Communication

1625 relations: -ista (suffix), A Coruña, A Lume Spento, Añua, Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil), Acadian French, Accusative and infinitive, Acronym, Acute accent, Adam Ledgeway, Adam's apple, Adûnaic, Adelaide Language Festival, Adelbert von Keller, Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld, Adolf Gaspary, Adolf Tobler, Adolphe Cohn, Adriatic Veneti, Adverb, African Romance, Agreement (linguistics), Aguardiente, Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, Aimery of Limoges, Aisinian Aragonese, Aix-Marseille University, Ajam, Al-Andalus, Aléria, Albanian language, Albertina Soepboer, Alberto, Albino Pierro, Alcée Fortier, Aleman (surname), Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld, Alexander the Great in the Quran, Alexandru Macedonski, Alfred Bloom, Alfred Elwes, Algherese dialect, Algonquian–Basque pidgin, Aljamiado, Alphabet, Alphonse Roque-Ferrier, Alpine regiments of the Roman army, Alsace-Lorraine, Altpert, Alumnus, ..., Amazonic Spanish, Amber, Ambitransitive verb, America-Italy Society of Philadelphia, Americas, Americas (terminology), Ana Maria Machado, Anatol E. 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A. Urechia, V2 word order, Valdôtain dialect, Valencian, Valentin Parnakh, Valerie (given name), Vallader dialect (Romansh), Vallassinese dialect, Valyrian languages, Van (Dutch), Varesino dialect, Varieties of Arabic, Varieties of Chinese, Varieties of Modern Greek, Vastese, Velike Lašče, Venetian language, Venetian nationalism, Venetic language, Venezuelan Australians, Verb, Verb framing, Verdun pri Uršnih Selih, Verdun, Novo Mesto, Vergonha, Vernacular, Veronese Riddle, Vesna Parun, Vespasian, Victor Klemperer, Vienna School of Art History, Vietnamese alphabet, Viggo Brøndal, Viking Age, Vilém Mathesius, Vis (town), Vivaro-Alpine dialect, Vive, viva, and vivat, Vivo per lei, Vlach language in Serbia, Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vlachs in the history of Croatia, Vladimir Nabokov, Voiceless alveolar fricative, Voiceless postalveolar affricate, Voiceless postalveolar fricative, Vojtěch Jarník, Vowel, Vowel breaking, Vowel reduction, Vulgar Latin, Walhaz, Wallachia, Wallonia, Walloon language, Walloons, Walpole High School, Walther von Wartburg, Wandering Jew, Wednesday, Week, Welchweiler, Welschriesling, Welsh rarebit, Wendelin Förster, Wenedyk, Werner Riess, West, West Bank, West Iberian languages, Western Europe, Western Lombard dialect, Western Roman Empire, Western Romance languages, Western world, White, Whitgift School, Wild boar, Wilga Rivers, Wilhelm Cloetta, Wilhelm Hünermann, William Frank Buckley Sr., William James Sidis, William Jones (philologist), William Liu, Winston Burdett, Wintuan languages, Wojciech Karpiński, Wolf W. Zuelzer, Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Word order, World language, Writing-riddle, Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín, Yakov Malkiel, Yehoshua Kenaz, Yellow-backed duiker, Yiddish, Yves Roberge, Zambo, Zamboangueño people, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Zapotec languages, Zarphatic language, Zebra duiker, Zermatt, Zero (linguistics), Zeta, Zeto (Greek), Zoltán Gombocz, Zonal and meridional, Zonal constructed language, Zone libre, .de, .la, .NGO and .ONG, 13 (number), 1954, 7, 9th century. Expand index (1575 more) » « Shrink index

-ista (suffix)

-ista is a suffix that denotes a specialist or performer of a certain topic, or an advocate of a belief.

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A Coruña

A Coruña (is a city and municipality of Galicia, Spain. It is the second most populated city in the autonomous community and seventeenth overall in the country. The city is the provincial capital of the province of the same name, having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982, before being replaced by Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña is a busy port located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro, a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It provides a distribution point for agricultural goods from the region.

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A Lume Spento

A Lume Spento (translated by the author as With Tapers Quenched) is a 1908 poetry collection by Ezra Pound.

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Añua

Añua is a village in Elburgo municipality, in the province of Álava, Basque Country, Spain.

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Academic ranks (Portugal and Brazil)

Academic ranks in Portugal and Brazil are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

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Acadian French

Acadian French (français acadien) is a dialect of Canadian French originally associated with the Acadian people of what is now the Canadian Maritimes.

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Accusative and infinitive

In grammar, accusative and infinitive is the name for a syntactic construction of Latin and Greek, also found in various forms in other languages such as English and Spanish.

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Acronym

An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual letters (as in NATO or laser) and sometimes syllables (as in Benelux).

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Acute accent

The acute accent (´) is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts.

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Adam Ledgeway

Adam Noel Ledgeway, FBA (born 29 December 1970) is an academic linguist, specialising in Italian and other Romance languages.

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Adam's apple

The Adam's apple, or laryngeal prominence, is a feature of the human neck, and is the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males.

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Adûnaic

Adûnaic (or Adunaic) ("language of the west") is a fictional language in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien.

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Adelaide Language Festival

The Adelaide Language Festival is a language festival that celebrates linguistic diversity and encourages people to learn about the cognitive and cultural advantages of multilingualism.

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Adelbert von Keller

Adelbert von Keller (5 July 1812 – 13 March 1883) was a German philologist.

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Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld

Adolf Birch-Hirschfeld (1 October 1849, in Kiel – 11 January 1917, in Gautzsch) was a German medievalist and Romance scholar.

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Adolf Gaspary

Adolf Gaspary (23 May 1849, in Berlin – 17 March 1892, in Berlin) was a German Romance philologist, specializing in Italian literature.

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Adolf Tobler

Adolf Tobler (24 May 1835 – 18 March 1910) was a Swiss-German linguist and philologist.

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Adolphe Cohn

Adolphe Cohn (1851 – 1930) was a Franco-American educator, born in Paris.

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Adriatic Veneti

The Veneti (in Latin, also Heneti) were an Indo-European people who inhabited northeastern Italy, in an area corresponding to the modern-day region of Veneto.

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Adverb

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun phrase, clause, or sentence.

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African Romance

African Romance or African Latin is an extinct Romance language that is assumed to have been spoken in the Roman province of Africa by the Roman Africans during the later Roman and early Byzantine Empires and several centuries after the annexation of the region by the Umayyad Caliphate in 696.

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Agreement (linguistics)

Agreement or concord (abbreviated) happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.

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Aguardiente

Aguardiente (pattar, aiguardent, augardente, aguardente) is a generic term for alcoholic beverages that contain between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume.

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Ahimaaz ben Paltiel

Ahimaaz ben Paltiel (אחימעץ בן פלטיאל‎; 1017–1060) was an Graeco-Italian liturgical poet and author of a family chronicle.

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Aimery of Limoges

Aimery or Aymery of Limoges (died 1196), also Aimericus in Latin, Aimerikos in Greek and Hemri in Armenian, was a Roman Catholic ecclesiarch in Frankish Outremer and the fourth Latin Patriarch of Antioch from c. 1140 until his death.

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Aisinian Aragonese

Aisa Aragonese is a dialect of Aragonese language spoken in Aísa Valley.

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Aix-Marseille University

Aix-Marseille University (AMU; Aix-Marseille Université; formally incorporated as Université d'Aix-Marseille) is a public research university located in Provence, southern France.

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Ajam

Ajam (عجم) is an Arabic word meaning one who is not understandable in speech.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Aléria

Aléria (Ancient Greek: Ἀλαλίη, Alaliē; Latin and Italian: Aleria, U Cateraghju) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France on the island of Corsica, former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see.

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Albanian language

Albanian (shqip, or gjuha shqipe) is a language of the Indo-European family, in which it occupies an independent branch.

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Albertina Soepboer

Albertina Soepboer (born December 3, 1969) is a Dutch writer writing in both Frisian and Dutch.

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Alberto

Alberto is the Romance version of the Latinized form (Albertus) of Germanic Albert.

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Albino Pierro

Albino Pierro (19 November 1916 in Tursi – 23 March 1995 in Rome) was an Italian poet.

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Alcée Fortier

Alcée Fortier (June 5, 1856 – February 14, 1914) was a renowned Professor of Romance Languages at Tulane University in New Orleans.

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Aleman (surname)

Aleman (Alleman, Allman and variants) is a surname with origin Romance language speaking parts of Western Europe, derived from the name for Germany derived from the name of the Alamanni (the Frankish duchy of Alamannia), French Allemagne, Spanish Alemania, etc.

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Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld

Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld (born December 29, 1865 in Dresden, Saxony (Germany), died 1956 in Wisconsin) was a professor of German at the University of Wisconsin from 1901 until 1936.

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Alexander the Great in the Quran

The story of Dhul-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One", also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain), mentioned in the Quran, may be a reference to Alexander III of Macedon (356–323 BC), popularly known as Alexander the Great.

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Alexandru Macedonski

Alexandru Macedonski (also rendered as Al. A. Macedonski, Macedonschi or Macedonsky; March 14, 1854 – November 24, 1920) was a Romanian poet, novelist, dramatist and literary critic, known especially for having promoted French Symbolism in his native country, and for leading the Romanian Symbolist movement during its early decades.

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Alfred Bloom

Alfred H. Bloom is an American psychologist and linguist and vice chancellor of New York University Abu Dhabi.

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Alfred Elwes

Alfred Elwes (1819–1888) was a nineteenth-century British author of children's literature, academic, philologist, and occasional translator of French, Italian and Portuguese literature into English.

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Algherese dialect

Algherese (Standard Catalan: Alguerès,; Algherese: Alguerés) is the variant of the Catalan language spoken in the city of Alghero (L'Alguer in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy.

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Algonquian–Basque pidgin

The Algonquian–Basque pidgin was a pidgin spoken by the Basque whalers and various Algonquian peoples.

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Aljamiado

Aljamiado (عَجَمِيَة trans. ''ʿajamiyah'') or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino, and Bosnian with its Arebica script.

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Alphabet

An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle that the letters represent phonemes (basic significant sounds) of the spoken language.

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Alphonse Roque-Ferrier

Alphonse Roque-Ferrier (1 August 1844 – 18 June 1907) was a French philologist and historian of the occitan language.

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Alpine regiments of the Roman army

The Alpine regiments of the Roman army were those auxiliary units of the army that were originally raised in the Alpine provinces of the Roman Empire: Tres Alpes, Raetia and Noricum.

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Alsace-Lorraine

The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen or Elsass-Lothringen, or Alsace-Moselle) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871, after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War.

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Altpert

Altpert (died 790) was the Abbot of Farfa from the death of Ragambald in 786 until his own death a few years later.

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Alumnus

An alumnus ((masculine), an alumna ((feminine), or an alumnum ((gender-neutral) of a college, university, or other school is a former student. The word is Latin and simply means student. The plural is alumni for men and mixed groups and alumnae for women. The term is often mistakenly thought of as synonymous with "graduate," but they are not synonyms; one can be an alumnus without graduating. (Burt Reynolds, alumnus but not graduate of Florida State, is an example.) An alumnus can also be a former member, employee, contributor, or inmate.

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Amazonic Spanish

Amazonic Spanish (español amazónico), also known as Loreto-Ucayali Spanish or Jungle Spanish (español de la selva), is a variety of Spanish spoken in the Amazon, especially in the Peruvian Amazon provinces of Loreto and Ucayali.

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Amber

Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.

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Ambitransitive verb

An ambitransitive verb is a verb that is both intransitive and transitive.

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America-Italy Society of Philadelphia

The America-Italy Society of Philadelphia (AISPHILA) a is a non-profit organization, founded in 1956 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with a mission to promote, by educational and cultural means, an international friendship between the Republic of Italy and the United States of America. The organization offers a series of lectures, films, concerts, and language studies to promote a broader understanding of the Italian cultural and artistic heritage.

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Americas

The Americas (also collectively called America)"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.

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Americas (terminology)

The Americas, also known as America,"America." The Oxford Companion to the English Language.

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Ana Maria Machado

Ana Maria Machado (born 24 December 1941) is a Brazilian writer of children's books, one of the most significant alongside Lygia Bojunga Nunes and Ruth Rocha.

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Anatol E. Baconsky

Anatol E. Baconsky (June 16, 1925 – March 4, 1977), also known as A. E. Bakonsky, Baconschi or Baconski, was a Romanian modernist poet, essayist, translator, novelist, publisher, literary and art critic.

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Ancient Greek phonology

Ancient Greek phonology is the description of the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek.

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Ancient history

Ancient history is the aggregate of past events, "History" from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the post-classical history.

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Ancient Rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

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Andalusia

Andalusia (Andalucía) is an autonomous community in southern Spain.

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Andalusian Arabic

Andalusian Arabic, also known as Andalusi Arabic, was a variety or varieties of the Arabic language spoken in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) under Muslim rule (and for some time after) from the 9th century to the 17th century.

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Andorra

Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra (Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra (Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France in the north and Spain in the south.

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André-Georges Haudricourt

André-Georges Haudricourt (January 17, 1911 - August 20, 1996) was a French botanist, anthropologist and linguist.

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Andrej Budal

Andrej Budal (31 October 1889 – 7 June 1972) was a Slovene language writer, poet, journalist and translator from Italy.

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Andrew Dalby

Andrew Dalby, (born 1947 in Liverpool) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, and Classical texts.

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Andrey Korsakov

Andrey Konstantinovich Korsakov (October 30, 1916 – 2007) was an eminent Russian and Ukrainian linguist and language philosopher who specialised in the grammar of the English language and is considered a father of Grammar School in Ukraine.

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Angevin dialect

Angevin is the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou, a historic province in western France.

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Anglo-America

Anglo-America most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic and cultural impact.

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Anglo-Norman language

Anglo-Norman, also known as Anglo-Norman French, is a variety of the Norman language that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the British Isles during the Anglo-Norman period.

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Angolan Portuguese

Angolan Portuguese (Português de Angola) is a group of dialects and accents of the Portuguese language used mostly in Angola, where it is an official language.

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Angst

Angst means fear or anxiety (anguish is its Latinate equivalent, and anxious, anxiety are of similar origin).

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Anne Milano Appel

Anne Milano Appel is an American translator of Italian literature.

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Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck

Anne-Marie Cécile J. Neyts-Uyttebroeck (born 17 June 1944) is a Belgian politician and was a Member of the European Parliament for Flanders with the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats, member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, where she sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.

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Ansó Aragonese

Ansó Aragonese is a variety of Western Aragonese spoken in Ansó Valley, included Ansó, Biniés and Fago.

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Anselm Kiefer

Anselm Kiefer (born 8 March 1945) is a German painter and sculptor.

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Ant

Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera.

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Antônio Roberto Monteiro Simões

Antônio Roberto Monteiro Simões is a Brazilian-born linguist interested in the phonetics and phonology of the Romance languages.

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Anthony Rhodes

Anthony Rhodes (September 24, 1916 – August 23, 2004) was a British writer of memoirs, novels, travelogues, reviews and histories.

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Anticausative verb

An anticausative verb (abbreviated) is an intransitive verb that shows an event affecting its subject, while giving no semantic or syntactic indication of the cause of the event.

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Antoine Thomas (linguist)

Antoine Thomas (29 November 1857, Saint-Yrieix-la-Montagne – 17 May 1935, Paris) was a French linguist.

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Anton Çeta

Anton Çeta (aka Anton Çetta) (1920–1995) was an Albanian folklorist, academic and university professor.

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Antonin Scalia

Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016.

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Antonio de Nebrija

Antonio de Nebrija (14415 July 1522), also known as Antonio de Lebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa, was a Spanish Renaissance scholar.

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Apex Learning

Apex Learning, Inc. is a privately held provider of e-Learning solutions for K-12 education, offering online courses in mathematics, science, English studies, social studies, Romance languages, the fine arts, health and physical education, and Advanced Placement.

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Apothecaries' system

The apothecaries' system or apothecaries' weights and measures is a historical system of mass and volume units that were used by physicians and apothecaries for medical recipes, and also sometimes by scientists.

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Appendix Probi

The Appendix Probi ("Probus' Appendix") is a palimpsest appended to the Instituta Artium, a work written in the third or fourth century AD.

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Aquitani

The Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani) were a people living in what is now southern Aquitaine and southwestern Midi-Pyrénées, France, called Gallia Aquitania by the Romans in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean, and the Garonne, present-day southwestern France.

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Arabic

Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.

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Arabic language influence on the Spanish language

Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492.

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Arabic phonology

While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties.

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Arachne

In Greek mythology (and later Roman mythology), Arachne (from ἀράχνη "spider", cognate with Latin araneus) was a talented mortal weaver who challenged Athena, goddess of wisdom and crafts, to a weaving contest; this hubris resulted in her being transformed into a spider.

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Aragüés Aragonese

Aragüés Aragonese is the Aragonese variety spoken in Aragüés and Jasa.

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Aragonese language

Aragonese (aragonés in Aragonese) is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by 10,000 to 30,000 people in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon, Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro, Jacetania, Alto Gállego, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza/Ribagorça.

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Aranese dialect

Aranese (Aranés) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Val d'Aran, in northwestern Catalonia close to the Spanish border with France, where it is one of the three official languages beside Catalan and Spanish.

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Arbanasi dialect

The Arbanasi dialect is a dialect of Gheg Albanian that is spoken in long-standing diaspora communities of Albanians in Croatia.

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Arne Birkenstock

Arne Birkenstock (born 1967) is a German film director and screenwriter.

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Arne-Johan Henrichsen

Arne-Johan Henrichsen (31 August 1918 – 8 March 2005) was a Norwegian philologist.

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Aromanian language

Aromanian (rrãmãneshti, armãneashti, armãneshce., "Aromanian", or limba rrãmãniascã/ armãneascã/ armãneshce, "Aromanian language"), also known as Macedo-Romanian or Vlach, is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Meglenoromanian, or a dialect of the Romanian language.

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Aron Pumnul

Aron Pumnul (27 November 1818 – 12 January O.S. (24 January N.S.) 1866) was a Romanian philologist and teacher as well as a national and revolutionary activist in Transylvania and later in Bukovina (then in the Habsburg Monarchy).

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Arsène Darmesteter

Arsène Darmesteter (5 January 1846, Château-Salins, Moselle16 November 1888, Paris) was a distinguished French philologist and man of letters.

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Arthur Piaget

Arthur Piaget (25 November 1865, in Yverdon – 15 April 1952, in Neuchâtel) was a Swiss historian, archivist and Romance philologist.

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Article (grammar)

An article (with the linguistic glossing abbreviation) is a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, and in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.

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Arvert

Arvert is a French commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation:, singular:, Modern Hebrew:; also), are a Jewish diaspora population who coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium.

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Assimilation (phonology)

In phonology, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound.

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Astur-Leonese languages

Astur-Leonese is a group of closely related Romance languages of the West Iberian branch, including.

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Asturian language

Asturian (asturianu,Art. 1 de la formerly also known as bable) is a West Iberian Romance language spoken in Principality of Asturias, Spain.

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Atlas linguistique de la France

The Atlas linguistique de la France (ALF, Linguistic Atlas of France) is an influential dialect atlas of Romance varieties in France published in 13 volumes between 1902 and 1910 by Jules Gilliéron and Edmond Edmont.

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Audun-le-Tiche

Audun-le-Tiche is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

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August Kovačec

August Kovačec (born 6 August 1938) is Croatian linguist and Romanicist.

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Auregnais

Auregnais, Aoeur'gnaeux or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney (Aurigny, Auregnais: Aoeur'gny or Auregny).

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Aureola

An aureola or aureole (diminutive of Latin aurea, "golden") is the radiance of luminous cloud which, in paintings of sacred personages, surrounds the whole figure.

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Austrian German

Austrian German (Österreichisches Deutsch), Austrian Standard German, Standard Austrian German (Österreichisches Standarddeutsch) or Austrian High German (Österreichisches Hochdeutsch), is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria.

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Auvergnat (language)

Auvergnat or Auvergnat language (endonym: auvernhat) is an idiom spoken in France in part of the Massif Central and in particular, in most of Auvergne, province that gives it its name.

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Avče

Avče (AuzzaSpezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder. Bearbeiten auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, vol. 7: Österreichisch-Illyrisches Küstenland. 1918. Vienna: K. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, p. 7.) is a settlement on the left bank of the Soča River in the Municipality of Kanal in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

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Azymes

Azymes (plural of azyme) is an archaic English word for the Jewish matzah, derived from the Greek word ἄζυμος ázymos, "unleavened", for unfermented bread in Biblical times; the more accepted term in modern English is simply unleavened bread or matzah, but cognates of the Greek term are still used in many Romance languages (Spanish pan ácimo, French pain azyme, Italian azzimo, Portuguese pão ázimo and Romanian azimă).

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Álvaro Torres-Calderón

Álvaro Torres-Calderón (born 1975) is a Peruvian poet.

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Ç

Ç or ç (c-cedilla) is a Latin script letter, used in the Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Portuguese, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish and Zazaki alphabets.

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Émile Benveniste

Émile Benveniste (27 March 1902 – 3 October 1976) was a French structural linguist and semiotician.

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Émile Picot

Émile Picot (13 September 1844, in Paris – 24 September 1918, in Saint-Martin-d'Écublei) was a French Romance philologist.

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Étaules, Charente-Maritime

Étaules is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

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Ñ

Ñ (lower case ñ, eñe, Phonetic Alphabet: "énye") is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by placing a tilde (called a virgulilla in Spanish) on top of an upper- or lowercase N. It became part of the Spanish alphabet in the eighteenth century when it was first formally defined, but it is also used in other languages such as Galician, Asturian, the Aragonese Grafía de Uesca, Basque, Chavacano, Filipino, Chamorro, Guarani, Quechua, Mapudungun, Mandinka, and Tetum alphabets, as well as in Latin transliteration of Tocharian and Sanskrit, where it represents.

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Ćići

Ćić (plural Ćići, Čiči, Tschitschen, Cicci, Chicchi, Ciccio, Cici), is an ethnonym and exonym in a broader sense for all the people who live in the mountainous Ćićarija area in Croatia and Slovenia.

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Čepovan

Čepovan (Chiapovano, Tschepobon)Snoj, Marko.

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Šavrini Hills subdialect

The Šavrini Hills subdialect (šavrinski govor, šavrinščina) is a Slovene subdialect of the Istrian dialect in the Littoral dialect group.

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Babilonia (disambiguation)

Babilonia is the name for Babylon in several Romance languages, including Galician, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.

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Babu (title)

The title babu, also spelled baboo, is used in South Asia as a sign of respect towards men.

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Back River Light

The Back River Light, also known as the Grandview Light, was a lighthouse south of the mouth of the Back River on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay, several miles north of Fort Monroe near Hampton, Virginia.

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Badger

Badgers are short-legged omnivores in the family Mustelidae, which also includes the otters, polecats, weasels, and wolverines.

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Bagnio

A bagnio is a loan word into several languages (from bagno).

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Balkan sprachbund

The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is the ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.

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Bari dialect

Bari dialect (dialetto barese) is a dialect of Neapolitan spoken in the Apulia and Basilicata regions of Italy.

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Barranquenho

Barranquenho (Barranquenhu; English: Barranquian) is a Romance linguistic variety spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos, near the Spanish border.

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Basque alphabet

The Basque alphabet is a Latin alphabet used to write the Basque language.

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Basque language

Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.

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Basque music

Basque music refers to the music made in the Basque Country, reflecting traits related to its society/tradition, and devised by people from that territory.

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Basque–Icelandic pidgin

The Basque–Icelandic pidgin was a pidgin spoken in Iceland in the 17th century.

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Basques

No description.

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Bastardo

Bastardo is a proper noun for at least two referents, each of them probably cognate with the common noun bastardo, meaning bastard in several Romance languages.

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Bastian Sick

Bastian Sick (born 17 July 1965) is a German journalist and author.

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Batangas Tagalog

Batangas Tagalog (more properly Batangan, Batangeño, or Batangenyo), is a dialect of the Tagalog language that is spoken primarily in the Province of Batangas and in portions of Quezon, the province of Laguna and on the island if Mindoro.

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Bathsua Makin

Bathsua Reginald Makin (c. 1600 – c. 1675) was a teacher who contributed to the emerging criticism of woman's position in the domestic and public spheres in 17th-century England.

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Bay duiker

The bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), also known as the black-striped duiker and the black-backed duiker, is a forest-dwelling duiker native to western and southern Africa.

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Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.

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Belfort Gap

The Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Burgundische Pforte) is a plateau located between the northern rim of the Jura Mountains and the southernmost part of the Vosges in France.

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Belgae

The Belgae were a large Gallic-Germanic confederation of tribes living in northern Gaul, between the English Channel, the west bank of the Rhine, and northern bank of the river Seine, from at least the third century BC.

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Belgian French

Belgian French (français de Belgique) is the variety of French spoken mainly among the French Community of Belgium, alongside related Oïl languages of the region such as Walloon, Picard, Champenois and Lorrain (Gaumais).

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Belgicism

A belgicism (belgicisme) is a word, expression, or turn of phrase that is unique to Belgian French.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Belizean Spanish

Belizean Spanish (Spanish: español beliceño) is the dialect of Spanish spoken in Belize.

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Benasquese dialect

Benasquese (autonym: benasqués), often called patués by its speakers, is the native Romance linguistic variety of the Valley of Benasque, in the province of Huesca (Aragon, Spain).

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Benjamin Fondane

Benjamin Fondane or Benjamin Fundoianu (born Benjamin Wechsler, Wexler or Vecsler, first name also Beniamin or Barbu, usually abridged to B.; November 14, 1898 – October 2, 1944) was a Romanian and French poet, critic and existentialist philosopher, also noted for his work in film and theater.

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Berber languages

The Berber languages, also known as Berber or the Amazigh languages (Berber name: Tamaziɣt, Tamazight; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, Tuareg Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ, ⵝⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵝ), are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Bergamasque dialect

The Bergamasque dialect is the western variant of the Eastern Lombard group of the Lombard language.

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Bernadette Vergnaud

Bernadette Vergnaud (born 16 September 1950 in Montluçon, Allier) is a French politician and Member of the European Parliament for the west of France.

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Bernard Weish

Bernard Weish or Bernard Weiss (or Bernhard, or Weis, depending on who cited him) was a fictional linguist invented by unknown(s) in order to back the theories that differentiate between Valencian and the Catalan language, but it might be also possible the reversed possibility: it was created by an opposer of the Language secessionism to ridicule it and the Blaverists did not realise it.

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Berrichon dialect

Berrichon is an Oïl language very closely related to French or a dialect of it traditionally spoken in the historical area of the French province of Berry.

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Berthold Wiese

Berthold Heinrich Friedrich Wiese (19 December 1859, in Rostock – 3 May 1932, in Halle an der Saale) was a German Romance philologist, who specialized in Italian language and literature.

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Betacism

In historical linguistics, betacism is a sound change in which (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and (the voiced labiodental fricative, as in vane) are confused.

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Bias against left-handed people

Bias based on handedness is bias or design, conscious or not, that is usually unfavorable against people who are left-handed.

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Bible translations in the Middle Ages

Bible translations in the Middle Ages discussions are rare in contrast to Late Antiquity, when the Bibles available to most Christians were in the local vernacular.

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Bible translations into Indo-European languages

The New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, an Indo-European language, and Bible translations into this large and influential language family have been produced since classical times.

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Biljana

Biljana is a settlement east of Dobrovo in the Municipality of Brda in the Littoral region of Slovenia, very close to the border with Italy.

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Binomial pair

In linguistics, a binomial pair or binomial is a sequence of two or more words or phrases belonging to the same grammatical category, having some semantic relationship and joined by some syntactic device such as and or or.

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Biphasic and polyphasic sleep

Biphasic sleep (or diphasic, bimodal or bifurcated sleep) is the practice of sleeping during two periods over 24 hours, while polyphasic sleep refers to sleeping multiple times – usually more than two.

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Bishop (chess)

A bishop (♗,♝) is a piece in the board game of chess.

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Bivio

Bivio (Beiva, Stallen) is a village and former municipality in the Sursés in the district of Albula of the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Bolak language

Bolak is a constructed language that was invented by Léon Bollack.

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Bolognese dialect

Bolognese (in Bolognese: bulgnaiś) is a dialect of the Emiliano language, spoken in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and along the border of Tuscany to the south.

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Bonifaci Ferrer

Boniface Ferrer (1350–1417) was a Carthusian monk, brother of Saint Vincent Ferrer, and translator of the first Bible into Valencian.

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Boris (given name)

Boris, Borys or Barys (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Борис; Барыс) is a male name of Bulgarian origin.

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Bororo language

Bororo (Borôro), also known as Boe, is the sole surviving language of a small family believed to be part of the Macro-Gê languages.

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Bosniaks

The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci,; singular masculine: Bošnjak, feminine: Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic nation and ethnic group inhabiting mainly the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Bosnians

Bosnians (Serbo-Croatian: Bosanci/Босанци; singular: Bosnian (Bosanac/Босанац) are people who live in Bosnia, or who are of Bosnian descent. Bosnia is one of two main regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the latest official population census made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of the people identified with Bosniak, Croat or Serb nationality. Some people identified with "Bosnian" nationality, however these are listed under the category "Others" (along with all the other options such as Jews, Romas etc.). According to the latest population census (2013), there were around 2.7% "Others". According to some, a Bosnian can be anyone who holds citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym Bosnians and Herzegovinians. This includes, but is not limited to, members of the constituent ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. Those who reside in the smaller geographical region of Herzegovina usually prefer to identify as Herzegovinians. CIA factbook, used in this article as a source for numbers, does not mention a sole "Bosnian" nationality. Instead it mentions "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)" thereby emphasizing the regional significance and equity between the terms. Ethnic minorities in this territory, such as Jews, Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins and others, may consider Bosnian as an adjective modifying their ethnicity (e.g. Bosnian Roma) to indicate place of residence. Other times they use (with equal rights) the term Herzegovinians. In addition, a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe that the term "Bosnians" defines a people who constitute a distinct collective cultural identity or ethnic group. According to the latest (2013) census however, this population does not rise above 2.7%. According to a study conducted by University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Nikšić, Montenegro and University of Novi Sad in Serbia, Bosnian people are the tallest in the world.

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Boston Latin School

The Boston Latin School is a public exam school in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Boudin

Boudin are various kinds of sausage in French, Luxembourg, Belgian, German, Quebec, Acadian, Creole, Surinamese Creole, Austrian and Cajun cuisine.

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Bourbonnais dialects

The Bourbonnais dialects are spoken in the historic region of Bourbonnais (centre of France), i.e. in the whole Allier department and in the southeast of the Cher department (around Saint-Amand-Montrond. They are situated at the borderline between the Oïl language, Occitan language and Franco-Provençal language zones.

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Brazilian literature

Brazilian literature is the literature written in the Portuguese language by Brazilians or in Brazil, including works written prior to the country’s independence in 1822.

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Brazilian Portuguese

Brazilian Portuguese (português do Brasil or português brasileiro) is a set of dialects of the Portuguese language used mostly in Brazil.

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Breginj

Breginj (locally Brgin and Bәrgin,Snoj, Marko. 2009. Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan and Založba ZRC, pp. 77–78. Bergogna, Bergogne) is a village in the Municipality of Kobarid in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

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Breton language

Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany.

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Bretons

The Bretons (Bretoned) are a Celtic ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France.

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Brianzöö dialect

Brianzöö (modern orthography) or Brianzoeu (historical orthography) (Brianzolo or dialetto brianzolo) is a group of variants (lombardo prealpino e occidentale – macromilanese), of Western Lombard language variety of the Lombard language.

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Brigasc dialect

Brigasc is a dialect of the Ligurian language.

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Brithenig

Brithenig is an invented language, or constructed language ("conlang").

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British Latin

British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods.

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Bruno Migliorini

Bruno Migliorini (19 November 1896 – 18 June 1975) was an Italian linguist and philologist.

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Bulgarian placename etymology

Bulgarian placename etymology is characterized by the linguistic and ethnic diversity of the Balkans through the ages and the position of the country in the centre of the region.

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Bulgarians in Romania

Bulgarians (bulgari) are a recognized minority in Romania (Румъния, Rumaniya), numbering 7,336 according to the 2011 Romanian census, down from 8,025 in 2002.

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Burgundian language (Oïl)

The Burgundian language, also known by French names Bourguignon-morvandiau, Bourguignon, and Morvandiau, is an Oïl language spoken in Burgundy and particularly in the Morvan area of the region.

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Bustocco and Legnanese dialect

Bustocco and Legnanese are two dialects of the Western Lombard language, spoken in the cities of Busto Arsizio (Province of Varese) and Legnano (Province of Milan).

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By the Grace of God

By the Grace of God (Latin Dei Gratia, abbreviated D.G.) is an introductory part of the full styles of a monarch historically considered to be ruling by divine right, not a title in its own right.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

The medieval Byzantine Empire underwent revival during reign of the Macedonian emperors of the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries, when it gained control over the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria.

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Byzantine literature

Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the territory of the Byzantine Empire or outside its borders.

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C

C is the third letter in the English alphabet and a letter of the alphabets of many other writing systems which inherited it from the Latin alphabet.

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Cadorino dialect

Cadorino, a dialect of Ladin, is the language of Cadore, at the feet of the Dolomites in the province of Belluno.

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Caesar (title)

Caesar (English Caesars; Latin Caesares) is a title of imperial character.

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Cafundó language

Cafundó, or Cupópia, is an argot ("secret language") spoken in the Brazilian village of Cafundó, São Paulo, now a suburb of Salto de Pirapora.

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Cagliari

Cagliari (Casteddu; Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy.

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Caipira dialect

Caipira ((Old Tupi ka'apir or kaa-pira, which means "bush cutter") is a Brazilian Portuguese dialect spoken in the State of São Paulo and adjacent parts of neighbouring Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Paraná.

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Calends

The calends or kalends (kalendae) is the first day of every month in the Roman calendar.

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Calque

In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation.

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Camille Paglia

Camille Anna Paglia (born April 2, 1947) is an American academic and social critic.

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Campidanese dialect

Campidanese Sardinian (Sardu Campidanesu, Sardo Campidanese) is a standardised variety of the Sardinian language primarily spoken in the Province of Cagliari, Italy.

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Canadian French

Canadian French (français canadien) refers to a variety of dialects of the French language generally spoken in Canada.

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Cançó de Santa Fe

The Cançó (or Cançon) de Santa Fe (Chanson de Sainte Foi d'Agen, Song of Saint Fides), a hagiographical poem about Saint Faith, is the earliest surviving written work in a Catalan dialect of Old Occitan.

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Cantabrian dialect

Cantabrian (cántabru, in Cantabrian) is a group of dialects belonging to Astur-Leonese.

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Cantar de los Siete Infantes de Lara

The Cantar de los Siete Infantes de Lara (Song of the Seven Lara Princes) is a legend, perhaps derived from a lost cantar de gesta, that relates a tale of family feuding and revenge, centering on the murder of the eponymous seven infantes, princes, of Lara or Salas.

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Canton of Bern

The canton of Bern (Bern, canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population.

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Canzés dialect

Canzés (also written Canzees) is a variety of Brianzöö (a Western Lombard language) spoken in the commune of Canzo, Italy.

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Cape Verdean Portuguese

Cape Verdean Portuguese (Português cabo-verdiano) is the variety of Portuguese spoken in Cape Verde.

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Capitalization

Capitalisation, or capitalization,see spelling differences is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in lower case in writing systems with a case distinction.

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Cappadocian Greeks

Cappadocian Greeks also known as Greek Cappadocians (Έλληνες-Καππαδόκες, Ελληνοκαππαδόκες, Καππαδόκες; Kapadokyalı Rumlar) or simply Cappadocians are a Greek community native to the geographical region of Cappadocia in central-eastern Anatolia, roughly the Nevşehir Province and surrounding provinces of modern Turkey.

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Carabias, Guadalajara

Carabias is a village which belong to the municipality of Sigüenza, in the province of Guadalajara in Castile–La Mancha, Spain.

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Cardinal direction

The four cardinal directions or cardinal points are the directions north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W. East and west are at right angles to north and south, with east being in the clockwise direction of rotation from north and west being directly opposite east.

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Carl Ferdinand Degen

Carl Ferdinand Degen (1 November 1766 – 8 April 1825) was a Danish mathematician.

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Carl Richard Unger

Carl Richard Unger (2 July 1817 – 30 November 1897) was a Norwegian historian and philologist.

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Carnelian

Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone.

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Caroline Haven Ober

Caroline Haven Ober (May 3, 1866 - June 2, 1929) was Regent and Vice-Directress of the Normal School in Argentina and founded the Department of Romance languages at the University of Washington.

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Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

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Caron

A caron, háček or haček (or; plural háčeks or háčky) also known as a hachek, wedge, check, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, is a diacritic (ˇ) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic, Berber, and other languages to indicate a change in the related letter's pronunciation (c > č; >). The use of the haček differs according to the orthographic rules of a language.

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Castelmezzano dialect

The dialect of Castelmezzano is a Romance variety spoken in Castelmezzano in the Province of Potenza in Italy.

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Castilian languages

The Castilian languages are Castilian (Spanish) and its closest relatives.

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Castilians

Castilians (Spanish: castellanos) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha excluding Albacete, and the Community of Madrid, who are the source of the Spanish language (Castilian) among other aspects of cultural identity.

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Castro (surname)

Castro is a Romance (Italian, Portuguese and Spanish-Galician) surname coming from Latin castrum, a fortification.

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Catalan grammar

Catalan grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Catalan language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages.

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Catalan language

Catalan (autonym: català) is a Western Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain.

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Catalan literature

Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to literature written in the Catalan language.

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Catalan orthography

Like those of many other Romance languages, the Catalan alphabet derives from the Latin alphabet and is largely based on the language’s phonology.

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Catalan phonology

The phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation.

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Catalan verbs

This article discusses the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of Catalan, including Old Catalan.

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Catalan Wikipedia

The Catalan Wikipedia () is the Catalan-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

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Catalans

The Catalans (Catalan, French and Occitan: catalans; catalanes, Italian: catalani) are a Pyrenean/Latin European ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Catalonia (Spain), in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Catharine Savage Brosman

Catharine Savage Brosman (born 1934, an American poet, essayist, and scholar of French literature) was a professor at Tulane University, where she held the Gore Chair of French Studies.

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Catherine Galbraith

Catherine Galbraith (née Catherine Merriam Atwater; January 19, 1913 – October 1, 2008) was an American author who was the wife of economist and author John Kenneth Galbraith, and the mother of four sons: diplomat and political analyst, Peter W. Galbraith, economist James K. Galbraith, attorney J. Alan Galbraith, and Douglas Galbraith who died in childhood of leukemia.

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Causative

In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997).

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Celtic music

Celtic music is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe.

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Central Italian

Central Italian (italiano centrale or mediano) is a group of Italo-Dalmatian Romance lects spoken in central Italy in Lazio, Umbria, central Marche, the far south of Tuscany, and a small part of Abruzzo.

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Central northeastern Portuguese

The central northeastern dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (dialeto nordestino central) is a dialect spoken in the central part of the Northeast Region, Brazil, in all the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas and Sergipe, much of the state of Pernambuco (except for the Zona da Mata and the Recife metropolitan area), northern of Bahia, southern of Ceará, southeastern of Piauí and a few regions of Maranhão.

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Centum and satem languages

Languages of the Indo-European family are classified as either centum languages or satem languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of "K" and "G" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) developed.

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Cerviño

Cerviño is a surname originally from the province of Pontevedra, in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain.

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Cesare Segre

Cesare Segre (4 April 1928 – 16 March 2014) was an Italian philologist, semiotician and literary critic of Jewish descent, and the Director of the Texts and Textual Traditions Research Centre of the Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia (IUSS).

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Champenois language

Champenois (champaignat) is a Romance language of the langues d'oïl language family spoken by a minority of people in Champagne and Île-de-France provinces in France, as well as in a handful of towns in southern Belgium (chiefly the municipality of Vresse-sur-Semois).

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Chapman (surname)

Chapman is an English surname derived from the Old English occupational name céapmann “marketman, monger, merchant”, from the verb céapan, cypan “to buy or sell” and the noun form ceap "barter, business; a purchase." Alternate spellings include Caepmon, Cepeman, Chepmon, Cypman(n), and Shapman.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große, Carlo Magno; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800.

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Charles Anderson Dana

Charles Anderson Dana (August 8, 1819 – October 17, 1897) was an American journalist, author, and senior government official.

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Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School

The Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School, often referred to as CESJDS or JDS, is a private, pluralistic Jewish K-12 school located in Rockville, Maryland, United States.

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Charles Joret

Charles Joret (14 October 1839, Formigny – 27 December 1914, Paris) was a French literary historian, philologist and botanical author.

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Charles Monnard

Charles Monnard (17 January 1790, in Bern – 13 January 1865, in Bonn) was a Swiss historian.

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Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville

Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville (Gerville-la-Forêt (Manche) 19 September 1769 — Valognes (Manche) 26 July 1853) was a scholarly French antiquarian, historian, naturalist and archaeologist from an aristocratic family of Normandy.

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Charter of Povlja

The Charter of Povlja (Povaljska listina) is a legal document written on December 1, 1250 in Povlja on the island of Brač, Croatia.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chiac

Chiac is a vernacular Acadian French language with influences from English and to a lesser extent from various Canadian aboriginal languages.

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Chicano English

Chicano English, or Mexican-American English, is a dialect of American English spoken primarily by Mexican Americans (sometimes known as Chicanos), particularly in the Southwestern United States, ranging from Texas to CaliforniaNewman, Michael.

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Chilean Spanish

Chilean Spanish (español chileno, español de Chile or castellano de Chile) is any of several varieties of Spanish spoken in most of Chile.

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Chilote Spanish

Chilote is a dialect of Spanish language spoken on the southern Chilean islands of Chiloé Archipelago (Spanish: Archipiélago de Chiloé or simply, Chiloé).

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Chinese language

Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

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Chipilo Venetian dialect

Chipilo Venetian, or Chipileño, is a diaspora language currently spoken by the descendants of some five hundred 19th century Venetian immigrants to Mexico.

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Christian (given name)

Christian originated as a Baptismal name used by persons of the Christian religion.

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Christian Church

"Christian Church" is an ecclesiological term generally used by Protestants to refer to the whole group of people belonging to Christianity throughout the history of Christianity.

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Christian Giordano

Christian Giordano (born October 27, 1945) is a Swiss anthropologist and sociologist born in Lugano, Switzerland.

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Christopher Celenza

Christopher S. Celenza (born 1967) is an American scholar of Renaissance history and the current Dean of Georgetown College, where he is also a professor of history and classics.

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Cilentan dialect

The Cilentan language (in Italian: Cilentano, in Cilentan: Celendano or Cilindanu) is a dialect spoken in the area of Cilento, located in the southern part of the Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.

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Citrus

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.

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Civitas Tungrorum

The Civitas Tungrorum was a large Roman administrative district dominating what is today eastern Belgium, and the southern Netherlands.

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Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic is the form of the Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century AD.

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Classical Chinese

Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese, is the language of the classic literature from the end of the Spring and Autumn period through to the end of the Han Dynasty, a written form of Old Chinese.

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Classical Nahuatl grammar

The grammar of Classical Nahuatl is agglutinative, head-marking, and makes extensive use of compounding, noun incorporation and derivation.

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Classics

Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity.

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Classification of Romance languages

The internal classification of the Romance languages is a complex and sometimes controversial topic which may not have one single answer.

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Cliff

In geography and geology, a cliff is a vertical, or nearly vertical, rock exposure.

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Clitic

A clitic (from Greek κλιτικός klitikos, "inflexional") is a morpheme in morphology and syntax that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

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Clitic climbing

Clitic climbing is a phenomenon first identified in Romance languages in which a pronominal object of an embedded infinitive appears attached to the matrix verb.

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Clock

A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time.

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Close front rounded vowel

The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.

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Colbert Searles

Colbert Searles (August 15, 1873 – January 15, 1947) was an American football coach.

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Color blindness

Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color.

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Colosseum

The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.

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Comasco dialect

Comasco is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the city and suburbs of Como.

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Comasco-Lecchese dialects

The group of dialects Comasco-Lecchese is part of the Western Lombard language and is spoken in the province of Como and province of Lecco, especially around the capital cities and north of them.

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Comma

The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages.

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Commodian

Commodianus was a Christian Latin poet, who flourished about AD 250.

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Common name

In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, trivial name, trivial epithet, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; this kind of name is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism, which is Latinized.

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Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, in order to extrapolate back to infer the properties of that ancestor.

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Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua

Esperanto and Interlingua are two planned languages which have taken radically different approaches to the problem of providing an International auxiliary language (IAL).

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Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

Portuguese and Spanish, although closely related sister languages, differ in many details of their phonology, grammar, and lexicon.

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Conditional mood

The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.

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Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites

Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites is a studio album recorded by American singer and entertainer Connie Francis.

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Conservative (language)

In linguistics, a conservative form, variety, or modality is one that has changed relatively little over its history, or which is relatively resistant to change.

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Continental Celtic languages

The Continental Celtic languages are the Celtic languages, now extinct, that were spoken on the continent of Europe, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany.

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Continuum (measurement)

Continuum theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities.

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Coptic language

Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Bohairic: ti.met.rem.ən.khēmi and Sahidic: t.mənt.rəm.ən.kēme) is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.

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Copula (linguistics)

In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.

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Corea

Corea may refer to.

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Cornouaille

Cornouaille (Kernev or Kerne) is a historic region of Brittany in northwestern France.

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Correlative

In grammar, a correlative is a word that is paired with another word with which it functions to perform a single function but from which it is separated in the sentence.

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Corsican language

Corsican (corsu or lingua corsa) is a Romance language within the Italo-Dalmatian subfamily.

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Corsicans

The Corsicans (Corsican, Italian and Ligurian: Corsi; French: Corses) are the native people and ethnic group originating in Corsica, a Mediterranean island and a territorial collectivity of France.

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Costa (surname)

Costa, sometimes da Costa or Da Costa, is an Italian (particularly in Liguria, Piedmont and Sardinia), Portuguese, Galician, Spanish and Catalan surname.

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Council of Tours

In the medieval Roman Catholic church there were several Councils of Tours, that city being an old seat of Christianity, and considered fairly centrally located in France.

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Country

A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography.

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Counts of Hesbaye

The Counts of (or in) Hesbaye were Counts named as having lordships in the important Frankish "country" (Latin: pagus, Dutch: gouw) called Hesbaye (French, also Hesbaie; Dutch Haspengouw; Latin Haspinga and Hasbania) in the early Middle Ages.

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County of Montbéliard

The County of Montbéliard (Comté de Montbéliard; Grafschaft Mömpelgard), was a feudal county of the Holy Roman Empire seated in the city of Montbéliard in the present-day Franche-Comté region of France.

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Craig A. Kelly

Craig Allen Kelly (born 1953) is a United States diplomat.

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Cremunés dialect

Cremonese (Cremunés) is a dialect of Western Lombard language group spoken in the city and province of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy (with the exception of Crema and the area of Soresina, where an Eastern Lombard dialect is spoken, and the area of Casalmaggiore, where is spoken Emiliano-Romagnolo).

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Creole language

A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full, native language.

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Cretic

A cretic (also Cretic, amphimacer and sometimes paeon diagyios) is a metrical foot containing three syllables: long, short, long (– u –).

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Crna Gora (disambiguation)

Crna Gora (Црна Гора), meaning "black mountain" in Serbo-Croatian, is a place name found in former Yugoslavia.

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Croatian literature

Croatian literature refers to literary works attributed to the medieval and modern culture of the Croats, Croatia and the Croatian language.

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Cuban Spanish

Cuban Spanish—also referred to colloquially as simply cubano, or even cubañol— is the variety of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba.

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Culture of ancient Rome

The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout almost 1200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome.

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Culture of Asia

The culture of Asia encompasses the collective and diverse customs and traditions of art, architecture, music, literature, lifestyle, philosophy, politics and religion that have been practiced and maintained by the numerous ethnic groups of the continent of Asia since prehistory.

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Culture of France

The culture of Paris,in France and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups.

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Culture of Greece

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

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Culture of Malta

The culture of Malta reflects various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.

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Culture of Milan

This article discusses art, fashion, design, literature, theatre, music, cuisine, holidays and social life in the Italian city of Milan.

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Culture of Nicaragua

Music and religious icons in Iberian culture and Amerindian sounds and flavors.

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Culture of Spain

The cultures of Spain are European cultures based on a variety of historical influences, primarily based on pre-Roman Celtic and Iberian culture.

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Cupio dissolvi

Cupio dissolvi is a Latin locution used in the Vulgate translation of the Paul's epistle to Philippians.

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Cuzcurrita de Río Tirón

Cuzcurrita de Río Tirón, known as Cuzcurrita is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain.

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Dacian language

The extinct Dacian language was spoken in the Carpathian region in antiquity.

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Daco-Roman

The term Daco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Dacia under the rule of the Roman Empire.

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Dalmatia

Dalmatia (Dalmacija; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia and Istria.

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Dalmatian city-states

Dalmatian city-states were the Dalmatian localities where the local Romance population survived the Barbarian invasions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 400s CE.

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Dalmatian Italians

Dalmatian Italians are the historical Italian national minority living in the region of Dalmatia, now part of Croatia and Montenegro.

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Dalmatian language

Dalmatian or Dalmatic was a Romance language spoken in the Dalmatia region of present-day Croatia, and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro.

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Danish straits

The Danish straits are the straits connecting the Baltic Sea to the North Sea through the Kattegat and Skagerrak.

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Daoukro

Daoukro is a town in east-central Ivory Coast.

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Darío Villanueva

Francisco Darío Villanueva Prieto (born 5 June 1950) is a Spanish literary theorist and critic, and is the director of the Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española) as of 11 December 2014.

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Davča, Železniki

Davča (DautschaLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, pp. 58, 62.) is a scattered settlement in the Municipality of Železniki in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

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David S. Blondheim

David Simon Blondheim (25 August 1884 in Baltimore – 19 March 1934 in Baltimore) was a professor of Romance philology at Johns Hopkins University and a scholar of medieval Jewish texts in Romance languages.

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De Castro families

The De Castro surname is derived from the word Castro the latter of which is a Romance (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Galician) word coming from Latin castrum, a fortification.

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De rebus Hispaniae

De rebus Hispaniae or Historia gothica is a history of the Iberian peninsula written in Latin by Archbiship of Toledo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in the first half of the thirteenth century on behalf of King Ferdinand III of Castile.

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Death (personification)

Death, due to its prominent place in human culture, is frequently imagined as a personified force, also known as the Grim Reaper.

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Deaths in 2002

The following is a list of notable deaths in 2002.

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Definiteness

In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases (NPs), distinguishing between referents/entities that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases).

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Deflexion (linguistics)

Deflexion is a linguistic process related to inflectional languages.

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Deixis

In linguistics, deixis refers to words and phrases, such as “me” or “here”, that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information -- in this case, the identity of the speaker (“me”) and the speaker's location (“here”).

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Del Rosario

Del Rosario, in Spanish and Italian languages, and do Rosário in Portuguese language (of the rosary) is a surname that has as its etymology, the Latin preposition, "de" meaning "of the" and the Latin noun "rosarium", meaning "rosegarden" or "garland of roses" but in this case, takes the meaning of "rosary", the Roman Catholic devotion to the Virgin Mary.

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Demographic history of Transnistria

A demographic history of Transnistria shows that actual Transnistria has been home to numerous ethnic groups, in varying proportions, over time.

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Demographics of Andorra

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Andorra, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demographics of Europe

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to how one defines the boundaries of Europe.

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Demographics of Greece

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Greece, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demographics of Russia

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

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Demographics of Switzerland

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Switzerland, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Demonstrative

Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.

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Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals

The alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages.

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Desert

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

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Determiner spreading

In linguistics, determiner spreading (DS), also known as Multiple or Double Determiners is the appearance of more than one determiner associated with a noun phrase, usually marking an adjective as well as the noun itself.

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Deus

Deus is Latin for "god" or "deity".

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Deus vult

Deus lo vult ("God wills it", "vulgar" form of Latin Deus vult; variants Deus le volt, Dieux el volt; Deus id vult, Deus hoc vult, etc.) is a Catholic motto associated with the Crusades, more specifically with the Princes' Crusade of 1096–1099.

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Dialect

The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

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Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a spread of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighbouring varieties differ only slightly, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties are not mutually intelligible.

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Dickinson College

Dickinson College is a private, residential liberal arts college in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Didier

Didier is a French and Spanish name.

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Dietrich Grönemeyer

Dietrich H. W. Grönemeyer (born November 12, 1952) is a German professor of medicine and one of the inventors of Microtherapy.

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Diglossia

In linguistics, diglossia is a situation in which two dialects or languages are used by a single language community.

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Domain hack

A domain hack is a domain name that suggests a word, phrase, or name when concatenating two or more adjacent levels of that domain.

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Domenico Vittorini

Domenico Vittorini (1892–1958) was an Italian-born writer and American academic.

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Dominican Spanish

Dominican Spanish is Spanish as spoken in the Dominican Republic; and also among the Dominican diaspora, most of whom live in the United States, chiefly in New York City, New Jersey, Boston, and Miami.

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Donna Jo Napoli

Donna Jo Napoli (born February 28, 1948) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction, as well as a prominent linguist.

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Dora Sakayan

Dora Sakayan (classical Armenian orthography: Դորա Սաքայեան; reformed: Դորա Սաքայան; born January 24, 1931), Professor of German Studies (retired), McGill University.

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Doris Sommer

Doris Sommer is Ira Jewell Williams, Jr., Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and of African and African American Studies at Harvard University.

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Dorothy Canfield Fisher

Dorothy Canfield Fisher (February 17, 1879 – November 9, 1958) was an educational reformer, social activist, and best-selling American author in the early decades of the twentieth century.

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Dot (diacritic)

When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct (·), or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' (◌̇) and 'combining dot below' (◌̣) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese.

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Douai

Douai (Dowaai; historically "Doway" in English) is a commune in the Nord département in northern France.

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Doublet (linguistics)

In etymology, two or more words in the same language are called doublets or etymological twins (or possibly triplets, etc.) when they have different phonological forms but the same etymological root.

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Du (personal pronoun)

Du is a common Germanic second-person personal pronoun that can be found in many of the modern Germanic languages.

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Duiker

A duiker is a small to medium-sized brown in colour antelope native to Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Duke Buchan

Richard Duke Buchan III (born July 3, 1963) is the United States Ambassador to Spain and Andorra.

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Dulce Almada Duarte

Maria Dulce de Oliveira Almada Duarte (born 1933) is a Cape Verdean linguist who was a member and resistance fighter of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.

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Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Early Modern Spanish

Early Modern Spanish (also called classical Spanish or Golden Age Spanish, especially in literary contexts) is the variant of Spanish used between the end of the fifteenth century and the end of the seventeenth century, marked by a series of phonological and grammatical changes that transformed Old Spanish into Modern Spanish.

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Early Scots

Early Scots was the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450.

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East Timorese Portuguese

East Timorese Portuguese (Português timorense in Portuguese) is a Portuguese dialect spoken in the country of Timor-Leste or East Timor.

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Eastern Lombard dialect

Eastern Lombard is a group of closely related dialects of Lombard, a Gallo-Italic language spoken in Lombardy, mainly in the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua, in the area around Crema and in parts of Trentino.

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Eastern Lombard grammar

The Eastern Lombard Grammar reflects the main features of Romance languages: the word order of Eastern Lombard is usually SVO, nouns are inflected in number, adjectives agree in number and gender with the nouns, verbs are conjugated in tenses, aspects and moods and agree with the subject in number and person.

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Eastern Romance languages

The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages that developed in Eastern Europe (specifically in the Balkans) from the local variant of Vulgar Latin.

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Eastern Sephardim

Eastern Sephardim are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardi Jews, mostly descended from families expelled and exiled from Iberia as Jews in the 15th century following the Alhambra Decree of 1492 in Spain and the decree of 1497 in Portugal.

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Edgar Ewing Brandon

Edgar Ewing Brandon (August 9, 1865 – June 8, 1957) was a professor of French and college administrator who served twice as acting president of Miami University (1909–10 and 1927–28) and was an expert on the Marquis de Lafayette.

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Edmund Stengel

Edmund Max Stengel (April 5, 1845 in Halle — November 3 1935 in Marburg) was a Romance philologist who specialized in studies and editions of Chanson de geste.

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Eduard Koschwitz

Eduard Koschwitz (7 October 1851, Breslau – 14 May 1904, Königsberg) was a Romance philologist.

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Eduard Sievers

Eduard Sievers (25 November 1850, Lippoldsberg – 30 March 1932, Leipzig) was a philologist of the classical and Germanic languages.

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Egeria (pilgrim)

Egeria, Etheria or Aetheria was a woman, widely regarded to be the author of a detailed account of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

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Einstein family

Einstein (English /'ain-stain/, German /'ain-ʃtain/): 1.

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El Padul

El Padul is a municipality of south-eastern Spain, in the province of Granada, within the comarca of el Valle de Lecrín.

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Elf

An elf (plural: elves) is a type of human-shaped supernatural being in Germanic mythology and folklore.

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Eligibility of international words in Interlingua

Words can be included in Interlingua in either of two ways: through regular derivation using roots and affixes or by establishing their eligibility as international words.

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Elise Richter

Elise Richter (2 March 1865 – 23 June 1943) was a philologist.

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Elision

In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.

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Elvish languages

Elvish languages are constructed languages used by Elves in a fantasy setting.

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Emigration from Moldova

Emigration from Moldova is a mass phenomenon, having a significant impact on the country's demographics and economy.

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Emilia (given name)

Emilia is a feminine given name of Romanic origin.

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Emilia-Romagna

Emilia-Romagna (Emilian and Emélia-Rumâgna) is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna.

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Emilian dialect

Emilian is a group of dialects of the Emilian-Romagnol language spoken in the area historically called Emilia, the western portion of today's Emilia-Romagna region in Italy.

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Emilian-Romagnol language

Emilian-Romagnol (emiliân-rumagnōl or langua emiglièna-rumagnôla), also known as Emiliano-Romagnolo, is a Gallo-Italic language.

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Emir Rodríguez Monegal

Emir Rodríguez Monegal (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985), born in Uruguay, was a scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature.

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Enchanta

Enchanta (Enchan in the 2016 series) is a constructed language spoken by the denizens of Encantadia, known as Encantado(s)/Encantada(s) or Diwata (fairies).

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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English orthography

English orthography is the system of writing conventions used to represent spoken English in written form that allows readers to connect spelling to sound to meaning.

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English words of Greek origin

The Greek language has contributed to the English vocabulary in five main ways.

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Enrique de Villena

Enrique de Villena (1384–1434), also known as and, was a medieval Spanish marquess of Villena, writer, theologian and poet.

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Entrena

Entrena is a municipality of La Rioja, (Spain), located near the capital Logroño.

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Erhard Lommatzsch

Erhard Lommatzsch (2 February 1886, in Dresden – 20 January 1975, in Frankfurt am Main) was a German Romance philologist.

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Erich Auerbach

Erich Auerbach (November 9, 1892 – October 13, 1957) was a German philologist and comparative scholar and critic of literature.

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Erika Timm

Erika Timm (born 1934) is a German linguist, the author of works that have made fundamental contributions to Yiddish historical linguistics and philology.

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Ernesto

Ernesto, a form of the name Ernest in several Romance languages, may refer to.

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Ernst Martin

Ernst Eduard Martin (5 May 1841, Jena – 13 August 1910, Strasbourg) was a German philologist of Romance and Germanic studies.

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Ernst Pulgram

Ernst Pulgram (September 18, 1915 – August 17, 2005) was an American linguist of Austrian origins whose main interest lay in the Italic and Romance languages.

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Erodelia

Erodelia (a portmanteau of the Greek word "eros", the god of love; and the Latin word "delia", which means demonstration) is a Brazilian rock band, formed in 2010.

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Esperantido

An Esperantido is a constructed language derived from Esperanto.

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Esperanto

Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.

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Esperanto etymology

Esperanto etymology, including vocabulary and grammatical forms, derives primarily from the Romance languages, with lesser contributions from Germanic.

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Esperanto grammar

Esperanto is a constructed language.

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Esperanto profanity

Like natural languages, the constructed language Esperanto contains profane words and indecent vocabulary.

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Estudis Romànics

The review Estudis Romànics (ER) was founded in 1947 by Ramon Aramon i Serra.

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Ethnic groups in Europe

The Indigenous peoples of Europe are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various indigenous groups that reside in the nations of Europe.

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Etymologiae

Etymologiae (Latin for "The Etymologies"), also known as the Origines ("Origins") and usually abbreviated Orig., is an etymological encyclopedia compiled by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636) towards the end of his life.

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Eugenia Paulicelli

Eugenia Paulicelli is a professor of Italian Studies, Comparative Literature, and Women’s Studies at Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY.

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Eugenio Coșeriu

Eugenio Coșeriu (Eugen Coșeriu,; July 27, 1921 – September 7, 2002) was a linguist who specialized in Romance languages at the University of Tübingen, author of over 50 books, honorary member of the Romanian Academy.

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Eupen-Malmedy

Eupen-Malmedy or Eupen-Malmédy is a small, predominantly German-speaking region in eastern Belgium.

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Eurasian golden oriole

The Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) or simply golden oriole, is the only member of the oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.

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Euro English

Euro English is a set of varieties of English used in Continental Europe and especially in the institutions of the European Union or among young mobile Europeans (such as in the Erasmus programme).

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Eurolinguistics

Eurolinguistics is a neologistic term for the study of the languages of Europe.

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Europa (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Europa (Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was the mother of King Minos of Crete, a woman with Phoenician origin of high lineage, and after whom the continent Europe was named.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European badger

The European badger (Meles meles) also known as the Eurasian badger or simply badger, is a species of badger in the family Mustelidae and is native to almost all of Europe and some parts of West Asia.

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Evan O'Neill Kane

Evan O'Neill Kane (April 6, 1861 – April 1, 1932) was a surgeon working in Pennsylvania, United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and a member of a notable Pennsylvanian family.

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Evidentiality

In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so what kind.

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Ewald Kooiman

Ewald Kooiman (June 14, 1938 in Wormer, North Holland – January 25, 2009 in Hurghada), was a Dutch organist.

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Extremaduran language

Extremaduran (autonym: estremeñu, represents a variable vowel -->) is a Romance linguistic variety, spoken by several hundred thousand people in Spain, in an area covering the north-western part of the autonomous community of Extremadura and adjoining areas in the province of Salamanca.

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Ezra Pound

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, as well as a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement.

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Faetar dialect

Faetar, fully known as Faetar and Cellese (Cigliàje), is a Franco-Provençal language spoken in two small communities in Foggia in south Italy: Faeto and Celle di San Vito, and in emigre communities such as Toronto and Brantford, one hour west of Toronto.

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Faik Konica

Faïk Bey Konitza (Faik bej Konica, March 15, 1875 – December 15, 1942), born in Konitsa, was one of the greatest figures of Albanian culture in the early decades of the twentieth century.

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Fala language

Fala ("Speech", also called Xalimego) is a Romance language commonly classified in the Portuguese-Galician subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal.

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Fala, Ruše

Fala is a settlement on the Drava River in northeastern Slovenia.

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Fala, Selnica ob Dravi

Fala is a settlement on the Drava River in Slovenia.

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Falera

Falera is a municipality in the Surselva Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

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Falkenstein Castle (Niederfalkenstein)

Niederfalkenstein Castle is a medieval castle near Obervellach in Carinthia, Austria.

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Fatherland

Fatherland is the nation of one's "fathers", "forefathers" or "ancestors".

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Fürst

Fürst (female form Fürstin, plural Fürsten; from Old High German furisto, "the first", a translation of the Latin princeps) is a German word for a ruler and is also a princely title.

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Fermont

Fermont is a town in northeastern Quebec, Canada, near the Quebec-Labrador border about from Labrador City on Route 389, which connects to the Trans-Labrador Highway (Newfoundland and Labrador Route 500).

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Fialho Gouveia

José Manuel Bastos Fialho Gouveia (30 April 1935 – 2 October 2004) was a Portuguese television entertainment pioneer and former radio host, having hosted Portugal’s first television talk show.

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Fiddle

A fiddle is a bowed string musical instrument, most often a violin.

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FIL Award

The FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages (previously Juan Rulfo Prize for Latin American and Caribbean Literature), is awarded to writers of any genre of literature (poetry, novels, plays, short stories and literary essays), having as a means of artistic expression one of the Romance languages: Spanish, Catalan, Galician, French, Occitan, Italian, Romanian or Portuguese.

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Final-obstruent devoicing

Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Breton, Russian, Turkish, and Wolof.

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Finite verb

A finite verb is a form of a verb that has a subject (expressed or implied) and can function as the root of an independent clause; an independent clause can, in turn, stand alone as a complete sentence.

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Fiuman dialect

The Fiuman dialect (fiumano, Fiuman: fiuman) is the dialect of the Venetian language spoken in the Croatian city of Rijeka (Fiume).

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Florentine dialect

The Florentine dialect or vernacular (Dialetto fiorentino or vernacolo) is a Tuscan variety of Romance spoken in the Italian city of Florence.

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Focus (linguistics)

Focus (abbreviated) is a grammatical category that determines which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.

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Foibe massacres

The 'foibe massacres', or simply 'the foibe', literally refers to mass killings by which the corpses were thrown into foibas (deep natural sinkholes; by extension also mine shafts etc.), perpetrated mainly by Yugoslav Partisans (but possibly also by Germans or fascists), mainly in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia, against the local Italian population, during and after World War II.

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Foothills

Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increase in elevation at the base of a mountain range, higher hill range or an upland area.

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Foreign language influences in English

The core of English language descends from Old English, the language brought with the Angles, Saxon, and Jutish settlers to what was to be called England in and after the 500s.

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Forlivese dialect

Forlivese is the central variety of Romagnol language spoken in the city of Forlì and in its province.

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Forte (fencing)

In fencing, forte (from the Romance root meaning "strong") is "the strong part" of the blade—the one third-closest to the hilt.

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Fortition

Fortition is a consonantal change from a 'weak' sound to a 'strong' one, the opposite of the more common lenition.

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Fortnight

A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (2 weeks).

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Frainc-Comtou dialect

Franc-Comtois (Frainc-Comtou), or Jurassien, is an Oïl language spoken in the Franche-Comté region of France and in the Canton of Jura and Bernese Jura in Switzerland.

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François Just Marie Raynouard

François Just Marie Raynouard (18 September 1761 – 27 October 1836) was a French dramatist and linguist.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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France in the Middle Ages

The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 9th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions) that had developed following the Viking invasions and through the piecemeal dismantling of the Carolingian Empire and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis of the Hundred Years' War with the Kingdom of England (1337–1453) compounded by the catastrophic Black Death epidemic (1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.

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France Prešeren

France Prešeren (2 or 3 December 1800 – 8 February 1849) was a 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet, best known as the poet who has inspired virtually all later Slovene literature and has been generally acknowledged as the greatest Slovene classical author.

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Francesca

Francesca is an Italian female given name, derived from the Latin male name Franciscus meaning 'the Frenchman' It is widely used in most Romance languages, including Italian, French and Catalan, and place of origin is Italy.

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Francesco Laurana

Francesco Laurana, also known as Francesco de la Vrana (Frane Vranjanin) (c. 1430 – before 12 March 1502) was a Dalmatian sculptor and medallist.

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Francien language

Francien is a 19th-century term in linguistics that was applied to the French dialect that was spoken in the Île-de-France region (with Paris at its centre) before the establishment of the French language as a standard language.

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Francis Wilford

Francis Wilford(1761–1822) was an Indologist, Orientalist, fellow member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and a constant collaborator of its journal – Asiatic Researches – contributing a number of fanciful, sensational, controversial, and highly unreliable articles on ancient Hindu geography, mythography, and other subjects.

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Francisco Canals Vidal

Francisco Canals Vidal (30 May 1922 – 7 February 2009) was a Spanish philosopher, theologian, academic and lay Catholic activist.

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Francization of Brussels

The Francization (or Francisation) of Brussels (Francisation de Bruxelles, Verfransing van Brussel) refers to the transformation of Brussels, Belgium, from a majority Dutch-speaking city to one that is bilingual or even multilingual, with French as both the majority language and lingua franca.

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Franco-Provençal language

No description.

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Frank Jewett Mather

Frank Jewett Mather (1868–1953) was an American art critic and professor.

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Frankish language

Frankish (reconstructed Frankish: *italic), Old Franconian or Old Frankish was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks between the 4th and 8th century.

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Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.

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Franz Muncker

Franz Muncker (4 December 1855 in Bayreuth – 7 September 1926 in Munich) was a German literary historian.

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Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

The Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (French Etymological Dictionary) or FEW is the principal etymological dictionary of the Gallo-Romance languages (such as French).

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Frede Jensen (philologist)

Frede Jensen, Ph.D., (February 17, 1926 - September 13, 2008) was a 20th-century, Danish-born Romance philologist, author, and professor of French.

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French grammar

French grammar is the set of rules by which the French language creates statements, questions and commands.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French language in Canada

French is the mother tongue of about 7.2 million Canadians (20.6% of the Canadian population, second to English at 56%) according to Census Canada 2016.

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French literature

French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of France other than French.

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French orthography

French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.

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French people in Hungary

Historically, there was a significant French community residing in Hungary, who firstly came during the 11–13th century and then, once more, in a separate wave of settlement starting in the 18th century.

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French verbs

French verbs are a part of speech in French grammar.

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French Wikipedia

The French Wikipedia (|) is the French-language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

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Frenchville French

Frenchville French is a dialect of the French language spoken in Frenchville, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Friday

Friday is the day of the week between Thursday and Saturday.

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Friedrich Christian Diez

Friedrich Christian Diez (15 March 179429 May 1876) was a German philologist.

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Friedrich Kittler

Friedrich A. Kittler (June 12, 1943 – October 18, 2011) was a literary scholar and a media theorist.

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Friedrich von Hausen

Friedrich von Hausen (Middle High German: Friderich von Hûsen) was a mediaeval German poet, one of the earliest of the Minnesingers; born some time between 1150–60; d. 6 May 1190.

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Friuli

Friuli is an area of Northeast Italy with its own particular cultural and historical identity.

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Friulian language

Friulian or Friulan (or, affectionately, marilenghe in Friulian, friulano in Italian, Furlanisch in German, furlanščina in Slovene; also Friulian) is a Romance language belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance family, spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy.

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Front rounded vowel

A front rounded vowel is a particular type of vowel that is both front and rounded.

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Front vowel

A front vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively in front in the mouth without creating a constriction that would make it a consonant.

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Fusional language

Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic languages, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple grammatical, syntactic, or semantic features.

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Future tense

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.

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G

G (named gee) is the 7th letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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Gabriela Basterra

Gabriela Basterra is a professor of Comparative Literature and Spanish at New York University.

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Galicia (Spain)

Galicia (Galician: Galicia, Galiza; Galicia; Galiza) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law.

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Galician culture

The culture of Galicia is the patterns of human activity and symbolism associated with the Galicia region of Spain and the Galician people.

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Galician language

Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.

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Galician-Asturian

Galician-Asturian or Eonavian (official name by Act 1/1998, March 23 of Principality of Asturias; autonym: eonaviego, gallego-asturiano; eonaviegu, gallego-asturianu; eonaviego, galego-asturiano) is a set of Romance dialects or falas whose linguistic dominion extends into the zone of Asturias between the Eo River and Navia River (or more specifically the Eo and the Frejulfe River).

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Galician-Portuguese

Galician-Portuguese (galego-portugués or galaico-portugués, galego-português or galaico-português), also known as Old Portuguese or Medieval Galician, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Galicians

Galicians (galegos, gallegos) are a national, cultural and ethnic group whose historic homeland is Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Gallo language

Gallo is a regional language of France.

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Gallo-Italic languages

The Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy.

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Gallo-Italic of Basilicata

The Gallo-Italic of Basilicata (Gallo-italico di Basilicata) is a group of Gallo-Italic dialects found in Basilicata in southern Italy, that could date back to migrations from Northern Italy during the time of Normans.

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Gallo-Italic of Sicily

Gallo-Italic of Sicily (Gallo-italico di Sicilia) is a group of Gallo-Italic languages found in about 15 isolated communities of central eastern Sicily.

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Gallo-Romance languages

The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes sensu stricto the French language, the Occitan language, and the Franco-Provençal language (Arpitan).

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Gallurese dialect

Gallurese (gadduresu) is an Italo-Dalmatian Romance lect spoken in the region of Gallura, in the northeastern part of Sardinia.

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Garrigue

Garigue or phrygana is a type of low, soft-leaved scrubland ecoregion and plant community in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.

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Gascon language

Gascon is a dialect of Occitan.

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Gascony

Gascony (Gascogne; Gascon: Gasconha; Gaskoinia) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution.

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Gaulish language

Gaulish was an ancient Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Europe as late as the Roman Empire.

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Gaume

Gaume is a region in the extreme southeast of Belgium.

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Gazelle

A gazelle is any of many antelope species in the genus Gazella or formerly considered to belong to it.

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Gérard

Gérard (French) is a French masculine given name of Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages.

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Gelongma Lama Palmo

Choje Lama Gelongma Palmo, (wylie: chos rje bla ma dge slong ma dpal mo ཆོས་རྗེ་བླ་མ་དགེ་སློང་མ་དཔལ་མོ།); * 1970 Sabine Januschke in Vienna is one of the very few female Lamas of Buddhism and the first non Asian, female Choje Lama in the 2600 year old history of Buddhism.

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Gemütlichkeit

Gemütlichkeit is a German-language word used to convey the idea of a state or feeling of warmth, friendliness, and good cheer.

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Gemination

Gemination, or consonant elongation, is the pronouncing in phonetics of a spoken consonant for an audibly longer period of time than that of a short consonant.

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Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender

Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender is the usage of language that is balanced in its treatment of the genders in a non-grammatical sense.

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Gender neutrality in Spanish

Feminist language reform has proposed gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender, such as Spanish.

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General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat

General der Nachrichtenaufklärung Training Referat was the training organization within the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung (GDNA), the signals intelligence agency of the Wehrmacht, before and during World War II.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna; English, historically, and Genua) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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Genoese dialect

Genoese (called Zeneize in the local language) is the main dialect of the Ligurian language spoken in Genoa (the principal city of the Liguria region in Northern Italy).

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Genus (linguistics)

In linguistics, a genus is a group of phylogenetically related languages inside a linguistic family, in particular a genus is a group languages which can be recognized as related languages without using complex methods of historical linguistics.

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Geordie

Geordie is a nickname for a person from the Tyneside area of North East England, and the dialect spoken by its inhabitants.

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George (given name)

George is a widespread given name, derived from the Greek Γεώργιος (Geōrgios) through the Latin Georgius.

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George Cornewall Lewis

Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd Baronet, (21 April 180613 April 1863) was a British statesman and man of letters.

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George William Lemon

The Reverend George William Lemon (1726 – 4 October 1797) was the author of an early etymological dictionary of the English language, published in 1783.

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Georges Kersaudy

Georges Kersaudy (born 1921 in Le Havre, died 18 June 2015) was a French translator, reviewer, Esperantist and polyglot.

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Gerard

Gerard is a male forename of Proto-Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages.

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Gerhard Rohlfs

Gerhard Rohlfs (Berlin-Lichterfelde, July 14, 1892 – Tübingen, September 12, 1986) was a German linguist.

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Gerlach

Gerlach is a male forename of Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages.

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German adjectives

German adjectives come before the noun, as in English, and (usually) are not capitalised.

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German grammar

German grammar is the set of structural rules of the German language, which in many respects is quite similar to that of the other Germanic languages.

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German Jewish military personnel of World War I

An estimated 100,000 German Jewish military personnel served in the German Army during World War I, of whom 12,000 were killed in action.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

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Germanic-speaking Europe

Germanic-speaking Europe refers to the area of Europe that today uses a Germanic language.

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Germans

Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Germà Colon

Germà Colón i Doménech (Castelló de la Plana, Spain, 1928&ndash) is a notable philologist of Romance philology and Catalan lexicology.

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Gert Hofmann

Gert Hofmann (29 January 1931 – 1 July 1993) was a German writer and professor of German literature.

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Gertrude Abercrombie

Gertrude Abercrombie (February 17, 1909 – July 3, 1977) was an American painter based in Chicago.

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Gesine Schwan

Gesine Schwan (born 22 May 1943) is a German political science professor and member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.

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Ghil'ad Zuckermann

Ghil'ad Zuckermann (גלעד צוקרמן,, born 1 June 1971) is a linguist and revivalist who works in contact linguistics, lexicology and the study of language, culture and identity.

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Gilbert (given name)

Gilbert is a given name of Norman-French origin, itself from Germanic Gisilberht or Gisalberht.

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Gilbert N. Lewis

Gilbert Newton Lewis (October 25 (or 23), 1875 – March 23, 1946) was an American physical chemist known for the discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures and other contributions to valence bond theory have shaped modern theories of chemical bonding.

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Gilberto

Gilberto is the romance version of the Latinized form of Gilbert, used in Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages.

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Gittern

The gittern was a relatively small gut strung round-backed instrument that first appears in literature and pictorial representation during the 13th century in Western Europe (Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, England).

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Gloss (annotation)

A gloss is a brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text.

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Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

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Gotzon Garate Goihartzun

Gotzon Garate Goihartzun is a Basque and Spanish writer and linguist, collector of Basque dialects, Jesuit theologian.

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Grammatical aspect

Aspect is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over time.

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Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical gender is a specific form of noun class system in which the division of noun classes forms an agreement system with another aspect of the language, such as adjectives, articles, pronouns, or verbs.

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Grammatical gender in Spanish

Grammatical gender in Spanish refers to the classification of Spanish nouns to form agreement in grammatical gender with Spanish determiners and Spanish adjectives.

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Grammatical mood

In linguistics, grammatical mood (also mode) is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality.

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Grammatical particle

In grammar the term particle (abbreviated) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning.

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Grammatical tense

In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking.

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Grand prince

The title grand prince or great prince (magnus princeps, Greek: megas archon) ranked in honour below king and emperor and above a sovereign prince.

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Grande

Grande means "large" or "great" in many of the Romance languages.

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Grant Gilmore

Grant Gilmore (1910 – 1982) was an American law professor who taught at Yale Law School, University of Chicago Law School, the College of Law (now Moritz College of Law) at The Ohio State University, and Vermont Law School.

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Gratis versus libre

The English adjective free is commonly used in one of two meanings: "for free" (gratis) and "with little or no restriction" (libre).

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Grave accent

The grave accent (`) is a diacritical mark in many written languages, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Emilian-Romagnol, French, West Frisian, Greek (until 1982; see polytonic orthography), Haitian Creole, Italian, Mohawk, Occitan, Portuguese, Ligurian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, Romansh, and Yoruba.

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Great Vlachia

Great Wallachia or Great Vlachia (Μεγάλη Βλαχία, Megáli Vlachía) or simply Vlachia (Βλαχία) was a province in southeastern Thessaly in the late 12th century, and was used to denote the entire region of Thessaly in the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Greater Germanic Reich

The Greater Germanic Reich (Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (Großgermanisch Reich der Deutschen Nation) is the official state name of the political entity that Nazi Germany tried to establish in Europe during World War II.

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Greater Region

The Greater Region (Grande Région, Großregion, Groussregioun) is the area of Saarland, Lorraine, Luxembourg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Wallonia and the rest of the French Community of Belgium, and the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

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Grecia

Grecia may refer to.

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Greek language question

The Greek language question (το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, to glossikó zítima) was a dispute about whether the language of the Greek people (Demotic Greek) or a cultivated imitation of Ancient Greek (katharevousa) should be the official language of the Greek nation.

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Green

Green is the color between blue and yellow on the visible spectrum.

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Greg Dawes

Gregory (Greg) Dawes (born 1957) is a distinguished professor of Latin American Studies at North Carolina State University.

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Grigore Ureche

Grigore Ureche (1590–1647) was a Moldavian chronicler who wrote on Moldavian history in his Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei (The Chronicles of the land of Moldavia), covering the period from 1359 to 1594.

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Grimaldo

Grimaldo is a Romance form of the Germanic personal name Grimwald.

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Guernésiais

Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, and Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of the Norman language spoken in Guernsey.

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Guinean Portuguese

Guinean Portuguese (Português Guineense) is the variety of Portuguese spoken in Guinea-Bissau, where it is the official language.

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Gustav Körting

Gustav Carl Otto Körting (25 June 1845 – 1 February 1913) was a German philologist, whose specialty was focused on Romance languages and English.

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Gustav Weigand

Gustav Weigand (1 February 1860 – 8 July 1930), was a German linguist and specialist in Balkan languages, especially Romanian and Aromanian.

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Guttural R

In common parlance, "guttural R" is the phenomenon whereby a rhotic consonant (an "R-like" sound) is produced in the back of the vocal tract (usually with the uvula) rather than in the front portion thereof and thus as a guttural consonant.

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H

H (named aitch or, regionally, haitch, plural aitches)"H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op.

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H-dropping

H-dropping or aitch-dropping is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "H sound",.

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Haakon Chevalier

Haakon Maurice Chevalier (Lakewood Township, New Jersey, September 10, 1901 – July 4, 1985) was an American author, translator, and professor of French literature at the University of California, Berkeley best known for his friendship with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, whom he met at Berkeley, California in 1937.

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Habitual aspect

In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state.

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Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen,; créole haïtien) is a French-based creole language spoken by 9.6–12million people worldwide, and the only language of most Haitians.

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Haitian French

Haitian French (français haïtien, Haitian Creole: fransè ayisyen) is the variety of French spoken in Haiti.

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Haketia

Haketia (חַכִּיתִּיָה, حاكيتيا, Haquetía) (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is an endangered Jewish Romance language also known as Djudeo Spañol, Ladino Occidental, or Western Judaeo-Spanish.

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Han Terra

Han TeRra (한테라, born March 30, 1981) is a South Korean kayageum virtuoso and polymath in the areas of music, arts, dance, linguistics, history, and design.

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Hanna Schygulla

Hanna Schygulla (born 25 December 1943) is a German actress and chanson singer.

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Hans Coray

Hans Coray (1906–1991) was a Swiss artist and furniture designer, best known for his 1938 Landi chair.

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Hans Fränkel

Hans Hermann Fränkel (19 December 191626 August 2003), usually Anglicized to Hans Frankel, was a German-American sinologist noted for his studies of Chinese poetry and literature and his 25-year tenure as professor of Chinese at Yale University.

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Hans Robert Jauss

Hans Robert Jauss (Jauß; 12 December 1921 in Göppingen – 1 March 1997 in Konstanz) was a German academic, notable for his work in reception theory and medieval and modern French literature.

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Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

Hans Ulrich "Sepp" Gumbrecht (born 1948) is a literary theorist whose work spans philology, philosophy, literary and cultural history, and epistemologies of the everyday.

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Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup T-M184

Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Harald Martenstein

Harald Martenstein (born 9 September 1953, in Mainz) is a German journalist and author.

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Hard and soft C

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages (including English), a distinction between hard and soft occurs in which represents two distinct phonemes.

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Hard and soft G

In the Latin-based orthographies of many European languages (including English), the letter is used in different contexts to represent two distinct phonemes, often called hard and soft.

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Harvard–Yale football rivalry

The Harvard–Yale football rivalry is renewed annually with The Game, an American college football contest between the Harvard Crimson football team of Harvard University and the Yale Bulldogs football team of Yale University.

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Hélia Correia

Hélia Correia (born 1949) is a Portuguese novelist, playwright, poet and translator.

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Höllental (Black Forest)

The Höllental (English translation: Hell's Valley) in the Black Forest is a deep valley - in places like a gorge - in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

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Head-directionality parameter

In linguistics, the head directionality is a proposed parameter that classifies languages according to whether they are head-initial (the head of a phrase precedes its complements) or head-final (the head follows its complements).

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Hecho Aragonese

Hecho Aragonese, or Cheso, is a Western Aragonese variety spoken in the Hecho Valley of Northern Aragon.

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Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages

The Faculty of Modern Languages is one of twelve faculties at the University of Heidelberg.

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Heinrich Körting

Heinrich Körting (15 March 1859 – 19 July 1890) was a German philologist and a brother of Gustav Körting.

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Heinrich Morf

Heinrich Morf (23 October 1854, in Münchenbuchsee – 23 January 1921, in Thun) was a Swiss linguist and literary historian.

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Heinrich Schmid

Heinrich Schmid (6 April 1921 – 23 February 1999) was a Swiss linguist and "father" of the Rhaeto-Romance Dachsprachen ("umbrella languages") Rumantsch Grischun and Ladin Dolomitan.

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Hejazi Arabic

Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic (حجازي), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region in Saudi Arabia.

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Helene Weber

Helene Weber (born 17 March 1881 in Elberfeld (now Wuppertal), Rhine Province, died 25 July 1962 in Bonn) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ("CDU").

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Helge Nordahl

Helge Nordahl (12 January 1927 – 31 March 2018) was a Norwegian philologist.

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Henri Wittmann

Henri Wittmann (born 1937) is a Canadian linguist from Quebec.

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Henry Alfred Todd

Henry Alfred Todd, Ph.

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Henry H. Carter

Henry Hare Carter (28 June 1905 - 2001) was an American linguistics professor, commander in the US Naval Reserve, translator, and a Spanish or Portuguese writer of textbooks and research.

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Hepburn romanization

is a system for the romanization of Japanese, that uses the Latin alphabet to write the Japanese language.

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Hermann Heights Monument

The Hermann Heights Monument is a statue erected in New Ulm, Minnesota.

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Hermann Suchier

Hermann Suchier (11 December 1848, in Carlshafen – 3 July 1914, in Halle an der Saale) was a German Romance philologist of Huguenot ancestry.

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Herschweiler-Pettersheim

Herschweiler-Pettersheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Hiberno-Roman relations

Hiberno-Roman relations refers to the relationships (mainly commercial and cultural) which existed between Ireland (Hibernia) and the ancient Roman Empire, which lasted from the time of Julius Caesar to the beginning of the 5th century AD in Western Europe.

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High German consonant shift

In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases.

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Highest Alemannic German

Highest Alemannic (Hegschtalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German and is often considered to be part of the German language, even though mutual intelligibility with Standard German and other non-Alemannic German dialects is very limited.

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Hindi-Urdu vocabulary

Hindustani vocabulary, also known as Hindi-Urdu vocabulary, like all Indo-Aryan languages, has a core base of Sanskrit, which it gained through Prakrit.

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Hispanic–Latino naming dispute

The Hispanic–Latino naming dispute is an ongoing disagreement over the use of the ethnonyms "Hispanic" and "Latino" to refer collectively to the inhabitants of the United States of America who are of Latin American or Spanish origin—that is, Latino or Hispanic Americans.

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Hispanophone

Hispanophone and Hispanosphere are terms used to refer to Spanish-language speakers and the Spanish-speaking world, respectively.

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History of Belgium

The history of Belgium predates the founding of the modern state of that name in 1830.

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History of Catalan

Catalan originated from Vulgar Latin in the Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain.

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History of Christianity in Romania

The history of Christianity in Romania began within the Roman province of Lower Moesia, where many Christians were martyred at the end of the 3rd century.

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History of Croatia before the Croats

The area known as Croatia today has been inhabited throughout the prehistoric period, ever since the Stone Age, up to the Migrations Period and the arrival of the Croats.

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History of Dalmatia

The History of Dalmatia concerns the history of the area that covers eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and its inland regions, from the 2nd century BC up to the present day.

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History of English

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated.

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History of Esperanto

L. L. Zamenhof developed Esperanto in the 1870s and 80s and published the first publication about it, Unua Libro, in 1887.

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History of French

French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance spoken in northern France.

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History of infantry

Although the term infantry dates from the 15th century, the foot troops of the previous eras in history who fought with a variety of weapons before the introduction of the firearms are also referred to as infantry.

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History of Latin

Latin is a member of the broad family of Italic languages.

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History of Lisbon

The history of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal, revolves around its strategic geographical position at the mouth of the Tagus, the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula.

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History of manifolds and varieties

The study of manifolds combines many important areas of mathematics: it generalizes concepts such as curves and surfaces as well as ideas from linear algebra and topology.

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History of money

The history of money concerns the development of means of carrying out transactions involving a medium of exchange.

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History of Portuguese

The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin spoken by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC.

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History of religious Jewish music

The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system as that used in the Temple in Jerusalem.

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History of Roman-era Tunisia

The history of Roman-era Tunisia begins with the history of the Roman Africa Province.

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History of Romanian

The history of the Romanian language began in the Roman provinces of Southeast Europe north of the so-called "Jireček Line", but the exact place where its formation started is still debated.

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History of San Diego State University

The history of San Diego State University began in the late 19th century with the establishment of a normal school in San Diego, California.

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History of Spain

The history of Spain dates back to the Middle Ages.

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History of the Basques

The Basques (Euskaldunak) are an indigenous ethno-linguistic group mainly inhabiting Basque Country (adjacent areas of Spain and France).

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History of the Jews in Sardinia

The history of the Jews in Sardinia can be traced over two millennia.

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History of the Latin script

The Latin script is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world.

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History of the Scots language

The history of the Scots language refers to how Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland developed into modern Scots.

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History of the Spanish language

The language known today as Spanish is derived from a dialect of spoken Latin that evolved in the north-central part of the Iberian Peninsula after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century.

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History of Tunisia

The present day Republic of Tunisia, al-Jumhuriyyah at-Tunisiyyah, has over ten million citizens, almost all of Arab-Berber descent.

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History of Western civilization

Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean.

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History of Western civilization before AD 500

Western civilization describes the development of human civilization beginning in Greece, and generally spreading westwards.

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Holly

Ilex, or holly, is a genus of 400 to 600 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family.

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Homeland

A homeland (country of origin and native land) is the concept of the place (cultural geography) with which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association – the country in which a particular national identity began.

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Hotchkiss School

The Hotchkiss School is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational, college preparatory boarding school in Lakeville, Connecticut, founded in 1891.

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Howard L. Chace

Howard L. Chace was a professor of Romance languages at Miami University, who wrote poems and stories employing homophonic transformation.

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Hugo Andresen

Hugo Andresen (4 October 1844, in Altona – 17 August 1918, in Münster) was a German Romance philologist and medievalist.

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Hugo Schuchardt

Hugo Ernst Mario Schuchardt (4 February 1842, Gotha (Thuringia) – 21 April 1927, Graz (Styria)) was an eminent German linguist, best known for his work in the Romance languages, the Basque language, and in mixed languages, including pidgins, creoles, and the Lingua franca of the Mediterranean.

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Human rights in France

Human rights in France are contained in the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, founded in 1958, and the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

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Humboldt University of Berlin

The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin), is a university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.

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Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine, central and western Romania (Transylvania and Partium), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, and northern Slovenia due to the effects of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in many ethnic Hungarians being displaced from their homes and communities in the former territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States). Like Finnish and Estonian, Hungarian belongs to the Uralic language family branch, its closest relatives being Mansi and Khanty.

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Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.

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I-mutation

I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains /i/, /ī/ or /j/ (a voiced palatal approximant, sometimes called yod, the sound of English in yes).

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Ian Roberts (linguist)

Ian G. Roberts is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Downing College, Cambridge.

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Iberian federalism

Iberian federalism, Pan-Iberism or simply Iberism (Spanish and Iberismo, Iberisme) are the names for the pan-nationalist ideology supporting the federation of all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Iberian Romance languages

The Iberian Romance, Ibero-Romance or simply Iberian languages is an areal grouping of Romance languages that developed on the Iberian Peninsula, an area consisting primarily of Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar and Andorra, and in southern France which are today more commonly separated into West Iberian and Occitano-Romance language groups.

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Iker

Iker is a Basque male given name.

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Ill Bethisad

Ill Bethisad is an ongoing, collaborative alternate history project which currently has over 70 participants, originally created by Andrew Smith from New Zealand It was initiated in 1997 as the Brithenig Project.

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Ilmar Laaban

Ilmar Laaban, (11 December 1921, Tallinn, Estonia – 29 November 2000, Stockholm) was an Estonian poet and publicist.

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Ilya Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Ilya Nikolaevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov (a; 1904–1969) was a Russian philologist, poet, and translator.

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Imperfect

The imperfect (abbreviated) is a verb form, found in various languages, which combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state).

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Inalienable possession

In linguistics, inalienable possession (abbreviated) is a type of possession in which a noun is obligatorily possessed by its possessor.

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Inchoative verb

An inchoative verb, sometimes called an "inceptive" verb, shows a process of beginning or becoming.

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Index of language articles

This is a partial index of 773 Wikipedia articles treating natural languages, arranged alphabetically.

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Indian French

Indian French (français indien) is a dialect of French spoken by Indians in the former colonies of Puducherry and Chandannagar.

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Indo-European copula

A feature common to all Indo-European languages is the presence of a verb corresponding to the English verb to be.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family of several hundred related languages and dialects.

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Indo-European migrations

Indo-European migrations were the migrations of pastoral peoples speaking the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), who departed from the Yamnaya and related cultures in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, starting at.

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Infante

Infante (f. infanta), also anglicised as Infant or translated as Prince, is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and León), and Portugal, to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, sometimes with the exception of the heir apparent to the throne who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title.

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Infinitive

Infinitive (abbreviated) is a grammatical term referring to certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.

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Inflection

In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.

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Influence of Arabic on other languages

Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary.

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Influences on the Spanish language

The Spanish language has a long history of borrowing words, expressions and subtler features of other languages it has come in contact with.

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Inner Carniolan dialect

The Inner Carniolan dialect (notranjsko narečje, notranjščina) is a Slovene dialect in the Littoral dialect group.

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Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Институт языкознания Российской академии наук) is a structural unit in the Language and Literature Section of History and Philology Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Institute of Modern Languages Research

The Institute of Modern Languages Research is a research institution associated with the University of London.

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Insubric grammar

This article discusses the grammar of the Western Lombard (Insubric) language.

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Intemelio dialect

Intemelio is a Ligurian dialect spoken historically from the Principality of Monaco to the Italian province of Imperia.

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Intercontinental Dictionary Series

The Intercontinental Dictionary Series is a large database of topical vocabulary lists in various world languages.

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Interlingua

Interlingua (ISO 639 language codes ia, ina) is an Italic international auxiliary language (IAL), developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA).

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Interlingua grammar

This article is an informal outline of the grammar of Interlingua, an international auxiliary language first publicized by IALA.

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International auxiliary language

An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common first language.

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International unit

In pharmacology, the international unit is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance; the mass or volume that constitutes one international unit varies based on which substance is being measured, and the variance is based on the biological activity or effect, for the purpose of easier comparison across substances.

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Interpretatio graeca

Interpretatio graeca (Latin, "Greek translation" or "interpretation by means of Greek ") is a discourse in which ancient Greek religious concepts and practices, deities, and myths are used to interpret or attempt to understand the mythology and religion of other cultures.

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Interrogative word

An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, when, where, who, whom, why, and how.

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Interslavic language

Interslavic is a zonal constructed language based on the Slavic languages.

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Intransitive verb

In grammar, an intransitive verb does not allow a direct object.

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Inversion (linguistics)

In linguistics, inversion is any of several grammatical constructions where two expressions switch their canonical order of appearance, that is, they invert.

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Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești

Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești (January 1, 1868 – December 14, 1946) was a Romanian short story writer and politician.

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Ion Heliade Rădulescu

Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliade or Eliade Rădulescu;; January 6, 1802 – April 27, 1872) was a Wallachian, later Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician.

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Iorgu Iordan

Iorgu Iordan (also known as Jorgu Jordan or Iorgu Jordan; –September 20, 1986) was a Romanian linguist, philologist, diplomat, journalist, and left-wing agrarian, later communist, politician.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Ironworks

An ironworks or iron works is a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made.

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Irrealis mood

In linguistics, irrealis moods (abbreviated) are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened as the speaker is talking.

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Irving Babbitt

Irving Babbitt (August 2, 1865 – July 15, 1933) was an American academic and literary critic, noted for his founding role in a movement that became known as the New Humanism, a significant influence on literary discussion and conservative thought in the period between 1910 and 1930.

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Isabel

Isabel is a Romance-language given name.

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Isabel Florence Hapgood

Isabel Florence Hapgood (November 21, 1851 – June 26, 1928) was an American ecumenist, writer and translator, especially of Russian and French texts.

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ISO 639-2

ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code, is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages.

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ISO 9

The ISO international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

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Istrian-Dalmatian exodus

The term Istrian-Dalmatian exodus refers to the post-World War II expulsion and departure of ethnic Italians from the Yugoslav territory of Istria, as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka.

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Istriot language

Istriot is a Romance language spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian Peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan.

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Istro-Romanian language

The Istro-Romanian language (Istro-Romanian: Rumârește) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken in a few villages and hamlets in the peninsula of Istria in Croatia, as well as in diaspora, most notably in Italy, Sweden, Germany, Northern and Southern America, and Australia.

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Istro-Romanians

Istro-Romanians / Istrorumeni (ethnonym: Rumeni and occasionally also Rumâri and Rumêri), also called Ćiribirci, Ćići, and Vlahi by the local population, and Istro-Romanians by linguists, are a small ethnic group living in small area of northeastern Istria, in the village Žejane in eastern plateau of mountain Ćićarija, and several villages in a region of former Lake Čepić west of Mt.

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Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

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Italian language in Slovenia

The Italian language is an officially recognized minority language in Slovenia, along with Hungarian.

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Italian profanity

Italian profanity (bestemmia, pl. bestemmie, when referred to religious topics; parolaccia, pl. parolacce, when not) refers to a set of words considered blasphemous or inflammatory in the Italian language.

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Italic languages

The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family, originally spoken by Italic peoples.

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Italo-Dalmatian languages

The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France) and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).

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Italo-Western languages

Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Italy–Latin America Conference

The Italy-Latin America Conference or Italo-Latin America Conference, formally the Italy-Latin America and Caribbean Conference, is an inter-governmental forum for encounter between Italy and the countries of Latin America.

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Ivan (name)

Ivan is a Slavic male given name, a variant of the Greek name Iōánnēs (John).

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Ivan Klajn

Ivan Klajn (Иван Клајн,; born in Belgrade, 1937) is a Serbian linguist, philologist and language historian, with primary interest in Romance languages and Serbian.

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Ivan Sollertinsky

Ivan Ivanovich Sollertinsky (3 December 1902, Vitebsk - 11 February 1944, Novosibirsk) was a Russian polymath of the Soviet period.

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Ivo Sanader

Ivo Sanader (born on 8 June 1953) is a Croatian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Croatia from 2003 to 2009.

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J

J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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J. Paul Reason

Joseph Paul Reason (born March 22, 1941 in Washington, D.C.) was Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet from 1996 to 1999.

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Jaan Kaplinski

Jaan Kaplinski (born 22 January 1941 in Tartu) is an Estonian poet, philosopher, and culture critic.

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Jack Vaughn

Jack Hood Vaughn (August 18, 1920 – October 29, 2012) was the second Director of the United States Peace Corps succeeding Sargent Shriver.

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Jacob Grimm

Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863) also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German philologist, jurist, and mythologist.

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Jaime Alvar Ezquerra

Jaime Alvar Ezquerra (born April 20, 1955) is a Spanish historian, author and professor at the Charles III University of Madrid, specializing in ancient history.

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Jakob Jud

Jakob Jud (12 January 1882 in Wängi, Kanton Thurgau – 15 June 1952 in Seelisberg, Kanton Uri) was a Swiss Romance linguist (Romanist).

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Jakob Ulrich

Jakob Ulrich (23 September 1856, in Waltalingen – 5 September 1906, in Zürich) was a Swiss Romance philologist.

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James (name)

James is the (Vulgar/Later Latin) form of the Hebrew name Yaʻaqov (known as Jacob in its earlier Latin form).

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James Alexander Robertson

James Alexander Robertson (August 19, 1873 – March 20, 1939) was an American academic historian, archivist, translator and bibliographer.

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James F. Jones (educator)

James F. Jones Jr. (born April 9, 1947) is an American academic administrator and educator.

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James Matisoff

James A. Matisoff (Chinese name: 马蒂索夫 Mǎdìsuǒfū or 马提索夫 Mǎtísuǒfū; born July 14, 1937) is a professor emeritus of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley and noted authority on Tibeto-Burman languages and other languages of mainland Southeast Asia.

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Japanese grammar

Japanese is a synthetic language with a regular agglutinative subject-object-verb (SOV) morphology, with both productive and fixed elements.

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Javier (name)

Javier is the Spanish spelling of the masculine name Xavier.

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Jèrriais

Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, one of the Channel Islands off the coast of France.

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Jean Alexandre Vaillant

Jean Alexandre Vaillant (1804 - 21 March 1886) was a French and Romanian teacher, political activist, historian, linguist and translator, who was noted for his activities in Wallachia and his support for the 1848 Wallachian Revolution.

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Jean Ancel

Jean Ancel (1940 – 30 April 2008) was a Romanian-born Israeli author and historian; with specialty in the history of the Jews in Romania between the two World wars, and the Holocaust of the Jews of Romania.

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Jean Seznec

Jean Seznec (19 March 1905, in Morlaix – 22 November 1983, in Oxford) was a historian and mythographer whose most influential book, for English-speaking readers, has been La Survivance des dieux antiques, 1940, translated as The Survival of the Pagan Gods: Mythological Tradition in Renaissance Humanism and Art, 1953.

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Jean-Claude Bajeux

Jean-Claude Bajeux (17 September 1931 – 5 August 2011) was a Haitian political activist and professor of Caribbean literature.

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Jentink's duiker

The Jentink's duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), also known as gidi-gidi in Krio and kaikulowulei in Mende, is a forest-dwelling duiker found in the southern parts of Liberia, southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, and scattered enclaves in Sierra Leone.

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Jeremiah (given name)

Jeremiah is a male given name meaning "Yhwh will raise", and having its origin in ancient Hebrew.

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Jersey Legal French

Jersey Legal French, also known as Jersey French (français de jersey), was the official dialect of French used administratively in Jersey.

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Jesús López Pacheco

Jesús López Pacheco (1930 in Madrid, Spain – April 6, 1997 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was a novelist, translator, poet and professor of Spanish.

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Jewish history

Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures.

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Jewish prayer

Jewish prayer (תְּפִלָּה, tefillah; plural תְּפִלּוֹת, tefillot; Yiddish תּפֿלה tfile, plural תּפֿלות tfilles; Yinglish: davening from Yiddish דאַוון daven ‘pray’) are the prayer recitations and Jewish meditation traditions that form part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Joan Coromines

Joan Coromines i Vigneaux (also frequently spelled Joan Corominas;Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, by Joan Corominas and José A. Pascual, Editorial Gredos, 1989, Madrid,. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 1905 – Pineda de Mar, Catalonia, Spain, 1997) was a linguist who made important contributions to the study of Catalan, Spanish, and other Romance languages.

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Joan II of Navarre

Joan II (Jeanne; 28 January 1312 – 6 October 1349) was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death.

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Joaquim Maria Puyal

Joaquim Maria Puyal i Ortiga (born March 24, 1949) is a Catalan journalist known for his work in television and radio.

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Johan Storm

Johan Fredrik Breda Storm (24 November 1836 – 26 October 1920) was a Norwegian professor, linguist and philologist.

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Johannes Lucius

Johannes Lucius (Ivan Lucić; Giovanni Lucio; September, 1604 – January 11, 1679) was a Dalmatian historian, whose greatest work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae ("On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"), which includes valuable historical sources, a bibliography and six historical maps.

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John de Crannach

John de Crannach (c. 1386 – 1453/54) was a 15th-century Scottish scholar, diplomat and prelate.

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John F. Matheus

John Frederick Matheus (10 September 1887 – 19 February 1983) was a writer and a scholar who was active during the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s.

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John Mandeville

Sir John Mandeville is the supposed author of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a travel memoir which first circulated between 1357 and 1371.

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John Noakes

John Noakes (born John W. Bottomley; 6 March 1934 – 28 May 2017) was an English television presenter and personality, best known for co-presenting the BBC children's magazine programme Blue Peter in the 1960s and 1970s.

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John Sandford (poet)

John Sandford or Sanford (c. 1565 – 1629) was an English clergyman and academic, known as a grammarian of the Romance languages.

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Joseph Anglade

Joseph Anglade (1868–1930) was a French philologist.

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Josh Blue

Josh Blue (born November 27, 1978) is an American comedian.

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Journal of Romance Studies

The Journal of Romance Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Berghahn Books on behalf of the Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies (London) covering studies on linguistics, literature, performing and visual arts, material culture, intellectual and cultural history, critical and cultural theory, psychoanalysis, gender studies, social sciences, and anthropology of those parts of the world that speak, or have spoken, Romance languages.

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Judaeo-Aragonese

Judaeo-Aragonese (Aragonese: Chodigo-Aragonés) was a Judaeo-Romance language, a Jewish language that was derived from Aragonese.

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Judaeo-Catalan

Judaeo-Catalan (קטלאנית יהודית; judeocatalà), also called Catalanic or Qatalanit (קאטאלנית; catalànic or qatalanit), was a Jewish language spoken by the Jews in Northeastern Spain, especially in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands.

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Judaeo-Portuguese

Judaeo-Portuguese, or Lusitanic, is the extinct Jewish language that was used by the Jews of Portugal.

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Judaeo-Romance languages

Judaeo-Romance languages are Jewish languages derived from Romance languages, spoken by various Jewish communities (and their descendants) originating in regions where Romance languages predominate, and altered to such an extent to gain recognition as languages in their own right.

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Judaeo-Spanish

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (judeo-español, Hebrew script: גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול, Cyrillic: Ђудео-Еспањол), commonly referred to as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.

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Judeo-Italian languages

Judeo-Italian, also referred to as Italkian, is an endangered Jewish language, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today.

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Judeo-Latin

Judeo-Latin (also Judæo-Latin), La‘az, or Ebraico-Latino is a presumed Jewish language used by Roman Jews, scattered across the Roman Empire, especially those on the Italian Peninsula and in Transalpine Gaul.

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Julian March

The Julian March (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene: Julijska krajina) or Julian Venetia (Venezia Giulia; Venesia Julia; Vignesie Julie; Julisch Venetien) is an area of southeastern Europe which is divided among Croatia, Italy and Slovenia.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 or 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known by his cognomen Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician and military general who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

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Junimea

Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi.

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K

K (named kay) is the eleventh letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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Kalina Krumova

Kalina Venelinova Krumova (Калина Венелинова Крумова; born 7 January 1985, Burgas, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian politician, television presenter and journalist.

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Kalmi Baruh

Kalmi Baruh (Калми Барух); 26 December 1896 – 1945) was a Bosnian Jewish scholar in the field of Judeo-Spanish language, pioneer of the Sephardic studies and Hispanic studies in former Yugoslavia.

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Karen L. Gould

Karen L. Gould (born June 17, 1948) is a scholar of French-Canadian literature, and an academic administrator who has been a dean at Old Dominion University and the University of Cincinnati, provost and senior vice president at California State University, Long Beach, and is currently president of Brooklyn College, the first woman to hold that position.

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Karl Jaberg

Karl Jaberg (4 April 1877, in Langenthal – 30 May 1958, in Bern) was a Swiss linguist and dialectologist.

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Karl Vollmöller (philologist)

Karl Vollmöller (16 October 1848, in Ilsfeld, Württemberg – 8 July 1922, in Dresden) was a German philologist.

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Kassel conversations

Kassel conversations (in German: Kasseler Gespräche) is the conventional name of an early medieval text preserved in a manuscript from c. 810.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Kingdom of the Lombards

The Kingdom of the Lombards (Regnum Langobardorum) also known as the Lombard Kingdom; later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established by the Lombards, a Germanic people, on the Italian Peninsula in the latter part of the 6th century.

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Klaus Ebner

Klaus Ebner (born 8 August 1964) is an Austrian writer, essayist, poet, and translator.

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Kompolje, Dobrepolje

Kompolje (KompoleLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 42.) is a village in the Municipality of Dobrepolje in Slovenia.

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Korea

Korea is a region in East Asia; since 1945 it has been divided into two distinctive sovereign states: North Korea and South Korea.

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Kos

Kos or Cos (Κως) is a Greek island, part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the Anatolian coast of Turkey.

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Krka (Sava)

The Krka (Gurk, Corcoras) is a river in southeastern Slovenia (the traditional region of Lower Carniola), a right tributary of the Sava.

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Kurt Ollmann

Kurt Ollmann (born January 9, 1957 in Racine, Wisconsin), is an American operatic baritone, known for his frequent musical association with composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein from 1982 until Bernstein's death in 1990.

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La Spezia–Rimini Line

The La Spezia–Rimini Line (also known as the Massa–Senigallia Line), in the linguistics of the Romance languages, is a line that demarcates a number of important isoglosses that distinguish Romance languages south and east of the line from Romance languages north and west of it.

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Labialization

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.

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Labialized velar consonant

A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a /w/-like secondary articulation.

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LACITO

LACITO (Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale) is a multidisciplinary research organisation, principally devoted to the study of cultures and languages of oral tradition.

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Ladin language

Ladin (or; Ladin: Ladin, Ladino, Ladinisch) is a Romance language consisting of a group of dialects that some consider part of a unitary Rhaeto-Romance language, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, the Trentino, and the Belluno, by the Ladin people.

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Ladinia

Ladinia is an Alpine region in the Dolomites mountain range of Northern Italy, divided between the Italian provinces of Belluno, South Tyrol, and Trento.

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LaFerrari

The LaFerrari (project name, F150)(also unofficially referred to as the Ferrari LaFerrari) is a limited production hybrid sports car built by Ferrari.

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Laghée dialect

Laghéé is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the north of province of Como, on the coast of the Lake.

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Lahomno

Lahomno is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia.

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Laia (tool)

The laia (laya) is a two-pronged type of foot-plough used in the Basque Country.

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Lamedh

Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Lāmed, Hebrew 'Lāmed, Aramaic Lāmadh, Syriac Lāmaḏ ܠ, and Arabic.

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Lanett, Alabama

Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.

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Language border

A language border or language boundary is the line separating two language areas.

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Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages

Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages is a 2014 scholarly book by the Dutch linguist Peter Schrijver, published by Routledge.

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Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.

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Language family

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.

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Language game

A language game (also called secret language, ludling, or argot) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear.

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Language isolate

A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language.

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Language of the New Testament

The New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600).

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Language policy in France

France has one official language, the French language.

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Language reform

Language reform is a type of language planning by massive change to a language.

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Language secessionism

Language secessionism (also known as linguistic secessionism or linguistic separatism) is an attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety considered as a distinct language.

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Languages in censuses

Many countries and national censuses currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their populations by languages, native language, home language, level of knowing language or a combination of these characteristics.

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Languages of Africa

The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families.

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Languages of Calabria

The primary languages of Calabria are the standard Italian language as well as regional varieties of the Neapolitan and Sicilian languages, all collectively known as Calabrian (Italian: calabrese).

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Languages of Catalonia

There are four languages with official status in Catalonia (an autonomous community of Spain): Catalan; Spanish, which is official throughout Spain; Aranese, a dialect of Occitan spoken in the Aran Valley; and Catalan Sign Language.

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Languages of China

The languages of China are the languages that are spoken in China.

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Languages of Europe

Most languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family.

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Languages of Gabon

The official language of Gabon is French, while 32% of the people speak Fang as a mother tongue.

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Languages of Greece

The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by 99% of the population.

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Languages of Guatemala

Spanish is the official language of Guatemala.

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Languages of Honduras

There are a number of languages spoken in Honduras though the official language is Spanish.

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Languages of Iberia

Iberian languages is a generic term for the languages currently or formerly spoken in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Languages of Ireland

There are a number of languages used in Ireland.

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Languages of Italy

There are approximately thirty-four living spoken languages and related dialects in Italy; most of which are indigenous evolutions of Vulgar Latin, and are therefore classified as Romance languages.

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Languages of Scotland

The languages of Scotland are the languages spoken or once spoken in Scotland.

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Languages of Slovenia

Slovenia has been a meeting area of the Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Uralic linguistic and cultural regions, which makes it the most complex meeting point of languages in Europe.

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Languages of Spain

The languages of Spain (lenguas de España), or Spanish languages (lenguas españolas), are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain.

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Languages of Tanzania

Tanzania is a multilingual country.

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Languages of the European Union

The languages of the European Union are languages used by people within the member states of the European Union (EU).

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Languages of the Roman Empire

Latin and Greek were the official languages of the Roman Empire, but other languages were important regionally.

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Languages of the Soviet Union

The languages of the Soviet Union are hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups.

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Languages of the United Kingdom

English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom, however there are a number of regional languages also spoken. There are 11 indigenous languages spoken across the British Isles: 5 Celtic, 3 Germanic, and 3 Romance. There are also many immigrant languages spoken in the British Isles, mainly within inner city areas; these languages are mainly from South Asia and Eastern Europe. The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is English, which is spoken by approximately 59.8 million residents, or 98% of the population, over the age of three.According to the 2011 census, 53,098,301 people in England and Wales, 5,044,683 people in Scotland, and 1,681,210 people in Northern Ireland can speak English "well" or "very well"; totalling 59,824,194. Therefore, out of the 60,815,385 residents of the UK over the age of three, 98% can speak English "well" or "very well". An estimated 700,000 people speak Welsh in the UK,, by Hywel M Jones, page 115, 13.5.1.6, England. Published February 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2016. an official language in Wales and the only de jure official language in any part of the UK. Approximately 1.5 million people in the UK speak Scots—although there is debate as to whether this is a distinct language, or a variety of English.A.J. Aitken in The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press 1992. p.894 There is some discussion of the languages of the United Kingdom's three Crown dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man), though they are not part of the United Kingdom.

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Languedocien dialect

Languedocien (French name) or Lengadocian (native name) is an Occitan dialect spoken in rural parts of southern France such as Languedoc, Rouergue, Quercy, Agenais and Southern Périgord.

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Langues d'oïl

The langues d'oïl (French) or oïl languages (also in langues d'oui) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.

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Lao grammar

Lao is generally a subject–verb–object language, but emphasis can move the object to the beginning of a sentence.

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Late Latin

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the written Latin of Late Antiquity.

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Lath

A lath or slat is a thin, narrow strip of straight-grained wood used under roof shingles or tiles, on lath and plaster walls and ceilings to hold plaster, and in lattice and trellis work.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Latin (disambiguation)

Latin is an Italic language, originally spoken in ancient Rome and its empire.

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Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet or the Roman alphabet is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

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Latin America

Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish, French and Portuguese are spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America.

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Latin American Canadians

Latin American Canadians are Canadians who are descendants of people from countries of Latin America.

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Latin Americans

Latin Americans (Latinoamericanos, Latino-americanos) are the citizens of the Latin American countries and dependencies.

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Latin conjugation

Conjugation has two meanings.

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Latin culture

Latin culture may refer to.

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Latin grammar

Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order.

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Latin influence in English

English is a Germanic language, with a grammar and a core vocabulary inherited from Proto-Germanic.

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Latin peoples

Latin peoples, also called Romance peoples, is a term used broadly to refer to those societies heavily influenced by Roman culture that, after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, started to diverge from the spoken Vulgar Latin language, creating localized versions which nowadays make up the Romance languages.

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Latin profanity

Latin profanity is the profane, indecent, or impolite vocabulary of Latin, and its uses.

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Latin script

Latin or Roman script is a set of graphic signs (script) based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, which is derived from a form of the Cumaean Greek version of the Greek alphabet, used by the Etruscans.

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Latin spelling and pronunciation

Latin spelling, or Latin orthography, is the spelling of Latin words written in the scripts of all historical phases of Latin from Old Latin to the present.

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Latin syntax

Latin syntax is the part of Latin grammar that covers such matters as word order, the use of cases, tenses and moods, and the construction of simple and compound sentences.

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Latin Union

The Latin Union was an international organization of nations that used Romance languages that existed as a functional institution from 1983 to 2012.

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Latin Wikipedia

The Latin Wikipedia () is the Latin language edition of Wikipedia.

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Latinic

Latinic may refer to.

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Latino

Latino is a term often used in the United States to refer to people with cultural ties to Latin America, in contrast to Hispanic which is a demonym that includes Spaniards and other speakers of the Spanish language.

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Latino-Faliscan languages

The Latino-Faliscan or Latino-Venetic languages are a group of languages originating from Italy belonging to the Italic languages, a group of the Indo-European languages.

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Latins

The Latins were originally an Italic tribe in ancient central Italy from Latium.

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Latium

Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.

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Latvia

Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Lauterbrunnen

Lauterbrunnen is a village and a municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

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Lazăr Șăineanu

Lazăr Șăineanu (also spelled Șeineanu, born Eliezer Schein;Leopold, p.383, 417 Francisized Lazare Sainéan,, Alexandru Mușina,, in România Literară, Nr. 19/2003 or Sainéanu; April 23, 1859 – May 11, 1934) was a Romanian-born philologist, linguist, folklorist and cultural historian.

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Lebrija

Lebrija is a city in the province of Seville, Andalusia (Spain), near the left bank of the Guadalquivir river, and on the eastern edge of the marshes known as Las Marismas.

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Lecchese dialect

Lecchese is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the city and suburbs of Lecco (Lombardy).

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Legacy of the Roman Empire

The legacy of the Roman Empire includes the set of cultural values, religious beliefs, technological advancements, engineering and language.

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Legal doublet

A legal doublet is a standardized phrase used frequently in English legal language consisting of two or more words that are near synonyms.

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Lenition

In linguistics, lenition is a kind of sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous.

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Leo Spitzer

Leo Spitzer (7 February 1887 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary – 16 September 1960 in Forte dei Marmi, Italy) was an Austrian Romanist and Hispanist, and an influential and prolific literary critic.

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Leo Wiese

Leo Wiese (26 January 1871, in Bredeney – 20 June 1929, in Münster) was a German Romance philologist and medievalist.

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Leofranc Holford-Strevens

Leofranc Holford-Strevens (born 19 May 1946) is an English classical scholar and polymath, an authority on the works of Aulus Gellius, and a former reader for the Oxford University Press.

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Leonese dialect

Leonese is a set of vernacular Romance dialects spoken in the northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (the modern provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca) and a few adjoining areas in Portugal.

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Leons Briedis

Leons Briedis (born December 16, 1949 in Madona District, Soviet Union) is a Latvian poet, a novelist, an essayist, a literary critic and publisher, translator of prose and poetry from Latin, Russian, English, Romance languages (Romanian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romanic), Swahili (of Bantu peoples), Albanian and other languages.

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Letter case

Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also uppercase, capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (also lowercase, small letters, or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages.

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Library of Congress Classification

The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class P -- Language and Literature

Class P: Language and Literature is a first order classification in the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Libro de los juegos

The Libro de los Juegos, ("Book of games"), or Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas, ("Book of chess, dice and tables", in Old Spanish) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283,Sonja Musser Golladay, (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 31.

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Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom, during the reign Ptolemy II Philadelphus (280–247 BC) which has been estimated to be in overall height.

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Ligurian (Romance language)

Ligurian (ligure or lengua ligure) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken in Liguria in Northern Italy, parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of France, Monaco and in the villages of Carloforte and Calasetta in Sardinia.

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Lilapsophobia

Lilapsophobia is an abnormal fear of tornadoes or hurricanes.

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Limousin dialect

Limousin (Lemosin) is a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the three departments of Limousin, parts of Charente and the Dordogne in the southwest of France.

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Lingua Franca Nova

Lingua Franca Nova (abbreviated as LFN or Elefen) is an auxiliary constructed language originally created by C. George Boeree of Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania.

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Lingua sistemfrater

Frater (lingua sistemfrater), an a posteriori international auxiliary language, published in Frater (Lingua sistemfrater).

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Linguistic boundary of Brittany

The language boundary in Brittany is the language border between the part of Brittany where Breton (a Celtic language) is spoken and the area in Brittany where Gallo (a Romance language) is spoken.

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Linguistic purism in English

Linguistic purism in the English language is the belief that words of native origin should be used instead of foreign-derived ones (which are mainly Latinate and Greek).

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Linguistic universal

A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.

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Linton Lomas Barrett

Linton Lomas Barrett, Ph.D. (1 September 1904 – 8 March 1972) was an influential educator, administrator, diplomat, editor, Hispanist and translator of Romance languages.

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Lion

The lion (Panthera leo) is a species in the cat family (Felidae).

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Lisa Aronson Fontes

Lisa Aronson Fontes is a psychologist, author, and academic associated with the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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List of alternative country names

Most List of sovereign states have alternative names.

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List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes

This is a list of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes, listed in order of the province (Roman province) or the general area in which they lived.

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List of Book of Mormon translations

The Book of Mormon has been translated in its entirety into 110 languages.

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List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes

This is a list of census areas of demographic notability in Canada.

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List of companies of Romania

Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe.

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List of constructed languages

The following list of notable constructed languages is divided into auxiliary, ritual, engineered, and artistic (including fictional) languages, and their respective subgenres.

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List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups.

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List of countries by spoken languages

This list shows countries/disputed countries organised by the languages which are spoken there.

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List of country-name etymologies

This list covers English language country names with their etymologies.

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List of cultural icons of France

This List of cultural icons of France is a list of links to potential cultural icons of France.

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List of English Latinates of Germanic origin

Many words in the English lexicon are made up of Latinate words; that is, words which have entered the English language from a Romance language (usually Anglo-Norman), or were borrowed directly from Latin.

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List of English words of Arabic origin

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (A-B)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (C-F)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (G-J)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (K-M)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (N-S)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of Arabic origin (T-Z)

The following English words have been acquired either directly from Arabic or else indirectly by passing from Arabic into other languages and then into English.

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List of English words of French origin

A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that many Latin words have come to the English language.

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List of English words of Portuguese origin

This is a list of English words borrowed or derived from Portuguese (or Galician-Portuguese).

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List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs

This is a list of words that occur in both the English language and the Spanish language, but which have different meanings and/or pronunciations in each language.

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List of extinct languages of Europe

This is a list of extinct languages of Europe, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant.

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List of French words of Germanic origin

This is a list of Standard French words and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period, whether incorporated in the formation of the French language or borrowed at any time thereafter.

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List of Greek place names

This is a list of Greek place names as they exist in the Greek language.

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List of hispanophones

This is a list of some notable Spanish-speaking people.

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List of Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages include some 439 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily.

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List of ISO 639-2 codes

ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names.

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List of ISO 639-5 codes

This is a list of ISO 639-5 codes, including the code hierarchy as given in the ISO 639-5 registry.

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List of languages by time of extinction

This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction.

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List of languages by total number of speakers

A number of sources have compiled lists of languages by their number of speakers. However, all such lists should be used with caution.

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List of last known speakers of languages

Any language is determined to be an extinct language when the last native or fluent speaker of that language dies.

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List of Latin-script digraphs

This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets.

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List of linguists

A linguist in the academic sense is a person who studies natural language (an academic discipline known as linguistics).

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List of numbers in various languages

The following tables list the cardinal number names and symbols for the numbers 0 through 10 in various languages and scripts of the world.

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List of polyglots

A polyglot is a person with a command of many languages.

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List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

This is a list of Portuguese words that come from Germanic languages.

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List of rectors of the University of Oslo

The rector of the University of Oslo is the university's highest officer, who serves as both its chief executive, its ceremonial head and as chairperson of the university board.

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List of redundant place names

A place name is tautological if two differently sounding parts of it are synonymous.

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List of Spaniards

This is a list, in alphabetical order within categories, of notable hispanic people of Spanish heritage and descent born and raised in Spain, or of direct Spanish descent.

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List of Spanish words of Germanic origin

This is a list of some Spanish words of Germanic origin.

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List of territorial entities where Romanian is an official language

This is a list of countries and territories and organisations where Romanian is an official language.

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List of University of California, Los Angeles people

This is a list of notable present and former faculty, staff, and students of the University of California, Los Angeles − UCLA.

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List of victims of Nazism

This is a list of victims of Nazism who were noted for their achievements.

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List of visual mnemonics

Visual mnemonics are a type of mnemonic that work by associating an image with characters or objects whose name sounds like the item that has to be memorized.

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List of writing systems

This is a list of writing systems (or scripts), classified according to some common distinguishing features.

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Literary language

A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.

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Literature

Literature, most generically, is any body of written works.

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Llandegla

Llandegla or Llandegla-yn-Iâl is a village and community in the county of Denbighshire in Wales.

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Loanwords in Serbian

Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language.

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Logos

Logos (lógos; from λέγω) is a term in Western philosophy, psychology, rhetoric, and religion derived from a Greek word variously meaning "ground", "plea", "opinion", "expectation", "word", "speech", "account", "reason", "proportion", and "discourse",Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott,: logos, 1889.

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Logudorese dialect

Logudorese Sardinian (Sardu Logudoresu, Sardo Logudorese) is a standardised variety of Sardinian, often considered the most conservative of all Romance languages.

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Lombard language

Lombard (native name lumbàart, lumbard or lombard, depending on the orthography) is a language belonging to the Cisalpine or Gallo-Italic group, within the Romance languages.

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Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.

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Lord

Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others acting like a master, a chief, or a ruler.

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Lorrain language

Lorrain is a dialect (often referred to as patois) spoken by a minority of people in Lorraine in France, small parts of Alsace and in Gaume in Belgium.

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Lorraine

Lorraine (Lorrain: Louréne; Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe; German:; Loutrengen) is a cultural and historical region in north-eastern France, now located in the administrative region of Grand Est.

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Louis Gauchat

Louis Gauchat (born 12 January 1866 in Les Brenets, Switzerland; died 22 August 1942 in Lenzerheide) was a Swiss linguist.

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Louis Tobback

Louis Marie Joseph Tobback (born 3 May 1938) is a Belgian politician.

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Louisiana French

Louisiana French (français de la Louisiane, Louisiana Creole: françé la lwizyàn), also known as Cajun French (français cadien/français cadjin) is a variety of the French language spoken traditionally in colonial Lower Louisiana but as of today it is primarily used in the U.S. state of Louisiana, specifically in the southern parishes, though substantial minorities exist in southeast Texas as well.

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Love Unlimited (Sofi Marinova song)

"Love Unlimited" is a song by Bulgarian singer Sofi Marinova, which was chosen to represent Bulgaria at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.

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Lower Brittany

Lower Brittany (Breizh-Izel; Basse-Bretagne) denotes the parts of Brittany west of Ploërmel, where the Breton language has been traditionally spoken, and where the culture associated with this language is most prolific.

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Luís Lindley Cintra

Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra (5 March 1925 in Lisbon – 18 August 1991) was a prominent figure in Portuguese philology and linguistics.

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Lucera Castle

The castle of Lucera is a castle located in the municipality of Lucera, in the province of Foggia, southern Italy, dating back to the 13th century.

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Luci

Luci is an English feminine given name variant of Lucy and an Italian surname derived from the Latin personal name Lucius (from Latin Lux, genitive Lucis, meaning "light").

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Ludwig Gottfried Blanc

Ludwig Gottfried Blanc (19 September 1781 – 18 April 1866) was a German philologist and Dante scholar.

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Luganda

Luganda, or Ganda (Oluganda), is one of the major languages in Uganda and is spoken by more than five million Baganda and other people principally in central Uganda, including the capital Kampala of Uganda.

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Luis Monguió

Luis Monguió Primatesta (born June 25, 1908 in Tarragona, Spain; died July 10, 2005 in Clifton Park, New York) was an American Hispanist, professor of Spanish, and department head at the University of California-Berkeley.

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Lumbier

Lumbier (Irunberri in Basque language) is a village in Spain and a municipality of the Chartered Community of Navarre (Comunidad Foral de Navarra), in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in the north of Spain, 38 km from the capital of the community Pamplona.

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Lupinus

Lupinus, commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae.

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Lusatia

Lusatia (Lausitz, Łužica, Łužyca, Łużyce, Lužice) is a region in Central Europe.

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Lusitanic

Lusitanic is a term used to refer to persons who share the linguistic and cultural traditions of the Portuguese-speaking nations, territories, and populations, including Portugal, Brazil, Macau, Timor-Leste, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau and others, as well as the Portuguese diaspora generally.

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Mabuhay

Mabuhay is a Filipino greeting, usually expressed as Mabuhay!, in the imperative form of life, thus, Live!, from the root word buhay (life).

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Macanese Portuguese

Macanese Portuguese (português macaense) is a Portuguese dialect spoken in Macau, where Portuguese is co-official with Cantonese.

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Macedonia (Greece)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία, Makedonía) is a geographic and historical region of Greece in the southern Balkans.

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Macedonian grammar

The grammar of Macedonian is, in many respects, similar to that of some other Balkan languages (constituent languages of the Balkan sprachbund), especially Bulgarian.

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Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски, tr. makedonski) is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by around two million people, principally in the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia.

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Madre

Madre means mother in many Romance languages, and it may also refer to.

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Malay phonology

This article explains the phonology of the Malay language based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language in Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia (as Malaysian) and Indonesia (as Indonesian).

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Male Lašče

Male Lašče (KleinlaschitzLeksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol. 6: Kranjsko. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 46.) is a village immediately north of Velike Lašče in central Slovenia.

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Maltese language

Maltese (Malti) is the national language of Malta and a co-official language of the country alongside English, while also serving as an official language of the European Union, the only Semitic language so distinguished.

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Maltese literature

Maltese literature is any literature originating from Malta or by Maltese writers or literature written in the Maltese language.

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Man (word)

The term "man" (from Proto-Germanic *mannaz or *manwaz "man, person") and words derived from it can designate any or even all of the human race regardless of their sex or age.

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Manuel de Paiva Boléo

Manuel de Paiva Boléo (26 March 1904 in Idanha-a-Nova – 1 November 1992 in Coimbra, Portugal) was a professor of Romance philology and Portuguese linguistics.

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Manuel Seco

Manuel Seco Reymundo (born 20 September 1928) is a Spanish lexicographer, linguist and philologist.

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María Rosa Lida de Malkiel

María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, born Maria Rosa Lida (November 7, 1910 – September 25, 1962), was an Argentine philologist.

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Marchigiano dialect

Marchigiano refers to a tight cluster of local Romance speech types spoken in the central part of the region Marche, in Italy, in a zone which includes the provinces of Ancona, Macerata and Fermo.

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Marcus Graham (entomologist)

Marcus William Robert deVere Graham (1915-1995) was an English entomologist who specialised in the Chalcidoidea superfamily of the Hymenoptera.

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Margaret Sayers Peden

Margaret Sayers Peden is an American translator and professor emerita of Spanish at the University of Missouri.

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Mariano

Mariano is a masculine name from the Romance languages, corresponding to the feminine Mariana.

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Marine VHF radio

Marine VHF radio refers to the radio frequency range between 156 and 174 MHz, inclusive.

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Mario Pei

Mario Andrew Pei (1901–1978) was an Italian-American linguist and polyglot who wrote a number of popular books known for their accessibility to readers without a professional background in linguistics.

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Marnix Vincent

Marnix Vincent (1936–2016) was a Belgian literary translator, working primarily from Dutch into French.

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Mars (mythology)

In ancient Roman religion and myth, Mars (Mārs) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome.

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Martin Haase

Martin Haase (born 25 October 1962) is a German linguistics professor at the University of Bamberg as well as a linguist, polyglot, and podcaster.

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Martin Maiden

Martin Maiden (born 20 May 1957) is Statutory Professor of the Romance Languages at the University of Oxford and a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford.

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Martin of Braga

Saint Martin of Braga (in Latin Martinus Bracarensis, 520–580 AD) was an archbishop of Bracara Augusta in Gallaecia (now Braga in Portugal), a missionary, a monastic founder, and an ecclesiastical author.

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Martina Arroyo

Martina Arroyo (born February 2, 1936) is an American operatic soprano who had a major international opera career from the 1960s through the 1980s.

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Marvin Schindler

Marvin Samuel Schindler (2 January 1932 – 11 June 2003) was an emeritus professor of German and Slavic Studies at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.

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Marzipan

Marzipan is a confection consisting primarily of sugar or honey and almond meal (ground almonds), sometimes augmented with almond oil or extract.

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Masaba language

Masaba (Lumasaaba), sometimes known as Gisu (Lugisu) after one of its dialects, is a Bantu language spoken by more than two million people in East Africa.

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Matajur

Matajur is a mountain in the Julian Alps on the border between Italy and Slovenia.

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Mattress

A mattress is a large, rectangular pad for supporting the reclining body, designed to be used as a bed or on a bed frame, as part of a bed.

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Maurice Grammont

Maurice Grammont (15 April 1866, in Damprichard – 17 October 1946, in Montpellier) was a French linguist.

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Max Leopold Wagner

Max Leopold Wagner (17 September 1880, Munich – 9July 1962, Washington, D.C.) was a German philologist and ethnologist, particularly known for his studies on the Sardinian language.

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Mayhem (crime)

Mayhem is a common law criminal offense consisting of the intentional maiming of another person.

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Máel Bethad of Liberton

Máel Bethad of Liberton was a powerful landowner in Lothian in the reign of King David I of Scotland.

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Métis French

Métis French (français métis), along with Michif and Bungi, is one of the traditional languages of the Métis people, and the French-dialect source of Michif.

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Measure word

In linguistics, measure words are words (or morphemes) that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some noun.

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Medieval French literature

Medieval French literature is, for the purpose of this article, literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle French) during the period from the eleventh century to the end of the fifteenth century.

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Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange, as the liturgical language of Chalcedonian Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, and as a language of science, literature, law, and administration.

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Medieval poetry

Poetry took numerous forms in medieval Europe, for example, lyric and epic poetry.

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Medieval Spanish literature

Medieval Spanish literature consists of the corpus of literary works written in medieval Spanish between the beginning of the 13th and the end of the 15th century.

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Mediopassive voice

The mediopassive voice is a grammatical voice that subsumes the meanings of both the middle voice and the passive voice.

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Meditation

Meditation can be defined as a practice where an individual uses a technique, such as focusing their mind on a particular object, thought or activity, to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state.

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Meditation (writing)

A meditation (derived from the Latin meditatio, from a verb meditari, meaning "to think, contemplate, devise, ponder") is a written work or a discourse intended to express its author's reflections, or to guide others in contemplation.

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Mediterranean Lingua Franca

The Mediterranean Lingua Franca or Sabir was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.

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Megleno-Romanian language

The Megleno-Romanian language (Megleno-Romanian: Vlăheshte), also known as Meglenitic or Moglenitic, is an Eastern Romance language.

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Megleno-Romanians

The Megleno-Romanians (Meglenoromâni), Moglenite Vlachs (Βλαχομογλενίτες, Vlachomoglenítes) or simply Meglenites (Megleniţi, Megleno-Romanian: Miglinits) or Vlachs (Megleno-Romanian: Vlaș; Vlaşi. Власи) are a small Eastern Romance people, originally inhabiting seven villages in the Moglena region spanning the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Central Macedonia, Greece, and one village, Huma, across the border in the Republic of Macedonia.

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Meiryo

is a Japanese sans-serif gothic typeface.

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Melinda Mullins

Melinda Mullins (born April 20, 1958) is an American film, television and theatre actress.

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Member states of the Latin Union

The now defunct Latin Union had member states from five continents.

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Mentonasc dialect

Mentonasc (Mentonasco in Italian, Mentonnais or Mentonasque in French) is a Romance dialect historically spoken in and around Menton, France.

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Meridional French

Meridional French (français méridional), also referred to as Francitan, is a regional variant of the French language.

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Metaphony

In historical linguistics, metaphony is a class of sound change in which one vowel in a word is influenced by another in a process of assimilation.

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Metaphony (Romance languages)

In the Romance languages, metaphony was an early vowel mutation process that operated in all Romance languages to varying degrees, raising (or sometimes diphthongizing) certain stressed vowels in words with a final /i/ or /u/ or a directly following /j/.

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Metaplasm

A metaplasm is a change in the orthography (and hence phonology) of a word.

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Metre (poetry)

In poetry, metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse.

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Metz

Metz (Lorraine Franconian pronunciation) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.

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Mexican Spanish

Mexican Spanish (español mexicano) is a set of varieties of the Spanish language as spoken in Mexico and in some parts of the United States and Canada.

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Michel Chevalier

Michel Chevalier (13 January 1806 – 18 November 1879) was a French engineer, statesman, economist and free market liberal.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Middle French

Middle French (le moyen français) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the 14th to the early 17th centuries.

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Midshipman

A midshipman is an officer of the junior-most rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies.

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Mihail Kogălniceanu

Mihail Kogălniceanu (also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Moldavian, later Romanian liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on October 11, 1863, after the 1859 union of the Danubian Principalities under Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza, and later served as Foreign Minister under Carol I. He was several times Interior Minister under Cuza and Carol.

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Milanese dialect

Milanese (endonym in traditional orthography Milanes, Meneghin) is the central dialect of the Western variety of the Lombard language spoken in Milan, the rest of its metropolitan city, and the northernmost part of the province of Pavia.

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Mile

The mile is an English unit of length of linear measure equal to 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards, and standardised as exactly 1,609.344 metres by international agreement in 1959.

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Military

A military or armed force is a professional organization formally authorized by a sovereign state to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state.

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Milo Dor

Milo Dor (born 7 March 1923 as Milutin Doroslovac in Budapest; died 5 December 2005 in Vienna) was a writer and translator.

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Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature

Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der abendländischen Literatur) is a book of literary criticism by Erich Auerbach, and his most well known work.

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Minderico language

Minderico, also known as Piação do Ninhou (the language of Minde), was originally a sociolect or a secret language spoken by textile producers and traders in the freguesia (civil parish) of Minde (Alcanena, Portugal).

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Mineiro

Mineiro feminine: Mineira), also called Brazilian mountain dialect, is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the inhabitants of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and also the characteristic accent spoken in the heart of that state, and also in its capital, Belo Horizonte. This dialect is quite complicated, due the pronunciation of the words, which is fast and curled. There are times when other Brazilians, who speak other dialects, do not understand what the mineiros speak.

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Minister (Christianity)

In Christianity, a minister is a person authorized by a church, or other religious organization, to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community.

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Miquel Obiols

Miquel Obiols (born 1945) is a Spanish writer.

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Mira (given name)

Mira is a feminine given name with varying meanings.

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Mirandese language

The Mirandese language (autonym: mirandés or lhéngua mirandesa; mirandês or língua mirandesa) is an Astur-Leonese language that is sparsely spoken in a small area of northeastern Portugal in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro and Vimioso.

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Missouri French

Missouri French (français du Missouri), also known as Illinois Country French and nicknamed "Paw-Paw French" or, in the dialect itself, la française assimine, is a nearly extinct variety of the French language formerly spoken in the upper Mississippi River Valley in the Midwestern United States, particularly in eastern Missouri.

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Modal verb

A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission and obligation, and advice.

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Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά or Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα "Neo-Hellenic", historically and colloquially also known as Ρωμαίικα "Romaic" or "Roman", and Γραικικά "Greek") refers to the dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era.

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Modern Hebrew phonology

Modern Hebrew is phonetically simpler than Biblical Hebrew and has fewer phonemes, but it is phonologically more complex.

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Modern Standard Arabic

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; اللغة العربية الفصحى 'the most eloquent Arabic language'), Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world to facilitate communication.

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Mojstrana

Mojstrana (Meistern) is a village in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

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Moldova

Moldova (or sometimes), officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south (by way of the disputed territory of Transnistria).

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Moldovan language

Moldovan (also Moldavian; limba moldovenească, or лимба молдовеняскэ in Moldovan Cyrillic) is one of the two names of the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova, prescribed by the Article 13 of the current constitution; the other name, recognized by the Declaration of Independence of Moldova and the Constitutional Court, is "Romanian".

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Molosser

Molosser is a category of solidly built, large dog breeds that all descend from the same common ancestor.

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Monastery

A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).

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Monégasque dialect

Monégasque (natively Munegascu) is a variety of Ligurian, a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Monaco as well as nearby in Italy and France.

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Moneta

In Roman mythology, Moneta (Latin Monēta) was a title given to two separate goddesses: the goddess of memory (identified with the Greek goddess Mnemosyne) and an epithet of Juno, called Juno Moneta (Latin Iūno Monēta).

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Moors

The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld

Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld is the main character in a series of short, humorous novels by Scottish author Alexander McCall Smith.

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Morris L. Radoff

Morris Leon Radoff (January 10, 1905 – December 2, 1978) was the second state archivist of Maryland, serving from 1939 to 1975.

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Moselle Romance

Moselle Romance is an extinct Romance language that developed after the fall of the Roman Empire along the Moselle river in modern-day Germany, near the border with France.

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Mozambican Portuguese

Mozambican Portuguese (português moçambicano) refers to the varieties of Portuguese spoken in Mozambique.

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Mozarabic language

Mozarabic, more accurately Andalusi Romance, was a continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus.

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Murcian Spanish

Murcian (endonym: murciano) is a variant of Peninsular Spanish, spoken mainly in the autonomous community of Murcia and the adjacent comarcas of Vega Baja del Segura and Alto Vinalopó in the province of Alicante (Valencia), the corridor of Almansa in Albacete (Castile-La Mancha).

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Museum docent

Museum docent is a title given in the United States of America to persons who serve as guides and educators for the institutions they serve, usually on a voluntary basis.

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Museum of the Portuguese Language

The Museum of the Portuguese Language (Museu da Língua Portuguesa) is an interactive Portuguese language—and Linguistics/Language Development in general—museum in São Paulo, Brazil.

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Music of Latin America

The music of Latin America refers to music originating from Latin America, namely the Romance-speaking countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean south of the United States.

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Musical note

In music, a note is the pitch and duration of a sound, and also its representation in musical notation (♪, ♩).

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Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

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Nadezhda Bravo Cladera

Elsa Nadezhda Bravo Cladera (Russian pronunciation Spanish pronunciation) is a Bolivian linguist, researcher and writer.

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Name day

A name day is a tradition in some countries in Europe, Latin America, and Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries in general.

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Name of France

The name France comes from Latin Francia ("land of the Franks").

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Name of Poland

The ethnonyms for the Poles (people) and Poland (their country) include endonyms (the way Polish people refer to themselves and their country) and exonyms (the way other peoples refer to the Poles and their country).

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Name of Romania

The name of Romania (România) comes from the Romanian Român, which is a derivative of the Latin adjective Romanus (Roman).

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Names given to the Spanish language

There are two names given in Spanish to the Spanish language: español ("Spanish") and castellano ("Castilian").

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Names of Easter

The Christian holiday Easter has several names.

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Names of Germany

Because of Germany's geographic position in the centre of Europe, as well as its long history as a non-united region of distinct tribes and states, there are many widely varying names of Germany in different languages, perhaps more so than for any other European nation.

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Names of God

A number of traditions have lists of many names of God, many of which enumerate the various qualities of a Supreme Being.The English word "God" (and its equivalent in other languages) is used by multiple religions as a noun or name to refer to different deities, or specifically to the Supreme Being, as denoted in English by the capitalized and uncapitalized terms "god" and "God".

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Names of Korea

There are various names of Korea in use today, derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties.

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Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia

Originally, the name Rus' (Русь) referred to the people, regions, and medieval states (9th to 12th centuries) of the Kievan Rus'.

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Names of the Celts

The various names used since classical times for the people known today as the Celts are of disparate origins.

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Names of the days of the week

The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity.

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Nantes

Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in western France on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast.

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National symbols of Poland

National symbols of Poland are the symbols that are used in Poland to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of its cultural life and history.

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Naturalistic planned language

A naturalistic planned language is a constructed language specifically devised to reproduce the commonalities in morphology and vocabulary from a group of closely related languages, usually with the idea that such a language will be relatively easier to use passively -- in many cases, without prior study -- by speakers of one or more languages in the group.

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Navalese dialect

Navalese is a variant of Southern Aragonese.

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Navarre

Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

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Navarro-Aragonese

Navarro-Aragonese is a Romance language once spoken in a large part of the Ebro River basin, south of the middle Pyrenees, although it is only currently spoken in a small portion of its original territory.

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Neapolitan language

Neapolitan (autonym: (’o n)napulitano; napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian group spoken across much of southern Italy, except for southern Calabria and Sicily.

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Negro

Negro (plural Negroes) is an archaic term traditionally used to denote persons considered to be of Negroid heritage.

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Neo (constructed language)

Neo is an artificially constructed international auxiliary language created by Arturo Alfandari, a Belgian diplomat of Italian descent.

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Nervii

The Nervii were one of the most powerful Celtic tribes,; living in northern Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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Neu-Isenburg

The 'Huguenot city' of Neu-Isenburg is a town in Germany, located in the Offenbach district of Hesse.

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New England French

New England French (français de Nouvelle-Angleterre) is a variety of Canadian French spoken in the New England region of the United States.

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New Latin

New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) was a revival in the use of Latin in original, scholarly, and scientific works between c. 1375 and c. 1900.

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New Mexican Spanish

New Mexican Spanish (Spanish: español neomexicano) is a variant of Spanish spoken in the United States, primarily in the northern part of the state of New Mexico and the southern part of the state of Colorado by the Hispanos of New Mexico.

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Newfoundland French

No description.

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Niçard dialect

Niçard (Classical orthography), Nissart/Niçart (Mistralian orthography), Niçois (French), or Nizzardo (Italian) is a subdialect of the Occitan language (Provençal dialect) spoken in the city of Nice (Niçard: Niça/Nissa) and in the historical County of Nice (since 1860 the main part of the current French département of Alpes-Maritimes).

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Nibelung

The term Nibelung (German) or Niflung (Old Norse) is a personal or clan name with several competing and contradictory uses in Germanic heroic legend.

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Nico Castel

Nico Castel (August 1, 1931 – May 31, 2015), born Naftali Chaim Castel Kalinhoff, was a comprimario tenor and well-known language and diction coach, as well as a prolific translator of libretti and writer of books on singing diction.

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Nicolas Tournadre

Nicolas Tournadre is a professor at the University of Provence specializing in morphosyntax and typology.

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Niederraunau

Niederraunau is a quarter of the town Krumbach in Günzburg (district), Swabia, Bavaria, Germany.

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Nigel Vincent

Nigel Vincent is a British linguist.

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Nigger

In the English language, the word nigger is a racial slur typically directed at black people.

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Nomen à clef

In romance languages, nomen à clef or nomen à clé (French for "name with a key"), is a name describing a real person, behind a façade of fiction.

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Nominalization

In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation.

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Non-governmental organization

Non-governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, or nongovernment organizations, commonly referred to as NGOs, are usually non-profit and sometimes international organizations independent of governments and international governmental organizations (though often funded by governments) that are active in humanitarian, educational, health care, public policy, social, human rights, environmental, and other areas to effect changes according to their objectives.

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Nones dialect

Nones (Nonsberger Mundart) is a dialect named after and spoken in the Non Valley in Trentino, northern Italy.

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Nord (French department)

Nord (North; Noorderdepartement) is a department in the far north of France.

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Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nord-Pas-de-Calais (is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). The majority of the region was once part of the historical (Southern) Netherlands, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king Louis XIV. The historical French provinces that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois, French Flanders, French Hainaut and (partially) Picardy. These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. With its 330.8 people per km2 on just over 12,414 km2, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest city is Lille. The second largest city is Calais, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with Dover of Great Britain away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest continental European connection to the Great Britain. Other major towns include Valenciennes, Lens, Douai, Béthune, Dunkirk, Maubeuge, Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai and Saint-Omer. Numerous films, like Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis.

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Norman architecture

The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries.

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Norman language

No description.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France.

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Norrland dialects

Norrland dialects (norrländska mål) is one of the six major dialect groupings of the Swedish language.

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North African Sephardim

North African Sephardim are a distinct sub-group of Sephardi Jews, who descend from exiled Iberic Jewish families of the late 15th century and North African Maghrebi Jewish communities that had settled mostly in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.

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North America

North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.

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North coast Portuguese

North coast dialect dialeto da costa norte, also called cearense dialect, is a dialect of Portuguese in the Brazilian state of Ceará, having many internal variations, like in the regions Jaguaribe and Sertões (backcountries).

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Northwestern Europe

Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined region of Europe, overlapping northern and western Europe.

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Nosferatu (word)

The name "Nosferatu" has been presented as possibly an archaic Hungarian-Romanian word, synonymous with "vampire".

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Novarese Lombard

Novarese, locally pronounced Nuares, is a dialect of the Western Lombard language spoken in the province of Novara (Piedmont).

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Novel

A novel is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally in prose, which is typically published as a book.

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Novial

Novial is a constructed international auxiliary language (IAL) for universal communication between speakers of different native languages.

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Nude recreation

Nude recreation refers to recreational activities which some people engage in the nude.

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Null-subject language

In linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is then said to have a null subject.

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Numeral prefix

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers.

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Numero sign

The numero sign or numero symbol, № (also represented as Nº, No, No. or no. (US English), or No or no (UK English) plural Nos. or nos. (US English) or Nos or nos UK English), is a typographic abbreviation of the word number(s) indicating ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles.

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Nuoro

Nuoro (Nùgoro) is a city and comune (municipality) in central-eastern Sardinia, Italy, situated on the slopes of the Monte Ortobene.

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Oaths of Strasbourg

The Oaths of Strasbourg (Sacramenta Argentariae; Les Serments de Strasbourg; Die Straßburger Eide) were mutual pledges of allegiance between Louis the German (†876), ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald (†877), ruler of West Francia made on 12 February 842.

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Oberes Gericht

Oberes Gericht is an area in the southwest of Austria and one of 36 microregions of the federal state of Tirol.

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Occidental language

The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a planned international auxiliary language created by the Balto-German naval officer and teacher Edgar de Wahl, and published in 1922.

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Occitan language

Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.

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Occitan literature

Occitan literature (referred to in older texts as Provençal literature) is a body of texts written in Occitan, mostly in the south of France.

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Occitan phonology

This article describes the phonology of the Occitan language.

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Occitania

Occitania (Occitània,,,, or) is the historical region and a nation, in southern Europe where Occitan was historically the main language spoken, and where it is sometimes still used, for the most part as a second language.

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Occitano-Romance languages

The Occitano-Romance or Gallo-Narbonnese (llengües occitanoromàniques, lengas occitanoromanicas) is a branch of the Romance language group that encompasses the Occitan language, the Catalan language, and the Aragonese language.

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Occitans

The Occitans (los occitans) are an indigenous Romance language-speaking ethnic group, originating in Occitania (southern France, northeastern Spain and northwestern Italy).

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Ohlone languages

The Ohlone languages, also known as Costanoan, are a small family of languages of the San Francisco Bay Area spoken by the Ohlone people.

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Okinawan language

Central Okinawan, or simply the Okinawan language (沖縄口/ウチナーグチ Uchinaaguchi), is a Northern Ryukyuan language spoken primarily in the southern half of the island of Okinawa, as well as in the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kumejima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller peripheral islands.

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Oláh (surname)

Oláh or Olah is a Hungarian language surname, which means "Romanian", derived from the word volách, and from that vlach, meaning "Italian" or "speaker of a Romance language".

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Old Catalan

Old Catalan was the Romance variety spoken in territories that spanned roughly the territories of the Principality of Catalonia, the Kingdom of Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the island of Sardinia; all of them then part of the Crown of Aragon.

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Old Dutch

In linguistics, Old Dutch or Old Low Franconian is the set of Franconian dialects (i.e. dialects that evolved from Frankish) spoken in the Low Countries during the Early Middle Ages, from around the 5th to the 12th century.

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Old English subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is a flexible grammatical instrument for expressing different gradients in thought when referring to events that are not stated as fact.

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Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; Modern French: ancien français) was the language spoken in Northern France from the 8th century to the 14th century.

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Old Irish

Old Irish (Goídelc; Sean-Ghaeilge; Seann Ghàidhlig; Shenn Yernish; sometimes called Old Gaelic) is the name given to the oldest form of the Goidelic languages for which extensive written texts are extant.

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Old Occitan

Old Occitan (Modern Occitan: occitan ancian, occità antic), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries.

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Old Spanish language

Old Spanish, also known as Old Castilian (castellano antiguo; romance castellano) or Medieval Spanish (español medieval), originally a colloquial Latin spoken in the provinces of the Roman Empire that provided the root for the early form of the Spanish language that was spoken on the Iberian Peninsula from the 10th century until roughly the beginning of the 15th century, before a consonantal readjustment gave rise to the evolution of modern Spanish.

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Olla (Roman pot)

In ancient Roman culture, the olla (archaic Latin: aula or aulla; Greek: χύτρα, chytra) is a squat, rounded pot or jar.

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Olvido García Valdés

Olvido García Valdés (born 2 December 1950) is a Spanish poet, essayist, translator, and professor.

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Onomasiology

Onomasiology (from ὀνομάζω (onomāzο)—to name, which in turn is from ὄνομα—name) is a branch of linguistics concerned with the question "how do you express X?" It is in fact most commonly understood as a branch of lexicology, the study of words (although some apply the term also to grammar and conversation).

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Ordinal indicator

In written languages, an ordinal indicator is a character, or group of characters, following a numeral denoting that it is an ordinal number, rather than a cardinal number.

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Origin of the Albanians

The origin of the Albanians has long been a matter of dispute among historians.

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Origin of the Romanians

Several well-supported theories address the issue of the origin of the Romanians.

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Origin theories of Christopher Columbus

The exact ethnic or national origin of Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) has been a source of speculation since the 19th century.

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Oriolus

Orioles are colourful Old World passerine birds in the genus Oriolus, the namesake of the corvoidean family Oriolidae.

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Orleanais language

The Orléanais language is a langue d'oïl which was part of a dialect group called Francien.

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Ormont

Ormont is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Vulkaneifel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Oscar Peer

Oscar Peer (23 April 1928 – 22 December 2013) was a Swiss novelist, playwright and philologist.

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Ottmar Ette

Ottmar Ette (born 14 December 1956 in Zell am Harmersbach, Black Forest, Germany) is Professor of Romance languages and Comparative literature at the University of Potsdam.

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Outline of ancient Rome

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome: Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC.

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Outline of Luxembourg

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Luxembourg: Luxembourg – small sovereign country located in Western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany.

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Outline of the humanities

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the humanities: Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.

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Pal.luezu dialect

Paḷḷuezu (also known as Patsuezu, Pachuezu, Patsuezo, Pachuezo, or Nuesa Ḷḷingua ("our language")) is a dialect of Asturian-Leonese, which is one of the Iberian Romance languages.

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Palacký University

Palacký University Olomouc is the oldest university in Moravia and the second-oldest in the Czech Republic.

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Palatal consonant

Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

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Palatal lateral approximant

The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.

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Palatalization (sound change)

In linguistics, palatalization is a sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel, or is triggered by one of them.

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Pan-Latinism

Pan-Latinism is an ideology that promotes the unification of the Romance-speaking peoples.

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Pantelleria

Pantelleria (Pantiddirìa), the ancient Cossyra (Arabic: قوصرة, Maltese: Qawsra, now Pantellerija, Ancient Greek Kossyra, Κοσσύρα), is an Italian island and Comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Sicily and east of the Tunisian coast.

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Para-Romani

Para-Romani are various mixed languages of non-Indo-Aryan linguistic classification containing considerable admixture from the Romani language.

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Parmigiano dialect

The Parmigiano dialect, sometimes the Parmesan dialect, (or al djalètt pramzàn) is a dialect of the Emilian language spoken in the Province of Parma, the western-central portion of the Emilia-Romagna administrative region.

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Partition of Belgium

The partition of Belgium is a hypothetical situation which has been discussed by both Belgian and international media, especially in the context of events such as the 2007–11 Belgian political crisis.

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Pas-de-Calais

Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders ('pas' meaning passage).

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Paschal greeting

The Paschal Greeting, also known as the Easter Acclamation, is an Easter custom among Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Catholic, and Anglicans Christians.

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Pascual

Pascual is a Spanish given name and surname, cognate of Italian name Pasquale and French name Pascal.

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Pashto

Pashto (پښتو Pax̌tō), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is the language of the Pashtuns.

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Pashto phonology

Amongst the Iranian languages, the phonology of Pashto is of middle complexity, but its morphology is very complex.

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Pasqual

Pasqual is the Catalan equivalent of the Spanish given name Pascual, and a Venetian variant of Italian given name Pasquale.

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Pasquale

Pasquale is a masculine Italian given name and a surname mainly found in southern Italy.

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Paul Celan

Paul Celan (23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a Romanian-born German language poet and translator.

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Paul Jennings (British author)

Paul Francis Jennings (20 June 1918 – 26 December 1989) was an English humourist.

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Paul Meyer (philologist)

Marie-Paul-Hyacinthe Meyer (17 January 1840, Paris – 7 September 1917, Saint-Mandé), was a French philologist.

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Paul S. N. Russell-Gebbett

Paul Stanley Nigel Russell-Gebbett (Bentley, Suffolk, 18 December 1926 - Colchester, 1992) was an English linguist.

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Pavel Eisner

Pavel Eisner (16 January 1889 – 8 July 1958), also known as Paul Eisner and under the pseudonym Vincy Schwarze, was Czech-German linguist and translator and the author of many studies about Czech language.

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Pavese dialect

Pavese is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in province of Pavia (Lombardy).

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Per Aage Brandt

Per Aage Brandt (born 26 April 1944 in Buenos Aires) is a Danish writer, poet, linguist and musician.

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Perpessicius

Perpessicius (pen name of Dumitru S. Panaitescu, also known as Panait Șt. Dumitru, D. P. Perpessicius and Panaitescu-Perpessicius; October 22, 1891 – March 29, 1971) was a Romanian literary historian and critic, poet, essayist and fiction writer.

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Perry (surname)

Perry is a surname with several distinct origins.

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Personal pronoun

Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).

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Petar Atanasov (linguist)

Petar Atanasov is a Macedonian linguist of Megleno-Romanian origin..

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Petar Skok

Petar Skok (1 March 1881 – 3 February 1956) was a Croatian linguist and onomastics expert.

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Peter Radtke

Doctor Peter Radtke (born 1943) is a German actor and playwright who is the author of many scientific publications on disability issues and has a PhD in Romance languages.

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Phi Sigma Iota

Phi Sigma Iota (ΦΣΙ) is an honor society whose members are elected from among outstanding advanced (juniors and seniors) and graduate students of foreign languages and literatures including Classics, comparative literature, philology, bilingual education, and applied linguistics.

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Philipp Fehl

Philipp Pinchas Fehl (May 9, 1920 – September 11, 2000) was an artist and art historian.

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Philippine Spanish

Philippine Spanish (español filipino, castellano filipino) is a variant of standard Spanish spoken in the Philippines mostly by Spanish Filipinos.

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Phonological history of Catalan

As a member of the dialect continuum of Romance languages, Catalan displays linguistic features similar to those of its closest neighbors (Occitan, Aragonese).

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Phonological history of French

French exhibits perhaps the most extensive phonetic changes (from Latin) of any of the Romance languages.

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Phonological history of Scots

This is a presentation of the phonological history of the Scots language.

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Picard language

Picard is a langues d'oïl dialect spoken in the northernmost part of France and southern Belgium.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Piedmontese language

Piedmontese (Piemontèis or Lenga Piemontèisa, in Italian: Piemontese) is a Romance language spoken by some 700,000 people in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy.

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Pier Paolo Pasolini

Pier Paolo Pasolini (5 March 1922 – 2 November 1975) was an Italian film director, poet, writer, and intellectual.

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Pierre Danet

Pierre Danet (1650, Paris – 1709) was a French cleric, Latinist, Hellenist, Romanist and lexicographer.

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Pinyin

Hanyu Pinyin Romanization, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan.

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Placiti Cassinesi

The Placiti Cassinesi are four official juridical documents written between 960 and 963 in southern Italy, regarding a dispute on several lands among three Benedictine monasteries and a local landowner.

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Planet

A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals.

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Plenipotentiary

The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin plenus "full" and potens "powerful") has two meanings.

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Poema de Yuçuf

The Poema de Yuçuf or Poema de Yusuf is an anonymous poem written in Aragonese in Arabic script from the fourteenth century.

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Poetry

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.

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Poitevin dialect

Poitevin (Poetevin) is a language spoken in Poitou, France.

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Poitevin-Saintongeais

Poitevin-Saintongeais (Poetevin-séntunjhaes; also called Parlanjhe, Aguiain or even Aguiainais in French) is the language spoken in the Centre West of France officially recognised by the French Ministry of Culture as a whole with two dialects, Poitevin and Saintongeais.

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Polis

Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), literally means city in Greek.

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Polish Academy of Learning

The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences or Polish Academy of Learning (Polska Akademia Umiejętności), headquartered in Kraków, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having the nature of an academy of sciences.

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Polish diaspora

The Polish diaspora refers to Poles who live outside Poland.

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Political status of Transnistria

The political status of Transnistria, a self-proclaimed state on the internationally recognized territory of Moldova, has been disputed since the Transnistrian declaration of independence on September 2, 1990.

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Polonia (personification)

Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance and other languages, is most often used in modern Polish as referring to the Polish diaspora.

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Polypersonal agreement

In linguistics, polypersonal agreement or polypersonalism is the agreement of a verb with more than one of its arguments (usually up to four).

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Pomology

Pomology (from latin pomum (fruit) + -logy) is a branch of botany that studies and cultivates fruit.

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Pontic languages

Pontic is a proposed language family or macrofamily, comprising the Indo-European and Northwest Caucasian language families, with Proto-Pontic being its reconstructed proto-language.

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Pope Gregory II

Pope Gregory II (Gregorius II; 669 – 11 February 731) was Pope from 19 May 715 to his death in 731.

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Portuñol

Portuñol (Spanish spelling) or Portunhol (Portuguese spelling) is the name often given to any unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Portuguese grammar

Portuguese grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages — especially that of Spanish, and even more so to that of Galician.

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Portuguese Irregular Verbs

Portuguese Irregular Verbs is a short comic novel by Alexander McCall Smith, and the first of McCall Smith's series of novels featuring Professor Dr von Igelfeld.

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Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.

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Portuguese phonology

The phonology of Portuguese can vary between dialects, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in intelligibility.

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Portuguese verb conjugation

Portuguese verbs display a high degree of inflection.

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Portuguese vocabulary

Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, because Portuguese is a Romance language.

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Possessive

A possessive form (abbreviated) is a word or grammatical construction used to indicate a relationship of possession in a broad sense.

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Possessive determiner

Possessive determiners constitute a sub-class of determiners which modify a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something.

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Postalveolar consonant

Postalveolar consonants (sometimes spelled post-alveolar) are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself but not as far back as the hard palate, the place of articulation for palatal consonants.

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Postpositive adjective

A postpositive or postnominal adjective is an attributive adjective that is placed after the noun or pronoun that it modifies.

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Pozzer

Pozzer or Posser is a Northern Italian Germanic and Italic surname with origins in Veneto, Trentino and Bavaria.

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Prefect

Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, substantive adjectival form of praeficere: "put in front", i.e., in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but which, basically, refers to the leader of an administrative area.

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Prepositional pronoun

A prepositional pronoun is a special form of a personal pronoun that is used as the object of a preposition.

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Primavera

Primavera or La Primavera means the season spring in many Romance languages, and it may also refer to.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's family ranked below a king and above a duke.

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Prlwytzkofsky

Prlwytzkofsky is a fictional written variant of the Dutch language, based on the idiolect of the Polish-German Professor Zbigniew Prlwytzkofsky (sometimes spelled Prlwytzkofski), as featured in the Tom Puss (Tom Poes in Dutch) and Oliver B. Bumble (Olivier B. Bommel in Dutch) series by Marten Toonder.

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Pro-drop language

A pro-drop language (from "pronoun-dropping") is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they are pragmatically or grammatically inferable (the precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate).

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Probus (journal)

Probus: International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of Latin and Romance linguistics, published by de Gruyter Mouton.

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Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige

The Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige (Italian for Reference Work of Place Names of Alto Adige) is a list of Italianized toponyms for mostly German place names in South Tyrol (Alto Adige in Italian) which was published in 1916 by the Royal Italian Geographic Society (Reale Società Geografica Italiana).

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Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩

The pronunciation of the wh in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents.

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Prothesis (linguistics)

In linguistics, prothesis (from post-classical Latin based on πρόθεσις próthesis 'placing before'), or less commonly prosthesis (from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις prósthesis 'addition') is the addition of a sound or syllable at the beginning of a word without changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.

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Proto-Italic language

The Proto-Italic language is the ancestor of the Italic languages, including notably Latin and thus its descendants, the Romance languages.

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Proto-language

A proto-language, in the tree model of historical linguistics, is a language, usually hypothetical or reconstructed, and usually unattested, from which a number of attested known languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.

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Proto-Romanian language

Proto-Romanian (also known as "Common Romanian", româna comună or "Ancient Romanian", străromâna, Balkan Latin) is a hypothetical and unattested Romance language evolved from Vulgar Latin and considered to have been spoken by the ancestors of today's Romanians and related Balkan Latin peoples (Vlachs) before 900 (7th–11th century AD).

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Proto-Semitic language

Proto-Semitic is a hypothetical reconstructed language ancestral to the historical Semitic languages.

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Proto-Slavic

Proto-Slavic is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all the Slavic languages.

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Provençal dialect

Provençal (Provençau or Prouvençau) is a variety of Occitan spoken by a minority of people in southern France, mostly in Provence.

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Proverb

A proverb (from proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience.

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Pseudo-anglicism

A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word.

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Public Interest Registry

Public Interest Registry is a Reston, Virginia-based not-for-profit created by the Internet Society (ISOC) in 2002 to manage the.org top-level domain.

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Public nudity

Public nudity refers to nudity not in an entirely private context, that is, a person appearing nude in a public place or being able to be seen nude from a public place.

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Public toilet

A public toilet is a room or small building with one or more toilets (or urinals) available for use by the general public, or by customers or employees of a business.

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Puerto Rican Spanish

Puerto Rican Spanish (español puertorriqueño) is the Spanish language as characteristically spoken in Puerto Rico and by millions of people of Puerto Rican descent living in the United States and elsewhere.

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Purishte

Purishte (Purishtja) is a sociolect of the Albanian language spoken by the masons of the Opar region in Western Korçë District, Albania.

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Puta (mythology)

In Roman mythology, according to Arnobius, Puta presided over the pruning of trees and was a minor goddess of agriculture.

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Q

Q (named cue) is the 17th letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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Quarter note

A quarter note (American) or crotchet (British, from the sense 'hook') is a note played for one quarter of the duration of a whole note (or semibreve).

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Quatre-Vallées

Quatre-Vallées (i.e. "Four Valleys") (Gascon: Quate-Vaths) was a small province of France located in the southwest of France.

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Quebec French

Québec French (français québécois; also known as Québécois French or simply Québécois) is the predominant variety of the French language in Canada, in its formal and informal registers.

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Quechuan languages

Quechua, usually called Runasimi ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Andes and highlands of South America.

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Questione Ladina

The Questione Ladina is a scientific debate about how to categorise several Romance languages or dialects that are spoken in the Alps.

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Quid pro quo

Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin) is a phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favour for a favour".

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Quran translations

Translations of the Qur'an are interpretations of the scripture of Islam in languages other than Arabic.

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Ragambald

Ragambald (died 786) was the Abbot of Farfa from 781 until his death.

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Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun

Raimon Vidal de Bezaudu(n) (Catalan: Ramon Vidal de Besalú) (flourished early 13th century) was a Catalan troubadour from Besalù.

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Raimundo Lida

Raimundo Lida (1908–1979) was an Argentine philologist, philosopher of language, literary critic and essayist.

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Ray Keck

Ray Marvin Keck, III (born 1947) is the current president of Texas A&M University - Commerce.

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Rebecca Posner

Rebecca Posner (born 17 August 1929) is a retired British philologist, linguist, and academic, who specialises in Romance languages.

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Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien

The works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, have exerted considerable influence since their publication.

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Reflexive pronoun

In language, a reflexive pronoun, sometimes simply called a reflexive, is a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause.

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Reflexive verb

In grammar, a reflexive verb is, loosely, a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject, for example, "I wash myself".

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Reforms of Portuguese orthography

This article is about the spelling reforms of the Portuguese language.

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Regional Italian

Regional Italian, sometimes also called dialects of Italian, is any regionalRegional in the broad sense of the word; not to be confused with the Italian endonym regione for Italy's administrative units variety of the Italian language.

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Regional language

A regional language is a language spoken in an area of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federal state or province, or some wider area.

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Resurrección María de Azkue

Resurrección María de Azkue (5 August 1864 – 9 November 1951) was an influential Basque priest, musician, poet, writer, sailor and academic.

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Retroflex consonant

A retroflex consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.

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Rhaetian language

Rhaetian or Rhaetic (Raetic) was a language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the Eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times.

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Rhaeto-Romance languages

Rhaeto-Romance, or Rhaetian, is a traditional subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in north and north-eastern Italy and in Switzerland.

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Rižana subdialect

The Rižana subdialect (rižanski govor) is a Slovene subdialect of the Istrian dialect in the Littoral dialect group.

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Ribagorçan dialect

Ribagorçan (autonym: ribagorsano, or ribagorzano,; ribagorzano,; Standard Catalan: ribagorçà) is a number of Romance dialects spoken in the modern territories of the medieval County of Ribagorza, in northern Spain.

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Richard Coates

Richard Coates (born 16 April 1949, in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, and educated at Wintringham School) is an English linguist.

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Richard Kayne

Richard Stanley Kayne is Professor of Linguistics in the Linguistics Department at New York University.

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Richmond Hill High School (Ontario)

Richmond Hill High School is a secondary school located in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada.

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Rioplatense Spanish

Rioplatense Spanish (español rioplatense, locally castellano rioplatense) is a dialect of the Spanish language spoken mainly in the areas in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay.

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Robert A. Hall Jr.

Robert Anderson Hall Jr. (1911–1997) was an American linguist and specialist in the Romance languages.

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Robert Atkinson (philologist)

Robert Atkinson (6 April 1839 – 10 January 1908) was an Anglo-Irish academic, known as a philologist and textual scholar.

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Robert Monroe

Robert Allan Monroe, also known as Bob Monroe (October 30, 1915 – March 17, 1995), was a radio broadcasting executive who became known for his research into altered consciousness and founding The Monroe Institute.

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Roberta Fernández

Roberta Fernández is a Tejana novelist, scholar, critic and arts advocate.

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Roger Lallemand

Roger Lallemand (17 January 1932 – 20 October 2016) was a Walloon-Belgian lawyer and socialist politician.

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Romagnol dialect

Romagnol (also known as Rumagnol) is a group of closely related dialects of the Emilian-Romagnol language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, which is today in the south-eastern part of Emilia-Romagna.

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Roman Britain

Roman Britain (Britannia or, later, Britanniae, "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD.

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège (Dioecesis Leodiensis) is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic church in Belgium.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Roman language

Roman language may refer to.

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Roman numerals

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.

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Romance

Romance (from Vulgar Latin rōmānicē "in the Roman language", i.e., "Latin") may refer to.

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Romance copula

A copula is a word that links the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement).

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Romance Flanders

Romance Flanders or Gallicant Flanders is a historical term for the part of the County of Flanders in which Romance languages were spoken, such as varieties of Picard.

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Romance literature

Romance literature may refer to.

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Romance plurals

This article describes the different ways of forming the plural forms of nouns and adjectives in the Romance languages, and discusses various hypotheses about how these systems emerged historically from the declension patterns of Vulgar Latin.

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Romance studies

Romance studies is an academic discipline that covers the study of the languages, literatures, and cultures of areas that speak a Romance language.

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Romance Studies journal

Romance Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of the Romance literatures and cultures.

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Romance verbs

Romance verbs refers to the verbs of the Romance languages.

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Romance-speaking world

The Romance-speaking world, romanophone, neolatin world, or Latin-speaking world, is the part of the world where Romance languages (those derived from Latin) are either official, co-official, or significantly used, comprising Latin America, Latin Europe, Romance-speaking Africa and Romance-speaking Asia.

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Romanesco dialect

Romanesco is a variety of regional Italian spoken in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, especially in the core city.

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Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romania (disambiguation)

Romania is a modern nation-state, located in South-East Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula.

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Romanian grammar

Romanian grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Romanian language.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.

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Romanian lexis

The lexis of the Romanian language (or Daco-Romanian), a Romance language, has changed over the centuries as the language evolved from Vulgar Latin, to Proto-Romanian, to medieval, modern and contemporary Romanian.

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Romanian nouns

This article on Romanian nouns is related to Romanian grammar and belongs to a series of articles on the Romanian language.

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Romanian numbers

The Romanian numbers are the system of number names used in Romanian to express counts, quantities, ranks in ordered sets, fractions, multiplication, and other information related to numbers.

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Romanian Orthodox Church

The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.

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Romanian phonology

In the phonology of the Romanian language, the phoneme inventory consists of seven vowels, two or four semivowels (different views exist), and twenty consonants.

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Romanian Venezuelan

Romanian Venezuelans are Venezuelans of Romanian descent or a Romania-born person who resides in Venezuela.

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Romanian verbs

Romanian verbs are highly inflective in comparison to English, but markedly simple in comparison to Latin, from which Romanian has inherited its verbal conjugation system (through Vulgar Latin).

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Romanians

The Romanians (români or—historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism—rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to Romania, that share a common Romanian culture, ancestry, and speak the Romanian language, the most widespread spoken Eastern Romance language which is descended from the Latin language. According to the 2011 Romanian census, just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, the Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well.Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source:: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of", page 108 sqq. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, respectively Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Czech Republic, Ukraine (including Moldovans), Serbia, and Bulgaria. Today, estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 26 to 30 million according to various sources, evidently depending on the definition of the term 'Romanian', Romanians native to Romania and Republic of Moldova and their afferent diasporas, native speakers of Romanian, as well as other Eastern Romance-speaking groups considered by most scholars as a constituent part of the broader Romanian people, specifically Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, and Vlachs in Serbia (including medieval Vlachs), in Croatia, in Bulgaria, or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Romanica Olomucensia

Romanica Olomucensia is a peer-reviewed half-yearly academic journal published by the Palacký University since 2008, as a continuation of Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis: Facultas Philosophica: Philologica: Romanica Olomucensia (1973–2007).

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Romanid

Romanid is a zonal constructed language for speakers of Romance languages, intended to be understandable by speakers of the Romance languages without prior study.

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Romanist

Romanist may refer to.

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Romanization (cultural)

Romanization or Latinization (or Romanisation or Latinisation), in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire.

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Romanization of Japanese

The romanization of Japanese is the use of Latin script to write the Japanese language.

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Romano-Germanic culture

The term Romano-Germanic describes the conflation of Roman culture with that of various Germanic peoples in areas successively ruled by the Roman Empire and Germanic "barbarian monarchies".

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Romansh language

Romansh (also spelled Romansch, Rumantsch, or Romanche; Romansh:, rumàntsch, or) is a Romance language spoken predominantly in the southeastern Swiss canton of Grisons (Graubünden), where it has official status alongside German and Italian.

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Romanzado

Romanzado (Basque: Erromantzatua) is a municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.

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Romániço

Romániço is a constructed language, invented in 1991, which resembles Ido, and is derived from Esperanto.

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Ronald Daus

Ronald Daus (12 May 1943, Hannover) is a German university Professor of Romance philology and cultural studies at the Free University of Berlin involved in multi-disciplinary studies.

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Rosaura Sánchez

Rosaura Sánchez (born December 6, 1941) is a writer, storyteller, linguist and critic.

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Rose (symbolism)

The rose has long been used as symbols.

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Roubaix

Roubaix is a city in Northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area.

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Rovinj

Rovinj-Rovigno (Croatian; Rovigno, Ancient Greek: Ρυγίνιον (Ryginion), Ruginium) is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 14,294 (2011).

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Royasc

Royasc is a dialect bridging the gap between the Ligurian language and the Occitan language.

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Ruby Dee

Ruby Dee (October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist and civil rights activist.

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Rudolf Eitelberger

Rudolf Eitelberger, full name Rudolf Eitelberger von Edelberg (17 April 1817 in Olomouc, Moravia – 18 April 1885 in Vienna) was an art historian and the first Ordinarius (full professor) for art history at the University of Vienna.

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Rufino José Cuervo

Rufino José Cuervo Urisarri (Bogotá, Colombia), was a Colombian writer, linguist, and philologist.

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Rupert Roopnaraine

Rupert Roopnaraine (born 31 January 1943) is a Guyanese cricketer, writer, and politician.

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Ruth Simmons

Ruth Simmons (born Ruth Jean Stubblefield; July 3, 1945) is the current President of Prairie View A&M University.

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S

S (named ess, plural esses) is the 19th letter in the Modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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SaarLorLux

SaarLorLux or Saar-Lor-Lux (also SarLorLux in French), a portmanteau of Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg, is a euroregion of five different regional authorities located in four different European states.

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Sabino dialect

Sabino is a Central Italian dialect spoken in Central Italy, exactly in an area which includes northern part of province of Aquila and the whole province of Rieti, with some linguistic islands in the Rome's one.

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Saeculum

A saeculum is a length of time roughly equal to the potential lifetime of a person or the equivalent of the complete renewal of a human population.

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Saint Gerlach

Saint Gerlach (Gerlache, Gerlac, Gerlachus van Houthem, Gerlac of Valkenberg) (d. c. 1170 AD) was a 12th-century Dutch hermit.

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Saint-Barthélemy French

Saint-Barthélemy French or St.

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Saintongeais dialect

Saintongeais (saintonjhais) is a dialect of Poitevin spoken halfway down the western coast of France in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis and Angoumois, all of which have been incorporated into the current departments of Charente and Charente-Maritime as well as in parts of their neighbouring departments of Gironde and a town in Dordogne.

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Salentino dialect

Salentino is a dialect of the Sicilian language spoken in the Salento region (province of Lecce, almost all the province of Brindisi, and part of the province of Taranto).

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Salian Franks

The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the earliest Franks who first appear in the historical records in the third century.

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Sambahsa

Sambahsa or Sambahsa-Mundialect is an international auxiliary language (IAL) devised by French Dr.

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Samuel G. Armistead

Samuel Gordon Armistead (August 21, 1927 – August 7, 2013) was a prominent American ethnographer, linguist, folklorist, historian, literary critic and professor of Spanish.

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Samuel Putnam

Samuel Putnam (October 10, 1892 – January 15, 1950) was an American translator and scholar of Romance languages.

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San Adrian (tunnel)

The San Adrian tunnel or Lizarrate represents the most outstanding milestone in the historic inland Basque route of the Way of St. James.

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Sanctum sanctorum

The Latin phrase sanctum sanctorum is a Latin translation of the biblical term "Holy of Holies" which generally refers in Latin texts to the holiest place of the Tabernacle of Ancient Israel and later the Temples in Jerusalem, but also has some derivative use in application to imitations of the Tabernacle in church architecture.

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Santa Barbara

Santa Bárbara or Santa Barbara (meaning Saint Barbara in several Romance languages), was an early Christian saint and martyr.

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Sarakatsani

The Sarakatsani (Σαρακατσάνοι, also written Karakachani) are an ethnic Greek population subgroup who were traditionally transhumant shepherds, native to Greece, with a smaller presence in neighbouring Bulgaria, southern Albania and the Republic of Macedonia.

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Sardinia

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Sardinian language

Sardinian or Sard (sardu, limba sarda or língua sarda) is the primary indigenous Romance language spoken on most of the island of Sardinia (Italy).

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Sardinian literature

The literature of Sardinia is the literary production of Sardinian authors, as well as the literary production generally referring to Sardinia as argument, written in various languages.

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Sardinian people

The Sardinians, or also the Sards (Sardos or Sardus; Italian and Sassarese: Sardi; Catalan: Sards or Sardos; Gallurese: Saldi; Ligurian: Sordi), are the native people and ethnic group from which Sardinia, a western Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy, derives its name.

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Sassarese language

Sassarese (Sassaresu or Turritanu) is an Italo-Dalmatian language and transitional variety between Corsican and Sardinian.

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Sauris

Sauris (Zahre; Sauris) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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Savoyard dialect

Savoyard is a dialect of the Franco-Provençal language.

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São Tomean Portuguese

São Toméan Portuguese (português santomense or português de São Tomé) is a dialect of Portuguese spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe.

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Scarlet (cloth)

Scarlet was a type of fine and expensive woollen cloth common in Medieval Europe.

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Schoenhof's Foreign Books

Schoenhof's Foreign Books is a specialty bookstore in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square.

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Scots language

Scots is the Germanic language variety spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster (where the local dialect is known as Ulster Scots).

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Screw-cutting lathe

A screw-cutting lathe is a machine (specifically, a lathe) capable of cutting very accurate screw threads via single-point screw-cutting, which is the process of guiding the linear motion of the tool bit in a precisely known ratio to the rotating motion of the workpiece.

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Second language

A person's second language or L2, is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but that is used in the locale of that person.

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Second round of simplified Chinese characters

The second round of Chinese character simplification, according to the official document, Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) ("Second Scheme" or "Second Round" for short) to introduce a second round of simplified Chinese characters, was an aborted orthography reform promulgated on 20 December 1977 by the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Sephardi Jews

Sephardi Jews, also known as Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm; also Ye'hude Sepharad, lit. "The Jews of Spain"), originally from Sepharad, Spain or the Iberian peninsula, are a Jewish ethnic division.

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Septentrional

Septentrional, meaning "of the north", is a word rarely used in English, but is commonly used in Latin and in the Romance languages.

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Sercquiais

Sercquiais also known as Sarkese or Sark-French (Lé Sèrtchais) is the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Sark (Bailiwick of Guernsey).

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

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Sexuality in ancient Rome

Sexuality in ancient Rome, and more broadly, sexual attitudes and behaviors in ancient Rome, are indicated by Roman art, literature and inscriptions, and to a lesser extent by archaeological remains such as erotic artifacts and architecture.

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Shellac

Shellac is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand.

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Shilha language

Shilha is a Berber language native to Shilha people.

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Shkije

Shkije or Shkje, is a term used in the Gheg dialect of Albanian language to refer to Serbs, while the Albanian communities in Greece or Italy use it to refer to Greeks or Latins, or just non-Albanian speakers.

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Shuadit

Shuadit (also spelled Chouhadite, Chouhadit, Chouadite, Chouadit, and Shuhadit), also called Judæo-Occitan or less accurately Judæo-Provençal or Judæo-Comtadin, is the Occitan dialect historically spoken by French Jews.

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Sicilian language

Sicilian (sicilianu; in Italian: Siciliano; also known as Siculo (siculu) or Calabro-Sicilian) is a Romance language spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.

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Sicilians

Sicilians or the Sicilian people (Siciliani in Italian and Sicilian, or also Siculi in Italian) are a Southern European ethnic group from or with origins in the Italian island of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea as well as the largest and most populous of the autonomous regions of Italy.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Siculo-Arabic

Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (that included Malta) from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule till the 13th century.

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Sihl

The Sihl is a Swiss river that rises near the Druesberg mountain in the canton of Schwyz, and eventually flows into the Limmat in the centre of the city of Zürich.

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Silex

Silex is any of various forms of ground stone.

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Silviano Santiago

Silviano Santiago (born 29 September 1936) is a Brazilian writer, literary critic, essayist and scholar.

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Sinfonia

Sinfonia is the Italian word for symphony, from the Latin symphonia, in turn derived from Ancient Greek συμφωνία symphōnia (agreement or concord of sound), from the prefix σύν (together) and ϕωνή (sound).

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Sino-Tibetan languages

The Sino-Tibetan languages, in a few sources also known as Trans-Himalayan, are a family of more than 400 languages spoken in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia.

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Sissel Lie

Sissel Lie (born 12 November 1942) is a Norwegian novelist, translator, playwright and professor in Romance languages and literature at the University of Trondheim since 1992.

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Sister language

In historical linguistics, sister languages, also known as sibling languages or brother languages are cognate languages; that is, languages that descend from a common ancestral language, the so-called proto-language.

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Slavic first palatalization

The Slavic first palatalization is a Proto-Slavic sound change that manifested as regressive palatalization of inherited Balto-Slavic velar consonants.

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Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.

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Sláinte

Sláinte or slàinte is a word literally translating as "health" in several Gaelic languages and is commonly used as a drinking toast in Ireland and Scotland.

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Slovene Lands

Slovene Lands or Slovenian Lands (Slovenske dežele or in short Slovensko) is the historical denomination for the territories in Central and Southern Europe where people primarily spoke Slovene.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.

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Smokvica

Smokvica (Smoquizza) is a village on the island of Korčula and a municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County in Croatia.

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Social and cultural exchange in Al-Andalus

Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the geographic area known as Al-Andalus or Moorish Spain and Portugal.

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Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa

The Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa - the Society of Aragonese Linguistics (or Sociedad de Lingüística Aragonesa in Spanish) is a society dedicated to the promotion of the Aragonese language.

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Sol (mythology)

Sol was the solar deity in ancient Roman religion.

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Solfège

In music, solfège or solfeggio, also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a music education method used to teach pitch and sight singing of Western music.

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Somali language

Somali Retrieved on 21 September 2013 (Af-Soomaali) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.

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Sophus Bugge

Elseus Sophus Bugge (5 January 1833 – 8 July 1907) was a noted Norwegian philologist and linguist.

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Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent.

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Southern Romance languages

The Southern Romance languages make up a sub-group of the family of Romance languages suggested by Ethnologue and Glottolog, but with little support among other linguists.

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Southwestern Lombard

Southwestern Lombard is a group of dialects of Western Lombard language spoken in the provinces of Pavia, Lodi, Novara, Cremona, in the south of the historic Insubria, and comprises Pavese dialect, Lodigiano dialect, Nuaresat dialect, Cremunéez dialect and others.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spaniards

Spaniards are a Latin European ethnic group and nation.

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Spanish grammar

Spanish grammar is the grammar of the Spanish language (español), which is a Romance language that originated in north central Spain and is spoken today throughout Spain, some twenty countries in the Americas, and Equatorial Guinea.

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Spanish irregular verbs

Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar, with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb).

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Spanish language

Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.

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Spanish orthography

Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language.

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Sperm whale

The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.

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Sport of athletics

Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking.

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Sprachbund

A sprachbund ("federation of languages") – also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, diffusion area or language crossroads – is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact.

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Spread of the Latin script

This article discusses the geographic spread of the Latin script throughout history, from its archaic beginnings in Latium to the dominant writing system on Earth in modernity.

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St. Thomas School, Leipzig

St.

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Standard Average European

Standard Average European (SAE) is a concept introduced in 1939 by Benjamin Whorf to group the modern Indo-European languages of Europe.

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Standard Chinese phonology

This article summarizes the phonology (the sound system, or in more general terms, the pronunciation) of Standard Chinese (Standard Mandarin).

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Stephen Ullmann

Stephen Ullmann (Ullmann István; 31 July 1914 – 10 January 1976) was a Hungarian linguist who spent most of his life in England and wrote about style and semantics in Romance and common languages.

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Steven Grossman (politician)

Steven Grossman (born February 17, 1946) is a former Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts and candidate for Governor of Massachusetts.

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Steward (office)

A steward is an official who is appointed by the legal ruling monarch to represent them in a country, and may have a mandate to govern it in their name; in the latter case, synonymous with the position of regent, vicegerent, viceroy (for Romance languages), governor, or deputy (the Roman rector, praefectus or vicarius).

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Stična Abbey

Stična Abbey (Cistercijanska opatija Stična, also shortly: Samostan Stična; Kloster Sittich) is the oldest monastery in the territory of today's Slovenia.

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Stratum (linguistics)

In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact.

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Stress (linguistics)

In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.

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Strigoi

In Romanian mythology, strigoi (English: striga, poltergeist) are the troubled spirits of the dead rising from the grave.

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Stuart Symington

William Stuart Symington, Jr. (June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was an American businessman and politician from Missouri.

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Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.

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Sug

Sug (typeset as SuG) is a Japanese visual kei rock band formed in 2006.

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Sun King (song)

"Sun King" is a song written primarily by John Lennon, but credited to Lennon–McCartney, and recorded by the Beatles for their 1969 album Abbey Road as the second song of its B-side medley.

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Sunici

The Sunuci (or Sinuci or Sunici) was the name of a tribal grouping with a particular territory within the Roman province of Germania Inferior, which later became Germania Secunda.

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Superior letter

In typography and handwriting, a superior letter is a lower-case letter placed above the baseline and made smaller than ordinary script.

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Suppletion

In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is traditionally understood as the use of one word as the inflected form of another word when the two words are not cognate.

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Suriname

Suriname (also spelled Surinam), officially known as the Republic of Suriname (Republiek Suriname), is a sovereign state on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America.

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Susana Chavez-Silverman

Susana Chávez-Silverman (born in Los Angeles), is a U.S. Latina writer and professor of Romance Languages and Literature at Pomona College in Claremont, California.

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Swiss Italian

Italian language in Switzerland or Swiss Italian (svizzero italiano) is the name used for the variety of the Italian language spoken in the Italian-speaking area of Switzerland.

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Swiss Standard German

Swiss Standard German (Schweizer Standarddeutsch), or Swiss High German (Schweizer Hochdeutsch or Schweizerhochdeutsch), referred to by the Swiss as Schriftdeutsch, or Hochdeutsch, is the written form of one of four official languages in Switzerland, besides French, Italian and Romansh.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Sword

A sword is a bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting that is longer than a knife or dagger.

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Syllable

A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.

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Symbolist movement in Romania

The Symbolist movement in Romania, active during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked the development of Romanian culture in both literature and visual arts.

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Synagogue

A synagogue, also spelled synagog (pronounced; from Greek συναγωγή,, 'assembly', בית כנסת, 'house of assembly' or, "house of prayer", Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אסנוגה or קהל), is a Jewish house of prayer.

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Synthetic language

In linguistic typology, a synthetic language is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio, as opposed to a low morpheme-per-word ratio in what is described as an analytic language.

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Talian dialect

Talian (or Brazilian Venetian,,, but) is a dialect of the Venetian language, spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.

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Talossa

Talossa, officially the Kingdom of Talossa (Regipäts Talossan), is one of the earliest micronations — founded in 1979 by then 14-year-old Robert Ben Madison of Milwaukee and at first confined to his bedroom; he adopted the name after discovering that the word means "inside the house" in Finnish.

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Tanja Nijmeijer

Tanja Nijmeijer (born 13 February 1978), also known as Alexandra Nariño, is a Dutch former guerrilla fighter and English teacher who has been a member of the Colombian guerrilla group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) since 2002.

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Tap (valve)

A tap (also spigot or faucet: see usage variations) is a valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas.

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Tarantino dialect

Tarantino (Dialetto tarantino, Tarantino: Dialètte tarandine), of the southeastern Italian region of Apulia, is a dialect of the Neapolitan language.

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Tato (name)

Tato is a given name and surname used independently in Romance languages and Georgian.

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Teonaht

Teonaht is a constructed language that has been developed since 1962 by science fiction writer and University of Rochester English professor Sarah Higley, under the pseudonym of Sally Caves.

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Teresa Heinz

Teresa Heinz Kerry (born Maria Teresa Thierstein Simões-Ferreira on October 5, 1938), also known as Teresa Heinz, is a Mozambican (at the time, part of Portuguese East Africa) born American businesswoman and philanthropist.

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Terminology of the Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen or de Nederlanden, les Pays-Bas) is the coastal Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta region in Western Europe whose definition usually includes the modern countries of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.

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Terra (mythology)

In ancient Roman religion and myth, Tellus Mater or Terra Mater ("Mother Earth") is a goddess of the earth.

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Tetuani Ladino

Tetuani (or Tétouani; تطوانى; or Haketia) is a dialect of Judaeo-Spanish, a Jewish Romance language historically spoken by the North African Sephardim in the Algerian city of Oran.

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The Ant and the Grasshopper

The Ant and the Grasshopper, alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant (or Ants), is one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 373 in the Perry Index.

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The Darkness Series

The Darkness Series is a series of six fantasy novels by Harry Turtledove.

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The Gamekillers

The Gamekillers was the title of a one-hour television special that was aired on MTV in the United States on February 6, 2006 and re-aired on The Comedy Network in Canada.

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The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus

The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus is a 1902 children's book, written by L. Frank Baum and illustrated by Mary Cowles Clark.

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The Sundays

The Sundays (stylized as The SUNDAYS on all releases) are an English alternative rock band.

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The Universal Language

The Universal Language is a short comedic play written by David Ives.

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Theodiscus

Theodiscus is a Medieval Latin term literally meaning "popular" or "of the people".

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Theodore Wesley Koch

Theodore Wesley Koch (August 4, 1871 – March 27, 1941) was the Director of Northwestern University's library (1919–1941), and the Director of the University of Michigan Library (1905–1915).

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Theory of Literature

Theory of Literature is a book on literary scholarship by René Wellek, of the structuralist Prague school, and Austin Warren, a self-described "old New Critic".

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki), also familiarly known as Thessalonica, Salonica, or Salonika is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Thessaly

Thessaly (Θεσσαλία, Thessalía; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalía) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.

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Third-person pronoun

A third-person pronoun is a pronoun that refers to an entity other than the speaker or listener.

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Thomas Grenville

Thomas Grenville (31 December 1755 – 17 December 1846) was a British politician and bibliophile.

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Thomasin von Zirclaere

Thomasin von Zirclaere, also called Thomasîn von Zerclaere or Tommasino Di Cerclaria (c. 1186 – c. 1235) was an Italian Middle High German lyric poet.

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Thou

The word thou is a second person singular pronoun in English.

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Thursday

Thursday is the day of the week between Wednesday and Friday.

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Ticinese dialect

Ticinese (ticines, ticinées) is a comprehensive denomination for the varieties of the Lombard language spoken in Canton Ticino (Tessin) and in the north of the Province of Varese.

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Tigrinya verbs

In order to view the Tigrinya characters in this article, you will need a Unicode Ge'ez font, such as.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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TNTmips

TNTmips is a geospatial analysis system providing a fully featured GIS, RDBMS, and automated image processing system with CAD, TIN, surface modeling, map layout and innovative data publishing tools.

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Tocharian languages

Tocharian, also spelled Tokharian, is an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Toki Pona

Toki Pona is an oligoisolating constructed language, first published as draft on the web in 2001 and then as a complete book and e-book Toki Pona: The Language of Good in 2014.

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Tomás Navarro Tomás

Tomás Navarro Tomás (12 April 1884 – 16 September 1979) was a Spanish writer and linguist, specializing in phonetics and the history of metrics.

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Tomás Rivera

Tomás Rivera (December 22, 1935 – May 16, 1984) was a Chicano author, poet, and educator.

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Tongva

The Tongva are Native Americans who inhabited the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately.

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Toponymy in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Britain and Ireland have a very varied toponymy due the different settlement patterns, political and linguistic histories.

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Torcato Sepúlveda

Torcato Sepúlveda (1951 – May 21, 2008) was a Portuguese newspaper journalist.

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Tornada (Occitan literary term)

In Old Occitan literature, a tornada ("turned, twisted") refers to a final, shorter stanza (or cobla) that appears in lyric poetry and serves a variety of purposes within several poetic forms.

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Torre

Torre (plurals torri and torres) means tower in seven Romance languages (Portuguese, Spanish, Galician, Catalan, Italian, Occitan and Corsican) and may refer to.

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Tourism in Luxembourg

Tourism in Luxembourg is an important component of the national economy, representing about 8.3% of GDP in 2009 and employing some 25,000 people or 11.7% of the working population.

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Transfer-based machine translation

Transfer-based machine translation is a type of machine translation (MT).

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Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.

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Translations during the Spanish Golden Age

During the Spanish Golden Age a great number of translations were made, specially from Arabic, Latin and Greek classics, into Spanish, and in turn, from Spanish into other languages.

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Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (Trentino-Alto Adige,; Trentino-Südtirol; Trentin-Südtirol) is an autonomous region in Northern Italy.

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Trieste

Trieste (Trst) is a city and a seaport in northeastern Italy.

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Triestine dialect

The Triestine dialect (triestino, Triestine: triestin) is a dialect local to the Italian city of Trieste.

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Tristan

Tristan (Latin & Brythonic: Drustanus; Trystan), also known as Tristram, is a Cornish knight of the Round Table and the hero of the Arthurian Tristan and Iseult story.

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Truth

Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.

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Tunisian Arabic

Tunisian Arabic, or Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken in Tunisia.

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Tuone Udaina

Tuone Udaina (1823 – June 10, 1898; Antonio Udina in Italian) was the last person to have any active knowledge of the Dalmatian language, a Romance language that had evolved from Latin along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.

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Turkey (bird)

The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas.

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Turkish language

Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia).

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Tuscan dialect

Tuscan (dialetto toscano) is a set of Italo-Dalmatian varieties mainly spoken in Tuscany, Italy.

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Tutonish

Tutonish (also called Teutonish, Teutonik, Allteutonish, Altutonish, Alteutonik, Nu Teutonish, Niu Teutonish, or Neuteutonish) is a constructed language created by Elias Molee.

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Ukrainian language

No description.

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Umlaut (linguistics)

In linguistics, umlaut (from German "sound alteration") is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel.

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Unergative verb

An unergative verb is an intransitive verb that is distinguished semantically by having an agent argument, which treats the argument like the ergative argument of a transitive verb in split-S systems.

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United States of Latin Africa

The United States of Latin Africa (French: Les États-Unis de l'Afrique Latine, Portuguese: Estados Unidos da África Latina, Spanish: Estados Unidos de África Latina) was the proposed union of Romance-language-speaking Central African countries envisioned by Barthélémy Boganda.

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Universalglot

Universalglot is an a posteriori international auxiliary language published by the French linguist Jean Pirro in 1868 in Tentative d'une langue universelle, Enseignement, grammaire, vocabulaire.

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University of Alabama

The University of Alabama (Alabama or UA) is a public research university located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, and the flagship of the University of Alabama System.

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University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

The University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) is the college for the liberal arts and sciences of the University of Florida, and the largest of the university's 16 academic colleges.

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University of Georgia Graduate School

The University of Georgia Graduate School coordinates the graduate programs of all schools and colleges at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, United States.

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University of Lisbon (1911–2013)

The University of Lisbon (UL) (Universidade de Lisboa,; Latin Universitas Olisiponensis) was a public university in Lisbon, Portugal.

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University of Madeira

The University of Madeira (UMa – Universidade da Madeira,, is a Portuguese public university, created in 1988 in Funchal, Madeira. The university offers first, second cycle and Doctorate academic degrees in a wide range of fields, in accordance with the Bologna process. It is now under the CMU/Portugal agreement with Carnegie Mellon University, having master programme in Computer Engineering, Human Computer Interaction and Entertainment Technology. Students admitted will be eligible for scholarships and have internship opportunity during the summer break. In addition, Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, founded in January 2010, is devoted to building international partnership with other educational institutes and industry.

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University of Oregon College of Arts and Sciences

The University of Oregon College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is a public school of science and liberal arts at the University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene, Oregon, United States.

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University of Paris

The University of Paris (Université de Paris), metonymically known as the Sorbonne (one of its buildings), was a university in Paris, France, from around 1150 to 1793, and from 1806 to 1970.

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Unterelsaß

Unterelsaß (also spelled Unterelsass,, meaning Lower Alsace) was the northern part of the historical region Alsace or Elsass, inhabited originally by locals speaking Alemannic German.

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Upper Brittany

Upper Brittany (Haute-Bretagne; Breizh-Uhel; Gallo: Haùtt-Bertaèyn) is the eastern part of Brittany France, which is predominantly of a Romance culture and is associated with the Gallo language.

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Uropi

Uropi is a constructed language which was created by Joël Landais, a French English teacher.

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Uruguayan Portuguese

Uruguayan Portuguese (português uruguaio), also known as fronteiriço and portunhol riverense, is a variety of Portuguese with influences from Spanish.

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Uys Krige

Mattheus Uys Krige (4 February 1910 – 10 August 1987) was a South African writer of novels, short stories, poems and plays in both Afrikaans and English.

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V

V (named vee) is the 22nd letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

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V. A. Urechia

V.

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V2 word order

In syntax, verb-second (V2) word order places the finite verb of a clause or sentence in second position with a single major constituent preceding it, which functions as the clause topic.

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Valdôtain dialect

Valdôtain is a dialect of Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) spoken in the Aosta Valley in Italy.

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Valencian

Valencian (or; endonym: valencià, llengua valenciana, or idioma valencià) is a linguistic variety spoken in the Valencian Community, Spain. In the Valencian Community, Valencian is the traditional language and is co-official with Spanish. It is considered different from Catalan by a slight majority of the people of the Valencian Community (including non-speakers), but this is at odds with the broad academic view, which considers it a dialect of Catalan. A standardized form exists, based on the Southern Valencian dialect. Valencian belongs to the Western group of Catalan dialects. Under the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, the Valencian Academy of the Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) has been established as its regulator. The AVL considers Catalan and Valencian to be simply two names for the same language. Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a golden age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Important works include Joanot Martorell's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch, and Ausiàs March's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety. The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475).

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Valentin Parnakh

Valentin Yakovlevich Parnakh (Валентин Яковлевич Парнах) (1891–1951) was a Russian poet, translator, choreographer, and musician who is best remembered as a founding father of Soviet jazz.

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Valerie (given name)

Valerie is almost always a feminine given name in French, derived directly from the French Valérie (a female-only name).

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Vallader dialect (Romansh)

Vallader is a variety of the Romansh language spoken in the Lower Engadine valley (Engiadina Bassa) of southeast Switzerland, between Martina and Zernez.

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Vallassinese dialect

Vallassinese is variety of the Western Lombard language spoken in the Vallassina valley of Italy (about 6,000 speakers).

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Valyrian languages

The Valyrian languages are a fictional language family in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin, and in their television adaptation Game of Thrones.

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Van (Dutch)

van is a preposition in the Dutch and Afrikaans languages, meaning "of" or "from" depending on the context (similar to de and di in the Romance languages).

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Varesino dialect

Varesino or Bosin (from the name of storytellers; see Bosinada) is a dialect of Western Lombard language spoken in the Central province of Varese.

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Varieties of Arabic

There are many varieties of Arabic (dialects or otherwise) in existence.

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Varieties of Chinese

Chinese, also known as Sinitic, is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local language varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible.

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Varieties of Modern Greek

The linguistic varieties of Modern Greek can be classified along two principal dimensions.

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Vastese

Vastese (Vastese: Lu Uâʃtaréule or Lu indialett di lu Uašt, meaning "the dialect of Vasto") is a Romance language spoken in the town of Vasto.

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Velike Lašče

Velike Lašče (Großlaschitz)Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru, vol.

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Venetian language

Venetian or Venetan (Venetian: vèneto, vènet or łéngua vèneta) is a Romance language spoken as a native language by almost four million people in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue.

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Venetian nationalism

Venetian nationalism (also Venetism, from the Venetian/Italian name, venetismo) is a nationalist, but primarily regionalist, movement active in Veneto, Italy, as well as in other parts of the former Republic of Venice.

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Venetic language

Venetic is an extinct Indo-European language, usually classified into the Italic subgroup, that was spoken by the Veneti people in ancient times in the North East of Italy (Veneto) and part of modern Slovenia, between the Po River delta and the southern fringe of the Alps.

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Venezuelan Australians

Venezuelan Australians refers to Australian citizens of Venezuelan descent or birth.

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Verb

A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).

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Verb framing

In linguistics, verb-framing and satellite-framing are typological descriptions of a way that verb phrases in a language can describe the path of motion or the manner of motion, respectively.

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Verdun pri Uršnih Selih

Verdun pri Uršnih Selih (Verdun pri Uršnih selih) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Dolenjske Toplice in Slovenia.

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Verdun, Novo Mesto

Verdun is a small settlement in the foothills of the Gorjanci range southeast of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia.

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Vergonha

La vergonha (meaning "shame") is what Occitans call the effects of various policies of the government of France on its citizens whose native language was a so-called patois, a language other than French, such as Occitan or one of the dialects of the langues d'oc.

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Vernacular

A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.

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Veronese Riddle

The Veronese Riddle (Indovinello veronese) is a riddle written in late Vulgar Latin on the margin of a parchment, on the Verona Orational, probably in the 8th or early 9th century, by a Christian monk from Verona, in northern Italy.

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Vesna Parun

Vesna Parun (10 April 1922 – 25 October 2010) was a Croatian poet.

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Vespasian

Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus;Classical Latin spelling and reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation: Vespasian was from an equestrian family that rose into the senatorial rank under the Julio–Claudian emperors. Although he fulfilled the standard succession of public offices and held the consulship in AD 51, Vespasian's renown came from his military success; he was legate of Legio II ''Augusta'' during the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 and subjugated Judaea during the Jewish rebellion of 66. While Vespasian besieged Jerusalem during the Jewish rebellion, emperor Nero committed suicide and plunged Rome into a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors. After Galba and Otho perished in quick succession, Vitellius became emperor in April 69. The Roman legions of Roman Egypt and Judaea reacted by declaring Vespasian, their commander, emperor on 1 July 69. In his bid for imperial power, Vespasian joined forces with Mucianus, the governor of Syria, and Primus, a general in Pannonia, leaving his son Titus to command the besieging forces at Jerusalem. Primus and Mucianus led the Flavian forces against Vitellius, while Vespasian took control of Egypt. On 20 December 69, Vitellius was defeated, and the following day Vespasian was declared emperor by the Senate. Vespasian dated his tribunician years from 1 July, substituting the acts of Rome's Senate and people as the legal basis for his appointment with the declaration of his legions, and transforming his legions into an electoral college. Little information survives about the government during Vespasian's ten-year rule. He reformed the financial system of Rome after the campaign against Judaea ended successfully, and initiated several ambitious construction projects, including the building of the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum. In reaction to the events of 68–69, Vespasian forced through an improvement in army discipline. Through his general Agricola, Vespasian increased imperial expansion in Britain. After his death in 79, he was succeeded by his eldest son Titus, thus becoming the first Roman emperor to be directly succeeded by his own natural son and establishing the Flavian dynasty.

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Victor Klemperer

Victor Klemperer (9 October 188111 February 1960) was a Romance languages scholar who also became known as a diarist.

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Vienna School of Art History

The Vienna School of Art History (Wiener Schule der Kunstgeschichte) was the development of fundamental art-historical methods at the University of Vienna.

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Vietnamese alphabet

The Vietnamese alphabet (chữ Quốc ngữ; literally "national language script") is the modern writing system for the Vietnamese language.

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Viggo Brøndal

Rasmus Viggo Brøndal (13 October 1887, Copenhagen - 14 December 1942, Copenhagen) was a Danish philologist and professor of Romance languages and literature at Copenhagen University.

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Viking Age

The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) is a period in European history, especially Northern European and Scandinavian history, following the Germanic Iron Age.

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Vilém Mathesius

Vilém Mathesius (3 August 1882, Pardubice – 12 April 1945, Prague) was a Czech linguist, literary historian and co-founder of the Prague Linguistic Circle.

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Vis (town)

Vis (Italian: Lissa) is a town on the eponymous island in the Adriatic Sea in southern Croatia.

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Vivaro-Alpine dialect

Vivaro-Alpine (vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc) is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria).

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Vive, viva, and vivat

Viva, vive, and vivat are interjections used in the Romance languages.

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Vivo per lei

"Vivo per lei" (English: "I Live for Her") is a 1995 song recorded by Italian artist Andrea Bocelli as duet with Giorgia Todrani (under the stage name of "Giorgia" only) for his album Bocelli.

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Vlach language in Serbia

The Vlach language (Влашки/Vlaški), known by the endonym limba română or ľimba rumâńască (literally "Romanian language"), is used to designate the Daco-Romanian varieties spoken by the Vlach community of eastern Serbia.

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Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vlachs in Bosnia and Herzegovina are a Balkan tribe who descend from Romanized Illyrians and Thraco-Romans, and other pre-Slavic Romance-speaking peoples.

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Vlachs in the history of Croatia

The term Vlachs (Vlasi) was initially used in medieval Croatian and Venetian history for a Romance-speaking pastoralist community, called "Vlachs" and "Morlachs", inhabiting the mountains and lands of the Croatian Kingdom and the Republic of Venice (Venetian Dalmatia) from the early 14th century.

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Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Набо́ков, also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin; 2 July 1977) was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator and entomologist.

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Voiceless alveolar fricative

A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth.

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Voiceless postalveolar affricate

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.

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Voiceless postalveolar fricative

Voiceless fricatives produced in the postalveolar region include the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative, the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative, the voiceless retroflex fricative, and the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.

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Vojtěch Jarník

Vojtěch Jarník (1897–1970) was a Czech mathematician who worked for many years as a professor and administrator at Charles University, and helped found the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

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Vowel

A vowel is one of the two principal classes of speech sound, the other being a consonant.

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Vowel breaking

In historical linguistics, vowel breaking, vowel fracture, or diphthongization is the change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong.

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Vowel reduction

In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language), and which are perceived as "weakening".

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Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin or Sermo Vulgaris ("common speech") was a nonstandard form of Latin (as opposed to Classical Latin, the standard and literary version of the language) spoken in the Mediterranean region during and after the classical period of the Roman Empire.

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Walhaz

*Walhaz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic word meaning "foreigner", "stranger", "Roman", "Romance-speaker", or "Celtic-speaker".

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Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania.

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Wallonia

Wallonia (Wallonie, Wallonie(n), Wallonië, Walonreye, Wallounien) is a region of Belgium.

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Walloon language

Walloon (Walon in Walloon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia in Belgium, in some villages of Northern France (near Givet) and in the northeast part of WisconsinUniversité du Wisconsin: collection de documents sur l'immigration wallonne au Wisconsin, enregistrements de témoignages oraux en anglais et wallon, 1976 until the mid 20th century and in some parts of Canada.

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Walloons

Walloons (Wallons,; Walons) are a Romance ethnic people native to Belgium, principally its southern region of Wallonia, who speak French and Walloon.

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Walpole High School

Walpole High School is a public high school in Walpole, Massachusetts, educating grades 9 through 12.

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Walther von Wartburg

Walther von Wartburg (-Boos) (18 May 1888; Riedholz – 15 August 1971; Basel) was a Swiss philologist and lexicographer.

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Wandering Jew

The Wandering Jew is a mythical immortal man whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century.

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Wednesday

Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday.

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Week

A week is a time unit equal to seven days.

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Welchweiler

Welchweiler is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Welschriesling

Welschriesling (also known as Laški Rizling, Olasz Riesling and Graševina) is a white wine grape variety, unrelated to the Rhine Riesling, that is grown throughout Central Europe.

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Welsh rarebit

Welsh rarebit (spelling based on folk etymology) or Welsh rabbit (original spelling) is a dish made with a savoury sauce of melted cheese and various other ingredients and served hot, after being poured over slices (or other pieces) of toasted bread, or the hot cheese sauce may be served in a chafing dish like a fondue, accompanied by sliced, toasted bread.

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Wendelin Förster

Wendelin Förster (10 February 1844 – 18 May 1915) was a German philologist and Romance scholar.

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Wenedyk

Wenedyk (Venedic) is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen (who also co-created the international auxiliary language Interslavic).

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Werner Riess

Werner Riess (born 8 August 1970 at Altötting, Germany) is a German Ancient Historian.

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West

West is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass.

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West Bank

The West Bank (الضفة الغربية; הגדה המערבית, HaGadah HaMa'aravit) is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, the bulk of it now under Israeli control, or else under joint Israeli-Palestinian Authority control.

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West Iberian languages

West Iberian is a branch of the Romance languages that includes Castilian (Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish/Ladino), Astur-Leonese (Asturian, Extremaduran, Leonese, Mirandese and Cantabrian, where cantabrian language is listed in the Astur-Leonese linguistic group.), and the modern descendants of Galician-Portuguese (Galician, Portuguese, and the Fala language).

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.

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Western Lombard dialect

Western Lombard is one of the main varieties of Lombard, a Romance language spoken in Italy.

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Western Roman Empire

In historiography, the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any one time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court, coequal with that administering the eastern half, then referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Western Romance languages

Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini line.

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Western world

The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.

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White

White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue), because it fully reflects and scatters all the visible wavelengths of light.

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Whitgift School

Whitgift School is an independent day school with limited boarding (120 boys) in South Croydon.

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Wild boar

The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988), Volume I, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp.

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Wilga Rivers

Wilga Rivers (13 April 1919 – 23 June 2007) was an Australian academic and writer.

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Wilhelm Cloetta

Wilhelm Cloetta (16 November 1857, in Trieste – 24 September 1911, in Strassburg) was a German Romance philologist and medievalist.

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Wilhelm Hünermann

Wilhelm Hünermann (28 July 1900, Kempen, Germany – 28 November 1975) was a German priest and writer, best known for his novelized biographies of Roman Catholic saints.

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William Frank Buckley Sr.

William Frank Buckley Sr. (July 11, 1881 – October 5, 1958) was an American lawyer and oil developer.

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William James Sidis

William James Sidis (April 1, 1898 – July 17, 1944) was an American child prodigy with exceptional mathematical and linguistic skills.

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William Jones (philologist)

Sir William Jones FRS FRSE (28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist, a puisne judge on the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, and a scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among European and Indian languages, which would later be known as Indo-European languages.

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William Liu

Liu Zhongjing, also known as William Liu and by his cult followers as 阿姨 (Auntie), is a Chinese historian and translator of history and political philosophy works from English.

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Winston Burdett

Winston Burdett (December 12, 1913 – May 19, 1993) was an American broadcast journalist and correspondent for the CBS Radio Network during World War II and later for CBS television news.

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Wintuan languages

Wintuan (also Wintun, Wintoon, Copeh, Copehan) is a family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California.

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Wojciech Karpiński

Wojciech Karpiński (born 11 May 1943 in Warsaw) is a Polish writer, historian of ideas and literary critic.

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Wolf W. Zuelzer

Wolf William Zuelzer (May 24, 1909 – March 20, 1987) was a German-American pediatric pathologist.

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Wolfgang Fritz Haug

Wolfgang Fritz Haug (born March 23, 1936 in Esslingen am Neckar, Württemberg) was from 1979 till his retirement in 2001 professor of philosophy at the Free University Berlin, where he had also studied romance languages and religious studies and taken his PhD (in 1966 on the topic of "Jean-Paul Sartre and the construction of absurdity").

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Word order

In linguistics, word order typology is the study of the order of the syntactic constituents of a language, and how different languages can employ different orders.

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World language

A world language is a language that is spoken internationally and is learned and spoken by a large number of people as a second language.

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Writing-riddle

The Writing-riddle is an international riddle type, attested across Europe and Asia.

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Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín

Xosé Luís Méndez Ferrín (Ourense, 7 August 1938) is a Galician writer and poet and is widely considered the highest representative of contemporary Galician literature.

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Yakov Malkiel

Yakov Malkiel (July 22, 1914 – April 24, 1998) was a U.S. (Russian-born) Romance etymologist and philologist.

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Yehoshua Kenaz

Yehoshua Kenaz (יהושע קנז, born Yehoshua Glass in 1937) is an Israeli novelist.

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Yellow-backed duiker

The yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus silvicultor) is a forest dwelling antelope in the order Artiodactyla from the family Bovidae.

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Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.

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Yves Roberge

Yves Roberge is professor of linguistics in the French Department at the University of Toronto.

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Zambo

Zambo and cafuzo are racial terms used in the Spanish and Portuguese empires and occasionally today to identify individuals in the Americas who are of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry (the analogous English term, sambo, is considered a slur).

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Zamboangueño people

The Zamboangueño people or Zamboangueño nation (Chavacano/Spanish: Pueblo/Nación Zamboangueño) are a creole ethnolinguistic nation of the Philippines originating in Zamboanga City.

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Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences

The Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, located in Baltimore, Maryland, is one of nine academic divisions of the Johns Hopkins University, in the United States.

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Zapotec languages

The Zapotec languages are a group of closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and which is spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico.

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Zarphatic language

Zarphatic, or Judeo-French (Zarphatic: Tzarfatit), is an extinct Jewish language that was spoken by the French Jews of northern France and in parts of west-central Germany, such as Mainz, Frankfurt am Main and Aix-la-Chapelle.

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Zebra duiker

The zebra duiker (Cephalophus zebra) is a small antelope found primarily in Liberia, as well as the Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and occasionally Guinea.

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Zermatt

Zermatt is a municipality in the district of Visp in the German-speaking section of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

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Zero (linguistics)

In linguistics, a zero or null is a segment which is not pronounced or written.

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Zeta

Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; ζῆτα, label, classical or zē̂ta; zíta) is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Zeto (Greek)

Zeto (Greek: Ζήτω, ancient pronunciation: zḗtō; modern pronunciation: zī́to) is an interjection used in the Greek language.

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Zoltán Gombocz

Zoltán Gombocz (18 June 1877 – 2 May 1935) was an Hungarian scholar specializing in Finno-Ugric languages, but also in Turkish languages.

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Zonal and meridional

The terms zonal and meridional are used to describe directions on a globe.

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Zonal constructed language

Zonal constructed languages are constructed languages made to facilitate communication between speakers of a certain group of closely related languages.

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Zone libre

The zone libre (free zone) was a partition of the French metropolitan territory during World War II, established at the Second Armistice at Compiègne on 22 June 1940.

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.de

.de is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Federal Republic of Germany.

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.la

.la is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Laos.

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.NGO and .ONG

The domain names.ngo and.ong are generic top-level domains (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet, sponsored and managed by the Public Interest Registry.

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13 (number)

13 (thirteen) is the natural number following 12 and preceding 14.

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1954

No description.

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7

7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8.

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9th century

The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era.

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Redirects here:

Continental Romance languages, Eastern and Southern Romance languages, Eastern and Southern languages, ISO 639:roa, Languages derived from Latin, Latin languages, Latin tongues, Latinate language, Latinate languages, Latino Asian, List of Asturo-Leonese languages, List of Castilian languages, List of Eastern Romance languages, List of Gallo-Iberian languages, List of Gallo-Italian languages, List of Gallo-Rhaetian languages, List of Gallo-Romance languages, List of Ibero-Romance languages, List of Italo-Dalmatian languages, List of Italo-Western Romance languages, List of Oc languages, List of Portuguese-Galician languages, List of Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages, List of Rhaetian languages, List of Romance languages, List of Sardinian languages, List of Southern Romance languages, List of West Iberian languages, Neo Latin languages, Neo-Latin languages, Neo-Romance, Neo-Romance languages, Neo-Romanic languages, Neo-romance languages, Neolatin languages, Neolatine language, New Latin languages, Other Romance language, Romance Language, Romance Languages, Romance dialect, Romance language, Romance tongues, Romance-language, Romance-speaking, RomanceLanguages, Romanic, Romanic language, Romanic languages, Romantic Language, Romantic Languages, Romantic languages, Romlang.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages