaryotic DNA-Dependent DNA polymerase encoded by the PolB gene.

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DNA polymerase III holoenzyme

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication.

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DNA polymerase IV

DNA polymerase IV is a prokaryotic polymerase that is involved in mutagenesis.

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DNA repair

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.

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DNA unwinding element

A DNA unwinding element (DUE or DNAUE) is the initiation site for the opening of the double helix structure of the DNA at the origin of replication for DNA synthesis.

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DNA-binding protein

DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.

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DnaD

DnaD is a 232 amino acid long protein that is part of the primosome involved in prokaryotic DNA replication.

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DnaE

DnaE, the gene product of dnaE, is the catalytic α subunit of DNA polymerase III, acting as a DNA polymerase.

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DnaI

DnaI is a protein that is part of the primosome involved in prokaryotic DNA replication.

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Domain (biology)

In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

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Drosha

Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene.

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DsbC protein family

DsbC (Disulfide bond C) is a prokaryotic disulfide bond isomerase.

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Dulal Panda

Dulal Panda (born January 28, 1964) is an Indian cell biologist and the chair professor at the department of biosciences and bioengineering of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.

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Dynemicin A

Dynemicin A is an anti-cancer enediyne drug.

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EamA

EamA (named after the O-acetyl-serine/cysteine export gene in E. coli) is a protein domain found in a wide range of proteins including the Erwinia chrysanthemi PecM protein, which is involved in pectinase, cellulase and blue pigment regulation, the Salmonella typhimurium PagO protein (function unknown), and some members of the solute carrier family group 35 (SLC35) nucleoside-sugar transporters.

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Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology

Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology, originally titled Earth Revealed, is a 26-part video instructional series covering the processes and properties of the physical Earth, with particular attention given to the scientific theories underlying geological principles.

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Eastern blot

The eastern blot is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post translational modifications (PTM) such as lipids, phosphomoieties and glycoconjugates.

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Eastern subterranean termite

Reticulitermes flavipes, the eastern subterranean termite is the most common termite found in North America.

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EIF5B

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5B gene.

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Electron transport chain

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

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Elongation factor

Elongation factors are a set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the process of cell cycle and elongation in some cells.

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Elongation factor P

EF-P (elongation factor P) is a prokaryotic protein translation factor required for efficient peptide bond synthesis on 70S ribosomes from fMet-tRNAfMet.

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Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh

The Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna (ISBN 984-300-000286-0) is a multi-volume encyclopedia.

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Endogenosymbiosis

Endogenosymbiosis is an evolutionary process, proposed by the evolutionary and environmental biologist Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, in which "gene carriers" (viruses, retroviruses and bacteriophages) and symbiotic prokaryotic cells (bacteria or archaea) could share parts or all of their genomes in an endogenous symbiotic relationship with their hosts.

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Endogeny (biology)

Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell.

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Endonuclease V

. Endonuclease V (endoV) is a highly conserved endonuclease enzyme family.

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Endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) is a putative endoplasmic reticulum-resident membrane protein (co-)chaperone.

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Enhancer (genetics)

In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.

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Enhygromyxa salina

Enhygromyxa salina is a species of marine myxobacteria.

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Enterobacteria phage T4

Enterobacteria phage T4 is a bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli bacteria.

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Entner–Doudoroff pathway

The Entner–Doudoroff pathway (ED pathway) describes a pathway—a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions—that are active in bacterial primary metabolism, a pathway that catabolizes glucose to pyruvic acid using enzymes distinct either from those used in glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway (the latter two being most widely used in the Bacteria).

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Eocyte hypothesis

The Eocyte hypothesis is a biological classification that indicates eukaryotes emerged within the prokaryotic Crenarchaeota (formerly known as eocytes), a phylum within the archaea.

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Epixenosomes

Epixenosomes, also known as Candidatus Epixenosoma are a genus of bacteria in the phylum Verrucomicrobia that form a symbiosis with marine ciliates of the genus Euplotidium, where they help to defend their ciliate hosts against predators.

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Epsilon antitoxin

In molecular biology, the epsilon antitoxin, produced by various prokaryotes, forms part of a post-segregational killing system, which is involved in the initiation of programmed cell death of plasmid-free cells.

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ERCC6

DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6 (also CS-B protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC6 gene.

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Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).

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Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids

The presence of ethanol can lead to the formations of non-lamellar phases also known as non-bilayer phases.

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Ether lipid

In an organic chemistry general sense, an ether lipid implies an ether bridge between an alkyl group (a lipid) and an unspecified alkyl or aryl group, not necessarily glycerol.

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Euchromatin

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin (DNA, RNA, and protein) that is enriched in genes, and is often (but not always) under active transcription.

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Eukaryote

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).

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Eukaryotic DNA replication

Eukaryotic DNA replication is a conserved mechanism that restricts DNA replication to once per cell cycle.

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Eukaryotic ribosome (80S)

Ribosomes are a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation.

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Eukaryotic transcription

Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.

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Evidence of common descent

Evidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades, demonstrating that all life on Earth comes from a single ancestor.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution of biological complexity

The evolution of biological complexity is one important outcome of the process of evolution.

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Evolution of cells

Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells.

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Evolution of metal ions in biological systems

Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time.

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Evolutionary history of life

The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.

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Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them through an energy-dependent process.

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Exoenzyme

An exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and functions outside of that cell.

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Exogenote

An exogenote is a piece of donor DNA that is involved in the mating of prokaryotic organisms.

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Exon shuffling

--> Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes.

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Exonuclease

Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain.

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Extrachromosomal DNA

Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside the nucleus of a cell.

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Extraterrestrial life

Extraterrestrial life,Where "extraterrestrial" is derived from the Latin extra ("beyond", "not of") and terrestris ("of Earth", "belonging to Earth").

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EzTaxon Database

In bioinformatics, the EzTaxon database is a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences.

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F-ratio

In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium).

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Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

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Fatty acid metabolism

Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).

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Fatty acid synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.

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Fatty-acyl-CoA synthase

Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthase, or more commonly known as yeast fatty acid synthase (and not to be confused with Long Chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase), is an enzyme complex responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis, and is of Type I Fatty Acid Synthesis (FAS).

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Ferric uptake regulator family

In molecular biology, the ferric uptake regulator family is a family of bacterial proteins involved in regulating metal ion uptake and in metal homeostasis.

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Ferritin

Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.

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Ferritin light chain

Ferritin light chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FTL gene.

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Five prime untranslated region

The 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) (also known as a leader sequence or leader RNA) is the region of an mRNA that is directly upstream from the initiation codon.

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Flagellate

A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.

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Flap endonuclease

Flap endonucleases (FENs, also known as 5' nucleases in older references) are a class of nucleolytic enzymes that act as both 5'-3' exonucleases and structure-specific endonucleases on specialised DNA structures that occur during the biological processes of DNA replication, DNA repair, and DNA recombination.

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Flatulence

Flatulence is defined in the medical literature as "flatus expelled through the anus" or the "quality or state of being flatulent", which is defined in turn as "marked by or affected with gases generated in the intestine or stomach; likely to cause digestive flatulence".

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Flux balance analysis

Flux balance analysis (FBA) is a mathematical method for simulating metabolism in genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks.

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Ford Doolittle

W.

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Formate-nitrite transporter

The Formate-Nitrite Transporter (FNT) Family belongs to the Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP) Superfamily.

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Formate–tetrahydrofolate ligase

In enzymology, a formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, formate, and tetrahydrofolate, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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FourU thermometer

FourU thermometers are a class of non-coding RNA thermometers found in Salmonella.

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Frameshift mutation

A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

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Frankia

Frankia is a genus of nitrogen-fixing, filamentous bacteria that live in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, similar to the Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes in the family Fabaceae.

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Fructosamine kinase family

In molecular biology the fructosamine kinase family is a family of enzymes.

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FTH1

Ferritin heavy chain is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTH1 gene.

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FtsZ

FtsZ is a protein encoded by the ftsZ gene that assembles into a ring at the future site of the septum of bacterial cell division.

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Future of Earth

The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences.

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G-quadruplex

In molecular biology, G-quadruplex secondary structures are formed in nucleic acids by sequences that are rich in guanine.

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G418

G418 (Geneticin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in structure to gentamicin B1.

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Gal operon

The gal operon is a prokaryotic operon, which encodes enzymes necessary for galactose metabolism.

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Galactic year

The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.

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Gas gangrene

Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis and myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene.

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Gas vesicle

Gas vesicles are components of the gas vacuole in certain prokaryotic organisms.

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GC skew

GC skew is when the nucleotides Guanine and Cytosine are over- or under-abundant in a particular region of DNA or RNA.

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Gemmata obscuriglobus

Gemmata obscuriglobus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, motile bacterium of the phylum Planctomycetes, first described in 1984 as the only described species in the genus Gemmata.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene Brown (professor)

Gene Brown (1926 – 4 August 2017) was a Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Gene dosage

Gene dosage is the number of copies of a particular gene present in a genome.

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Gene electrotransfer

Gene electrotransfer is a versatile biotechnology technique that enables the transfer of genetic material into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

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Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.

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Gene gun

A gene gun or a biolistic particle delivery system, originally designed for plant transformation, is a device for delivering exogenous DNA (transgenes) to cells.

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Gene knockdown

Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes are reduced.

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Gene ontology

Gene ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.

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Gene prediction

In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes.

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Gene structure

Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene.

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Genetically modified organism

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (i.e., a genetically engineered organism).

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Genome evolution

Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time.

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Genome size

Genome size is the total amount of DNA contained within one copy of a single genome.

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Geologic Calendar

The Geologic Calendar is a scale in which the geological lifetime of the earth is mapped onto a calendrical year; that is to say, the day one of the earth took place on a geologic January 1 at precisely midnight, and today's date and time is December 31 at midnight.

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Geologic time scale

The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata (stratigraphy) to time.

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Geological history of oxygen

Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free oxygen (O2).

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Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a spectroscopic technique that has been used for analyzing the fundamental molecular structure of geological samples in recent decades.

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Geyser

A geyser is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam.

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Glossary of biology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glutamine synthetase

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme that plays an essential role in the metabolism of nitrogen by catalyzing the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine: Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate Glutamine Synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration.

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Glycan

The terms glycan and polysaccharide are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically".

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Glycocalyx

The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells.

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Glycoside hydrolase

Glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars.

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Glycoside hydrolase family 22

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 22 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

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Glycoside hydrolase family 24

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 24 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.

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Great Filter

The Great Filter, in the context of the Fermi paradox, is whatever prevents "dead matter" from giving rise, in time, to "expanding lasting life".

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Great Oxygenation Event

The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.

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Group III pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases

In molecular biology, group III pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases are a family of bacterial enzymes comprising ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase.

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Group IV pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases

In molecular biology, group IV pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases are a family of enzymes comprising ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, arginine decarboxylase and diaminopimelate decarboxylase.

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GTP-binding elongation factor family, EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily

In molecular biology, the GTP-binding elongation factor family, EF-Tu/EF-1A subfamily is a family of elongation factors, which includes the eukaryotic eEF-1 and the prokaryotic EF-Tu.

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Halobacterium noricense

Halobacterium noricense is a halophilic, rod-shaped microorganism that thrives in environments with salt levels near saturation.

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Heat shock protein

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions.

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Heavy water

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) is a form of water that contains a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium (or D, also known as heavy hydrogen), rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water.

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HEPN domain

In molecular biology, the HEPN domain (higher eukaryotes and prokaryotes nucleotide-binding domain) is a region of approximately 110 amino acids found in the C terminus of sacsin, a chaperonin implicated in an early-onset neurodegenerative disease in human, and in many bacterial and archaea proteins.

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Heterocyst

Heterocysts are specialized nitrogen-fixing cells formed during nitrogen starvation by some filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Nostoc punctiforme, Cylindrospermum, and Anabaena sphaerica.

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Heterotroph

A heterotroph (Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros.

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Heterotrophic picoplankton

Heterotrophic picoplankton is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that do not perform photosynthesis.

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HindIII

HindIII (pronounced "Hin D Three") is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis.

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Histidine

Histidine (symbol His or H) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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History of biology

The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times.

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History of Earth

The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day.

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History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of RNA biology

Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution and structural biology.

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HMG-CoA reductase family

In molecular biology, the HMG-CoA reductase family is a family of enzymes which participate in the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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Homeobox

A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi and plants.

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Homokaryotic

Homokaryotic (adj.) is a term used to refer to multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical.

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Horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.

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Horizontal gene transfer in evolution

Scientists trying to reconstruct evolutionary history have been challenged by the fact that genes can sometimes transfer between distant branches on the tree of life.

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HSP60

Heat shock proteins are generally responsible for preventing damage to proteins in response to high levels of heat.

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Human mitochondrial genetics

Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria).

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Hydrogen hypothesis

The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Miklós Müller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within an archaeon (without doubts classified as prokaryote at then times), giving rise to a symbiotic association of two cells from which the first eukaryotic cell could have arisen (symbiogenesis).

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Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2S.

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Hydrogenosome

A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi, and animals.

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Hypothetical types of biochemistry

Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry speculated to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time.

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Immunomagnetic separation

Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells.

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In silico

In silico (literally cod Latin for "in silicon", alluding to the mass use of silicon for semiconductor computer chips) is an expression used to mean "performed on computer or via computer simulation." The phrase was coined in 1989 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (see also systems biology) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively.

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Inclusion bodies

Inclusion bodies, sometimes called elementary bodies, are nuclear or cytoplasmic aggregates of stable substances, usually proteins.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram

The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram (IISER Thiruvananthapuram or IISER-TVM) is one of seven IISERs, institutes established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

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Inducer

In molecular biology, an inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression.

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Initiator element

The initiator element (Inr), sometimes referred to as initiator motif, is a core promoter that is similar in function to the Pribnow box (in prokaryotes) or the TATA box (in eukaryotes).

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Innate immune system

The innate immune system, also known as the non-specific immune system or in-born immunity system, is an important subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms involved in the defense of the host from infection by other organisms.

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Inorganic pyrophosphatase

Pyrophosphatase (or inorganic pyrophosphatase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of one molecule of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions.

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Insertion sequence

Insertion element (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposable element.

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Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology

The Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS) is a joint CNRS-Paul Sabatier University research center.

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Interactome

In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell.

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International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes

The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP), formerly the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB), is the body that oversees the nomenclature of prokaryotes, determines the rules by which prokaryotes are named and whose Judicial Commission issues Opinions concerning taxonomic matters, revisions to the Bacteriological Code, etc.

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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the field of microbial systematics that was established in 1951.

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Intrabody (protein)

In molecular biology, an intrabody (from intracellular and antibody) is an antibody that works within the cell to bind to an intracellular protein.

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Intrinsic termination

Intrinsic termination (also called Rho-independent termination) is a mechanism in prokaryotes that causes RNA transcription to stop and release the newly made RNA.

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Inverted repeat

An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement.

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Iron–sulfur protein

Iron–sulfur proteins are proteins characterized by the presence of iron–sulfur clusters containing sulfide-linked di-, tri-, and tetrairon centers in variable oxidation states.

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Islander (database)

Islander is a database of integrative islands in prokaryotic genomes.

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Isocitrate lyase

Isocitrate lyase, or ICL, is an enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle that catalyzes the cleavage of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate.

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Isopeptidase

An isopeptidase is a protease enzyme that hydrolyzes isopeptide bonds, or amide bonds that occur outside the main chain in a polypeptide chain.

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J. William Schopf

James William Schopf (born September 27, 1941) is an American paleobiologist and professor of earth sciences at the University of California Los Angeles.

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James A. Lake

James A. Lake (born August 10, 1941, Kearney, Nebraska) is an American evolutionary biologist and a Distinguished Professor of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and of Human Genetics at UCLA.

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James Lovelock

James Ephraim Lovelock, (born 26 July 1919) is an independent scientist, environmentalist, and futurist who lives in Dorset, England.

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Jean-Pierre Lecocq

Jean-Pierre Lecocq (17 July 1947 – 20 January 1992) was a Belgian molecular biologist and entrepreneur.

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KaiA

kaiA is a gene in the "kaiABC" gene cluster that plays a crucial role in the regulation of bacterial circadian rhythms, such as in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus.

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KaiB

KaiB is a gene located in the highly-conserved kaiABC gene cluster of various cyanobacterial species.

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Kanamycin A

Kanamycin A, often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis.

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Karyotin

Karyotin is the sustainable, reticular material of the cell nucleus.

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KcsA potassium channel

KcsA is a prokaryotic potassium channel from the soil bacteria ''Streptomyces lividans'' that has been studied extensively in ion channel research.

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KEGG

KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances.

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KIAA0232

KIAA0232 is a nuclear phosphoserine protein which in humans is encoded by the KIAA0232 gene.

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Kill the Winner hypothesis

The "Kill the Winner" hypothesis (KTW) is a model of population growth involving prokaryotes, viruses and protozoans.

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Kinase

In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.

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Kingdom (biology)

In biology, kingdom (Latin: regnum, plural regna) is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.

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Kirin-Amgen Inc v Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd

Kirin-Amgen, Inc.

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Kozak consensus sequence

The Kozak consensus sequence, Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence is a sequence which occurs on eukaryotic mRNA and has the consensus (gcc)gccRccAUGG.

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Lac operon

The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria.

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Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes).

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Lactobacillus buchneri

Lactobacillus buchneri is a gram-positive, non-spore forming, anaerobic, rod prokaryote.

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Lactobacillus collinoides

Lactobacillus collinoides is a rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria found in fermenting apple juice or cider.

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Lake Untersee

Lake Untersee (Untersee, "Lower Lake") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring.

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Lanosterol synthase

Lanosterol synthase is an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol.

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Leader peptidase A

Leader peptidase A (LepA) is an elongation factor that is thought to back-translocate on the ribosome during the translation of RNA to proteins in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes that have maintained functioning mitochondria.

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Leslie D. Gottlieb

Following a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Cornell University in 1957, Gottlieb's career began at Oregon State University in the Botany and Plant Pathology Department.

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Lewis J. Feldman

Lewis Jeffrey Feldman (born October 10, 1945) is a professor of plant biology at the University of California, Berkeley and is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Natural Resources.

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Licensing factor

A licensing factor is a protein or complex of proteins that allows an origin of replication to begin DNA replication at that site.

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Lichen

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.

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Lichen anatomy and physiology

Lichen anatomy and physiology is very different from the anatomy and physiology of the fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria that make up the lichen when growing apart from the lichen, either naturally, or in culture.

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Life

Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.

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LIG1

DNA ligase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LIG1 gene.

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Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts.

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Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

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List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events

Predictions of apocalyptic events that would result in the extinction of humanity, a collapse of civilization, or the destruction of the planet have been made since at least the beginning of the Common Era.

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List of gene prediction software

This is a list of software tools and web portals used for gene prediction.

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List of MeSH codes (A11)

The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.

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List of model organisms

This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research.

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List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the naming and taxonomy of prokaryotes, following the taxonomy requirements and rulings of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

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List of Puerto Rican scientists and inventors

Before Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Conquistadors landed on the island of "Borikén" (Puerto Rico), the Tainos who inhabited the island depended on their astronomical observations for the cultivation of their crops.

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Lithotroph

Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

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Lokiarchaeota

Lokiarchaeota is a proposed phylum of the Archaea.

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Long range pseudoknots

A long range pseudoknot is a pseudoknot containing a long loop region, and may be a mechanism of translational control.

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Long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase

In enzymology, a long-chain-alcohol O-fatty-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and long-chain alcohol, whereas its two products are CoA and long-chain ester.

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LSMEM1

Leucine-Rich Single-Pass Membrane Protein 1 (LSMEM1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LSMEM1 gene.

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LysC

LysC is a prokaryotic aspartokinase involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid lysine.

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Lysine

Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Magnetofossil

Magnetofossils are the fossil remains of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (magnetobacteria) and preserved in the geologic record.

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Magnetosome

Magnetosome are membranous structures present in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB).

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MALSU1

MALSU1 is a gene on chromosome 7 in humans that encodes the protein MALSU1.

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Manganese peroxidase

In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H+, and H2O2, whereas its two products are Mn(III) and H2O.

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Margaret Robinson

Margaret Scott Robinson (born 1951) FRS FMedSci is a British molecular cell biologist, a professor and researcher in the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, at the University of Cambridge.

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Marine bacteriophage

Marine bacteriophages or marine phages are viruses that live as obligate parasitic agents in marine bacteria such as cyanobacteria.

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Marine life

Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.

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Marine microorganism

Marine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as the microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary.

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Mark Wheelis

Mark L. Wheelis is an American microbiologist.

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Mechanosensitive channels

Mechanosensitive channels, mechanosensitive ion channels or stretch-gated ion channels.

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Megatrajectory

In evolutionary biology, megatrajectories are the major evolutionary milestones and directions in the evolution of life.

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Membrane curvature

Membrane curvature is the geometrical measure or characterization of the curvature of membranes.

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Membrane lipid

A membrane lipid is a compound which belongs to a group of (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the double-layered surface of all cells (lipid bilayer).

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Membrane vesicle trafficking

Membrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of important biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific 'release' locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell, in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs).

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Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

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Messenger RNA decapping

The process of messenger RNA decapping consists of hydrolysis of the 5' cap structure on the RNA exposing a 5' monophosphate.

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Metabolic network modelling

Metabolic network reconstruction and simulation allows for an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.

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METAP2

Methionine aminopeptidase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the METAP2 gene.

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Methanobrevibacter curvatus

Methanobrevibacter curvatus is a species of methanogen archaeon.

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Methanobrevibacter cuticularis

Methanobrevibacter cuticularis is a species of methanogen archaeon.

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Methanobrevibacter filiformis

Methanobrevibacter filiformis is a species of methanogen archaeon.

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Methanohalophilus mahii

Methanohalophilus mahii (also known as Mhp. mahii) is an obligately anaerobic, methylotrophic, methanogenic cocci-shaped archaeon of the genus Methanohalophilus that can be found in high salinity aquatic environments.

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Methanotroph

Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their only source of carbon and energy.

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Methionyl aminopeptidase

Methionyl aminopeptidase (methionine aminopeptidase, peptidase M, L-methionine aminopeptidase, MAP) is an enzyme.

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Methylglyoxal pathway

The methylglyoxal pathway is an offshoot of glycolysis found in some prokaryotes, which converts glucose into methylglyoxal and then into pyruvate.

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MICdb

MICdb (Microsatellites database) is a database of non-redundant microsatellites from prokaryotic genomes.

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Michael Chamberlin (biologist)

Michael John Chamberlin (born June 7, 1937 in Chicago) is a Professor Emeritus of biochemistry and molecular biology at University of California, Berkeley.

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MicrobesOnline

MicrobesOnline is a publicly and freely accessible website that hosts multiple comparative genomic tools for comparing microbial species at the genomic, transcriptomic and functional levels.

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Microbial enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a biological based technology consisting in manipulating function or structure, or both, of microbial environments existing in oil reservoirs.

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Microbial genetics

Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering.

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Microbial metabolism

Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce.

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Microbial oxidation of sulfur

Microbial oxidation of sulfur is the oxidation of sulfur by microorganisms to produce energy.

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Microbiological Research

Microbiological Research is an academic journal in microbiology, published by Elsevier.

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Microbiology

Microbiology (from Greek μῑκρος, mīkros, "small"; βίος, bios, "life"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells).

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microtubule

Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.

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Minicircle

Minicircles are small (~4kb) circular plasmid derivatives that have been freed from all prokaryotic vector parts.

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Mitochondrial ribosomal protein l13

Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL13 gene.

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Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41

39S ribosomal protein L41, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL41 gene.

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Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.

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Mitosis

In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.

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Mixotroph

A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other.

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Mobilome

The mobilome is the total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Modern synthesis (20th century)

The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.

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Molecular virology

Molecular virology is the study of viruses on a molecular level.

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Mollicutes

Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall.

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Molpadia musculus

Molpadia musculus is a species of sea cucumber in the family Molpadiidae.

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Monera

Monera (Greek - μονήρης (monḗrēs), "single", "solitary") is a kingdom that contains unicellular organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization (having no nuclear membrane), such as bacteria.

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Motor protein

Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of animal cells.

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MRE11A

Double-strand break repair protein MRE11A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRE11A gene.

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MreB

MreB is a protein found in bacteria that has been identified as a homologue of actin, as indicated by similarities in tertiary structure and conservation of active site peptide sequence.

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MRPL28

39S ribosomal protein L28, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL28 gene.

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MRPS21

28S ribosomal protein S21, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS21 gene.

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MRPS5

28S ribosomal protein S5, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS5 gene.

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Muller's ratchet

In evolutionary genetics, Muller's ratchet (named after Hermann Joseph Muller, by analogy with a ratchet effect) is a process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner.

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Multicellular organism

Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms.

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Multinucleate

Multinucleate cells (also called multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.

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Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membrane.

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N-Acetylglutamate synthase

N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS) is an enzyme that catalyses the production of ''N''-Acetylglutamate (NAG) from glutamate and acetyl-CoA.

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N-glycosyltransferase

N-glycosyltransferase is an enzyme in prokaryotes which transfers individual hexoses onto asparagine sidechains in substrate proteins, using a nucleotide-bound intermediary, within the cytoplasm.

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N-terminus

The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.

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Nat Sternberg

Nat L. Sternberg (August 2, 1942 – September 26, 1995) was an American molecular biologist and bacteriophage researcher, particularly known for his work on DNA recombination and the phage P1.

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NDPCP

5'-guanosyl-methylene-triphosphate (GDPCP) and 5'-adenosyl-methylene-triphosphate (ADPCP) are analogues of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which store chemical energy from metabolism in the cell.

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Neomycin

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.

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Nested gene

A nested gene is a gene whose entire coding sequence lies within the bounds (between the start codon and the stop codon) of a larger external gene.

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Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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NHL repeat

The NHL repeat, named after NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41, is an amino acid sequence found largely in a large number of eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins.

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Nickel superoxide dismutase

Nickel superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD) is a metalloenzyme that, like the other superoxide dismutases, protects cells from oxidative damage by catalyzing the disproportionation of the cytotoxic superoxide radical (O) to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.

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Nickel-dependent hydrogenase

Hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the reversible activation of hydrogen and which occur widely in prokaryotes as well as in some eukaryotes.

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NiFe hydrogenase

hydrogenase is a type of hydrogenase, which is an oxidative enzyme that reversibly convert molecular hydrogen in prokaryotes including Bacteria and Archaea.

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Nikolai Cholodny

Nikolai Grigoryevich Cholodny (Никола́й Григо́рьевич Холо́дный; 22 June 1882 – 4 May 1953) was an influential microbiologist who worked at the University of Kiev, Ukraine in the USSR during the 1930s.

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Nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules available to living organisms.

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Nitrous-oxide reductase

In enzymology, a nitrous oxide reductase also known as nitrogen:acceptor oxidoreductase (N2O-forming) is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in bacterial denitrification, the reduction of nitrous oxide to dinitrogen.

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Non-coding DNA

In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.

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Non-coding RNA

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is an RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein.

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Non-vascular plant

Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem.

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Nucleoid

The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore.

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Nucleomorph

Nucleomorphs are small, vestigial eukaryotic nuclei found between the inner and outer pairs of membranes in certain plastids.

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Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase

Nucleoside-diphosphate kinases (NDPKs, also NDP kinase, (poly)nucleotide kinases and nucleoside diphosphokinases) are enzymes that catalyze the exchange of terminal phosphate between different nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) and triphosphates (NTP) in a reversible manner to produce nucleotide triphosphates.

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Nucleotide excision repair

Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism.

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Objections to evolution

Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century.

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Ocean

An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.

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Okazaki fragments

Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication.

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Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide (from the Greek ὀλίγος olígos, "a few", and σάκχαρ sácchar, "sugar") is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars).

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Open reading frame

In molecular genetics, an open reading frame (ORF) is the part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated.

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Operon

In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.

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Opsin

Opsins are a group of proteins, made light-sensitive, via the chromophore retinal found in photoreceptor cells of the retina.

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Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, in which their function is vital for the cell to live.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Origin and function of meiosis

The origin and function of meiosis are fundamental to understanding the evolution of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.

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Oscar Kuipers

Oscar Paul Kuipers (Rotterdam, May 12, 1956) is a Dutch professor of molecular genetics at the University of Groningen (UG).

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Otto Kandler

Otto Kandler (23 October 1920 in Deggendorf - 29 August 2017 in Munich, Bavaria) was a German botanist and microbiologist.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of cell biology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.

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Oxidative folding

Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins.

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Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) (UK, US) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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PA clan

The PA clan ('''P'''roteases of mixed nucleophile, superfamily A) is the largest group of proteases with common ancestry as identified by structural homology.

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Paracaspase

Paracaspases (human: MALT1) are members of the C14 family of cysteine proteases.

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Parakaryon myojinensis

Parakaryon myojinensis is a single-celled organism known from a single specimen, described in 2012.

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Paraphyly

In taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few—typically only one or two—monophyletic subgroups.

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Parasites in fiction

Parasites appear frequently in fiction, from ancient times onwards as seen in mythical figures like the blood-drinking Lilith, with a flowering in the nineteenth century.

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Parasitology

Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them.

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Parkeol

Parkeol is a relatively uncommon sterol secondary metabolite found mostly in plants, particularly noted in Butyrospermum parkii (now called Vitellaria paradoxa, or the shea tree).

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ParM

ParM is a prokaryotic actin homologue which provides the force to drive copies of the R1 plasmid to opposite ends of rod shaped bacteria before cytokinesis.

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PatternHunter

PatternHunter is a commercially available homology search instrument software that uses sequence alignment techniques.

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PCMT1

Protein-L-isoaspartate(D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PCMT1 gene.

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Pelagibacterales

The Pelagibacterales is an order in the Alphaproteobacteria composed of free-living bacteria that make up roughly one in three cells at the ocean's surface.

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Peptidyl transferase

The peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis.

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Peripheral membrane protein

Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated.

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Periplasm

The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria.

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Pesticide degradation

Pesticide degradation is the process by which a pesticide is transformed into a benign substance that is environmentally compatible with the site to which it was applied.

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PFKL

6-phosphofructokinase, liver type (PFKL) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PFKL gene on chromosome 21.

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PFKM

6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PFKM gene on chromosome 12.

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Phage ecology

Bacteriophages (phages), potentially the most numerous "organisms" on Earth, are the viruses of bacteria (more generally, of prokaryotesThe term "prokaryotes" is useful to mean the sum of the bacteria and archaea but otherwise can be controversial, as discussed by; see also pp. 103–4 of provides a history.). Phage ecology is the study of the interaction of bacteriophages with their environments.

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Pheromone

A pheromone (from Ancient Greek φέρω phero "to bear" and hormone, from Ancient Greek ὁρμή "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.

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Philippe Horvath

Philippe Horvath is a French scientist working for DuPont Nutrition and Health.

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Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase

Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (also known as CDP- diacylglycerol synthase) (CDS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CDP-diacylglycerol from cytidine triphosphate and phosphatidate.

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Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway.

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Phospholipid-derived fatty acids

Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA) are widely used in microbial ecology as chemotaxonomic markers of bacteria and other organisms.

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Phosphoprotein

A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group.

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Phosphoribulokinase

Phosphoribulokinase (PRK) is an essential photosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of ribulose 5-phosphate (RuP) into ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), both intermediates in the Calvin Cycle.

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Phosphorylation

In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.

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Photomorphogenesis

In developmental biology, photomorphogenesis is light-mediated development, where plant growth patterns respond to the light spectrum.

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Photorespiration

Photorespiration (also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle, or C2 photosynthesis) refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, causing some of the energy produced by photosynthesis to be wasted.

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Phototaxis

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light.

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Phototrophic prokaryotes

Phototropic prokaryotes are bacteria or archaea that obtain energy from light.

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Phycology

Phycology (from Greek φῦκος, phykos, "seaweed"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of algae.

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Phycotoxin

Phycotoxins (from Greek, phykos, "seaweed"; and toxikon, "toxin") are complex allelopathic chemicals produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic algal secondary metabolic pathways.

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Phyllody

Phyllody is the abnormal development of floral parts into leafy structures.

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Phylotype

In taxonomy, a phylotype is an observed similarity used to classify a group of organisms by their phenetic relationship.

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Phytochrome

Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptor in plants, bacteria and fungi use to detect light.

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Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.

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Phytoplasma

Phytoplasmas are obligate bacterial parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors that are involved in their plant-to-plant transmission.

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Pii nitrogen regulatory proteins

The Nitrogen regulatory protein P-II family contains a series of homologous prokaryotic signalling proteins which are involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism.

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Piotr Słonimski

Piotr Słonimski (born in Warsaw, died in Paris) – Polish-born French geneticist, pioneer of yeast mitochondrial genetics, nephew of the Polish poet Antoni Słonimski.

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Plankton

Plankton (singular plankter) are the diverse collection of organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against a current.

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Plant

Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

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Plant cell

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms.

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Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer

Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between individuals in the plant and fungus kingdoms.

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Plasma membrane H+-ATPase

This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances.

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Plastid

The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.

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Plastid terminal oxidase

Plastid terminal oxidase or plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is an enzyme that resides on the thylakoid membranes of plant and algae chloroplasts and on the membranes of cyanobacteria.

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Plesiocystis pacifica

Plesiocystis pacifica is a species of marine myxobacteria.

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Ploidy

Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.

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PLOS Genetics

PLOS Genetics is an open access peer-reviewed genetics-focused journal established in 2005 by the non-profit organization Public Library of Science (PLOS).

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Polymorphic simple sequence repeats database

PSSRdb (Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeats database) is a database of polymorphic simple sequence repeats.

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Polyploid

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

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Polysomy

Polysomy is a condition found in many species, including fungi, plants, insects, and mammals, in which an organism has at least one more chromosome than normal, i.e., there may be three or more copies of the chromosome rather than the expected two copies.

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Population genetics

Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.

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Poribacteria

Poribacteria are a candidate phylum of bacteria originally identified in the microbiome of sea sponges (Porifera).

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Post-transcriptional regulation

Italic textÀ Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level, therefore between the transcription and the translation of the gene.

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Postreplication repair

Postreplication repair is the repair of damage to the DNA that takes place after replication.

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Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.

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Potassium in biology

Potassium is an essential mineral micronutrient and is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells.

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POU domain

POU (pronounced 'pow') is a family of proteins that have well-conserved homeodomains.

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Povidone-iodine

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after surgery.

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Pradip K. Chakraborti

Pradip Kumar Chakraborti (born November 7, 1956) is an Indian molecular biologist, biochemist and the principal scientist at Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH),, a constituent institution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

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PreQ1 riboswitch

The PreQ1-I riboswitch is a cis-acting element identified in bacteria which regulates expression of genes involved in biosynthesis of the nucleoside queuosine (Q) from GTP.

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Primary nutritional groups

Primary nutritional groups are groups of organisms, divided in relation to the nutrition mode according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction.

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Primary transcript

A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.

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Primer (molecular biology)

A primer is a short strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

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Processivity

In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".

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ProGlycProt

ProGlycProt is a database of experimentally verified glycosites and glycoproteins of the prokaryotes.

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Programmed cell death

Programmed cell death (or PCD) is the death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program.

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Prokaryotic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase dimerisation domain

In molecular biology, prokaryotic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase dimerisation domain is a protein domain found at the C-terminus of prokaryotic acetaldehyde dehydrogenases, it adopts a structure consisting of an alpha-beta-alpha-beta(3) core, which mediates dimerisation of the protein.

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Prokaryotic cytoskeleton

The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotic DNA replication

Prokaryotic DNA replication is the process by which a prokaryote duplicates its DNA into another copy that is passed on to daughter cells.

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Prokaryotic elongation factors

In prokaryotes, four elongation factors are required for translation: EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G and EF-P.

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Prokaryotic initiation factor

Prokaryotes require the use of three initiation factors: IF1, IF2, and IF3, for translation.

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Prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit

50S is the larger subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotic release factors

There are three known prokaryotic release factors involved in the termination of translation.

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Prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein

In molecular biology, the prokaryotic riboflavin biosynthesis protein is a bifunctional enzyme found in bacteria.

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Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit

The prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, or 30S subunit, is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotic translation

Prokaryotic translation is the process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein

Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) is a functional analog of ubiquitin found in the prokaryote Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Prolyl isomerase

Prolyl isomerase (also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase or PPIase) is an enzyme found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that interconverts the cis and trans isomers of peptide bonds with the amino acid proline.

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Prosthecobacter

Prosthecobacter is a Verrucomicrobia Planctobacteria with a distinctive characteristic; the presence of tubulin-like genes.

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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

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Proteasome

Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein biosynthesis

Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.

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Protein function prediction

Protein function prediction methods are techniques that bioinformatics researchers use to assign biological or biochemical roles to proteins.

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Protein kinase

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation).

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Protein moonlighting

Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function.

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Protein phosphorylation

Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group.

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Protein production

Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein.

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Protein synthesis inhibitor

A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins.

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Protein targeting

Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it.

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Protein tertiary structure

Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein.

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Protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase

In enzymology, a protein-glutamate O-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and protein L-glutamic acid, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and protein L-glutamate methyl ester.

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Proteinogenic amino acid

Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.

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Proteolysis

Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

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Proteome Analyst

Proteome Analyst (PA) is a freely available web server and online toolkit for predicting protein subcellular localization, or where a protein resides in a cell.

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Protist

A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.

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Proton pump

A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.

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Protoplasm

Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

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PSORTdb

PSORTdb is a database of protein subcellular localization (SCL) for bacteria and archaea.

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PtaRNA1

PtaRNA1 (plasmid transferred antisense RNA) is a family of non-coding RNAs.

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Pterin

Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pteridine ring system, with a keto group and an amino group on positions 4 and 2 respectively.

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Puromycin

Puromycin is an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation.

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Purple acid phosphatases

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are metalloenzymes that hydrolyse phosphate esters and anhydrides under acidic condition.

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation.

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Queuine

Queuine (Q) is a hypermodified nucleobase found in the first (or wobble) position of the anticodon of tRNAs specific for Asn, Asp, His, and Tyr, in most eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

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Quinella (bacterium)

Quinella is a genus of bacteria in the Veillonellaceae family.

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Ractopamine

Ractopamine is a feed additive, banned in most countries, to promote leanness in animals raised for their meat.

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Rad50

DNA repair protein RAD50, also known as RAD50, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD50 gene.

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Rainbow Vent Field

The Rainbow hydrothermal vent field is a system of ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal vents located at 36°14'N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR).

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Ranjan Sen

Ranjan Sen (born 1967) is an Indian microbiologist, biophysicist and a senior scientist as well as the head of the Laboratory of Transcription at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics.

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Rare Earth hypothesis

In planetary astronomy and astrobiology, the Rare Earth Hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity such as sexually reproducing, multicellular organisms on Earth (and, subsequently, human intelligence) required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances.

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RegTransBase

RegTransBase is database of regulatory interactions and transcription factor binding sites in prokaryotes.

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Regulation of gene expression

Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.

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Regulator gene

A regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.

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Regulatory region of repBA gene

In plasmids, the regulatory region of repBA gene forms a pseudoknot.

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Regulon

In molecular genetics, a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator.

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Relative biological effectiveness

In radiobiology, the relative biological effectiveness (often abbreviated as RBE) is the ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy.

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Relaxase

A relaxase is a single-strand DNA transesterase enzyme produced by some prokaryotes and viruses.

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Replicon (genetics)

A replicon is a DNA molecule or RNA molecule, or a region of DNA or RNA, that replicates from a single origin of replication.

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Replisome

The replisome is a complex molecular machine that carries out replication of DNA.

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Reporter gene

In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants.

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Restriction enzyme

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.

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Restriction modification system

The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages.

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Retrovirus

A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell.

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Rho factor

A ρ factor (Rho factor) is a prokaryotic protein involved in the termination of transcription.

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Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in visual phototransduction.

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Rhomboid protease

The rhomboid proteases are a family of enzymes that exist in almost all species.

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Rhomboid, veinlet-like 2 (drosophila)

Rhomboid, veinlet-like 2 (Drosophila) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHBDL2 gene.

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Ribonomics

Ribonomics is the study of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).

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Ribonuclease H

Ribonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA in an RNA/DNA substrate via a hydrolytic mechanism.

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Riboregulator

In molecular biology, a riboregulator is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that responds to a signal nucleic acid molecule by Watson-Crick base pairing.

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Ribosomal RNA

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.

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Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), also known as ribosomal natural products, are a diverse class of natural products of ribosomal origin.

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Ribosome

The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).

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Ribosome biogenesis

Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes.

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Ribosomopathy

Ribosomopathies are diseases caused by abnormalities in the structure or function of ribosomal component proteins or rRNA genes, or other genes whose products are involved in ribosome biogenesis.

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Ridge (biology)

Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges.

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RNA editing

RNA editing is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase.

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RNA integrity number

The RNA integrity number (RIN) is an algorithm for assigning integrity values to RNA measurements.

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RNA splicing

In molecular biology, splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).

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RNA thermometer

An RNA thermometer (or RNA thermosensor) is a temperature-sensitive non-coding RNA molecule which regulates gene expression.

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RNA-induced silencing complex

The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which incorporates one strand of a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragment, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA).

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RNase MRP

RNase MRP (also called RMRP) is an enzymatically active ribonucleoprotein with two distinct roles in eukaryotes.

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Roger Stanier

Roger Yate Stanier (22 October 1916 – 29 January 1982) was a Canadian microbiologist who was influential in the development of modern microbiology.

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Rotating locomotion in living systems

Several organisms are capable of rolling locomotion; however, true wheels and propellers—despite their utility in human vehicles—do not appear to play a significant role in the movement of living things (with the exception of certain flagella, which function like corkscrews).

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S1 P1 nuclease protein domain

In molecular biology, S1 P1 nuclease refers to a protein domain with enzyme activity.This family contains both S1 and P1 nucleases which cleave RNA and single stranded DNA with no sequence specificity.

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Saccharopine dehydrogenase

In molecular biology, the protein domain Saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), also named Saccharopine reductase, is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the amino acid lysine, via an intermediate substance called saccharopine.

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Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre.

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Schizophyte

Schizophyte was a botanical classification proposed by Ferdinand Cohn to describe the class of primitive "plants" that reproduce solely by fission.

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Sea snot

Sea snot or marine mucilage is a collection of mucus-like organic matter found in the sea.

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Seafood mislabelling

Seafood species can be mislabelled in misleading ways.

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SecDF protein-export membrane protein

SecD and SecF are prokaryotic protein export membrane proteins.

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Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is a Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) (Vitamin B6) dependent enzyme which plays an important role in cellular one-carbon pathways by catalyzing the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF).

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Serine protease

Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins, in which serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site.

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Serpin

Serpins are a superfamily of proteins with similar structures that were first identified for their protease inhibition activity and are found in all kingdoms of life.

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Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm.

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Shapiro - Senapathy Algorithm

Gene regulation is the main genetic program through which an organism controls its normal functions.

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Shelphs

Shewanella-like phosphatases, abbreviated as Shelphs, are a group of enzymes structurally related to protein serine/threonine phosphatases (PPP family).

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Shuttle vector

A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species.

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Sidney Altman

Sidney Altman (born May 7, 1939) is a Canadian and American molecular biologist, who is the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University.

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Signal peptidase

Signal peptidases are enzymes that convert secretory and some membrane proteins to their mature forms by cleaving their signal peptides from their N-terminals.

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Signal peptide

A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-terminus of the majority of newly synthesized proteins that are destined towards the secretory pathway.

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Signal recognition particle

The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.

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Signal transduction

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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SimEarth

SimEarth is a life simulation video game, the second designed by Will Wright, in which the player controls the development of a planet.

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Skeletal eroding band

Skeletal eroding band (SEB) is a disease of corals that appears as a black or dark gray band that slowly advances over corals, leaving a spotted region of dead coral in its wake.

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SLC5A1

Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 also known as solute carrier family 5 member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC5A1 gene.

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Soda lake

A soda lake or alkaline lake is a lake on the strongly alkaline side of neutrality, typically with a pH value between 9 and 12.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Soil life

This table is a résumé of soil life,, Les Bases de la Production Végetal, tome I: Le Sol et son amélioration,, 2003 coherent with prevalent taxonomy as used in the linked Wikipedia articles.

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Soil microbiology

Soil microbiology is the study of organisms in soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties.

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Solenoid (DNA)

The solenoid structure of chromatin is a model for the structure of the 30 nm fibre.

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Sortase

Sortase refers to a group of prokaryotic enzymes that modify surface proteins by recognizing and cleaving a carboxyl-terminal sorting signal.

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Species

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.

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Spiral bacteria

Spiral bacteria, bacteria of spiral (helical) shape, form the third major morphological category of prokaryotes along with the rod-shaped bacilli and round cocci.

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Spirochaete

A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetes, which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.

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Spore (2008 video game)

Spore is a 2008 life simulation real-time strategy single-player sandbox god game developed by Maxis and designed by Will Wright, released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Covering many genres including action, real-time strategy, and role-playing games, Spore allows a player to control the development of a species from its beginnings as a microscopic organism, through development as an intelligent and social creature, to interstellar exploration as a spacefaring culture.

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Start codon

The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.

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Stem-loop

Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA.

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Steroid

A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

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Stf0 sulfotransferase

Stf0 sulfotransferases are essential for the biosynthesis of sulfolipid-1 in prokaryotes.

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Stigmergy

Stigmergy is a consensus social network mechanism of indirect coordination, through the environment, between agents or actions.

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STIM2

Stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STIM2 gene.

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Stirrup protein domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain Stirrup is a domain, found only in found in the domain, archaea.

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Streamlining theory

Genomic streamlining is a theory in evolutionary biology and microbial ecology that suggests that there is a reproductive benefit to prokaryotes having a smaller genome size with less non-coding DNA and fewer non-essential genes.

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Streptomyces clavuligerus

Streptomyces clavuligerus is a species of Gram-positive bacterium notable for producing clavulanic acid.

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Stromatolite

Stromatolites or stromatoliths (from Greek στρῶμα strōma "layer, stratum" (GEN στρώματος strōmatos), and λίθος lithos "rock") are layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rocks that were originally formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe.

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Structural gene

A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein).

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Succinate dehydrogenase subunit E

In molecular biology, the protein domain named Sdh5 is also named SdhE which stands for succinate dehydrogenase protein E. In the past, it has also been named YgfY and DUF339.

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Sugarcane grassy shoot disease

Sugarcane grassy shoot disease (SCGS), caused by small, parasitic bacteria, contributes to losses of 5% to 20% in the main crop of sugarcane, and these losses are higher in the ratoon crop.

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SUI1 protein domain

In molecular biology, the protein domain SUI1 is a translation initiation factor often found in the fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) but it is also found in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes as well as archaea.

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Sulfation

Sulfation or sulfurylation (not to be confused with sulfonation) in biochemistry is the enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of a sulfo group (not a sulfate or sulfuryl group) to another molecule.

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Sulfur cycle

The sulfur cycle is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves to and from rock, waterways and living systems.

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Superoxide dismutase

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2&minus) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

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Susan Gerbi

Susan Gerbi (born 1944) is the George Eggleston Professor of Biochemistry and a professor of biology at Brown University.

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Susan Golden

Susan Golden (née Stephens) was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas in 1957.

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Svedberg

A svedberg unit (symbol S, sometimes Sv) is a non-metric unit for sedimentation rate.

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SWI/SNF

In molecular biology, SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable), is a nucleosome remodeling complex found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

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Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is an evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms, first articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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Symbiosis in lichens

Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually helpful symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen.

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Synechococcus

Synechococcus (from the Greek synechos, in succession, and the Greek kokkos, granule) is a unicellular cyanobacterium that is very widespread in the marine environment.

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Synechocystis

Synechocystis is a genus of unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria primarily represented by the strain Synechocystis sp.

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Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering.

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Syntrophococcus sucromutans

Syntrophococcus sucromutans is a Gram-negative strictly anaerobic chemoorganotrophic Firmicute.

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Systematic and Applied Microbiology

Systematic and Applied Microbiology is a peer-reviewed bimonthly journal deals with various aspects of microbial diversity and systematics of prokaryotes.

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Tailings

Tailings, also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, tails, refuse, leach residue or slickens, terra-cone (terrikon), are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.

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Taq polymerase

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al.

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Target peptide

A target peptide is a short (3-70 amino acids long) peptide chain that directs the transport of a protein to a specific region in the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), chloroplast, apoplast, peroxisome and plasma membrane.

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TATA box

In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes.

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Taxis

A taxis (plural taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.

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Taxonomy (biology)

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.

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Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates

Although the phylogenetic classification of non-vertebrate animals (both extinct and extant) remains a work-in-progress, the following taxonomy attempts to be useful by combining both traditional (old) and new (21st-century) paleozoological terminology.

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TCP-1/cpn60 chaperonin family

TCP-1/cpn60 chaperonin family is a family of evolutionarily related proteins.

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Telomere

A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

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Termination factor

Termination is part of the process of transcribing RNA.

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Terminator (genetics)

In genetics, a transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription.

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Terrabacteria

Terrabacteria is a taxon containing approximately two-thirds (6,157 sp.) of prokaryote species, including those in the gram positive phyla (Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) as well as the phyla Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus.

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Tetracycline

Tetracycline, sold under the brand name Sumycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of infections.

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The Major Transitions in Evolution

The Major Transitions in Evolution is a book written by John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry (Oxford University Press, 1995).

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Thermococcus celer

Thermococcus celer is a Gram-negative, spherical shaped archaeon of the genus Thermococcus.

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Thermoproteus

In taxonomy, Thermoproteus is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

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Thimet oligopeptidase

Thimet oligopeptidases, also known as TOPs, are a type of M3 metallopeptidases.

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Thiolase

Thiolases, also known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), are enzymes which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway.

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Thioredoxin fold

The thioredoxin fold is a protein fold common to enzymes that catalyze disulfide bond formation and isomerization.

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Thioredoxin reductase

Thioredoxin reductases (TR, TrxR) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx).

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Three-domain system

The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.

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Tim Clausen

Tim Clausen (born 12 March 1969) is a structural biologist and a senior scientist at the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) in Vienna, Austria.

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Timeline of human evolution

The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of the human species, Homo sapiens, and the evolution of the human's ancestors.

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Timeline of natural history

This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and biological events from the formation of the Earth to the arrival of modern humans.

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Timeline of plant evolution

This article attempts to place key plant innovations in a geological context.

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Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth.

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Timeline of the far future

While predictions of the future can never be absolutely certain, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.

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Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area

This is a timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, events in the nine counties that border on the San Francisco Bay, and the bay itself.

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Tn3 transposon

The Tn3 transposon is a 4957 base pair mobile genetic element, found in prokaryotes.

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Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya

Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya is a paper published in 1990 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

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Toxin-antitoxin system

A toxin-antitoxin system is a set of two or more closely linked genes that together encode both a protein 'poison' and a corresponding 'antidote'.

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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity.

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Transfection

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Translocon

The translocon (commonly known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes.

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Transposable element

A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.

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Transposon mutagenesis

Transposon mutagenesis, or transposition mutagenesis, is a biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism's chromosome, interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation.

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Tree of life (biology)

The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).

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TRNA-dihydrouridine synthase

In molecular biology, tRNA-dihydrouridine synthase is a family of enzymes which catalyse the reduction of the 5,6-double bond of a uridine residue on tRNA.

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Trp operon

The trp operon is an operon—a group of genes that is used, or transcribed, together—that codes for the components for production of tryptophan.

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Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

In enzymology, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to N-formyl-L-kynurenine, as the first and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway.

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Tryptophan-rich sensory protein

Tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (TspO) are a family of proteins that are involved in transmembrane signalling.

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Tubulin

Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Turgor pressure

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

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Tus (biology)

Tus, also known as terminus utilization substance, is a protein that binds to terminator sequences and acts as a counter-helicase when it comes in contact with an advancing helicase.

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Two-empire system

The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use before the establishment of the three-domain system.

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TXN2

Thioredoxin, mitochondrial also known as thioredoxin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TXN2 gene on chromosome 22.

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Type I topoisomerase

In molecular biology Type I topoisomerases are enzymes that cut one of the two strands of double-stranded DNA, relax the strand, and reanneal the strand.

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Type II topoisomerase

Type II topoisomerases cut both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to manage DNA tangles and supercoils.

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Tyrosine sulfation

Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification where a sulfate group is added to a tyrosine residue of a protein molecule.

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UbiD protein domain

In molecular biology this protein domain, refers to UbiD, which is found in prokaryotes, archaea and fungi, with two members in Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

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Undulipodium

An undulipodium (a Greek word meaning "swinging foot") or a 9+2 organelle is a motile filamentous extracellular projection of eukaryotic cells.

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Unicellular organism

A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of more than one cell.

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Untranslated region

In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA.

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UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase

UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase also known as glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or UDP–glucose pyrophosphorylase) is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

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VapBC

VapBC (virulence associated proteins B and C) is the largest family of type II toxin-antitoxin system genetic loci in prokaryotes.

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Velvet assembler

Velvet is an algorithm package that has been designed to deal with de novo genome assembly and short read sequencing alignments.

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Viomycin

Viomycin is a member of the tuberactinomycin family, a group of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics exhibiting anti-tuberculosis properties.

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Viral eukaryogenesis

Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of endosymbiosis within a methanogenic archaeon.

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Vitamin B12-binding domain

In molecular biology, the vitamin B12-binding domain is a protein domain which binds to cobalamin (vitamin B12).

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WAC protein domain

In molecular biology, the WAC domain is a protein domain found on the N-terminus of WSTF protein.

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Woeseian revolution

The Woeseian revolution was the progression of the phylogenetic tree of life from two main divisions, known as the Prokarya and Eukarya, into three domains now classified as Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.

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World Summit on Evolution

The World Summit on Evolution is an evolutionary biology meeting hosted at the Galapagos Islands by Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), an Ecuadorian private liberal arts university.

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XhoI

In molecular biology, XhoI is a type II restriction enzyme that recognise the double-stranded DNA sequence CTCGAG and cleaves after C-1.

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YbaK protein domain

In molecular biology, this protein domain of unknown function is found in numerous prokaryote organisms.

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YchF-GTPase C terminal protein domain

In molecular biology, this protein domain is found at the C terminus of the GTP-binding protein, YchF-GTPase found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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YgbB N terminal protein domain

In molecular biology, YgbB is a protein domain.

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ZinT protein domain

In molecular biology, ZinT (formerly known as YodA) is a family of protein domains found in prokaryotes.

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Zwittermicin A

Zwittermicin A is an antibiotic that has been identified from the bacterium Bacillus cereus UW85.

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(d)CMP kinase

(d)CMP kinase (prokaryotic cytidylate kinase, deoxycytidylate kinase, dCMP kinase, deoxycytidine monophosphokinase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:(d)CMP phosphotransferase.

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16S ribosomal RNA

16S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is the component of the 30S small subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome that binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

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18S ribosomal RNA

18S ribosomal RNA (abbreviated 18S rRNA) is a part of the ribosomal RNA.

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2017 in paleontology

No description.

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2018 in paleontology

No description.

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40S ribosomal protein S5

40S ribosomal protein S5 is a ribosomal subunit of the Eukaryotic ribosome (80S) complex.

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5' flanking region

The 5' flanking region is a region of DNA that is adjacent to the 5' end of the gene.

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6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase

6-Deoxyerythronolide B Synthase or DEBS has been identified as a Type 1 polyketide synthase.

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Redirects here:

Procarya, Procaryota, Procaryote, Procaryotes, Procaryotic, Prokarya, Prokaryota, Prokaryotes, Prokaryotic, Prokaryotic Cells, Prokaryotic cell, Prokaryotic cells, Prokaryotic organism.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

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