Respiration (physiology)

In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. ^[1]

401 relations: Acanthophis, Adaptation to extrauterine life, Airway obstruction, Airway resistance, Albert A. Bühlmann, Allomerus decemarticulatus, Amazon basin, American Physiological Society, Amniote, Amphibious caterpillar, Ampullariidae, Anabantiformes, Anabantoidei, Anatomy, Andrew George Malcolm, Animal locomotion, Annelid, Antioxidant, Antoine Lavoisier, Aquatic respiration, Aquifex, Aquifex aeolicus, Aquifex pyrophilus, Argument from poor design, Artificial ventilation, Ascending aorta, AstraZeneca, Atmosphere, Atmospheric carbon cycle, Auditory brainstem response, Baby K, Bacillus arseniciselenatis, Bacillus selenitireducens, Becker's muscular dystrophy, Beijing New Century International Hospital for Children, Bemegride, Beta-2 adrenergic receptor, Bifid rib, Bill Nye the Science Guy, BIMU8, Bioinstrumentation, Bioirrigation, Biomedical sciences, Biosphere 2, Blastoid, Blood gas test, Bohadschia marmorata, Book lung, Boring Billion, Botulism, ..., Brain death, Brian Wowk, Buccal pumping, Burgess Shale type fauna, CA5B, Capnography, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Carboniferous, Cebranopadol, Central sleep apnea, Cheilostomata, Chloral hydrate, Claude Gordon Douglas, Clinical physiology, Cloaca, Closing capacity, Clumped isotopes, CMAS* SCUBA Diver, Cnidaria, Coenobita scaevola, Colonoscopy, Coma, Common green bottle fly, Common ostrich, Common stingray, Compliance (physiology), Controlled ecological life-support system, Copepod, Coquillettidia perturbans, Coretta Scott King, Corinthian (comics), Cranwell's horned frog, Cupping therapy, Cushing reflex, Cutaneous respiration, Davenport diagram, Dead Sea, Death and funeral of Coretta Scott King, Decline in amphibian populations, Deforestation in Brazil, Desiccation tolerance, Diamond stingray, Diaphragmatic rupture, Diffusing capacity, Diffusion, Dimethazan, Diver rescue, Diving reflex, Dogmatic school, Dole effect, Domestic rabbit, Doxapram, Dynamic reserve, Dystrophic lake, Ecological selection, Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger, Eggshell, Elimination (pharmacology), Emotionality, Empedocles, Enchelycore lichenosa, Endocrine system, Endocrinology, Energy, Energy flow (ecology), Environment of Albania, Epaulette shark, Epipubic bone, Eremophilus mutisii, Eutrophication, Evolution of fish, Evolutionary history of life, Excretion, Excretory system, Fan death, Fetal circulation, Fire breather's pneumonia, Fish, Fish anatomy, Formics, Frog, Gas blending, Gas exchange, Gastralium, Gösta Rooth, General anaesthesia, Geniohyoid muscle, Georg Erhard Hamberger, George Ent, Georges Dreyer, Georges Louis Duvernoy, Giant anteater, Giant Gippsland earthworm, Gigantodax, Gill, Glossary of environmental science, Glossary of spirituality terms, Godfrey Edward Arnold, Goldfinger (film), Gordon Mathison, Haematopinus suis, Haliplidae, Haze, Heme, Hemoglobin, Henri-Étienne Beaunis, Hermetic storage, Heroin, High-altitude military parachuting, History of animal testing, History of experiments, Hormone, Huff and puff apparatus, Human, Human brain, Human embryogenesis, Human reproduction, Hydranencephaly, Hypothermia, Hypoxic drive, Hypoxic hypoxia, ICD-10 Chapter II: Neoplasms, Ichthyosaur, Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, Inclusion body myositis, Index of biochemistry articles, Index of biology articles, Index of underwater diving, Inertance, Insect, Insect morphology, Instruments used in anesthesiology, Integumentary system, Intracranial aneurysm, Intraocular pressure, Isidor Rosenthal, Isopoda, J. 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Acanthophis

Acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes.

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Adaptation to extrauterine life

At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother.

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Airway obstruction

Airway obstruction is a blockage of respiration in the airway.

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Airway resistance

In respiratory physiology, airway resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and expiration.

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Professor Albert A. Bühlmann (16 May 1923 – 16 March 1994) was a Swiss physician who was principally responsible for a number of important contributions to decompression science at the Laboratory of Hyperbaric Physiology at the University Hospital in Zürich, Switzerland.

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Allomerus decemarticulatus

Allomerus decemarticulatus is an Amazonian ant species found in the tropics of South America.

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Amazon basin

The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.

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American Physiological Society

The American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members.

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Amniote

Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Amphibious caterpillar

Amphibious caterpillar refers to 12 as-yet unnamed species of caterpillars endemic to Hawaii are the only insects that live as readily in water as on land.

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Ampullariidae

Ampullariidae, common name the apple snails, is a family of large freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks with a gill and an operculum.

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Anabantiformes

The Anabantiformes are an order of freshwater ray-finned fish with seven families (Pristolepididae, Badidae, Nandidae, Channidae, Anabantidae, Helostomatidae, and Osphronemidae) and having at least 252 species.

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Anabantoidei

The Anabantoidei are a suborder of anabantiform ray-finned freshwater fish distinguished by their possession of a lung-like labyrinth organ, which enables them to breathe air.

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Andrew George Malcolm

Andrew George Malcolm (1818–1856) was an Irish physician and medical historian, who was employed by the General Hospital in Belfast.

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Animal locomotion

Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.

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Annelid

The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches.

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Antioxidant

Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution;; 26 August 17438 May 1794) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

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Aquatic respiration

Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water.

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Aquifex

Aquifex is a genus of bacteria, one of the few in the phylum Aquificae.

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Aquifex aeolicus

"Aquifex aeolicus" is a rod-shaped bacterium with a length of 2 to 6 micrometers and a diameter of around half a micrometer.

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Aquifex pyrophilus

Aquifex pyrophilus is a rod-shaped bacterium with a length of 2 to 6 micrometers and a diameter of around half a micrometer.

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Argument from poor design

The argument from poor design, also known as the dysteleological argument, is an argument against the existence of a creator God, based on the reasoning that an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God would not create organisms with the perceived suboptimal designs that can be seen in nature.

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Artificial ventilation

Artificial ventilation, (also called artificial respiration) is any means of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

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Ascending aorta

The ascending aorta (AAo) is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum.

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AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

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Atmospheric carbon cycle

The atmosphere is one of the Earth's major carbon reservoirs and an important component of the global carbon cycle, holding approximately 720 gigatons of carbon.

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Auditory brainstem response

The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an auditory evoked potential extracted from ongoing electrical activity in the brain and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp.

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Baby K

Stephanie Keene (October 13, 1992 – April 5, 1995), better known by the pseudonym Baby K, was an anencephalic baby who became the center of a major U.S. court case and a debate among bioethicists.

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Bacillus arseniciselenatis

Bacillus arseniciselenatis is a bacterium first isolated from Mono Lake, California.

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Bacillus selenitireducens

Bacillus selenitireducens is a bacterium first isolated from Mono Lake, California.

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Becker's muscular dystrophy

Becker muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive inherited disorder characterized by slowly progressing muscle weakness of the legs and pelvis.

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Beijing New Century International Hospital for Children

New Century International Hospital for Children, NCICH is a private, joint-venture, institution affiliated with the Beijing Children's Hospital at Beijing, next to the east gate of the Beijing Children's Hospital.

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Bemegride

Bemegride (trademarked as Megimide) is a central nervous system stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning as its chemoreceptor agonism increases mean tidal volume, thereby increasing respiration and the concentration of O2 in blood although it may be theoretically used as a supportive measure in treating any depressant overdose.

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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor

The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that interacts with (binds) epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter (ligand synonym, adrenaline) whose signaling, via a downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.

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Bifid rib

A bifid rib (bifurcated rib or sternum bifidum) is a congenital abnormality of the rib cage and associated muscles and nerves which occurs in about 1.2% of humans.

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Bill Nye the Science Guy

Bill Nye the Science Guy is an American half-hour live action science program that originally aired on PBS from September 10, 1993 to June 20, 1998 and was also syndicated by Walt Disney Television to local stations.

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BIMU8

BIMU-8 is a drug which acts as a 5-HT4 receptor selective agonist.

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Bioinstrumentation

Bioinstrumentation is an application of biomedical engineering, which focuses on the devices and mechanics used to measure, evaluate, and treat biological systems.

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Bioirrigation

Bioirrigation refers to the process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with overlying water.

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Biomedical sciences

Biomedical sciences are a set of applied sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health.

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Biosphere 2

Biosphere 2 is an American Earth system science research facility located in Oracle, Arizona.

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Blastoid

Blastoids (class Blastoidea) are an extinct type of stemmed echinoderm.

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Blood gas test

A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values, it also measures blood pH, and the level and base excess of bicarbonate.

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Bohadschia marmorata

Bohadschia marmorata, commonly known as the brown sandfish, is a species of sea cucumber in the family Holothuriidae.

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Book lung

A book lung is a type of respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange that is found in many arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders.

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Boring Billion

The Boring Billion is a term coined by palaeontologist Martin Brasier to refer to the approximately one billion-year period between 1.8 and 0.8 Ga in Earth's history that is characterized by environmental, evolutionary, and lithospheric stability.

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Botulism

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

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Brain death

Brain death is the complete loss of brain function (including involuntary activity necessary to sustain life).

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Brian Wowk

Brian G. Wowk, Ph.D. is a medical physicist and cryobiologist known for the discovery and development of synthetic molecules that mimic the activity of natural antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation applications, sometimes called "ice blockers".

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Buccal pumping

Buccal pumping is "breathing with one's cheeks": a method of ventilation used in respiration in which the animal moves the floor of its mouth in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent.

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Burgess Shale type fauna

A number of assemblages bear fossil assemblages similar in character to that of the Burgess Shale.

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CA5B

Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA5B gene.

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Capnography

Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the respiratory gases.

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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

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Carboniferous

The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, Mya.

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Cebranopadol

Cebranopadol (developmental code name GRT-6005) is a novel opioid analgesic of the benzenoid class which is currently under development internationally by Grünenthal, a German pharmaceutical company, and its partner Depomed, a pharmaceutical company in the United States, for the treatment of a variety of different acute and chronic pain states.

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Central sleep apnea

Central sleep apnea (CSA) or central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) is a sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent, typically for 10 to 30 seconds either intermittently or in cycles, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation.

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Cheilostomata

Cheilostomata (accepted name Cheilostomatida), an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata, are exclusively marine, colonial invertebrate animals.

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Chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula C2H3Cl3O2.

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Claude Gordon Douglas

Claude Gordon Douglas FRS (26 February 1882 in Leicester – 23 March 1963 in Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford) was a British physiologist, known for his research on respiratory physiology and the invention of the Douglas Bag.

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Clinical physiology

Clinical physiology is both an academic discipline within the medical sciences and a clinical medical specialty for physicians in the health care systems of Sweden, Denmark and Finland.

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Cloaca

In animal anatomy, a cloaca (plural cloacae or) is the posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals, opening at the vent.

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Closing capacity

The closing capacity (CC) is the volume in the lungs at which its smallest airways, the respiratory bronchioles, collapse.

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Clumped isotopes

Clumped isotopes are heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes.

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CMAS* SCUBA Diver

CMAS * SCUBA Diver, CMAS one-star Scuba diver, or just CMAS * is an entry level diving certification for recreational SCUBA issued by Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS), enabling divers to undertake accompanied no-decompression dives to a maximum depth of twenty meters.

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Cnidaria

Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.

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Coenobita scaevola

Coenobita scaevola is a species of terrestrial hermit crab from the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea.

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Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy or coloscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus.

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Coma

Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

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Common green bottle fly

The common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) is a blow fly found in most areas of the world, and the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species.

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Common ostrich

The ostrich or common ostrich (Struthio camelus) is either of two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus Struthio, which is in the ratite family.

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Common stingray

The common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

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Compliance (physiology)

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force.

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Controlled ecological life-support system

Controlled (or closed) ecological life-support systems (acronym CELSS) are a self-supporting life support system for space stations and colonies typically through controlled closed ecological systems, such as the BioHome, BIOS-3, Biosphere 2, Mars Desert Research Station, and Yuegong-1.

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Copepod

Copepods (meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat.

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Coquillettidia perturbans

Coquillettidia perturbans is a species of mosquito that have been documented in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

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Coretta Scott King

Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Corinthian (comics)

The Corinthian is a fictional character in Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman.

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Cranwell's horned frog

Cranwell's horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli), also called the Chacoan horned frog, is a terrestrial frog endemic to the dry Gran Chaco region of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil.

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Cupping therapy

Cupping therapy is a form of alternative medicine in which a local suction is created on the skin.

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Cushing reflex

Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and bradycardia.

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Cutaneous respiration

Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange, is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.

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Davenport diagram

In acid base physiology, the Davenport Diagram is a graphical tool, developed by Horace W. Davenport, that allows a clinician or investigator to describe blood bicarbonate concentrations and blood pH following a respiratory and/or metabolic acid-base disturbance.

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Dead Sea

The Dead Sea (יָם הַמֶּלַח lit. Sea of Salt; البحر الميت The first article al- is unnecessary and usually not used.) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west.

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Death and funeral of Coretta Scott King

On January 30, 2006, Coretta Scott King, the widow of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., died after arriving at a rehabilitation center in Rosarito Beach, Mexico.

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Decline in amphibian populations

The decline in amphibian populations is an ongoing mass extinction of amphibian species worldwide.

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Deforestation in Brazil

Brazil once had the highest deforestation rate in the world and in 2005 still had the largest area of forest removed annually.

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Desiccation tolerance

Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions.

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Diamond stingray

The diamond stingray (Dasyatis dipterura) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae.

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Diaphragmatic rupture

Diaphragmatic rupture (also called diaphragmatic injury or tear) is a tear of the diaphragm, the muscle across the bottom of the ribcage that plays a crucial role in respiration.

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Diffusing capacity

Diffusing capacity of the lung (DL) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung, to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels.

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.

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Dimethazan

Dimethazan (Elidin) is a stimulant drug of the xanthine class related to caffeine and theophylline.

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Diver rescue

Beaching a casualty while providing artificial respiration Diver rescue, following an accident, is the process of avoiding or limiting further exposure to diving hazards and bringing a diver to a place of safety.

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Diving reflex

The diving reflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian diving reflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes, and is found in all air-breathing vertebrates studied to date.

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Dogmatic school

The Dogmatic school of medicine (Dogmatics, or Dogmatici, Δογματικοί) was a school of medicine in ancient Greece and Rome.

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Dole effect

The Dole effect, named after Malcolm Dole, describes an inequality in the ratio of the heavy isotope 18O (a "standard" oxygen atom with two additional neutrons) to the lighter 16O, measured in the atmosphere and seawater.

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Domestic rabbit

A domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus forma domesticus), more commonly known as a pet rabbit, a bunny, or a bunny rabbit is any of the domesticated varieties of the European rabbit species.

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Doxapram

Doxapram hydrochloride (marketed as Dopram, Stimulex or Respiram) is a respiratory stimulant.

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Dynamic reserve

Dynamic reserve in the context of the Dynamic energy budget theory means the set of metabolites (mostly polymers and lipids) that the organism can use for metabolic purposes.

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Dystrophic lake

Dystrophic lakes, also known as humic lakes, are lakes that contain high amounts of humic substances and organic acids.

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Ecological selection

Ecological selection (or environmental selection or survival selection or individual selection or asexual selection) refers to natural selection without sexual selection, i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species' inherited traits without reference to mating or secondary sex characteristics.

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Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger

Prof Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger FRSFor HFRSE (7 June 1829 – 16 March 1910) was a 19th-century German physiologist.

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Eggshell

An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats.

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Elimination (pharmacology)

In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.

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Emotionality

Emotionality is the observable behavioral and physiological component of emotion.

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Empedocles

Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς, Empedoklēs) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.

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Enchelycore lichenosa

Enchelycore lichenosa is a moray eel found in coral reefs around Taiwan, southern Japan, and the Galapagos Islands.

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Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.

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Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Energy flow (ecology)

Left: Energy flow diagram of a frog.

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Environment of Albania

The Environment of Albania is characterised by unique flora and fauna and a variety of landforms contained within a small nation.

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Epaulette shark

The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) is a species of longtailed carpet shark, family Hemiscylliidae, found in shallow, tropical waters off Australia and New Guinea (and possibly elsewhere).

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Epipubic bone

Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials and most non-placental fossil mammals: multituberculates, monotremes, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals).

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Eremophilus mutisii

Eremophilus mutisii is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Trichomycteridae, and the only member of its genus.

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Eutrophication

Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, "well-nourished"), or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae.

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Evolution of fish

The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion.

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Evolutionary history of life

The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which both living organisms and fossil organisms evolved since life emerged on the planet, until the present.

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Excretion

Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.

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Excretory system

The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.

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Fan death

Fan death is a well-known superstition in Korean culture, where it is thought that running an electric fan in a closed room with unopened or no windows will prove fatal.

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Fetal circulation

In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.

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Fire breather's pneumonia

Fire breather's pneumonia, also known as fire breather's lung or fire-eater's lung, is a distinct type of exogenous—that is, originating outside the body—lipoid pneumonia (chemical pneumonitis) that results from inhalation or aspiration of hydrocarbons of different types, such as lamp oil.

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Fish

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits.

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Fish anatomy

Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fishes.

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Formics

The Formics, also known as Buggers, are a fictional ant-like alien species from the Ender's Game series of science fiction novels by Orson Scott Card.

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Frog

A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (Ancient Greek ἀν-, without + οὐρά, tail).

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Gas blending

Gas blending is the process of mixing gases for a specific purpose where the composition of the resulting mixture is specified and controlled.

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Gas exchange

Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.

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Gastralium

Gastralia (singular gastralium) are dermal bones found in the ventral body wall of modern crocodilian and Sphenodon species.

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Gösta Rooth

Gösta Rooth (born 17 December 1918 in Stockholm, died 21 February 2008) was a Swedish physician and a pioneer of perinatal medicine.

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General anaesthesia

General anaesthesia or general anesthesia (see spelling differences) is a medically induced coma with loss of protective reflexes, resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents.

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Geniohyoid muscle

The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle.

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Georg Erhard Hamberger

Georg Erhard Hamberger (21 December 1697 – 22 July 1755) was a German professor of medicine, surgery, and botany.

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George Ent

George Ent (6 November 1604 – 13 October 1689) was an English scientist in the seventeenth century who focused on the study of anatomy.

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Georges Dreyer

Georges Dreyer ForMemRS (4 July 1873 – 17 August 1934) was a Danish pathologist.

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Georges Louis Duvernoy

Georges Louis Duvernoy (6 August 1777, Montbéliard, Doubs – 1 March 1855) was a French zoologist.

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Giant anteater

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), also known as the ant bear, is a large insectivorous mammal native to Central and South America.

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Giant Gippsland earthworm

The giant Gippsland earthworm, Megascolides australis, is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species.

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Gigantodax

Gigantodax is a genus of 68 species of black flies distributed along the Andes from Mexico to Tierra del Fuego in Argentina.

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Gill

A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide.

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Glossary of environmental science

This is a glossary of environmental science.

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Glossary of spirituality terms

This is a glossary of spirituality-related terms.

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Godfrey Edward Arnold

Godfrey Edward Arnold, born as Gottfried Eduard Arnold (born Olmütz/then Austria-Hungary January 6, 1914, died Vienna July 5, 1989) was an Austrian American professor of medicine and researcher.

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Goldfinger (film)

Goldfinger is a 1964 British spy film and the third installment in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond.

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Gordon Mathison

Gordon Clunes Mackay Mathison MB BS MD DSc FRCP (10 August 188318 May 1915) was a physician, medical researcher, and soldier.

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Haematopinus suis

Haematopinus suis, the hog louse, is one of the largest members of the louse suborder Anoplura, which consists of sucking lice that commonly afflict a number of mammals.

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Haliplidae

The Haliplidae are a family of water beetles who swim using an alternating motion of the legs.

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Haze

Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon in which dust, smoke, and other dry particulates obscure the clarity of the sky.

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Heme

Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.

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Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.

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Henri-Étienne Beaunis

Henri-Étienne Beaunis (2 August 1830, Amboise – 20 July 1921, Le Cannet) was a French physiologist and psychologist.

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Hermetic storage

Hermetic Storage is a method of using sealed, airtight units to control moisture and insects in stored dry agricultural commodities.

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Heroin

Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

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High-altitude military parachuting

High-altitude military parachuting (or military free fall (MFF)) is a method of delivering military personnel, military equipment, and other military supplies from a transport aircraft at a high altitude via free-fall parachute insertion.

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History of animal testing

The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) one of the first documented to perform experiments on animals.

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History of experiments

The history of experimental research is long and varied.

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Huff and puff apparatus

The huff and puff apparatus is used in school biology labs to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is a product of respiration.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human embryogenesis

Human embryogenesis is the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development.

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Human reproduction

Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization, typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and a woman.

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Hydranencephaly

Hydranencephaly is a condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent to varying degrees and the remaining cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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Hypothermia

Hypothermia is reduced body temperature that happens when a body dissipates more heat than it absorbs.

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Hypoxic drive

The hypoxic drive is a form of respiratory drive in which the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle.

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Hypoxic hypoxia

Hypoxic hypoxia also called arterial hypoxia is a result of insufficient oxygen available to the lungs.

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ICD-10 Chapter II: Neoplasms

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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Ichthyosaur

Ichthyosaurs (Greek for "fish lizard" – ιχθυς or ichthys meaning "fish" and σαυρος or sauros meaning "lizard") are large marine reptiles.

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Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race

The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race is an annual long-distance sled dog race run in early March from Anchorage to Nome, entirely within the US state of Alaska.

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Inclusion body myositis

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common inflammatory muscle disease in older adults.

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Index of biochemistry articles

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.

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Index of biology articles

Biology is the study of life and its processes.

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Index of underwater diving

The following index is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving: Underwater diving can be described as all of the following.

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Inertance

Inertance is a measure of the pressure difference in a fluid required to cause a unit change in the rate of change of volumetric flow-rate with time.

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Insect

Insects or Insecta (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum.

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Insect morphology

Insect morphology is the study and description of the physical form of insects.

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Instruments used in anesthesiology

Following is a list of instruments used in the practice of anesthesia.

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Integumentary system

The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.

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Intracranial aneurysm

Intracranial aneurysm, also known as brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.

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Intraocular pressure

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye.

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Isidor Rosenthal

Julius Isidor Rosenthal (16 July 1836 – 2 January 1915) was a German physiologist who was a native of Labischin.

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Isopoda

Isopoda is an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives.

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J. Nigro Sansonese

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James Drake (physician)

James Drake (1667–1707) was an English physician and political writer, a Jacobite and Fellow of the Royal Society.

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James Lorrain Smith

James Lorrain Smith (21 August 1862 – 18 April 1931) was a Scottish pathologist known for his works in human physiology, especially his research on respiration in collaboration with John Scott Haldane.

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Jean Pierre Flourens

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867), father of Gustave Flourens, was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia.

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John Augustus Larson

John Augustus Larson (11 December 1892 – 1 October 1965) was a Police Officer for Berkeley, California, United States, and famous for his invention of modern polygraph used in forensic investigations.

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John B. West

Professor John B. West FRCP (born 1928) is a noted respiratory physiologist who made major research contributions in the area of ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lung.

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John Mayow

John Mayow FRS (1641–1679) was a chemist, physician, and physiologist who is remembered today for conducting early research into respiration and the nature of air.

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Joseph Barcroft

Sir Joseph Barcroft, CBE, FRS (26 July 1872 – 21 March 1947) was a British physiologist best known for his studies of the oxygenation of blood.

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Joseph Black

Joseph Black FRSE FRCPE FPSG (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide.

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Julius Eugen Schlossberger

Julius Eugen Schlossberger (31 May 1819 in Stuttgart – 9 July 1860 in Tübingen), also spelled Julius Eugen Schloßberger, was a German physician and biochemist.

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Julius Geppert

August Julius Geppert (November 7, 1856 – March 12, 1937) was a German pharmacologist born in Berlin.

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Julius Lothar Meyer

Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist.

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Kenichthys

Kenichthys is a genus of sarcopterygian fish from the Devonian period, and a member of the clade tetrapodomorpha.

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Kenneth Cross (physiologist)

Sir Kenneth William Cross MRCS LRCP, FRCP (born 26 March 1916 in London, died 10 October 1990) was a British physiologist who was principally known for his fundamental contributions to the physiology of newborns that were so relevant to paediatric practice at the time.

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Krogh's principle

Krogh's principle states that "for such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied." This concept is central to those disciplines of biology that rely on the comparative method, such as neuroethology, comparative physiology, and more recently functional genomics.

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Kumbhaka

Kumbhaka is the pause between an inhale and exhale.

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Kussmaul breathing

Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure.

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L-DOPA

L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.

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Labored breathing

Labored respiration or labored breathing is an abnormal respiration characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles of respiration, stridor, grunting, or nasal flaring.

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Lactylate

Lactylates are organic compounds that are FDA approved for use as food additives and cosmetic ingredients (i.e. lactylates are food grade emulsifiers).

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Lake ecosystem

A lake ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions.

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Larynx

The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck of tetrapods involved in breathing, producing sound, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

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Laughter

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans consisting typically of rhythmical, often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system.

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Leontiasis ossea

Leontiasis ossea, also known as leontiasis, lion face or Lion Face Syndrome, is a rare medical condition, characterized by an overgrowth of the facial and cranial bones.

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Liquid breathing

Liquid breathing is a form of respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen-rich liquid (such as a perfluorocarbon), rather than breathing air.

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List of Belgian Nobel laureates

This a list of the Belgian Nobel laureates.

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List of cnidarians of Ireland

There are 302 species of cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria) recorded in Ireland.

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List of ICD-9 codes 140–239: neoplasms

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List of instruments used in otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery

Instruments used specially in Otolaryngology (Otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery) i.e. ENT are as follows.

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List of MeSH codes (G09)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine.

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List of Rees's Cyclopædia articles

The Cyclopædia; or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Literature is an important 19th century British encyclopædia edited by Rev.

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List of skeletal muscles of the human body

This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy.

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List of University of Edinburgh medical people

List of University of Edinburgh medical people is a list of notable graduates as well as non-graduates, and academic staffs of the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland.

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Living machine

Living Machine is a trademark and brand name for a patented form of ecological sewage treatment designed to mimic the cleansing functions of wetlands.

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LM22A-4

LM22A-4 is a synthetic, selective small-molecule partial agonist of TrkB (EC50 for TrkB activation.

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Lung

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.

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Lung abscess

Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.

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Lung compliance

Lung compliance, or pulmonary compliance, is a measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand (distensibility of elastic tissue).

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Lymphangion

A lymphangion is the functional unit of a lymph vessel that lies between two semilunar (half moon-shaped) valves.

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Mabel Purefoy FitzGerald

Mabel Purefoy FitzGerald (3 August 1872 – 24 August 1973) was a British physiologist and clinical pathologist best known for her work on the physiology of respiration.

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Malcolm Dole

Malcolm Dole (March 4, 1903 – November 29, 1990) was an American chemist known for the Dole Effect in which he proved that the atomic weight of oxygen in air is greater than that of oxygen in water and for his work on electrospray ionization, polymer chemistry, and electrochemistry.

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Mammalian reproduction

Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young.

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Mantle (mollusc)

The mantle (also known by the Latin word pallium meaning mantle, robe or cloak, adjective pallial) is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

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Marilyn Fogel

Marilyn Fogel (born September 19, 1952) is an American geo-ecologist, currently working as a Professor of Geo-ecology at UC Riverside in Riverside, California. She is known for her work with stable isotope geochemistry, studying ancient climate, animal behavior, ecology, and astrobiology. Fogel has also served in many leadership roles, including Program Director at the National Science Foundation in geobiology and low-temperature geochemistry. She was the second female member of the Geophysical Laboratory and the first woman recipient of the Alfred Treibs Medal from the Geochemical Society for her work in organic geochemistry.

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Marine invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats.

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Marine life

Marine life, or sea life or ocean life, is the plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.

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Masimo

Masimo is an American manufacturer of noninvasive patient monitoring technologies based in Irvine, California.

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Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy

Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman’s body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus.

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Mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation is the medical term for artificial ventilation where mechanical means is used to assist or replace spontaneous breathing. This may involve a machine called a ventilator or the breathing may be assisted by an anesthesiologist, certified registered nurse anesthetist, physician, physician assistant, respiratory therapist, paramedic, EMT, or other suitable person compressing a bag or set of bellows. Mechanical ventilation is termed "invasive" if it involves any instrument penetrating the trachea through the mouth, such as an endotracheal tube or the skin, such as a tracheostomy tube. There are two main types: positive pressure ventilation, where air (or another gas mix) is pushed into the trachea, and negative pressure ventilation, where air is, in essence, sucked into the lungs. There are many modes of mechanical ventilation, and their nomenclature has been revised over the decades as the technology has continually developed.

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Medical tourism in Israel

Medical tourism in Israel is medical tourism in which people travel to Israel for medical treatment, which is emerging as an important destination for medical tourists.

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Medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum.

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Michael Ristow

Michael Ristow (b April 24, 1967) is a German medical researcher who has published influential articles on biochemical aspects of mitochondrial metabolism and particularly the possibly health-promoting role of reactive oxygen species in diseases like type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer, as well as general aging due to a process called mitohormesis.

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Mixopterus

Mixopterus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods.

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Model organism

A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.

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Modes of toxic action

A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that characterize a type of adverse biological response.

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Molecular diffusion

Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero.

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Mollusca

Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.

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Mondo and Other Stories

Mondo et autres histoires is a short story collection by French author J. M. G. Le Clézio. The stories in this collection all concern adolescents who in one way or another leave their familiar (civilized) circumstances and have numinous experiences accompanied by a rite of passage or other initiation.

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Monitoring (medicine)

In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time.

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Motor speech disorders

Motor speech disorders are a class of speech disorders that disturb the body's natural ability to speak due to neurologic impairments.

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Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, a form of artificial ventilation, is the act of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body, where a rescuer presses his or her mouth against that of the victim and blows air into the person's lungs.

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Muzzle clamp

The muzzle clamp is a method of killing used by large predators, usually cats such as Panthera leo, the lion, Panthera pardus, the leopard, and Panthera uncia, the snow leopard.

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Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen’s bacillus spirilly, mostly found in warm tropical countries, is a bacterium that causes leprosy (Hansen's disease).

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Naked mole-rat

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to parts of East Africa.

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Nathan Zuntz

Nathan Zuntz (6 October 1847, Bonn – 22 March 1920, Berlin) was a German physiologist born in Bonn.

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Natural philosophy

Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science.

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Neil Moss (caver)

Neil Moss (full name Oscar Hackett Neil Moss, (1938 - March 22, 1959) was the victim of a famous caving accident in England on Sunday, March 22, 1959. A twenty-year-old undergraduate studying philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford, Moss became jammed underground, 1,000 feet from the entrance after descending a narrow unexplored shaft in Peak Cavern, a famous cave system in Castleton in Derbyshire. Initial attempts to haul him free failed because the rope broke several times. When he lost consciousness as carbon dioxide from his own respiration built up in the base of the shaft, he was unable to assist further rescue attempts made with a stronger rope. More rescue efforts were made: June Bailey gave up after six hours, "driven back by foul air," and caving veteran Bob Leakey, in a frogman suit, could not get to him. He never regained consciousness and was declared dead on the morning of Tuesday, March 24, after the final rescue attempt had failed. His father, wishing to avoid further injury or loss of life in an attempt to retrieve his body, requested that it be left in place, wishing no one else to risk life or limb. The fissure was sealed with concrete and an inscription was later placed nearby. This section of Peak Cavern is now known as Moss Chamber. It was thought that he became stuck because he had moved a boulder at the bottom which had trapped the ladder, thus preventing him being pulled up by rescuers. The distance between the rungs of the ladder was too great for someone of his height to reach through the remaining gap. The story of Moss's death was widely publicised and appeared also in American newspapers and Australian newspapers; it was retold in the novel One Last Breath (2004) by Stephen Booth. In 2006, filmmaker Dave Webb - a Derbyshire caver himself - produced a dvd on the story titled Fight For Life - The Neil Moss Story.

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Nemertea

Nemertea is a phylum of invertebrate animals also known as "ribbon worms" or "proboscis worms".

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Nepa cinerea

Nepa cinerea is a species of water scorpion (Nepidae), found in most of Europe, including the British Isles, as well as North Africa and northern Asia.

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Nestor Gréhant

Nestor Louis François Gréhant (2 April 1838, Laon – 26 March 1910) was a French physiologist.

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Neural top–down control of physiology

Neural top–down control of physiology concerns the direct regulation by the brain of physiological functions (in addition to smooth muscle and glandular ones).

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Neuromuscular-blocking drug

Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles.

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Nigronia serricornis

Nigronia serricornis has many common names including; hellgrammites or fishflies or saw-combed fishfies.

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Northern snakehead

The northern.

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Nose

A nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which receive and expel air for respiration alongside the mouth.

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Notonecta glauca

Notonecta glauca is a species of aquatic insect, and a type of backswimmer.

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Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin

Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin involves the transport of nutrients through the system, as well as transformations from among dissolved, solid, and gaseous phases, depending on the element.

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Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway.

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Onychophora

Onychophora (from Ancient Greek, onyches, "claws"; and pherein, "to carry"), commonly known as velvet worms (due to their velvety texture and somewhat wormlike appearance) or more ambiguously as peripatus (after the first described genus, Peripatus), is a phylum of elongate, soft-bodied, many-legged panarthropods.

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Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, or ORT, is a bacterium that causes respiratory disease in poultry.

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Oskar Langendorff

Oskar Langendorff (1 February 1853 in Breslau – 10 May 1908 in Rostock; his first name is sometimes given as "Oscar") was a German physician and physiologist known primarily for his experiments on the isolated perfused heart, the so-called Langendorff Heart apparatus.

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Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones.

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Ostracoderm

Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned") are the armored jawless fishes of the Paleozoic.

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Outline of biology

Biology – The natural science that involves the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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Outline of physiology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to physiology: Physiology – scientific study of the normal function in living systems.

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Outline of underwater diving

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving: Underwater diving – as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxygen cycle

The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle of oxygen within its four main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), the hydrosphere (the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of planet Earth), and the lithosphere/Earth's crust.

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Oxygen equivalent

Oxygen equivalent compares the relative amount of oxygen available for respiration at a variable pressure to that available at SATP.

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Oxygen sensor

An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor) is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analysed.

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Oxygen–argon ratio

In chemistry, a sample's oxygen–argon ratio (or oxygen/argon ratio) is a comparison between the concentrations of oxygen (O2) and the noble gas argon (Ar), either in air or dissolved in a liquid such as seawater.

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Pacific electric ray

Tetronarce californica also known as the Pacific electric ray is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae, endemic to the coastal waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to British Columbia.

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Papula

Papulae (sing. papula), also known as dermal branchiae or skin gills, are projections of the coelom of Asteroidea that serve in respiration and waste removal.

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Paralanguage

Paralanguage is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc.

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Parvovirus B19

Primate erythroparvovirus 1, generally referred to as B19 virus, parvovirus B19 or sometimes erythrovirus B19, was the first (and until 2005 the only) known human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus; it measures only 23–26 nm in diameter.

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Paul Bert

Paul Bert (17 October 1833 – 11 November 1886) was a French zoologist, physiologist and politician.

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Pelagic stingray

The pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, and the sole member of its genus.

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Penilaian Menengah Rendah

Penilaian Menengah Rendah (commonly abbreviated as PMR; Malay for Lower Secondary Assessment) was a Malaysian public examination taken by all Form Three students in both government and private schools throughout the country from independence in 1957 to 2013.

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Period (periodic table)

A period in the periodic table is a horizontal row.

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Phoronid

Phoronids (scientific name Phoronida, sometimes called horseshoe worms) are a small phylum of marine animals that filter-feed with a lophophore (a "crown" of tentacles), and build upright tubes of chitin to support and protect their soft bodies.

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Photoplethysmogram variability

The photoplethysmogram (PPG) measurement made at a peripheral site, such as the finger, ear or forehead represents the volume of blood in the vessel at the site of measurement.

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Physiology of underwater diving

Physiology of underwater diving is the physiological influences of the underwater environment on the physiology of air-breathing animals, and the adaptations to operating underwater, both during breath-hold dives and while breathing at ambient pressure from a suitable breathing gas supply.

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Pinus tabuliformis

Pinus tabuliformis, also called Manchurian red pine, Southern Chinese pine or Chinese red pine, is a pine native to northern China from Liaoning west to Inner Mongolia and Gansu, and south to Shandong, Henan and Shaanxi, and also northern Korea.

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Planetary habitability

Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life, or its ability to generate life endogenously.

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Pneumatic chemistry

Pneumatic chemistry is a term most-closely identified with an area of scientific research of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries.

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Pneumothorax

A pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall.

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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.

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Polygraph

A polygraph, popularly referred to as a lie detector, measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity while a person is asked and answers a series of questions.

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Polysomnography

Polysomnography (PSG), a type of sleep study, is a multi-parametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool in sleep medicine.

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Population control

Population control is the practice of artificially maintaining the size of any population.

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Positive pressure

Positive pressure is a pressure within a system that is greater than the environment that surrounds that system.

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Post micturition convulsion syndrome

Micturition Convulsion syndrome (often referred to as a “pee shiver” or “piss shiver”) is a small jerk, most commonly in men during or after a long awaited urination.

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Pregnancy

Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.

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Pressure–volume diagram

A pressure–volume diagram (or PV diagram, or volume–pressure loop) is used to describe corresponding changes in volume and pressure in a system.

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Produce

Produce is a generalized term for a group of farm-produced crops and goods, including fruits and vegetables – meats, grains, oats, etc.

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Progesterone

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.

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Propædia

The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia.

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Pseudophilautus

Pseudophilautus is a genus of shrub frogs in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to the Western Ghats of southwestern India and to Sri Lanka where the majority of the species are found.

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Psyche (book)

Psyche (Psyche, zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Seele) is an 1846 book by Carl Gustav Carus, a physician and painter noted for his work on animal psychology and physiognomy.

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Pulmonary artery

A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

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Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

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Pulmonary contusion

A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma.

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Pulmonary sequestration

A pulmonary sequestration (bronchopulmonary sequestration or cystic lung lesion), is a medical condition wherein a piece of tissue that ultimately develops into lung tissue is not attached to the pulmonary arterial blood supply, as is the case in normally developing lung.

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Pulmonary vein

The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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Ralph Bathurst

Ralph Bathurst, FRS (1620 – 14 June 1704) was an English theologian and physician.

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Rapid eye movement sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep, REMS) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, distinguishable by random/rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied with low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.

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Rectus abdominis muscle

The rectus abdominis muscle, also known as the "abdominal muscles" or "abs", is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen, as well as that of some other mammals.

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Remineralisation

In biogeochemistry, remineralization (US, UK Spelling: remineralisation) refers to the breakdown or transformation of organic matter (those molecules derived from a biological source) into its simplest inorganic forms.

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Respiration

Respiration may refer to.

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Respiratory system

The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.

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Respiratory tract

In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration.

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Respirometer

A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide.

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Reticulate whipray

The reticulate whipray or honeycomb stingray (Himantura uarnak) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae.

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Richard Luchsinger

Richard Luchsinger (1900–1993) was a Swiss Doctor who made early contributions to the field of Speech Language Pathology, specifically in "phoniatry" or the study of voice.

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RM

RM, rm, or R&M may refer to.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

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Roles of chemical elements

This table is designed to show the role(s) performed by each chemical element, in nature and in technology.

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Ronald Bass

Ronald Bass (born March 26, 1942) sometimes credited as Ron Bass, is an American screenwriter and film producer.

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Salamander

Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.

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Samuel Parkes (chemist)

Samuel Parkes (1761–1825) was a British manufacturing chemist, now remembered for his Chemical Catechism.

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Saurolophus

Saurolophus (meaning "lizard crest") is a genus of large saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs that lived about 70.0–68.5 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; it is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents.

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Science in the Age of Enlightenment

The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America.

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Scipionyx

Scipionyx (pronounced "SHIH-pee-oh-nicks" or "ship-ee-OH-nicks") is a genus of compsognathid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Italy, around 113 million years ago.

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Sharptail mola

The sharptail mola (Masturus lanceolatus) is a species of mola found circumglobally in tropical and temperate waters.

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Shelter in place

Shelter in place (also known as a Shelter In-Place Warning, SAME code SPW) is to seek safety within the building one already occupies, rather than to evacuate the area or seek a community emergency shelter.

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Shirley Dinsdale

Shirley Dinsdale Layburn (October 31, 1926 – May 9, 1999), better known by her maiden name of Shirley Dinsdale, was an American ventriloquist and television and radio personality of the 1940s and early 1950s.

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Siegmund Mayer

Siegmund Mayer (December 27, 1842 – September, 1910) was a German physiologist and histologist.

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Siphon (mollusc)

A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda (members of these classes include saltwater and freshwater snails, clams, octopus, squid and relatives).

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Skin

Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.

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Sleep and breathing

Significant physiologic changes in breathing take place during normal sleep related to alterations in respiratory drive and musculature.

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Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Snail

Snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods.

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Sniffing (behavior)

Sniffing is a perceptually-relevant behavior, defined as the active sampling of odors through the nasal cavity for the purpose of information acquisition.

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Socorro springsnail

The Socorro springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis neomexicana, is an endangered species of minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails.

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Soil gas

Soil gases are the gases found in the air space between soil components.

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Soil pH

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil.

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Specific ventilation

In respiratory physiology, specific ventilation is defined as the ratio of the volume of gas entering a region of the lung (ΔV) following an inspiration, divided by the end-expiratory volume (V0) of that same lung region: SV.

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Speech science

Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech.

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Speech-language pathology

Speech-language pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech-language pathologist (SLP), also sometimes referred to as a speech and language therapist or a speech therapist. SLP is considered a "related health profession" along with audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, clinical psychology, physical therapy, and others.

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Spirit

A spirit is a supernatural being, often but not exclusively a non-physical entity; such as a ghost, fairy, or angel.

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Spot 42 RNA

Spot 42 (spf) RNA is a regulatory non-coding bacterial small RNA encoded by the spf (spot forty-two) gene.

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Springtail

Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura).

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Stoplight loosejaw

The stoplight loosejaws are small, deep-sea dragonfishes of the genus Malacosteus, classified either within the subfamily Malacosteinae of the family Stomiidae, or in the separate family Malacosteidae.

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Sulfonmethane

Sulfonmethane (Sulfonomethane, Sulfonal, Acetone diethyl sulfone) is a chemical compound first synthesized by Eugen Baumann in 1888 and introduced as a hypnotic drug by Alfred Kast later on, but now superseded by newer and safer sedatives.

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Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.

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Supernatural

The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.

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Support surface

Support surface is any material, such as a mattress, that supports people who are bed-ridden through illness.

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Table of modes of mechanical ventilation

There are many modes of mechanical ventilation.

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Tachypnea

Tachypnea or tachypnoea is abnormally rapid breathing.

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Tadpole

A tadpole (also called a pollywog) is the larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.

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Telmatobius culeus

Telmatobius culeus, commonly known as the Titicaca water frog, is a very large and critically endangered species of frog in the family Telmatobiidae.

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Tetrahydropalmatine

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the genus Corydalis (Yan Hu Suo), but also in other plants such as Stephania rotunda.

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Tetrapod

The superclass Tetrapoda (from Greek: τετρα- "four" and πούς "foot") contains the four-limbed vertebrates known as tetrapods; it includes living and extinct amphibians, reptiles (including dinosaurs, and its subgroup birds) and mammals (including primates, and all hominid subgroups including humans), as well as earlier extinct groups.

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Thaumatichthys

Thaumatichthys is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family Thaumatichthyidae, with three known species.

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The Tripods

The Tripods is a series of young adult novels written by John Christopher, beginning in 1967.

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Theoretical production ecology

Theoretical production ecology tries to quantitatively study the growth of crops.

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Thescelosaurus

Thescelosaurus (ancient Greek θέσκελος-/theskelos- meaning "godlike", "marvelous", or "wondrous" and σαυρος/sauros "lizard") was a genus of small ornithopod dinosaur that appeared at the very end of the Late Cretaceous period in North America.

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Thomas B. Warren

Thomas Bratton Warren (August 1, 1920 – August 8, 2000) was a professor of philosophy of religion and apologetics at the Harding School of Theology in Memphis, Tennessee, USA, and was an important philosopher and theologian in the Churches of Christ during the latter half of the twentieth century.

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Thoracic diaphragm

For other uses, see Diaphragm (disambiguation). The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity.

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Thoracic insufficiency syndrome

Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is the inability of the thorax to support normal respiration.

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Tick-borne encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system.

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Tietze syndrome

Tietze syndrome (also called chondropathia tuberosa or costochondral junction syndrome) is a benign inflammation of one or more of the costal cartilages.

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Timeline of disability rights in the United States

This disability rights timeline lists events relating to the civil rights of people with disabilities in the United States of America, including court decisions, the passage of legislation, activists' actions, significant abuses of people with disabilities that illustrate their lack of civil rights at the time, and the founding of various organizations.

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Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)

A timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Progressive Era to the end of World War II, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States.

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Toner

Toner is a powder mixture used in laser printers and photocopiers to form the printed text and images on the paper, in general through a toner cartridge.

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Toner refill

Toner refilling is the practice of refilling empty laser printer toner cartridges with new toner powder.

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Toss juggling

Toss juggling is the form of juggling which is most recognisable as 'juggling'.

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Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)

Transgender hormone therapy of the male-to-female (MTF) type, also known as feminizing hormone therapy, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and sex reassignment therapy which is used to change the secondary sexual characteristics of transgender people from masculine (or androgynous) to feminine.

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Transport tetany

Transport tetany is a disease that occurs in cows and ewes after the stress of prolonged transport in crowded, hot and poorly ventillated vehicles.

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Tree

In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species.

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Underwater diving

Underwater diving, as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.

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Vanabins

Vanabins (also known as vanadium-associated proteins or vanadium chromagen) are a specific group of vanadium-binding metalloproteins.

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Vasomotion

Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls, independent of heart beat, innervation or respiration.

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Ventilation/perfusion ratio

In respiratory physiology, the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V̇/Q̇ ratio or V/Q ratio) is a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables.

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Veratrum viride

Veratrum viride, known as Indian poke, Indian hellebore, false hellebore, green false hellebore or giant false-helleborine, is a species of Veratrum native to eastern and western (but not central) North America.

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Vertebral artery dissection

Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck and supplies blood to the brain.

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Vitreoscilla

Vitreoscilla is a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacterium.

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Walton T. Roth

Walton Thompson "Tom" Roth, MD (born 1939 in Topeka, Kansas) is an American psychiatrist and psychophysiological researcher.

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Waste stabilization pond

Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs or stabilization ponds or waste stabilization lagoons) are ponds designed and built for wastewater treatment to reduce the organic content and remove pathogens from wastewater.

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Water on Mars

Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil.

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Water vapor

No description.

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Water vascular system

The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.

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Wheeze

A wheeze (formally called "sibilant rhonchi" in medical terminology) is a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing.

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Yandell Henderson

Yandell Henderson (April 23, 1873 – February 18, 1944) was an American physiologist.

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Yohoia

Yohoia is a genus of tiny, extinct animals from the Cambrian period that has been found as fossils in the Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada.

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Young–Laplace equation

In physics, the Young–Laplace equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water and air, due to the phenomenon of surface tension or wall tension, although usage on the latter is only applicable if assuming that the wall is very thin.

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Zebra shark

The zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum) is a species of carpet shark and the sole member of the family Stegostomatidae.

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Zephyr Technology

Zephyr Technology Corporation, (also known as Zephyr) is a privately owned manufacturer of advanced heart rate monitors, remote physiological monitoring and wireless telehealth systems for remote patient monitoring.

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1667

No description.

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1667 in England

Events from the year 1667 in England.

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1667 in science

The year 1667 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1668 in science

The year 1668 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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4DCT

4DCT is a type of CT scanning which records multiple images over time.

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Redirects here:

External respiration, List of physiology topics: respiration, Respiratory mechanics, Respiratory physiologist, Respiratory physiology.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)

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