R (programming language)

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. ^[1]

?:

In computer programming, ?: is a ternary operator that is part of the syntax for basic conditional expressions in several programming languages.

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ACEGES

The ACEGES model (Agent-based Computational Economics of the Global Energy System) is a decision support tool for energy policy by means of controlled computational experiments.

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AdaBoost

AdaBoost, short for Adaptive Boosting, is a machine learning meta-algorithm formulated by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire, who won the 2003 Gödel Prize for their work.

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Affinity propagation

In statistics and data mining, affinity propagation (AP) is a clustering algorithm based on the concept of "message passing" between data points.

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African Institute for Mathematical Sciences

The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) is a tertiary education and research institute in Muizenberg, South Africa, established in September 2003, and an associated network of linked institutes in Senegal, Ghana, Cameroon, Tanzania and Rwanda.

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Aimable Robert Jonckheere

Aimable Robert Jonckheere, commonly known by friends and colleagues as "Jonck", was a psychologist and statistician at University College London (UCL).

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Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic.

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Alpha generation platform

An alpha generation platform is a technology used in algorithmic trading to develop quantitative financial models, or trading strategies, that generate consistent alpha, or absolute returns.

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Anaconda (Python distribution)

Anaconda is a free and open source distribution of the Python and R programming languages for data science and machine learning related applications (large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, scientific computing), that aims to simplify package management and deployment.

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Analysis of molecular variance

Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), is a statistical model for the molecular variation in a single species, typically biological.

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Analytics

Analytics is the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data.

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Ancestral reconstruction

Ancestral reconstruction (also known as Character Mapping or Character Optimization) is the extrapolation back in time from measured characteristics of individuals (or populations) to their common ancestors.

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Anderson–Darling test

The Anderson–Darling test is a statistical test of whether a given sample of data is drawn from a given probability distribution.

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Anduril (workflow engine)

Anduril is an open source component-based workflow framework for scientific data analysis developed at the Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Helsinki.

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Andy Field (academic)

Andy Field (born 21 June 1973 in Ilford) is professor of psychology at University of Sussex.

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ANIMAL (image processing)

ANIMAL (first implementation: 1988 - revised: 2004) is an interactive environment for image processing that is oriented toward the rapid prototyping, testing, and modification of algorithms.

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Anonymous function

In computer programming, an anonymous function (function literal, lambda abstraction, or lambda expression) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier.

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Anonymous recursion

In computer science, anonymous recursion is recursion which does not explicitly call a function by name.

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Anscombe's quartet

Anscombe's quartet comprises four datasets that have nearly identical simple descriptive statistics, yet appear very different when graphed.

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Apache MXNet

Apache MXNet is a modern open-source deep learning framework used to train, and deploy deep neural networks.

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Apache Spark

Apache Spark is an open-source cluster-computing framework.

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Apache SystemML

Apache SystemML is a flexible machine learning system that automatically scales to Spark and Hadoop clusters.

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Apama (software)

Apama is a Complex Event Processing (CEP) and Event Stream Processing (ESP) engine, developed by Software AG.

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Aphelion (software)

The Aphelion Imaging Software Suite is a software suite that includes three base products (i.e., Aphelion Lab, Aphelion Dev, and Aphelion) for addressing image processing and image analysis applications.

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Apply

In mathematics and computer science, apply is a function that applies functions to arguments.

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Apriori algorithm

AprioriRakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant.

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Aquamacs

Aquamacs is an Emacs text editor for macOS.

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Architect (software)

Architect is an open-source integrated development environment (IDE), based on Eclipse.

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Arellano–Bond estimator

In econometrics, the Arellano–Bond estimator is a generalized method of moments estimator used to estimate dynamic panel data models.

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Array programming

In computer science, array programming languages (also known as vector or multidimensional languages) generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays.

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Array slicing

In computer programming, array slicing is an operation that extracts a subset of elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly in a different dimension from the original.

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Ashlee Vance

Ashlee Vance (born 1977) is an American business columnist and author.

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ASReml

ASReml is a statistical software package for fitting linear mixed models using restricted maximum likelihood, a technique commonly used in plant and animal breeding and quantitative genetics as well as other fields.

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Assignment (computer science)

In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable.

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Aster Data Systems

Aster Data Systems was a data management and analysis software company headquartered in San Carlos, California.

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Augmented Dickey–Fuller test

In statistics and econometrics, an augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in a time series sample.

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Autoregressive integrated moving average

In statistics and econometrics, and in particular in time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model.

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Autoregressive model

In statistics and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, etc.

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Autoregressive–moving-average model

In the statistical analysis of time series, autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) models provide a parsimonious description of a (weakly) stationary stochastic process in terms of two polynomials, one for the autoregression and the second for the moving average.

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Banzhaf power index

The Banzhaf power index, named after John F. Banzhaf III (originally invented by Lionel Penrose in 1946 and sometimes called Penrose–Banzhaf index; also known as the Banzhaf–Coleman index after James Samuel Coleman), is a power index defined by the probability of changing an outcome of a vote where voting rights are not necessarily equally divided among the voters or shareholders.

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Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms

Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) is a specification that prescribes a set of low-level routines for performing common linear algebra operations such as vector addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, linear combinations, and matrix multiplication.

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Baum–Welch algorithm

In electrical engineering, computer science, statistical computing and bioinformatics, the Baum–Welch algorithm is used to find the unknown parameters of a hidden Markov model (HMM).

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Bayesian inference in marketing

In marketing, Bayesian inference allows for decision making and market research evaluation under uncertainty and with limited data.

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Bayesian linear regression

In statistics, Bayesian linear regression is an approach to linear regression in which the statistical analysis is undertaken within the context of Bayesian inference.

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Bayesian structural time series

Bayesian structural time series (BSTS) model is a machine learning technique used for feature selection, time series forecasting, nowcasting, inferring causal impact and other.

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Bean machine

The bean machine, also known as the Galton Board or quincunx, is a device invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the central limit theorem, in particular that the normal distribution is approximate to the binomial distribution.

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Ben Baumer

Benjamin (Ben) Strong Baumer is a statistician and sabermetrician.

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Benini distribution

In probability, statistics, economics, and actuarial science, the Benini distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is a statistical size distribution often applied to model incomes, severity of claims or losses in actuarial applications, and other economic data.

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Beta function

In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function defined by for.

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Beta-binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the beta-binomial distribution is a family of discrete probability distributions on a finite support of non-negative integers arising when the probability of success in each of a fixed or known number of Bernoulli trials is either unknown or random.

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Bibliometrix

Bibliometrix package is a R tool (http://www.bibliometrix.org) providing a set of tools for quantitative research in scientometrics and bibliometrics.

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Binomial coefficient

In mathematics, any of the positive integers that occurs as a coefficient in the binomial theorem is a binomial coefficient.

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Binomial proportion confidence interval

In statistics, a binomial proportion confidence interval is a confidence interval for the probability of success calculated from the outcome of a series of success–failure experiments (Bernoulli trials).

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Binomial test

In statistics, the binomial test is an exact test of the statistical significance of deviations from a theoretically expected distribution of observations into two categories.

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Bio7

The OpenSource application Bio7 is a software for ecological simulation models, image analysis and statistical analysis.

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Bioclipse

The Bioclipse project is a Java-based, open source, visual platform for chemo- and bioinformatics based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP).

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Bioconductor

Bioconductor is a free, open source and open development software project for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data generated by wet lab experiments in molecular biology.

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Biogeography-based optimization

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an evolutionary algorithm (EA) that optimizes a function by stochastically and iteratively improving candidate solutions with regard to a given measure of quality, or fitness function.

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Bioimage informatics

Bioimage informatics is a subfield of bioinformatics and computational biology.

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BioSLAX

BioSLAX is a Live CD/Live DVD/Live USB comprising a suite of more than 300 bioinformatics tools and application suites.

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Biostatistics

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.

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Biplot

Biplots are a type of exploratory graph used in statistics, a generalization of the simple two-variable scatterplot.

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Biweight midcorrelation

In statistics, biweight midcorrelation (also called bicor) is a measure of similarity between samples.

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Bland–Altman plot

A Bland–Altman plot (Difference plot) in analytical chemistry is a method of data plotting used in analyzing the agreement between two different assays.

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BLUPF90

The BLUPF90 family of programs is a statistical software package used in quantitative genetics for animal and plant breeding.

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Boosting (machine learning)

Boosting is a machine learning ensemble meta-algorithm for primarily reducing bias, and also variance in supervised learning, and a family of machine learning algorithms that convert weak learners to strong ones.

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Bootstrap aggregating

Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging, is a machine learning ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of machine learning algorithms used in statistical classification and regression.

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Boson sampling

Boson sampling constitutes a restricted model of non-universal quantum computation introduced by S. Aaronson and A. Arkhipov.

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Brent's method

In numerical analysis, Brent's method is a root-finding algorithm combining the bisection method, the secant method and inverse quadratic interpolation.

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Breusch–Godfrey test

In statistics, the Breusch–Godfrey test, named after Trevor S. Breusch and Leslie G. Godfrey, is used to assess the validity of some of the modelling assumptions inherent in applying regression-like models to observed data series.

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Breusch–Pagan test

In statistics, the Breusch–Pagan test, developed in 1979 by Trevor Breusch and Adrian Pagan, is used to test for heteroskedasticity in a linear regression model.

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Brian D. Ripley

Brian David Ripley FRSE (born 29 April 1952) is a British statistician.

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Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm

In numerical optimization, the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm is an iterative method for solving unconstrained nonlinear optimization problems.

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Buffon's needle

In mathematics, Buffon's needle problem is a question first posed in the 18th century by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon: Buffon's needle was the earliest problem in geometric probability to be solved; it can be solved using integral geometry.

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Business intelligence software

Business intelligence software is a type of application software designed to retrieve, analyze, transform and report data for business intelligence.

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Bytecode

Bytecode, also termed portable code or p-code, is a form of instruction set designed for efficient execution by a software interpreter.

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Cairo (graphics)

Cairo (stylized as cairo) is an open source programming library that provides a vector graphics-based, device-independent API for software developers.

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Canonical correlation

In statistics, canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) is a way of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices.

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Cantor (software)

Cantor is a free software mathematics application for scientific statistics and analysis.

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CEAN

CEAN is an acronym for the Comprehensive Erlang Archive Network.

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Central limit theorem

In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) establishes that, in some situations, when independent random variables are added, their properly normalized sum tends toward a normal distribution (informally a "bell curve") even if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed.

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Century Gothic

Century Gothic is a sans-serif typeface in the geometric style, released by Monotype Imaging in 1991.

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Characters per line

In typography and computing characters per line (CPL) or terminal width refers to the maximal number of monospaced characters that may appear on a single line.

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Chemistry Development Kit

The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) is computer software, a library in the programming language Java, for chemoinformatics and bioinformatics.

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Chernoff face

Chernoff faces, invented by Herman Chernoff in 1973, display multivariate data in the shape of a human face.

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CIETmap

CIETmap is open source software under development by the CIET group to help build the community voice into planning.

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CJAN

CJAN is an acronym standing for Comprehensive Java Archive Network.

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Classical test theory

Classical test theory (CTT) is a body of related psychometric theory that predicts outcomes of psychological testing such as the difficulty of items or the ability of test-takers.

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ClickHouse

ClickHouse is an open-source Column-oriented DBMS (columnar database management system) for online analytical processing (OLAP).

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Coalescent theory

Coalescent theory is a model of how gene variants sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor.

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CoCalc

CoCalc (formerly called SageMathCloud) is a web-based cloud computing (SaaS) and course management platform for computational mathematics.

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Coding (social sciences)

In the social sciences, coding is an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form (such as questionnaires results) or qualitative form (such as interview transcripts) are categorized to facilitate analysis.

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Coefficient of variation

In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution.

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Cohen's h

In statistics, Cohen's h, popularized by Jacob Cohen, is a measure of distance between two proportions or probabilities.

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Common Lisp

Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).

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Comparison of deep learning software

The following table compares some of the most popular software frameworks, libraries and computer programs for deep learning.

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Comparison of general and generalized linear models

No description.

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Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

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Comparison of numerical analysis software

The following tables provide a comparison of numerical analysis software.

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Comparison of OLAP Servers

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of online analytical processing (OLAP) servers.

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Comparison of open-source programming language licensing

This is a comparison of open-source programming language licensing and related legal issues, covering all language implementations.

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Comparison of programming languages

Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer).

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Comparison of programming languages (array)

This comparison of programming languages (array) compares the features of array data structures or matrix processing for over 48 various computer programming languages.

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Comparison of programming languages (list comprehension)

List comprehension is a syntactic construct available in some programming languages for creating a list based on existing lists.

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Comparison of programming languages (syntax)

This comparison of programming languages compares the features of language syntax (format) for over 50 computer programming languages.

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Comparison of regular expression engines

This is a comparison of regular expression engines.

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Comparison of risk analysis Microsoft Excel add-ins

The following is a comparison of various add-in packages available to do Monte Carlo probabilistic modeling and risk analysis.

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Comparison of statistical packages

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of statistical analysis packages.

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Comparison of statistics journals

This is a comparison of peer-reviewed scientific journals published in the field of statistics.

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Complement (set theory)

In set theory, the complement of a set refers to elements not in.

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Computational science

Computational science (also scientific computing or scientific computation (SC)) is a rapidly growing multidisciplinary field that uses advanced computing capabilities to understand and solve complex problems.

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Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software

Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) offers tools that assist with qualitative research such as transcription analysis, coding and text interpretation, recursive abstraction, content analysis, discourse analysis, grounded theory methodology, etc.

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Conda (package manager)

Conda is an open source, cross-platform, language-agnostic package manager and environment management system that installs, runs, and updates packages and their dependencies.

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Conditional random field

Conditional random fields (CRFs) are a class of statistical modeling method often applied in pattern recognition and machine learning and used for structured prediction.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Conjoint analysis

Conjoint analysis is a survey based statistical technique used in market research that helps determine how people value different attributes (feature, function, benefits) that make up an individual product or service.

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Convex hull

In mathematics, the convex hull or convex envelope or convex closure of a set X of points in the Euclidean plane or in a Euclidean space (or, more generally, in an affine space over the reals) is the smallest convex set that contains X. For instance, when X is a bounded subset of the plane, the convex hull may be visualized as the shape enclosed by a rubber band stretched around X., p. 3.

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Correlogram

In the analysis of data, a correlogram is an image of correlation statistics.

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Correspondence analysis

Correspondence analysis (CA) or reciprocal averaging is a multivariate statistical technique proposed by Hirschfeld and later developed by Jean-Paul Benzécri.

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Courtney Brown (researcher)

Courtney Brown (born 1952) is an associate professor in the political science department at Emory University and is known for promoting the use of nonlinear mathematics in social scientific research.

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CPAN

The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) is a repository of over 250,000 software modules and accompanying documentation for 39,000 distributions, written in the Perl programming language by over 12,000 contributors.

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Cramér–von Mises criterion

In statistics the Cramér–von Mises criterion is a criterion used for judging the goodness of fit of a cumulative distribution function F^* compared to a given empirical distribution function F_n, or for comparing two empirical distributions.

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Cran

Cran may refer to.

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CSV application support

The comma-separated values file format is a very simple data file format that is supported by almost all spreadsheet software such as Excel (although Excel uses the list separator of the current locale settings, which is a semicolon instead of a comma for many locales), Apple Numbers, OpenOffice.org Calc and Gnumeric as well as many online spreadsheet services such as EditGrid and Google Docs & Spreadsheets.

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CTAN

CTAN (an acronym for "Comprehensive TeX Archive Network") is the authoritative place where TeX related material and software can be found for download.

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CUDA

CUDA is a parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) model created by Nvidia.

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Cuneiform (programming language)

Cuneiform is an open-source workflow language for large-scale scientific data analysis.

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Curve fitting

Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints.

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Cytel

Cytel is a multinational statistical software developer and contract research organization, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

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Danese Cooper

Danese Cooper (born January 19, 1959) is an American programmer, computer scientist and advocate of open source software.

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Data analysis

Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making.

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Data Analytics Acceleration Library

Intel Data Analytics Acceleration Library (Intel DAAL) is a library of optimized algorithmic building blocks for data analysis stages most commonly associated with solving Big Data problems.

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Data cleansing

Data cleansing or data cleaning is the process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database and refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate or irrelevant parts of the data and then replacing, modifying, or deleting the dirty or coarse data.

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Data mining

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

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Data visualization

Data visualiation or data visualiation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication.

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Data wrangling

Data wrangling, sometimes referred to as data munging, is the process of transforming and mapping data from one "raw" data form into another format with the intent of making it more appropriate and valuable for a variety of downstream purposes such as analytics.

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DataONE

Data Observation Network for Earth (DataONE) is a platform for environmental and ecological science, to provide access to Earth observational data.

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DAVIX

DAVIX is a Live CD based on Slackware for the purposes of computer security operations.

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DBSCAN

Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is a data clustering algorithm proposed by Martin Ester, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Jörg Sander and Xiaowei Xu in 1996.

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DcGO

dcGO is a comprehensive ontology database for protein domains.

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DECIPHER (software)

Decipher, stylized as DECIPHER, is a software toolset that can be used to decipher and manage biological sequences efficiently using the programming language R. Some functions of the program are accessible online through web tools.

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Decision tree learning

Decision tree learning uses a decision tree (as a predictive model) to go from observations about an item (represented in the branches) to conclusions about the item's target value (represented in the leaves).

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Dendrogram

A dendrogram (from Greek dendro "tree" and gramma "drawing") is a tree diagram frequently used to illustrate the arrangement of the clusters produced by hierarchical clustering.

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Density estimation

In probability and statistics, density estimation is the construction of an estimate, based on observed data, of an unobservable underlying probability density function.

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Determining the number of clusters in a data set

Determining the number of clusters in a data set, a quantity often labelled k as in the ''k''-means algorithm, is a frequent problem in data clustering, and is a distinct issue from the process of actually solving the clustering problem.

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Dirk Eddelbuettel

Dirk Eddelbuettel is a Canadian statistician, data scientist and researcher.

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Distance correlation

In statistics and in probability theory, distance correlation or distance covariance is a measure of dependence between two paired random vectors of arbitrary, not necessarily equal, dimension.

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Distributed R

Distributed R is an open source, high-performance platform for the R language.

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Dot plot (statistics)

A dot chart or dot plot is a statistical chart consisting of data points plotted on a fairly simple scale, typically using filled in circles.

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Dunn index

The Dunn index (DI) (introduced by J. C. Dunn in 1974) is a metric for evaluating clustering algorithms.

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Dunnett's test

In statistics, Dunnett's test is a multiple comparison procedure developed by Canadian statistician Charles Dunnett to compare each of a number of treatments with a single control.

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Durbin–Watson statistic

In statistics, the Durbin–Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the residuals (prediction errors) from a regression analysis.

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Dynamic programming language

Dynamic programming language, in computer science, is a class of high-level programming languages which, at runtime, execute many common programming behaviors that static programming languages perform during compilation.

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EASA (software)

EASA is a low-code development platform which enables “citizen developers” to web-enable existing tools created with Excel, MATLAB, Python, R and other software.

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Eclipse (software)

Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) used in computer programming, and is the most widely used Java IDE.

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Eddy covariance

The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) technique is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers.

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Elastic net regularization

In statistics and, in particular, in the fitting of linear or logistic regression models, the elastic net is a regularized regression method that linearly combines the L1 and L2 penalties of the lasso and ridge methods.

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Emacs Speaks Statistics

Emacs Speaks Statistics (ESS) is an Emacs package of modes for statistical languages.

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Embarrassingly parallel

In parallel computing, an embarrassingly parallel workload or problem (also called perfectly parallel or pleasingly parallel) is one where little or no effort is needed to separate the problem into a number of parallel tasks.

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Encapsulated PostScript

Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) is a DSC-conforming PostScript document with additional restrictions which is intended to be usable as a graphics file format.

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Energy distance

Energy distance is a statistical distance between probability distributions.

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Energy modeling

Energy modeling or energy system modeling is the process of building computer models of energy systems in order to analyze them.

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Ensemble learning

In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance that could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.

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Enumerated type

In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type.

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Erich Neuwirth

Erich Neuwirth (born October 17, 1948) is a professor emeritus of statistics and computer science at the University of Vienna.

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Estimation of covariance matrices

In statistics, sometimes the covariance matrix of a multivariate random variable is not known but has to be estimated.

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Eureqa

Eureqa is a proprietary A.I.-powered modeling engine originally created by Cornell's Artificial Intelligence Lab and later commercialized by Nutonian, Inc.

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Evaluation strategy

Evaluation strategies are used by programming languages to determine when to evaluate the argument(s) of a function call (for function, also read: operation, method, or relation) and what kind of value to pass to the function.

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EViews

EViews (Econometric Views) is a statistical package for Windows, used mainly for time-series oriented econometric analysis.

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Exploratory data analysis

In statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach to analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods.

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Exponential smoothing

Exponential smoothing is a rule of thumb technique for smoothing time series data using the exponential window function.

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Exponentiation

Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as, involving two numbers, the base and the exponent.

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External Data Representation

External Data Representation (XDR) is a standard data serialization format, for uses such as computer network protocols.

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Factor analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.

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False discovery rate

The false discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons.

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Fama–MacBeth regression

The Fama-MacBeth regression is a method used to estimate parameters for asset pricing models such as the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM).

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FAME (database)

FAME (Forecasting Analysis and Modeling Environment) is a time series database from SunGard which comes along with a suite of APIs and domain-specific programming language.

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Fan chart (statistics)

A dispersion fan diagram (left) in comparison with a box plot A fan chart is made of a group of dispersion fan diagrams, which may be positioned according to two categorising dimensions.

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Fan chart (time series)

In time series analysis, a fan chart is a chart that joins a simple line chart for observed past data, by showing ranges for possible values of future data together with a line showing a central estimate or most likely value for the future outcomes.

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Fast Artificial Neural Network

Fast Artificial Neural Network (FANN) is cross-platform open source programming library for developing multilayer feedforward Artificial Neural Networks.

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FASTA format

In bioinformatics, FASTA format is a text-based format for representing either nucleotide sequences or peptide sequences, in which nucleotides or amino acids are represented using single-letter codes.

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FastICA

FastICA is an efficient and popular algorithm for independent component analysis invented by Aapo Hyvärinen at Helsinki University of Technology.

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Feature extraction

In machine learning, pattern recognition and in image processing, feature extraction starts from an initial set of measured data and builds derived values (features) intended to be informative and non-redundant, facilitating the subsequent learning and generalization steps, and in some cases leading to better human interpretations.

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Feature hashing

In machine learning, feature hashing, also known as the hashing trick (by analogy to the kernel trick), is a fast and space-efficient way of vectorizing features, i.e. turning arbitrary features into indices in a vector or matrix.

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Feature selection

In machine learning and statistics, feature selection, also known as variable selection, attribute selection or variable subset selection, is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction.

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Fexpr

In Lisp programming languages, a fexpr is a function whose operands are passed to it without being evaluated.

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Filter (higher-order function)

In functional programming, filter is a higher-order function that processes a data structure (usually a list) in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predicate returns the boolean value true.

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Fisher transformation

In statistics, hypotheses about the value of the population correlation coefficient ρ between variables X and Y can be tested using the Fisher transformation (aka Fisher z-transformation) applied to the sample correlation coefficient.

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Fisher's exact test

Fisher's exact test is a statistical significance test used in the analysis of contingency tables.

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Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where sampling probabilities are modified by weight factors.

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FITS

Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of data: formatted as N-dimensional arrays (for example a 2D image), or tables.

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Five-number summary

The five-number summary is a set of descriptive statistics that provide information about a dataset.

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Floor and ceiling functions

In mathematics and computer science, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted \operatorname(x).

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Flow cytometry bioinformatics

Flow cytometry bioinformatics is the application of bioinformatics to flow cytometry data, which involves storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing flow cytometry data using extensive computational resources and tools.

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Floyd–Warshall algorithm

In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles).

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Flux balance analysis

Flux balance analysis (FBA) is a mathematical method for simulating metabolism in genome-scale reconstructions of metabolic networks.

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Fold (higher-order function)

In functional programming, fold (also termed reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject) refers to a family of higher-order functions that analyze a recursive data structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a return value.

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Folded normal distribution

No description.

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Folded-t and half-t distributions

In statistics, the folded-t and half-t distributions are derived from Student's ''t''-distribution by taking the absolute values of variates.

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Forest informatics

Forest informatics is the combined science of Forestry and informatics, with a special emphasis on collection, management, and processing of data, information and knowledge, and the incorporation of informatic concepts and theories specific to enrich forest management and forest science; it has a similar relationship to library science and information science.

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Fourth-generation programming language

A 4th-generation programming language (4GL) or (procedural language) is any computer programming language that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon third-generation programming languages (3GL).

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Fowlkes–Mallows index

Fowlkes–Mallows index is an external evaluation method that is used to determine the similarity between two clusterings (clusters obtained after a clustering algorithm).

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Free statistical software

Free statistical software is a practical alternative to commercial packages.

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Friedman test

The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test developed by Milton Friedman.

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Functional boxplot

In statistical graphics, the functional boxplot is an informative exploratory tool that has been proposed for visualizing functional data.

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Functional programming

In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data.

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Futures and promises

In computer science, future, promise, delay, and deferred refer to constructs used for synchronizing program execution in some concurrent programming languages.

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G-test

In statistics, G-tests are likelihood-ratio or maximum likelihood statistical significance tests that are increasingly being used in situations where chi-squared tests were previously recommended.

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GADM

GADM, the Database of Global Administrative Areas, is a high-resolution database of country administrative areas, with a goal of "all countries, at all levels, at any time period." The database is available in a few export formats, including shapefiles that are used in most common GIS applications.

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Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula

The Gauss–Kronrod quadrature formula is an adaptive method for numerical integration.

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Gábor J. Székely

Gábor J. Székely (born February 4, 1947 in Budapest) is a Hungarian-American statistician/mathematician best known for introducing the Energy of data, e.g. the distance correlationSzékely and Rizzo (2009).

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GDAL

The Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) is a computer software library for reading and writing raster and vector geospatial data formats, and is released under the permissive X/MIT style free software license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation.

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GENCODE

GENCODE is a scientific project in genome research and part of the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) scale-up project.

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GeneCards

GeneCards is a database of human genes that provides genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, genetic and functional information on all known and predicted human genes.

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GeneNetwork

GeneNetwork is a combined database and open source bioinformatics data analysis software resource for systems genetics.

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General Architecture for Text Engineering

General Architecture for Text Engineering or GATE is a Java suite of tools originally developed at the University of Sheffield beginning in 1995 and now used worldwide by a wide community of scientists, companies, teachers and students for many natural language processing tasks, including information extraction in many languages.

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General regression neural network

Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is a variation to radial basis neural networks.

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General Social Survey

The General Social Survey (GSS) is a sociological survey created and regularly collected since 1972 by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago.

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Generalized additive model

In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear predictor depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions.

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Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape

The Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) is about statistical modelling and learning.

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Generalized canonical correlation

In statistics, the generalized canonical correlation analysis (gCCA), is a way of making sense of cross-correlation matrices between the sets of random variables when there are more than two sets.

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Generalized estimating equation

In statistics, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) is used to estimate the parameters of a generalized linear model with a possible unknown correlation between outcomes.

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Generalized gamma distribution

The generalized gamma distribution is a continuous probability distribution with three parameters.

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Generalized linear mixed model

In statistics, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) is an extension to the generalized linear model (GLM) in which the linear predictor contains random effects in addition to the usual fixed effects.

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Generational list of programming languages

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages.

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Genetic correlation

In multivariate behavioral & quantitative genetics, a genetic correlation (denoted r_g or r_a) is the proportion of variance that two traits share due to genetic causes, the correlation between the genetic influences on a trait and the genetic influences on a different traitpg 123 of Plomin 2012Martin & Eaves 1977, Eaves et al 1978, Kohler et al 2011, estimating the degree of pleiotropy or causal overlap.

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GenGIS

GenGIS merges geographic, ecological and phylogenetic biodiversity data in a single interactive visualization and analysis environment.

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Geostatistics

Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets.

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GGobi

GGobi is a free statistical software tool for interactive data visualization.

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Ggplot2

ggplot2 is a data visualization package for the statistical programming language R. Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers.

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GIS Live DVD

GIS Live DVD is a type of the thematic Live CD containing GIS/RS applications and related tutorials, and sample data sets.

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Glossary of artificial intelligence

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of computer science

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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GNU Data Language

The GNU Data Language (GDL) is a free alternative to IDL (Interactive Data Language).

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GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library

GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is a free library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating point numbers.

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GNU Scientific Library

The GNU Scientific Library (or GSL) is a software library for numerical computations in applied mathematics and science.

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GNU TeXmacs

GNU TeXmacs is a scientific word processor and typesetting component of the GNU Project.

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Gnumeric

Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project.

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Goldfeld–Quandt test

In statistics, the Goldfeld–Quandt test checks for homoscedasticity in regression analyses.

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GPS wildlife tracking

GPS wildlife tracking is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System and optional environmental sensors or automated data-retrieval technologies such as Argos satellite uplink, mobile data telephony or GPRS and a range of analytical software tools.

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Gradient boosting

Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique for regression and classification problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees.

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Grammatical evolution

Grammatical evolution is a relatively new evolutionary computation technique pioneered by Conor Ryan, JJ Collins and Michael O'Neill in 1998 at the in the University of Limerick.

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Graph database

In computing, a graph database (GDB) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges and properties to represent and store data.

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GraphPad Software

GraphPad Software Inc.

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Gretl

gretl is an open-source statistical package, mainly for econometrics.

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Gurobi

The Gurobi Optimizer is a commercial optimization solver for linear programming (LP), quadratic programming (QP), quadratically constrained programming (QCP), mixed integer linear programming (MILP), mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP), and mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP).

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H2O (software)

H2O is open-source software for big-data analysis.

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Hadamard product (matrices)

In mathematics, the Hadamard product (also known as the Schur product or the entrywise product) is a binary operation that takes two matrices of the same dimensions, and produces another matrix where each element i,j is the product of elements i,j of the original two matrices.

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Hadley Wickham

Hadley Wickham is a statistician from New Zealand who is currently Chief Scientist at RStudio and an adjunct Professor of statistics at the University of Auckland, Stanford University, and Rice University.

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Hamcrest

Hamcrest is a framework that assists writing software tests in the Java programming language.

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HCL color space

HCL (Hue-Chroma-Luminance) is a color space model designed to accord with human perception of color.

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Heat map

A heat map (or heatmap) is a graphical representation of data where the individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors.

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Heckman correction

The Heckman correction (the two-stage method, Heckman's lambda or the Heckit method) is any of a number of related statistical methods developed by James Heckman at the University of Chicago in 1976 to 1979 which allow the researcher to correct for selection bias.

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HELP assay

The HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated '''P'''CR Assay (HELP Assay) is one of several techniques used for determining whether DNA has been methylated.

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Helvetica

Helvetica or Neue Haas Grotesk is a widely used sans-serif typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger with input from Eduard Hoffmann.

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Here document

In computing, a here document (here-document, here-text, heredoc, hereis, here-string or here-script) is a file literal or input stream literal: it is a section of a source code file that is treated as if it were a separate file.

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Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors

The topic of heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors arises in statistics and econometrics in the context of linear regression as well as time series analysis.

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Hierarchical clustering

In data mining and statistics, hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters.

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Hierarchical Data Format

Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) is a set of file formats (HDF4, HDF5) designed to store and organize large amounts of data.

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History of programming languages

The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945.

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History of software

Software can be defined as programmed instructions stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers for execution by the processor.

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Horvitz–Thompson estimator

In statistics, the Horvitz–Thompson estimator, named after Daniel G. Horvitz and Donovan J. Thompson, is a method for estimating the total and mean of a superpopulation in a stratified sample.

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Human Genome Diversity Project

The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) was started by Stanford University's Morrison Institute and a collaboration of scientists around the world.

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Hyperparameter optimization

In machine learning, hyperparameter optimization or tuning is the problem of choosing a set of optimal hyperparameters for a learning algorithm.

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Hysteresis

Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history.

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Igraph

igraph is a library collection for creating and manipulating graphs and analyzing networks.

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Institute of Statistical Research and Training

Institute of Statistical Research and Training, popularly known as ISRT, was established in 1964 by a statute of the University of Dhaka.

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International Talk Like a Pirate Day

International Talk Like a Pirate Day (ITLAPD, September 19) is a parodic holiday created in 1995 by John Baur (Ol' Chumbucket) and Mark Summers (Cap'n Slappy), of Albany, Oregon, U.S., who proclaimed September 19 each year as the day when everyone in the world should talk like a pirate.

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Interpreted language

An interpreted language is a type of programming language for which most of its implementations execute instructions directly and freely, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.

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Intraclass correlation

In statistics, the intraclass correlation, or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), is an inferential statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups.

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Inverse Gaussian distribution

In probability theory, the inverse Gaussian distribution (also known as the Wald distribution) is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions with support on (0,∞).

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Inverse transform sampling

Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, Smirnov transform, golden ruleAalto University, N. Hyvönen, Computational methods in inverse problems. Twelfth lecture https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/mat-1.3626/luennot/Mat-1_3626_lecture12.pdf) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e. for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

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IPython

IPython (Interactive Python) is a command shell for interactive computing in multiple programming languages, originally developed for the Python programming language, that offers introspection, rich media, shell syntax, tab completion, and history.

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January 1960

The following events occurred in January 1960.

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Jarque–Bera test

In statistics, the Jarque–Bera test is a goodness-of-fit test of whether sample data have the skewness and kurtosis matching a normal distribution.

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JASP

JASP is a free and open-source graphical program for statistical analysis, designed to be easy to use, and familiar to users of SPSS.

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Java GUI for R

JGR (pronounced 'Jaguar') is a universal and unified Graphical User Interface for the R programming language, licensed under the GNU General Public License.

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Jigsaw Academy

Jigsaw Academy is an edtech company specializing in analytics, data science, big data and machine learning, and internet of things training.

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JMP (statistical software)

JMP (pronounced "jump") is a suite of computer programs for statistical analysis developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute.

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John Chambers (statistician)

John McKinley Chambers is the creator of the S programming language, and core member of the R programming language project.

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John Nelder

John Ashworth Nelder (8 October 1924 – 7 August 2010) was a British statistician known for his contributions to experimental design, analysis of variance, computational statistics, and statistical theory.

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Joseph J. Allaire

Joseph J. Allaire (born 1969), better known professionally as J. J. Allaire, is an American-born software engineer and Internet entrepreneur.

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Jostel's TSH index

Jostel's TSH index (TSHI or JTI), also referred to as Thyroid Function index (TFI) is a method for estimating the thyrotropic (i.e. thyroid stimulating) function of the anterior pituitary lobe in a quantitative way.

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Journal of Statistical Software

The Journal of Statistical Software is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistical software.

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JTS Topology Suite

JTS Topology Suite (Java Topology Suite) is an open-source Java software library that provides an object model for Euclidean planar linear geometry together with a set of fundamental geometric functions.

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Julia (programming language)

Julia is a high-level dynamic programming language designed to address the needs of high-performance numerical analysis and computational science, without the typical need of separate compilation to be fast, while also being effective for general-purpose programming, web use or as a specification language.

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JUnit

JUnit is a unit testing framework for the Java programming language.

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Just another Gibbs sampler

Just another Gibbs sampler (JAGS) is a program for simulation from Bayesian hierarchical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), developed by Martyn Plummer.

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K-means clustering

k-means clustering is a method of vector quantization, originally from signal processing, that is popular for cluster analysis in data mining.

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K-means++

In data mining, k-means++ is an algorithm for choosing the initial values (or "seeds") for the ''k''-means clustering algorithm.

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K-medians clustering

In statistics and data mining, k-medians clustering is a cluster analysis algorithm.

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K-medoids

The -medoids algorithm is a clustering algorithm related to the k-means algorithm and the medoidshift algorithm.

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Kamo, New Zealand

Kamo is a small township north of Whangarei, approximately five minutes drive from the Whangarei CBD.

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Kaplan–Meier estimator

The Kaplan–Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data.

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KDE Education Project

The KDE Education Project (or KDE-Edu project) develops free educational software based on the KDE technologies for students and parents.

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Kelvyn Jones

Kelvyn Jones, (born) is a British professor of human quantitative geography at the University of Bristol.

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Kernel density estimation

In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable.

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Kernel regression

Kernel regression is a non-parametric technique in statistics to estimate the conditional expectation of a random variable.

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KH Coder

KH Coder is an open source software for computer assisted qualitative data analysis, particularly quantitative content analysis and text mining.

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Kite-Eating Tree

The Kite-Eating Tree is a fictional tree in the Peanuts comic strip created by Charles M. Schulz.

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KNIME

KNIME, the Konstanz Information Miner, is a free and open-source data analytics, reporting and integration platform.

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Knitr

knitr is an engine for dynamic report generation with R. It is a package in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX, LyX, HTML, Markdown, AsciiDoc, and reStructuredText documents.

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Kodi (software)

Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open-source media player software application developed by the XBMC Foundation, a non-profit technology consortium.

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Kolmogorov–Smirnov test

In statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test or KS test) is a nonparametric test of the equality of continuous, one-dimensional probability distributions that can be used to compare a sample with a reference probability distribution (one-sample K–S test), or to compare two samples (two-sample K–S test).

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Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter

The Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter was first proposed by A. N. Kolmogorov and formally defined by Zurbenko.

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Krippendorff's alpha

Krippendorff's alpha coefficient is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis in terms of the values of a variable.

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KXEN Inc.

KXEN was an American software company which existed from 1998 to 2013 when it was acquired by SAP AG.

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LabKey Server

LabKey Server is a software suite available for scientists to integrate, analyze, and share biomedical research data.

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LaplacesDemon

LaplacesDemon is an open-source statistical package that is intended to provide a complete environment for Bayesian inference.

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Latent Dirichlet allocation

In natural language processing, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is a generative statistical model that allows sets of observations to be explained by unobserved groups that explain why some parts of the data are similar.

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Latent growth modeling

Latent growth modeling is a statistical technique used in the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework to estimate growth trajectory.

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Law of large numbers

In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times.

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Lazy learning

In machine learning, lazy learning is a learning method in which generalization of the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to in eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries.

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Least-angle regression

In statistics, least-angle regression (LARS) is an algorithm for fitting linear regression models to high-dimensional data, developed by Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani.

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Leland Wilkinson

Leland Wilkinson (born 1945) is a statistician and computer scientist at H2O.ai, the makers of H2O (software), and Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at University of Illinois at Chicago.

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Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

In mathematics and computing, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA or just LM), also known as the damped least-squares (DLS) method, is used to solve non-linear least squares problems.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science

Class Q: Science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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LIBSVM

LIBSVM and LIBLINEAR are two popular open source machine learning libraries, both developed at the National Taiwan University and both written in C++ though with a C API.

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Life expectancy

Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.

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Likelihood-ratio test

In statistics, a likelihood ratio test (LR test) is a statistical test used for comparing the goodness of fit of two statistical models — a null model against an alternative model.

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Limited-memory BFGS

Limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS or LM-BFGS) is an optimization algorithm in the family of quasi-Newton methods that approximates the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm using a limited amount of computer memory.

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Linear discriminant analysis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events.

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Linear programming

Linear programming (LP, also called linear optimization) is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships.

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Linear trend estimation

Trend estimation is a statistical technique to aid interpretation of data.

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Linguistic Society of America

The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) is a learned society for the field of linguistics.

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Linsear Write

Linsear Write is a readability metric for English text, purportedly developed for the United States Air Force to help them calculate the readability of their technical manuals.

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Linux Foundation

The Linux Foundation (LF) is dedicated to building sustainable ecosystems around open source projects to accelerate technology development and commercial adoption.

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Lisp (programming language)

Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.

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List of Apache modules

In computing, '''Apache''', an open-source HTTP server, comprises a small core for HTTP request/response processing and for Multi-Processing Modules (MPM) which dispatches data processing to threads and/or processes.

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List of C-family programming languages

Due to the success of the C programming language and some of its derivatives, C-family programming languages span a large variety of programming paradigms, conceptual models, and run-time environments.

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List of charting software

There are many different types of software available to produce charts.

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List of computing and IT abbreviations

This is a list of computing and IT acronyms and abbreviations.

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List of discrete event simulation software

This is a list of notable discrete event simulation software.

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List of file formats

This is a list of file formats used by computers, organized by type.

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List of filename extensions (M–R)

This alphabetical list of filename extensions contains standard extensions associated with computer files.

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List of free and open-source software packages

This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses.

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List of free geology software

This is a list of free and open source software for geological data handling and interpretation.

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List of free software project directories

The following is a list of notable websites that list free software projects.

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List of GNU packages

This list of GNU packages lists notable software packages developed for or maintained by the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project.

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List of information graphics software

This is a list of software to create any kind of information graphics.

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List of JVM languages

This list of JVM Languages comprises notable computer programming languages that are used to produce computer software that runs on the Java virtual machine (JVM).

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List of KDE applications

This is a list of KDE Applications and other applications developed in the KDE community and sorted by categories.

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List of language bindings for GTK+

As shown in the table below, GTK+ has a range of bindings for various languages that implement some or all of its feature set.

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List of language bindings for Qt 4

As shown in the table below, Qt has a range of bindings for various languages that implement some or all of its feature set.

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List of Macintosh software

The following is a list of Macintosh software—notable computer applications for current macOS systems.

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List of music software

This is a list of notable software for creating, performing, learning, analyzing, researching, broadcasting and editing music.

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List of numerical analysis software

Listed here are end-user computer applications intended for use with numerical or data analysis.

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List of object-oriented programming languages

This is a list of notable programming languages with object-oriented programming (OOP) features, which are also listed in:Category:Object-oriented programming languages.

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List of open-source bioinformatics software

This is a list of computer software which is made for bioinformatics and released under open-source software licenses with articles in Wikipedia.

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List of open-source software for mathematics

This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations.

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List of phylogenetics software

This list of phylogenetics software is a compilation of computational phylogenetics software used to produce phylogenetic trees.

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List of programming languages

The aim of this list of programming languages is to include all notable programming languages in existence, both those in current use and historical ones, in alphabetical order, except for dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages.

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List of programming languages by type

This is a list of notable programming languages, grouped by type.

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List of programming languages for artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence researchers have developed several specialized programming languages for artificial intelligence.

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List of reflective programming languages and platforms

Programming languages and platforms that typically support reflection include dynamically typed languages such as Smalltalk, Perl, PHP, Python, VBScript, and JavaScript.

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List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools

RNA-Seq is a technique that allows transcriptome studies (see also Transcriptomics technologies) based on next-generation sequencing technologies.

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List of Six Sigma software packages

There are generally four classes of software used to support the Six Sigma process improvement protocol.

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List of software package management systems

This is a list of software package management systems, categorized first by package format (binary, source code, hybrid) and then by operating system family.

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List of spatial analysis software

Spatial analysis software is software written to enable and facilitate spatial analysis.

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List of statistical packages

Statistical software are specialized computer programs for analysis in statistics and econometrics.

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List of statistics articles

No description.

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List of text mining software

Text mining computer programs are available from many commercial and open source companies and sources.

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List of uncertainty propagation software

List of uncertainty propagation software used to perform propagation of uncertainty calculations.

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Literate programming

Literate programming is a programming paradigm introduced by Donald Knuth in which a program is given as an explanation of the program logic in a natural language, such as English, interspersed with snippets of macros and traditional source code, from which a compilable source code can be generated.

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Ljung–Box test

The Ljung–Box test (named for Greta M. Ljung and George E. P. Box) is a type of statistical test of whether any of a group of autocorrelations of a time series are different from zero.

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LLVM

The LLVM compiler infrastructure project is a "collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies" used to develop compiler front ends and back ends.

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Local regression

LOESS and LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) are two strongly related non-parametric regression methods that combine multiple regression models in a ''k''-nearest-neighbor-based meta-model.

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Location–scale family

In probability theory, especially in mathematical statistics, a location–scale family is a family of probability distributions parametrized by a location parameter and a non-negative scale parameter.

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Logistic regression

In statistics, the logistic model (or logit model) is a statistical model that is usually taken to apply to a binary dependent variable.

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Logit-normal distribution

In probability theory, a logit-normal distribution is a probability distribution of a random variable whose logit has a normal distribution.

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Lumi (software)

lumi is a free, open source and open development software project for the analysis and comprehension of Illumina expression and methylation microarray data.

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MA plot

An MA plot is an application of a Bland–Altman plot for visual representation of genomic data.

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Magic hypercube

In mathematics, a magic hypercube is the ''k''-dimensional generalization of magic squares, magic cubes and magic tesseracts; that is, a number of integers arranged in an n × n × n ×...

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Mann–Whitney U test

In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW), Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is a nonparametric test of the null hypothesis that it is equally likely that a randomly selected value from one sample will be less than or greater than a randomly selected value from a second sample.

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Map (higher-order function)

In many programming languages, map is the name of a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a list, returning a list of results in the same order.

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Maple (software)

Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment, and is also a multi-paradigm programming language.

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Mark and recapture

Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size.

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Markdown

Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax.

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Markov chain Monte Carlo

In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution.

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Master of Science in Business Analytics

A Master of Science in Business Analytics (MSBA) is an interdisciplinary STEM graduate professional degree that blends concepts from data science, computer science, statistics, business intelligence, and information theory geared towards commercial applications.

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Master/slave (technology)

Master/slave or primary/replica is a model of communication where one device or process has unidirectional control over one or more other devices.

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Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

Mathematical models can project how infectious diseases progress to show the likely outcome of an epidemic and help inform public health interventions.

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MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks.

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Maxima (software)

Maxima is a computer algebra system (CAS) based on a 1982 version of Macsyma.

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Medcouple

The medcouple is a robust statistic that measures the skewness of a univariate distribution.

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Memory-mapped file

A memory-mapped file is a segment of virtual memory that has been assigned a direct byte-for-byte correlation with some portion of a file or file-like resource.

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Mersenne Twister

The Mersenne Twister is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG).

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Message Passing Interface

Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a standardized and portable message-passing standard designed by a group of researchers from academia and industry to function on a wide variety of parallel computing architectures.

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Meta-optimization

In numerical optimization, meta-optimization is the use of one optimization method to tune another optimization method.

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Meta-Research Center at Tilburg University

The Meta-Research Center at Tilburg University is a research center within the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Dutch Tilburg University.

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Metasploit Project

The Metasploit Project is a computer security project that provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing and IDS signature development.

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Microarray analysis techniques

Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein microarrays, which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment.

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Microsimulation

Microsimulation (from microanalytic simulation) is a category of computerized analytical tools that perform highly detailed analysis of activities such as highway traffic flowing through an intersection, financial transactions, or pathogens spreading disease through a population.

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Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel

Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel is a statistician from Turkey.

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Mixed model

A mixed model is a statistical model containing both fixed effects and random effects.

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Mobile phone based sensing software

Mobile phone–based sensing software is a class of software for mobile phones that uses the phone's sensors to acquire data about the user.

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Modern portfolio theory

Modern portfolio theory (MPT), or mean-variance analysis, is a mathematical framework for assembling a portfolio of assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk.

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Modulo operation

In computing, the modulo operation finds the remainder after division of one number by another (sometimes called modulus).

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Mokken scale

The Mokken Scale is a psychometric method of data reduction.

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Mondrian (software)

Mondrian is a general-purpose statistical data-visualization system, for interactive data visualization.

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MonetDB

MonetDB is an open source column-oriented database management system developed at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in the Netherlands.

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Moore–Penrose inverse

In mathematics, and in particular linear algebra, a pseudoinverse of a matrix is a generalization of the inverse matrix.

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Multicollinearity

In statistics, multicollinearity (also collinearity) is a phenomenon in which one predictor variable in a multiple regression model can be linearly predicted from the others with a substantial degree of accuracy.

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Multidimensional scaling

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset.

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Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes.

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Multiple dispatch

Multiple dispatch or multimethods is a feature of some programming languages in which a function or method can be dynamically dispatched based on the run-time (dynamic) type or, in the more general case some other attribute, of more than one of its arguments.

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Multitaper

In signal processing, the multitaper method is a technique developed by David J. Thomson to estimate the power spectrum SX of a stationary ergodic finite-variance random process X, given a finite contiguous realization of X as data.

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Multivariate adaptive regression splines

In statistics, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) is a form of regression analysis introduced by Jerome H. Friedman in 1991.

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Multivariate kernel density estimation

Kernel density estimation is a nonparametric technique for density estimation i.e., estimation of probability density functions, which is one of the fundamental questions in statistics.

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Multivariate statistics

Multivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable.

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Mustache (template system)

Mustache is a simple web template system with implementations available for ActionScript, C++, Clojure, CoffeeScript, ColdFusion, Common Lisp, D, Dart, Delphi, Erlang, Fantom, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Lua,.NET, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Pharo, Python, R, Racket, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk, Swift, Tcl, CFEngine and XQuery.

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NAG Numerical Library

The NAG Numerical Library is a software product developed and sold by The Numerical Algorithms Group.

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Named parameter

In computer programming, named parameters, pass-by-name, or keyword arguments refer to a computer language's support for function calls that clearly state the name of each parameter within the function call.

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National Health Interview Survey

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is an annual, cross-sectional survey intended to provide nationally representative estimates on a wide range of health status and utilization measures among the nonmilitary, noninstitutionalized population of the United States.

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National Resident Matching Program

The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), also called The Match, is a United States-based private non-profit non-governmental organization created in 1952 to place U.S. medical school students into residency training programs located in United States teaching hospitals.

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Nested sampling algorithm

The nested sampling algorithm is a computational approach to the problem of comparing models in Bayesian statistics, developed in 2004 by physicist John Skilling.

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NetCDF

NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) is a set of software libraries and self-describing, machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data.

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Network theory

Network theory is the study of graphs as a representation of either symmetric relations or asymmetric relations between discrete objects.

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Newey–West estimator

A Newey–West estimator is used in statistics and econometrics to provide an estimate of the covariance matrix of the parameters of a regression-type model when this model is applied in situations where the standard assumptions of regression analysis do not apply.

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Newton–Pepys problem

The Newton–Pepys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing sixes from a certain number of dice.

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Ngāti Kahungunu

Ngāti Kahungunu is a Māori iwi located along the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.

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Noncentral F-distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is a generalization of the (ordinary) ''F''-distribution.

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Noncentral t-distribution

As with other probability distributions with noncentrality parameters, the noncentral t-distribution generalizes a probability distribution – Student's ''t''-distribution – using a noncentrality parameter.

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Normal distribution

In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution.

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Normal probability plot

The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality.

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Norman H. Nie

Norman H. Nie was an American social scientist, university professor, inventor, and pioneering technology entrepreneur, known for being one of the developers of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

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Notepad++

Notepad++ is a text editor and source code editor for use with Microsoft Windows.

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Ns (simulator)

ns (from network simulator) is a name for a series of discrete event network simulators, specifically ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3.

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Nucleotide diversity

Nucleotide diversity is a concept in molecular genetics which is used to measure the degree of polymorphism within a population.

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Numerical Algorithms Group

The Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG) is a software company which provides methods for the solution of mathematical and statistical problems, and offers services to users of High performance computing (HPC) systems.

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Numerical analysis

Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).

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Open coopetition

be provocative and add open-coopettion to scholars Must be sure this ones from the Linux foundation are included: CAF, Yocto, Xen, Cloud Foundry, Dronecode, OpenDaylight, Node.

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Open energy system models

Open energy system models are energy system models that are open source.

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OpenBUGS

OpenBUGS is a software application for the Bayesian analysis of complex statistical models using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.

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OpenEpi

OpenEpi is a free, web-based, open source, operating system-independent series of programs for use in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, and medicine, providing a number of epidemiologic and statistical tools for summary data.

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OpenMx

OpenMx is an open source program for extended structural equation modeling.

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Operator overloading

In programming, operator overloading, sometimes termed operator ad hoc polymorphism, is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments.

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OPTICS algorithm

Ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) is an algorithm for finding density-based clusters in spatial data.

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Optimal design

In the design of experiments, optimal designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion.

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Optimal matching

Optimal matching is a sequence analysis method used in social science, to assess the dissimilarity of ordered arrays of tokens that usually represent a time-ordered sequence of socio-economic states two individuals have experienced.

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Oracle Big Data Appliance

The Oracle Big Data Appliance consists of hardware and software from Oracle Corporation sold as a computer appliance.

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Oracle Database

Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is a multi-model database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

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Ordinary differential equation

In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing one or more functions of one independent variable and its derivatives.

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Origin (software)

Origin is a proprietary computer program for interactive scientific graphing and data analysis.

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Outer product

In linear algebra, an outer product is the tensor product of two coordinate vectors, a special case of the Kronecker product of matrices.

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Outline of computer programming

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer programming: Computer programming – process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.

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Outline of machine learning

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to machine learning: Machine learning – subfield of computer sciencehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1116194/machine-learning (more particularly soft computing) that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence.

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Ox (programming language)

Ox is an object-oriented matrix programming language with a mathematical and statistical function library, developed by Jurgen Doornik.

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Package development process

A software package development process is a system for developing software packages.

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Palatino

Palatino is the name of an old-style serif typeface designed by Hermann Zapf, initially released in 1949 by the Stempel foundry and later by other companies, most notably the Mergenthaler Linotype Company.

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Pandas (software)

In computer programming, pandas is a software library written for the Python programming language for data manipulation and analysis.

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Parallel coordinates

Parallel coordinates are a common way of visualizing high-dimensional geometry and analyzing multivariate data.

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PCASTL

The PCASTL (an acronym for by Parent and Childset Accessible Syntax Tree Language) is an interpreted high-level programming language.

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Pentaho

Pentaho is a business intelligence (BI) software that provides data integration, OLAP services, reporting, information dashboards, data mining and extract, transform, load (ETL) capabilities.

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Perl Compatible Regular Expressions

Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) is a library written in C, which implements a regular expression engine, inspired by the capabilities of the Perl programming language.

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Persistent homology

Persistent homology is a method for computing topological features of a space at different spatial resolutions.

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PERT distribution

In probability and statistics, the PERT distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined by the minimum (a), most likely (b) and maximum (c) values that a variable can take.

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PGF/TikZ

PGF/TikZ is a pair of languages for producing vector graphics from a geometric/algebraic description.

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Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism.

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Phenotype microarray

The phenotype microarray approach is a technology for high-throughput phenotyping of cells.

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Phonetic algorithm

A phonetic algorithm is an algorithm for indexing of words by their pronunciation.

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Phytosociology

Phytosociology is the branch of science which deals with plant communities, their composition and development, and the relationships between the species within them.

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Plotly

Plotly, also known by its URL, Plot.ly, is a technical computing company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, that develops online data analytics and visualization tools.

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Poisson regression

In statistics, Poisson regression is a generalized linear model form of regression analysis used to model count data and contingency tables.

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Polish Grid Infrastructure PL-Grid

Polish Grid Infrastructure PL-Grid, a nationwide computing infrastructure, built in 2009-2011, under the scientific project PL-Grid - Polish Infrastructure for Supporting Computational Science in the European Research Space.

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PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance.

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Predictive analytics

Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of statistical techniques from predictive modelling, machine learning, and data mining that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future or otherwise unknown events.

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Principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components.

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Printf format string

Printf format string refers to a control parameter used by a class of functions in the input/output libraries of C and many other programming languages.

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Probit

In probability theory and statistics, the probit function is the quantile function associated with the standard normal distribution, which is commonly denoted as N(0,1).

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Probit model

In statistics, a probit model is a type of regression where the dependent variable can take only two values, for example married or not married.

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ProbOnto

ProbOnto is a knowledge base and ontology of probability distributions.

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Programming with Big Data in R

Programming with Big Data in R (pbdR) is a series of R packages and an environment for statistical computing with big data by using high-performance statistical computation.

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Project Jupyter

Project Jupyter is a nonprofit organization created to "develop open-source software, open-standards, and services for interactive computing across dozens of programming languages." Spun-off from IPython in 2014 by Fernando Pérez, Project Jupyter supports execution environments in several dozen languages.

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Propensity score matching

In the statistical analysis of observational data, propensity score matching (PSM) is a statistical matching technique that attempts to estimate the effect of a treatment, policy, or other intervention by accounting for the covariates that predict receiving the treatment.

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Protocol Buffers

Protocol Buffers are a method of serializing structured data.

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Prototype-based programming

Prototype-based programming is a style of object-oriented programming in which behaviour reuse (known as inheritance) is performed via a process of reusing existing objects via delegation that serve as prototypes.

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Provenance

Provenance (from the French provenir, 'to come from/forth') is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object.

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Psychometric software

Psychometric software is software that is used for psychometric analysis of data from tests, questionnaires, or inventories reflecting latent psychoeducational variables.

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Q-function

In statistics, the Q-function is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution.

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QUADPACK

QUADPACK is a FORTRAN 77 library for numerical integration of one-dimensional functions.

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Quadratic programming

Quadratic programming (QP) is the process of solving a special type of mathematical optimization problem—specifically, a (linearly constrained) quadratic optimization problem, that is, the problem of optimizing (minimizing or maximizing) a quadratic function of several variables subject to linear constraints on these variables.

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Quandl

Quandl is a platform for financial, economic, and alternative data that serves investment professionals.

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Quantian

Quantian OS is a remastering of Knoppix/Debian for computational sciences.

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Quantile

In statistics and probability quantiles are cut points dividing the range of a probability distribution into contiguous intervals with equal probabilities, or dividing the observations in a sample in the same way.

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Quantile regression

Quantile regression is a type of regression analysis used in statistics and econometrics.

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Quantitative analyst

A quantitative analyst (or, in financial jargon, a quant) is a person who specializes in the application of mathematical and statistical methods – such as numerical or quantitative techniques – to financial and risk management problems.

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Quantitative Discourse Analysis Package

Quantitative Discourse Analysis Package (qdap) is an R package for computer assisted qualitative data analysis, particularly quantitative discourse analysis, transcript analysis and natural language processing.

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Quantitative psychological research

Quantitative psychological research is defined as psychological research which performs mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference or a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship between variables.

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Quantitative psychology

Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human or animal psychological processes.

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Quantitative research

In natural sciences and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

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Quantum supremacy

Quantum supremacy or "quantum advantage" is the potential ability of quantum computing devices to solve problems that classical computers practically cannot.

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Quasi-Newton method

Quasi-Newton methods are methods used to either find zeroes or local maxima and minima of functions, as an alternative to Newton's method.

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Quasi-variance

Quasi-variance (qv) estimates are a statistical approach to overcome the reference category problem when estimating the effects of a categorical explanatory variable within a statistical model.

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QuickCheck

QuickCheck is a combinator library originally written in Haskell, designed to assist in software testing by generating test cases for test suites.

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QuickCode

QuickCode (formerly ScraperWiki) is a web-based platform for collaboratively building programs to extract and analyze public (online) data, in a wiki-like fashion.

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Quine (computing)

A quine is a non-empty computer program which takes no input and produces a copy of its own source code as its only output.

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Quirkos

Quirkos is a CAQDAS software package for the qualitative analysis of text data, commonly used in social science.

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R (disambiguation)

R is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet.

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R Commander

R Commander is a GUI for the R programming language, licensed under the GNU General Public License, and developed and maintained by John Fox in the sociology department at McMaster University.

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R Tools for Visual Studio

R Tools for Visual Studio (RTVS) is a plug-in for the Microsoft Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE), used to provide support for programming in the language R. It supports IntelliSense, debugging, plotting, remote execution, SQL integration, and more.

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Radford M. Neal

Radford M. Neal is a professor at the Department of Statistics and Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, where he holds a Research Chair in statistics and machine learning.

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Rafael Irizarry (scientist)

Rafael Irizarry is a professor of biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and professor of biostatistics and computational biology at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute.

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Random forest

Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks, that operate by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time and outputting the class that is the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees.

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Rank abundance curve

A rank abundance curve or Whittaker plot is a chart used by ecologists to display relative species abundance, a component of biodiversity.

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RapidMiner

RapidMiner is a data science software platform developed by the company of the same name that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning, deep learning, text mining, and predictive analytics.

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Rattle GUI

Rattle GUI is a free and open source software (GNU GPL v2) package providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for data mining using the R statistical programming language.

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Redis

Redis is an open-source in-memory database project implementing a distributed, in-memory key-value store with optional durability.

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Reference card

A reference card or reference sheet (or quick reference card) is a concise bundling of condensed notes about a specific topic, such as mathematical formulas to calculate area/volume, or common syntactic rules and idioms of a particular computer platform, application program, or formal language.

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Reflection (computer programming)

In computer science, reflection is the ability of a computer program to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior at runtime.

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Relational operator

In computer science, a relational operator is a programming language construct or operator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities.

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Relevance vector machine

In mathematics, a Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain parsimonious solutions for regression and probabilistic classification.

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Renjin

Renjin is an implementation of the R programming language atop the Java Virtual Machine.

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Resident Identity Card

The Resident Identity Card is an official identity document for personal identification in the People's Republic of China.

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Restricted maximum likelihood

In statistics, the restricted (or residual, or reduced) maximum likelihood (REML) approach is a particular form of maximum likelihood estimation that does not base estimates on a maximum likelihood fit of all the information, but instead uses a likelihood function calculated from a transformed set of data, so that nuisance parameters have no effect.

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Revolution Analytics

Revolution Analytics (formerly REvolution Computing) is a statistical software company focused on developing open source and "open-core" versions of the free and open source software R for enterprise, academic and analytics customers.

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RevoScaleR

RevoScaleR is a machine learning package in R created by Microsoft.

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RExcel

RExcel is an addin for Microsoft Excel.

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Rexer's Annual Data Miner Survey

Rexer Analytics’s Annual Data Miner Survey is the largest survey of data mining, data science, and analytics professionals in the industry.

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RGtk2

RGtk2 is a set of R wrappers for the GTK+ graphical user interface library.

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Rhea (pipeline)

Rhea is a bioinformatic pipeline written in R language for the analysis of microbial profiles.

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RKWard

RKWard is a transparent front-end to the R programming language, a scripting-language with a strong focus on statistics functions.

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Rmetrics

Rmetrics is a free, open source and open development software project for teaching computational finance.

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Rnn (software)

rnn is an open-source machine learning framework that implements Recurrent Neural Network architectures, such as LSTM and GRU, natively in the R programming language.

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Robert Gentleman (statistician)

Robert Clifford Gentleman (born 1959) is a Canadian statistician and bioinformatician currently vice president of computational biology at 23andMe.

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Robust decision-making

Robust decision-making (RDM) is an iterative decision analytic framework that aims to help identify potential robust strategies, characterize the vulnerabilities of such strategies, and evaluate the tradeoffs among them.

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Robust regression

In robust statistics, robust regression is a form of regression analysis designed to overcome some limitations of traditional parametric and non-parametric methods.

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Robust statistics

Robust statistics are statistics with good performance for data drawn from a wide range of probability distributions, especially for distributions that are not normal.

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ROOT

ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN.

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Ross Ihaka

George Ross Ihaka is an associate professor of statistics at the University of Auckland who is recognized, along with Robert Gentleman, as one of the originators of the R programming language.

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Row- and column-major order

In computing, row-major order and column-major order are methods for storing multidimensional arrays in linear storage such as random access memory.

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RQDA

RQDA is an R package for computer assisted qualitative data analysis or CAQDAS.

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RStudio

RStudio is a free and open-source integrated development environment (IDE) for R, a programming language for statistical computing and graphics.

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S (programming language)

S is a statistical programming language developed primarily by John Chambers and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker and Allan Wilks of Bell Laboratories.

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S-PLUS

S-PLUS is a commercial implementation of the S programming language sold by TIBCO Software Inc..

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SAGA GIS

System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA GIS) is a geographic information system (GIS) computer program, used to edit spatial data.

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SageMath

SageMath (previously Sage or SAGE, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation") is a computer algebra system with features covering many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, graph theory, numerical analysis, number theory, calculus and statistics.

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SAP HANA

SAP HANA is an in-memory, column-oriented, relational database management system developed and marketed by SAP SE.

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SAS (software)

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a software suite developed by SAS Institute for advanced analytics, multivariate analyses, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics.

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Scala (programming language)

Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system.

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ScaLAPACK

The ScaLAPACK (or Scalable LAPACK) library includes a subset of LAPACK routines redesigned for distributed memory MIMD parallel computers.

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Scheme (programming language)

Scheme is a programming language that supports multiple paradigms, including functional programming and imperative programming, and is one of the two main dialects of Lisp.

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Scientific workflow system

A scientific workflow system is a specialized form of a workflow management system designed specifically to compose and execute a series of computational or data manipulation steps, or workflow, in a scientific application.

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Scope (computer science)

In computer programming, the scope of a name binding – an association of a name to an entity, such as a variable – is the region of a computer program where the binding is valid: where the name can be used to refer to the entity.

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Seasonal adjustment

Seasonal adjustment is a statistical method for removing the seasonal component of a time series that exhibits a seasonal pattern.

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Seasonal subseries plot

Seasonal subseries plots are a graphical tool to visualize and detect seasonality in a time series.

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Seemingly unrelated regressions

In econometrics, the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) or seemingly unrelated regression equations (SURE) model, proposed by Arnold Zellner in (1962), is a generalization of a linear regression model that consists of several regression equations, each having its own dependent variable and potentially different sets of exogenous explanatory variables.

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Serialization

In computer science, in the context of data storage, serialization is the process of translating data structures or object state into a format that can be stored (for example, in a file or memory buffer) or transmitted (for example, across a network connection link) and reconstructed later (possibly in a different computer environment).

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Server-side scripting

Server-side scripting is a technique used in web development which involves employing scripts on a web server which produce a response customized for each user's (client's) request to the website.

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Shapley–Shubik power index

The Shapley–Shubik power index was formulated by Lloyd Shapley and Martin Shubik in 1954 to measure the powers of players in a voting game.

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ShareLaTeX

ShareLaTeX is an online LaTeX editor that allows real-time collaboration and online compiling of projects to PDF format.

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Shogun (toolbox)

Shogun is a free, open source machine learning software library written in C++.

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Short-circuit evaluation

Short-circuit evaluation, minimal evaluation, or McCarthy evaluation (after John McCarthy) is the semantics of some Boolean operators in some programming languages in which the second argument is executed or evaluated only if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of the AND function evaluates to false, the overall value must be false; and when the first argument of the OR function evaluates to true, the overall value must be true.

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Sign test

The sign test is a statistical method to test for consistent differences between pairs of observations, such as the weight of subjects before and after treatment.

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Significance analysis of microarrays

Significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) is a statistical technique, established in 2001 by Virginia Tusher, Robert Tibshirani and Gilbert Chu, for determining whether changes in gene expression are statistically significant.

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Simple Features

Simple Features (officially Simple Feature Access) is both an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO 19125 that specifies a common storage and access model of mostly two-dimensional geometries (point, line, polygon, multi-point, multi-line, etc.) used by geographic information systems.

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SimpleITK

SimpleITK is a simplified, open-source interface to the United States National Library of Medicine’s Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK).

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Slang (disambiguation)

Slang is the use of informal words and expressions in certain social settings.

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SLIME

SLIME, the Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs, is an Emacs mode for developing Common Lisp applications.

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Snappy (compression)

Snappy (previously known as Zippy) is a fast data compression and decompression library written in C++ by Google based on ideas from LZ77 and open-sourced in 2011.

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Social network analysis software

Social network analysis software (SNA software) is software which facilitates quantitative or qualitative analysis of social networks, by describing features of a network either through numerical or visual representation.

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Socio-Economic Panel

The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP, for Sozio-oekonomisches Panel) is a longitudinal panel dataset of the population in Germany.

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Software repository

A software repository, colloquially known as a "repo" for short, is a storage location from which software packages may be retrieved and installed on a computer.

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Sonification

Sonification is the use of non-speech audio to convey information or perceptualize data.

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Spatial database

A spatial database is a database that is optimized for storing and querying data that represents objects defined in a geometric space.

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Spectral clustering

In multivariate statistics and the clustering of data, spectral clustering techniques make use of the spectrum (eigenvalues) of the similarity matrix of the data to perform dimensionality reduction before clustering in fewer dimensions.

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Spike-and-slab variable selection

Spike-and-slab regression is a Bayesian variable selection technique that is particularly useful when the number of possible predictors is larger than the number of observations.

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SPSS

SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive, or batched, statistical analysis.

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SQLite

SQLite is a relational database management system contained in a C programming library.

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Stable distribution

No description.

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Stable marriage problem

In mathematics, economics, and computer science, the stable marriage problem (also stable matching problem or SMP) is the problem of finding a stable matching between two equally sized sets of elements given an ordering of preferences for each element.

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Stable roommates problem

In mathematics, economics and computer science, particularly in the fields of combinatorics, game theory and algorithms, the stable-roommate problem (SRP) is the problem of finding a stable matching for an even-sized set.

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Stan (software)

Stan is a probabilistic programming language for statistical inference written in C++.

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Statistica

Statistica is an advanced analytics software package originally developed by StatSoft which was acquired by Dell in March 2014.

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Statistical Lab

The computer program Statistical Lab (Statistiklabor) is an explorative and interactive toolbox for statistical analysis and visualization of data.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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StatsDirect

StatsDirect is a statistical software package designed for biomedical, public health, and general health science uses.

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Statsmodels

Statsmodels is a Python package that allows users to explore data, estimate statistical models, and perform statistical tests.

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Stefan Th. Gries

Stefan Th.

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STELLA (programming language)

STELLA (short for Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation; also marketed as iThink) is a visual programming language for system dynamics modeling introduced by Barry Richmond in 1985.

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STEM Fellowship

STEM Fellowship is a Canadian non-profit organisation founded in 2015.

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Steven G. Johnson

Steven G. Johnson is an American mathematician known for being a co-creator of the FFTW library for software-based fast Fourier transforms and for his work on photonic crystals.

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Stochastic geometry

In mathematics, stochastic geometry is the study of random spatial patterns.

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Stochastic volatility

In statistics, stochastic volatility models are those in which the variance of a stochastic process is itself randomly distributed.

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Stored procedure

A stored procedure (also termed proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP) is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database management system (RDBMS).

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Structural break

In econometrics, a structural break, or structural change, is an unexpected shift in a time series that can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the model in general.

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Structural equation modeling

Structural equation modeling (SEM) includes a diverse set of mathematical models, computer algorithms, and statistical methods that fit networks of constructs to data.

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Student's t-test

The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's ''t''-distribution under the null hypothesis.

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Sum activity of peripheral deiodinases

The sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (GD, also referred to as deiodination capacity, total deiodinase activity or SPINA-GD) is the maximum amount of triiodothyronine produced per time-unit under conditions of substrate saturation.

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Sweave

Sweave is a function in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX or LyX documents.

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SWIG

The Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) is an open-source software tool used to connect computer programs or libraries written in C or C++ with scripting languages such as Lua, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, and other languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, Modula-3, OCaml, Octave, Scilab and Scheme.

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Symbolic regression

Symbolic regression is a type of regression analysis that searches the space of mathematical expressions to find the model that best fits a given dataset, both in terms of accuracy and simplicity.

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Taylor's law

Taylor's law (also known as Taylor's power law) is an empirical law in ecology that relates the variance of the number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat to the corresponding mean by a power law relationship.

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Techila Grid

Techila Distributed Computing Engine (earlier known as Techila Grid) is a commercial grid computing software product.

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Tensor rank decomposition

In multilinear algebra, the tensor rank decomposition or canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) may be regarded as a generalization of the matrix singular value decomposition (SVD) to tensors, which has found application in statistics, signal processing, psychometrics, linguistics and chemometrics.

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TensorFlow

TensorFlow is an open-source software library for dataflow programming across a range of tasks.

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Ternary plot

A ternary plot, ternary graph, triangle plot, simplex plot, Gibbs triangle or de Finetti diagram is a barycentric plot on three variables which sum to a constant.

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TerraLib

TerraLib is an open source GIS software library that extends object-relational DBMS technology to handle spatiotemporal data types.

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The R Journal

The R Journal is an online, open-access, refereed journal published by The R Foundation since 2009.

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Thermocouple

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures.

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Thyroid's secretory capacity

Thyroid's secretory capacity (GT, also referred to as thyroid's incretory capacity, maximum thyroid hormone output, T4 output or, if calculated from levels of thyroid hormones, as SPINA-GT) is the maximum stimulated amount of thyroxine that the thyroid can produce in a given time-unit (e.g. one second).

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TIBCO Software

TIBCO Software Inc. is an American company that provides integration, analytics and event-processing software for companies to use on-premises or as part of cloud computing environments.

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Time series

A time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order.

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Timeline of programming languages

This is a record of historically important programming languages, by decade.

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Timothy Jurka

Timothy Paul Jurka (born September 21, 1988) is a Polish-American computer scientist and political scientist.

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Top trading cycle

Top trading cycle (TTC) is an algorithm for trading indivisible items without using money.

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Transcriptomics technologies

Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism’s transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts.

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Travis CI

Travis CI is a hosted, distributed continuous integration service used to build and test software projects hosted at GitHub.

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Truncated normal distribution

No description.

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Tukey's range test

Tukey's range test, also known as the Tukey's test, Tukey method, Tukey's honest significance test, Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) test, Also occasionally as "honestly," see e.g. or the Tukey–Kramer method, is a single-step multiple comparison procedure and statistical test.

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Turing completeness

In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine.

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University of Auckland

The University of Auckland (Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki Makaurau) is the largest university in New Zealand, located in the country's largest city, Auckland.

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Uplift modelling

Uplift modelling, also known as incremental modelling, true lift modelling, or net modelling is a predictive modelling technique that directly models the incremental impact of a treatment (such as a direct marketing action) on an individual's behaviour.

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Variable rules analysis

In linguistics, variable rules analysis is a set of statistical analysis methods commonly used in sociolinguistics and historical linguistics to describe patterns of variation between alternative forms in language use.

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Variance inflation factor

In statistics, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is the ratio of variance in a model with multiple terms, divided by the variance of a model with one term alone.

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Varimax rotation

In statistics, a varimax rotation is used to simplify the expression of a particular sub-space in terms of just a few major items each.

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Vector autoregression

Vector autoregression (VAR) is a stochastic process model used to capture the linear interdependencies among multiple time series.

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Vector generalized linear model

In statistics, the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLMs) was proposed to enlarge the scope of models catered for by generalized linear models (GLMs).

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Vectorization (mathematics)

In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a column vector.

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Vertica

Vertica Systems is an analytic database management software company.

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Violin plot

A violin plot is a method of plotting numeric data.

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Visual Studio Code

Visual Studio Code is a source code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux and macOS.

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Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution (named after Kenneth Ted Wallenius) is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where items are sampled with bias.

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Weighted correlation network analysis

Weighted correlation network analysis, also known as weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), is a widely used data mining method especially for studying biological networks based on pairwise correlations between variables.

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Welch's t-test

In statistics, Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test, is a two-sample location test which is used to test the hypothesis that two populations have equal means.

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Wide and narrow data

Wide and narrow (sometimes un-stacked and stacked, or wide and tall) are terms used to describe two different presentations for tabular data.

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Wilcoxon signed-rank test

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a non-parametric statistical hypothesis test used to compare two related samples, matched samples, or repeated measurements on a single sample to assess whether their population mean ranks differ (i.e. it is a paired difference test).

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others.

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World Programming System

The World Programming System, also known as WPS Analytics or WPS, is a software product developed by a company called World Programming.

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Xapian

Xapian is a free and open source probabilistic information retrieval library, released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).

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Xgboost

XGBoost is an open-source software library which provides the gradient boosting framework for C++, Java, Python, R, and Julia.

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XLispStat

XLispStat is a statistical scientific package based on the XLISP language.

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XUnit

xUnit is the collective name for several unit testing frameworks that derive their structure and functionality from Smalltalk's SUnit.

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Year 1900 problem

The year 1900 problem concerns the misinterpretation of years recorded by only their last two digits, and whether they occurred before or after the year 1900.

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Yihui Xie

Yihui Xie (Chinese: 谢益辉) is a Chinese statistician and data scientist.

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Zim (software)

Zim is a graphical text editor designed to maintain a collection of locally stored wiki-pages, a personal wiki.

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1.96

In probability and statistics, 1.96 is the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the normal distribution.

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CRAN (R programming language), Comprehensive R Archive Network, GNU R, GNU S, GNU-S, ParallelR, R (computer language), R (language), R (program), R (programming), R (software), R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, R News (journal), R PLUS, R Project, R Project for Statistical Computing, R Statistics, R code, R core team, R lang, R language, R plus, R programming, R programming language, R project, R-PLUS, R-Project, R-Project for Statistical Computing, R-Stat, R-plus, R-project, R-stat, RGL, RPLUS, RPlus, RPro, RStat, Rlang, Rplus, Rstat.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)

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