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Prosecutor's fallacy

Index Prosecutor's fallacy

The prosecutor's fallacy is a fallacy of statistical reasoning, typically used by the prosecution to argue for the guilt of a defendant during a criminal trial. [1]

27 relations: Abductive reasoning, Base rate fallacy, Binary classification, Confusion of the inverse, Criminal justice system of Japan, DNA profiling, Ethics in mathematics, Fallacy, False positive paradox, Index of criminology articles, Index of logic articles, Index of philosophy articles (I–Q), Likelihood function, List of fallacies, List of statistics articles, Lucia de Berk, Meadow's law, Misunderstandings of p-values, Misuse of statistics, People v. Collins, Presumption of guilt, Roy Meadow, Sally Clark, Simpson's paradox, Statistics, Student's t-distribution, Type I and type II errors.

Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation.

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Base rate fallacy

The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a formal fallacy.

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Binary classification

Binary or binomial classification is the task of classifying the elements of a given set into two groups (predicting which group each one belongs to) on the basis of a classification rule.

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Confusion of the inverse

Confusion of the inverse, also called the conditional probability fallacy or the inverse fallacy, is a logical fallacy whereupon a conditional probability is equivocated with its inverse: That is, given two events A and B, the probability of A happening given that B has happened is assumed to be about the same as the probability of B given A. More formally, P(A|B) is assumed to be approximately equal to P(B|A).

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Criminal justice system of Japan

Three basic features of Japan's system of criminal justice characterize its operations.

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DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA testing, or DNA typing) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints.

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Ethics in mathematics

Ethics in mathematics is a field of applied ethics, the inquiry into ethical aspects of the applications of mathematics.

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Fallacy

A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument.

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False positive paradox

The false positive paradox is a statistical result where false positive tests are more probable than true positive tests, occurring when the overall population has a low incidence of a condition and the incidence rate is lower than the false positive rate.

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Index of criminology articles

Articles related to criminology and law enforcement.

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Index of logic articles

No description.

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Index of philosophy articles (I–Q)

No description.

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Likelihood function

In frequentist inference, a likelihood function (often simply the likelihood) is a function of the parameters of a statistical model, given specific observed data.

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List of fallacies

In reasoning to argue a claim, a fallacy is reasoning that is evaluated as logically incorrect and that undermines the logical validity of the argument and permits its recognition as unsound.

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List of statistics articles

No description.

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Lucia de Berk

Lucia de Berk (born September 22, 1961 in The Hague, Netherlands), often called Lucia de B., is a Dutch licensed paediatric nurse, who was the subject of a miscarriage of justice.

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Meadow's law

Now discredited, Meadow's Law was a precept much in use until recently in the field of child protection, specifically by those investigating cases of multiple cot or crib death – SIDS – within a single family.

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Misunderstandings of p-values

Misunderstandings of ''p''-values are common in scientific research and scientific education.

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Misuse of statistics

Statistics are supposed to make something easier to understand but when used in a misleading fashion can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows.

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People v. Collins

People v. Collins was a 1968 American robbery trial noted for its misuse of probability and as an example of the prosecutor's fallacy.

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Presumption of guilt

Presumption of guilt, in Latin, ei incumbit probatio qui negat, non qui dicit (the burden of proof is on the one who denies, not on one who declares), is the principle that one is considered guilty unless proven innocent.

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Roy Meadow

Sir Samuel Roy Meadow (born 1933) is a retired British paediatrician.

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Sally Clark

Sally Clark (August 1964 – 15 March 2007)https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1545933/Sally-Clark.html was an English solicitor who, in November 1999, became the victim of a miscarriage of justice when she was found guilty of the murder of her two elder sons.

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Simpson's paradox

Simpson's paradox, or the Yule–Simpson effect, is a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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Student's t-distribution

In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-distribution) is any member of a family of continuous probability distributions that arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown.

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Type I and type II errors

In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a "false positive" finding), while a type II error is failing to reject a false null hypothesis (also known as a "false negative" finding).

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Redirects here:

Defender's fallacy, Defense attorney's fallacy, Fallacy of transposed conditional, Privileging the hypothesis, Priviliging the hypothesis, Prosecutor's Fallacy.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor's_fallacy

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