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567 relations: Acetylcholine, Aclidinium bromide, Actin, Actinin, Acute severe asthma, ADAMTS7, Adrenal gland, Adrenaline, Adrenergic nerve fibre, Adrenergic nervous system, Adrenergic receptor, Advanced glycation end-product, Ae binding protein 1, Agelasine, Albert von Kölliker, Aldolase C, Aliskiren, Allergic inflammation, Allergy, Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, Alpha-1 blocker, Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, Aluminium hydroxide, Alverine, American white ibis, Amphetamine, Amphiuma, Ampulla of Vater, Anaphylatoxin, Anaphylaxis, Anatomical terms of muscle, Anatomy, Angiogenesis, Angiogenin, Angioleiomyoma, Angiolipoleiomyoma, Angiomyolipoma, Angiopoietin, Angiotensin II receptor, Angiotensin II receptor type 1, Antacid, Anti-smooth muscle antibody, Anticholinergic, Antihistamine, Antihypertensive drug, Antileukotriene, Antispasmodic, Aorta, Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, Arrector pili muscle, ..., Arteriole, Arteriolosclerosis, Artery, Asthma, Atherosclerosis, ATP-sensitive potassium 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Expand index (517 more) »
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.
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Aclidinium bromide
Aclidinium bromide (INN) is a long-acting, inhaled muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) approved in the US on July 24, 2012 as a maintenance treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments.
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Actinin
Actinin is a microfilament protein.
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Acute severe asthma
Acute severe asthma is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators (inhalers) and corticosteroids.
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ADAMTS7
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 7 (ADAMTS7) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS7 gene on chromosome 15.
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Adrenal gland
The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Adrenergic nerve fibre
An adrenergic nerve fibre is a neuron for which the neurotransmitter is either adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline or dopamine.
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Adrenergic nervous system
Adrenergic system or Adrenergic nervous system (ANS) is a group of organs and nerves in which adrenaline (epinephrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine) act as neurotransmitters.
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Adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
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Advanced glycation end-product
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars.
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Ae binding protein 1
AE binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AEBP1 gene.
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Agelasine
Agelasines are 7,9-dialkylpurinium salts isolated from marine sponges (Agelas sp.). They are considered secondary metabolites.
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Albert von Kölliker
Albert von Kölliker (born Rudolf Albert Kölliker; 6 July 18172 November 1905) was a Swiss anatomist, physiologist, and histologist.
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Aldolase C
Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOC, or ALDC), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ALDOC gene on chromosome 17.
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Aliskiren
Aliskiren (trade names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors.
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Allergic inflammation
Allergic inflammation is an important pathophysiological feature of several disabilities or medical conditions including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and several ocular allergic diseases.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1 (α1) adrenergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gq heterotrimeric G-protein.
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Alpha-1 blocker
Alpha-1 blockers (also called alpha-adrenergic blocking agents) constitute a variety of drugs that block alpha-1-adrenergic receptors in arteries, smooth muscles, and central nervous system tissues.
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Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein.
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Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
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Alverine
Alverine is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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American white ibis
The American white ibis (Eudocimus albus) is a species of bird in the ibis family, Threskiornithidae.
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Amphetamine
Amphetamine (contracted from) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.
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Amphiuma
Amphiuma is a genus of aquatic salamanders from the United States, the only extant genus within the family Amphiumidae.
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Ampulla of Vater
The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.
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Anaphylatoxin
Anaphylatoxins, or complement peptides, are fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as part of the activation of the complement system.
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Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.
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Anatomical terms of muscle
Muscles are described using unique anatomical terminology according to their actions and structure.
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Anatomy
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
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Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels.
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Angiogenin
Angiogenin (Ang) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene.
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Angioleiomyoma
Angioleiomyoma (vascular leiomyoma, angiomyoma) of the skin is thought to arise from vascular smooth muscle, and is generally acquired.
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Angiolipoleiomyoma
Angiolipoleiomyoma is an acquired, solitary, asymptomatic acral nodule, characterized histologically by well-circumscribed subcutaneous tumors composed of smooth muscle cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, and fat.
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Angiomyolipoma
Angiomyolipomas are the most common benign tumour of the kidney.
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Angiopoietin
Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis.
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Angiotensin II receptor
The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands.
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Angiotensin II receptor type 1
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 or AT1 receptor is the best characterized angiotensin receptor.
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Antacid
An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach.
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Anti-smooth muscle antibody
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are antibodies (immunoglobulins) formed against smooth muscle.
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Anticholinergic
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system.
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Antihistamine
Antihistamines are drugs which treat allergic rhinitis and other allergies.
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Antihypertensive drug
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
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Antileukotriene
An antileukotriene is a drug which functions as a leukotriene-related enzyme inhibitor (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonist (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors) and consequently opposes the function of these inflammatory mediators; leukotrienes are produced by the immune system and serve to promote bronchoconstriction, inflammation, microvascular permeability, and mucus secretion in asthma and COPD.
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Antispasmodic
An antispasmodic (synonym: spasmolytic) is a pharmaceutical drug or other agent that suppresses muscle spasms.
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Aorta
The aorta is the main artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries).
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Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, also known as ALOX5, 5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX, or 5-LO, is a non-heme iron-containing enzyme (EC 1.13.11.34) that in humans is encoded by the ALOX5 gene.
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Arrector pili muscle
The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals.
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Arteriole
An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.
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Arteriolosclerosis
Arteriolosclerosis is a form of cardiovascular disease involving hardening and loss of elasticity of arterioles or small arteries and is most often associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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Artery
An artery (plural arteries) is a blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc).
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Asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.
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Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.
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ATP-sensitive potassium channel
An ATP-sensitive potassium channel (or KATP channel) is a type of potassium channel that is gated by intracellular nucleotides, ATP and ADP.
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Atromentin
Atromentin is a natural chemical compound found in Agaricomycetes fungi in the orders Agaricales and Thelephorales.
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Atypical polypoid adenomyoma
Atypical polypoid adenomyoma, abbreviated APA, is a rare uncommon benign tumour of the uterus.
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Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare tumor usually diagnosed in childhood.
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Autacoid
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis.
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Autoantibody
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins.
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Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly called lupoid hepatitis, is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells causing the liver to be inflamed.
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Basal electrical rhythm
The basal or basic electrical rhythm (BER) or electrical control activity (ECA) is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of pacemaker cells in the smooth muscle of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
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Benign tumor
A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.
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Berberis koreana
Berberis koreana, the Korean barberry, is deciduous shrub that can grow up to in height.
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Beta blocker
Beta blockers, also written β-blockers, are a class of medications that are particularly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms, and to protect the heart from a second heart attack (myocardial infarction) after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).
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Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB2, is a cell membrane-spanning beta-adrenergic receptor that interacts with (binds) epinephrine, a hormone and neurotransmitter (ligand synonym, adrenaline) whose signaling, via a downstream L-type calcium channel interaction, mediates physiologic responses such as smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
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Beta2-adrenergic agonist
β2 (beta2) adrenergic receptor agonists, also known as adrenergic β2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic receptor.
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Biological functions of hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the mammalian body and has a number of biological signaling functions.
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Biological functions of nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is a molecule and chemical compound with chemical formula of NO.
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Biological system
A biological system is a complex network of biologically relevant entities.
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Birthmark
A birthmark is a congenital, benign irregularity on the skin which is present at birth or appears shortly after birth, usually in the first month.
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BK channel
BK channels (Big Potassium), also known as Maxi-K, slo1, or Kcal.1, are voltage-gated potassium channels that conduct large amounts of potassium ions (K+) across the cell membrane, hence their name, Big Potassium.
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Bradykinin
Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator.
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Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast.
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Bronchial leiomyoma
Bronchial leiomyomas are a relatively rare form of lung tumours.
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Bronchial thermoplasty
Bronchial thermoplasty is a treatment for severe asthma approved by the FDA in 2010 involving the delivery of controlled, therapeutic radiofrequency energy to the airway wall, thus heating the tissue and reducing the amount of smooth muscle present in the airway wall.
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Bronchiole
The bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa.
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs.
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Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
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Bronchodilatation
Bronchodilation is the dilation of the airways in the lungs due to the relaxation of surrounding smooth muscle.
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Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or behind the manubrium.
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Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm or a bronchial spasm is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.
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Bronchus
A bronchus, is a passage of airway in the respiratory system that conducts air into the lungs.
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Broxaterol
Broxaterol is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist.
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Bruce Beutler
Bruce Alan Beutler (born December 29, 1957) is an American immunologist and geneticist.
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Brugmansia
Brugmansia is a genus of seven species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae.
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Brugmansia suaveolens
Brugmansia suaveolens, Brazil's white angel trumpet, also known as angel's tears and snowy angel’s trumpet, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to south eastern Brazil, but thought to be extinct in the wild.
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C6orf62
Chromosome 6 open reading frame 62 (C6orf62), also known as X-trans-activated protein 12 (XTP12), is a gene that encodes a protein of the same name.
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C8orf82
Chromosome 8 open reading frame 82 is a protein encoded in humans by the C8orf82 gene.
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CADASIL
CADASIL or CADASIL syndrome, involving cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, and is thought to be caused by mutations of the Notch 3 gene on chromosome 19.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Calciseptine
Calciseptine (CaS) is a natural neurotoxin isolated from the black mamba Dendroaspis p. polylepis venom.
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Calcium channel blocker
Calcium channel blockers (CCB), calcium channel antagonists or calcium antagonists are several medications that disrupt the movement of calcium through calcium channels.
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Calcium sparks
A calcium spark is the microscopic release of calcium (Ca2+) from a store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), located within muscle cells.
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Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 also known as large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCa1.1), or BK for short, is a voltage gated potassium channel encoded by the KCNMA1 gene and characterized by their large conductance of potassium ions (K+) through cell membranes.
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Calcium-dependent chloride channel
The Calcium-Dependent Chloride Channel (Ca-ClC) proteins (or calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), are heterogeneous groups of ligand-gated ion channels for chloride that have been identified in many epithelial and endothelial cell types as well as in smooth muscle cells. They include proteins from several structurally different families: chloride channel accessory (CLCA), bestrophin (BEST), and calcium-dependent chloride channel anoctamin (ANO or TMEM16) channels ANO1 is highly expressed in human gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal, which are proteins which serve as intestinal pacemakers for peristalsis. In addition to their role as chloride channels some CLCA proteins function as adhesion molecules and may also have roles as tumour suppressors. These eukaryotic proteins are "required for normal electrolyte and fluid secretion, olfactory perception, and neuronal and smooth muscle excitability" in animals. Members of the Ca-CIC family are generally 600 to 1000 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 7 to 10 transmembrane segments (TMSs).
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Caldesmon
Caldesmon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALD1 gene.
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Calmodulin
Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
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Calmodulin in target binding and recognition
Calmodulin (CaM) is a versatile protein involved in almost every cellular process, including apoptosis, metabolism, smooth muscle contraction, learning and memory formation, inflammation and immune response.
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Calponin
Calponin is a calcium binding protein.
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Calponin 1
Calponin 1 is a basic smooth muscle protein that in humans is encoded by the CNN1 gene.
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Camylofin
Camylofin is an antimuscarinic.
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Cannon–Bard theory
The main concepts of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus.
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Cantú syndrome
Cantú syndrome (hypertrychotic osteochondrodysplasia) is a rare condition characterized by hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly.
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Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is a fluorescent cell staining dye.
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Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is one of the three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle.
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Cardiac neural crest cells
Neural crest cells are a group of temporary, multipotent (can give rise to some other types of cells but not all) cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (precursor to the spinal cord and brain) and therefore are found at the dorsal (top) region of the neural tube during development.
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Cardiac neural crest complex
The cardiac neural crest complex is a form of neural crest.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity.
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Cathinone
Cathinone (also known as benzoylethanamine, or β-keto-amphetamine) is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis (khat) and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other amphetamines.
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Caulophyllum
Caulophyllum is a small genus of perennial herbs in the family Berberidaceae.
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Cavernous tissue
Cavernous tissue refers to blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and surrounded by smooth muscle.
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CBR1
Carbonyl reductase 1, also known as CBR1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CBR1 gene.
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CD40 (protein)
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells and is required for their activation.
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CD47
CD47 (Cluster of Differentiation 47) also known as integrin associated protein (IAP) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CD47 gene.
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Cellular adaptation
In cell biology and pathophysiology, cellular adaptation refers to changes made by a cell in response to adverse environmental changes.
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Central nervous system disease
Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS).
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Cerebral atherosclerosis
Cerebral atherosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis where build-up of plaque in the blood vessels of the brain occurs.
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Ceruletide
Ceruletide (INN), also known as cerulein or caerulein, is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions.
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Cervix
The cervix or cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system.
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CGMP-dependent protein kinase
cGMP-dependent protein kinase or Protein Kinase G (PKG) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is activated by cGMP.
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Cholinergic crisis
A cholinergic crisis is an over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine (ACh), as of a result of the inactivity (perhaps even inhibition) of the AChE enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine.
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Ciliary muscle
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscleSchachar, Ronald A. (2012). "Anatomy and Physiology." (Chapter 4). in the eye's middle layer (vascular layer) that controls accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour into Schlemm's canal. It changes the shape of the lens within the eye, not the size of the pupil which is carried out by the sphincter pupillae muscle and dilator pupillae.
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CKB (gene)
Brain-type creatine kinase also known as CK-BB is a creatine kinase that in humans is encoded by the CKB gene.
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Clenbuterol
Clenbuterol, marketed as Dilaterol, Spiropent, Ventipulmin, is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator.
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Clidinium bromide
Clidinium bromide (INN) is an anticholinergic (specifically a muscarinic antagonist) drug.
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Clitoral erection
Clitoral erection is a physiological phenomenon where the clitoris becomes enlarged and firm.
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Clitoris
The clitoris is a female sex organ present in mammals, ostriches and a limited number of other animals.
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Coffee enema
A coffee enema is the enema-related procedure of injecting coffee via the anus to cleanse the rectum and large intestines.
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Collagen, type XXI, alpha 1
Collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL21A1 gene.
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Collateralization
In medicine, collateralization, also vessel collateralization and blood vessel collateralization, is the growth of a blood vessel or several blood vessels that serve the same end organ or vascular bed as another blood vessel that cannot adequately supply that end organ or vascular bed sufficiently.
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Complement system
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.
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Compliance (physiology)
Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force.
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Complications of hypertension
Main complications of persistent high blood pressure Complications of hypertension are clinical outcomes that result from persistent elevation of blood pressure.
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Coronary stent
A coronary stent is a tube-shaped device placed in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, to keep the arteries open in the treatment of coronary heart disease.
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Cramp
A cramp is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or over-shortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain, and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle.
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Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme expressed by various tissues and cell types.
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Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle is a muscle that covers the testis and the spermatic cord.
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Critical closing pressure
Critical closing pressure is the internal pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and closes completely.
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Ctenophora
Ctenophora (singular ctenophore, or; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'to carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
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Cyclic nucleotide
A cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) is a single-phosphate nucleotide with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups.
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Cydippida
Cydippida is an order of comb jellies.
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CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine.
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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, also termed CYSLTR1, is a receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) (see leukotrienes#Cysteinyl leukotrienes).
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Deep fascia
Deep fascia (or investing fascia) is a fascia, a layer of dense connective tissue which can surround individual muscles, and also surround groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments.
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Dense bodies
Dense body may refer to.
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Desmin
Desmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DES gene.
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Desogestrel
Desogestrel, sold under the brand names Cerazette and Mircette among many others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills for women.
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Detrusor muscle
The detrusor muscle, also detrusor urinae muscle, muscularis propria of the urinary bladder and (less precise) muscularis propria, is smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder.
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Development of the gonads
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females.
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Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus.
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Diazoxide
Diazoxide (INN; brand name Proglycem) is a potassium channel activator, which causes local relaxation in smooth muscle by increasing membrane permeability to potassium ions.
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Dicycloverine
Dicycloverine, also known as dicyclomine, is a prescription medication that relieves muscle spasms in the gastrointestinal tract through an apparent mechanism of nonselective smooth muscle relaxation, and that presents a range of anticholinergic side effects.
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Diltiazem
Diltiazem (INN) is a nondihydropyridine (non-DHP) calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia.
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Dipyridamole
Dipyridamole (trademarked as Persantine and others) is a medication that inhibits blood clot formation when given chronically and causes blood vessel dilation when given at high doses over a short time.
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Discovery and development of beta-blockers
β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias.
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Discovery and development of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes.
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Distributing artery
A distributing artery (or muscular artery) is a medium-sized artery that draws blood from an elastic artery and branch into "resistance vessels" including small arteries and arterioles.
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Dopamine receptor
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS).
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Drosera rotundifolia
Drosera rotundifolia — the round-leaved sundew or common sundew — is a species of sundew, a carnivorous plant often found in bogs, marshes and fens.
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Edith Bülbring
Edith Bülbring, FRS (27 December 1903 – 5 July 1990) was a British scientist in the field of smooth muscle physiology, one of the first women accepted to the Royal Society as a fellow (FRS).
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Efferent ducts
The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes or ductus efferentes or vasa efferentia) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis.
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Efferent nerve fiber
In the peripheral nervous system, an efferent nerve fiber is the axon of a motor neuron.
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Egg allergy
Egg allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in chicken eggs, and possibly goose, duck, or turkey eggs.
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Elastic fiber
Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries.
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Electrogastrogram
An electrogastrogram (EGG) is a graphic produced by an electrogastrograph, which records the electrical signals that travel through the stomach muscles and control the muscles' contractions.
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Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
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Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.
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Emerin
Emerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMD gene, also known as the STA gene.
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
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Endoglin
Endoglin (ENG) is a type I membrane glycoprotein located on cell surfaces and is part of the TGF beta receptor complex.
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Endometrial stromal sarcoma
Endometrial stromal sarcoma is a malignant subtype of endometrial stromal tumor arising from the stroma (connective tissue) of the endometrium rather than the glands.
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Endoscopic vessel harvesting
Endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH) is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery (commonly called a "bypass").
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Endothelial stem cell
Endothelial stem cells (ESCs) are one of three types of stem cells found in bone marrow.
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Endothelin
Endothelins are peptides with receptors and effects in many body organs.
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Endothelin receptor
There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, raising blood pressure, or relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, among other functions.
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Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
In blood vessels Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor or EDHF is proposed to be a substance and/or electrical signal that is generated or synthesized in and released from the endothelium; its action is to hyperpolarize vascular smooth muscle cells, causing these cells to relax, thus allowing the blood vessel to expand in diameter.
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Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is produced and released by the endothelium to promote smooth muscle relaxation.
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Enhanced permeability and retention effect
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a controversial concept by which molecules of certain sizes (typically liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues.
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Enterochromaffin cell
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells (also known as Kulchitsky cells), discovered by Nikolai Kulchitsky of Karazin Kharkiv National University.
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Epididymis
The epididymis (plural: epididymides or) is a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system.
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Epinephrine (medication)
Epinephrine, also known as adrenalin or adrenaline, is a medication and hormone.
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Eprosartan
Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.
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Epstein–Barr virus infection
There are several forms of Epstein–Barr virus infection.
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Erectile tissue
Erectile tissue is tissue in the body with numerous vascular spaces that may become engorged with blood.
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Erection
An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged.
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Ergometrine
Ergometrine also known as ergonovine, is a medication used to cause contractions of the uterus to treat heavy vaginal bleeding after childbirth.
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Eribulin
Eribulin is an anticancer drug marketed by Eisai Co. under the trade name Halaven.
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Esophageal achalasia
Esophageal achalasia, often called simple achalasia, is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause the lower esophageal sphincter to remain closed.
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Esophageal gland
The esophageal glands are glands that are part of the digestive system of various animals, including humans.
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Esophagus
The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.
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Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
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Fallopian tube
The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx), are two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the uterotubal junction.
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Familial aortic dissection
Familial aortic dissection or FAD refers to the splitting of the wall of the aorta in either the arch, ascending or descending portions.
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Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm is an autosomal dominant disorder of large arteries.
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Fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).
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Fatty streak
A fatty streak is the first grossly visible (visible to the naked eye) lesion in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Fibrocyte
A fibrocyte is an inactive mesenchymal cell, that is, a cell showing minimal cytoplasm, limited amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and lacks biochemical evidence of protein synthesis.
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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare connective tissue disease.
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Fibrous cap
The fibrous cap is a layer of fibrous connective tissue, which is thicker and less cellular than the normal intima, found in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Food allergy
A food allergy is an abnormal immune response to food.
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Forasartan
Forasartan, otherwise known as the compound SC-52458, is a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB, AT1 receptor blocker).
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Foreskin
In male human anatomy, the foreskin is the double-layered fold of smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, neurons, skin, and mucous membrane part of the penis that covers and protects the glans penis and the urinary meatus.
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Foreskin restoration
Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the skin on the penis to reconstruct an organ similar to the foreskin, which has been removed by circumcision or other injury.
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Formyl peptide receptor 1
Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FPR1 receptor, fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 1, FMLP receptor 1, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor 1) is a cell surface receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) gene.
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Gallbladder
In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine.
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Gaseous signaling molecules
Gaseous signaling molecules are gaseous molecules that are either synthesised internally (endogenously) in the organism, tissue or cell or are received by the organism, tissue or cell from outside (say, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere, as in the case of oxygen) and that are used to transmit chemical signals which induce certain physiological or biochemical changes in the organism, tissue or cell.
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Gastrin family
The gastrin family (also known as the gastrin/cholecystokinin family) of proteins is defined by the peptide hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Gastrointestinal physiology
Gastrointestinal physiology is the branch of human physiology that addresses the physical function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.
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Gastrointestinal wall
The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue – from the lumen outwards.
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Genistein
Genistein is an isoflavone that is described as an angiogenesis inhibitor and a phytoestrogen.
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Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.
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Gila monster
The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.
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Glaucine
Glaucine is an alkaloid found in several different plant species in the Papaveraceae family such as Glaucium flavum, Glaucium oxylobum and Corydalis yanhusuo, and in other plants like Croton lechleri in the family Euphorbiaceae.
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Glomerulus (kidney)
The glomerulus, plural glomeruli, is a network of capillaries known as a tuft, located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney.
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Glossary of medicine
This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about medicine, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.
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Graded potential
Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.
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Granzyme B
Granzyme B is a serine protease most commonly found in the granules of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T cells.
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Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function.
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Healing
Healing (literally meaning to make whole) is the process of the restoration of health from an unbalanced, diseased or damaged organism.
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Heinrich Müller (physiologist)
Heinrich Müller (17 December 1820 – 10 May 1864) was a German anatomist and professor at the University of Würzburg.
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Helicine arteries of penis
The helicine arteries of penis are arteries in the penis.
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Hemorrhoid
Hemorrhoids, also called piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal.
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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler–Weber–Rendu disease and Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and often in organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain.
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Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome
Reed’s syndrome (or familial leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri) is a rare inherited condition characterised by multiple cutaneous leiomyomas and, in women, uterine leiomyomas.
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Hirschsprung's disease
Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine.
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Histamine
Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses, as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus.
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Histamine H1 receptor
The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Histamine H2 receptor
H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs.
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Histamine receptor
The histamine receptors are a class of G protein–coupled receptors which bind histamine as their primary endogenous ligand.
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Histidine decarboxylase
Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine.
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History of catecholamine research
The catecholamines comprise the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine) as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline.
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Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
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Human musculoskeletal system
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems.
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Huwentoxin
Huwentoxins (HWTX) are a group of neurotoxic peptides found in the venom of the Chinese bird spider Haplopelma schmidti.
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Hydralazine
Hydralazine, sold under the brand name Apresoline among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure.
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Hyoscine butylbromide
Hyoscine butylbromide, also known as scopolamine butylbromide and sold under the brandname Buscopan, is a medication used to treat crampy abdominal pain, esophageal spasms, renal colic, and bladder spasms.
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Hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy
In pathology, hypertrophic decidual vasculopathy, abbreviated HDV, is the histomorphologic correlate of gestational hypertension, as may be seen in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and HELLP syndrome.
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Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia, also spelled hypokalaemia, is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.
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Hysteresivity
Hysteresivity derives from “hysteresis”, meaning “lag”.
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Icatibant
Icatibant, trade name Firazyr, is medication that has been approved by the European Commission for the symptomatic treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adults with C1-esterase-inhibitor deficiency.
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ICD-10 Chapter XX: External causes of morbidity and mortality
ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.
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IL1A
Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene.
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Ileocecal valve
The ileocecal valve (ileal papilla, ileocaecal valve, Tulp's valve, Tulpius valve, Bauhin's valve, ileocecal eminence, valve of Varolius or colic valve) is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine.
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Ileum
The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.
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Inositol trisphosphate
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3), together with diacylglycerol (DAG), is a secondary messenger molecule used in signal transduction and lipid signaling in biological cells.
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Integrin alpha 7
Alpha-7 integrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA7 gene.
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Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.
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Internal elastic lamina
The internal elastic lamina or internal elastic lamella is a layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels.
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Internal urethral sphincter
The internal urethral sphincter is a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice.
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Interoception
Interoception is contemporarily defined as the sense of the internal state of the body.
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Interstitial cell of Cajal
The interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) is a type of interstitial cell found in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), is a group of lung diseases affecting the interstitium (the tissue and space around the air sacs of the lungs).
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Intracranial aneurysm
Intracranial aneurysm, also known as brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.
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Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Intraglomerular mesangial cells are specialized pericytes located among the glomerular capillaries within a renal corpuscle of a kidney.
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Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, abbreviated IPM, is a rare primary tumour of lymph nodes, that classically presents as an inguinal mass.
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Intravenous leiomyomatosis
Intravenous leiomyomatosis is a rare condition seen exclusively in women in which leiomyomata, benign smooth muscle tumors, are found in veins.
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Involuntary
Involuntary means unintended.
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Involuntary muscle
Involuntary muscle may refer to.
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Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
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Ipratropium bromide
Ipratropium bromide, sold under the trade name Atrovent among others, is a medication which opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs.
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Iris (anatomy)
In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
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Iris dilator muscle
The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator.
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Iris sphincter muscle
The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, pupillary constrictor, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris.
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ISL1
Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the isl1 gene.
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Isometheptene
Isometheptene (usually as isometheptene mucate) is a sympathomimetic amine sometimes used in the treatment of migraines and tension headaches due to its vasoconstricting properties; that is, it causes constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels (arteries and veins).
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Jejunum
The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine in humans and most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.
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John M Squire
John Michael Squire is Professor of Structural Biophysics in the University of London, a Visiting Professor at Imperial College London and a Research Fellow at the University of Bristol where he researches Muscle Contraction and Blood Vessel Glycocalyx Structure.
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Juxtaglomerular cell
The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin.
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Kaliotoxin
Kaliotoxin (KTX) inhibits potassium flux through the Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channel and calcium-activated potassium channels by physically blocking the channel-entrance and inducing a conformational change in the K+-selectivity filter of the channel.
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Kavain
Kavain is the main kavalactone found mostly in the roots of the kava plant.
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Kinin
A kinin is any of various structurally related polypeptides, such as bradykinin and kallidin.
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L-type calcium channel
The L-type calcium channel (also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or DHP channel) is part of the high-voltage activated family of voltage-dependent calcium channel.
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Labetalol
Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure.
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Lactation
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
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LECT2
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) is a protein first described in 1996 as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils, i.e. it stimulated human neutrophils to move directionally in an in vitro assay system.
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LECT2 amyloidosis
LECT2 Amyloidosis (ALECT2) is a form of amyloidosis caused by the LECT2 protein.
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Leiomyoma
A leiomyoma, also known as fibroids, is a benign smooth muscle tumor that very rarely becomes cancer (0.1%).
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Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma, also referred to as LMS, is a malignant (cancerous) smooth muscle tumor.
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Levosimendan
Levosimendan (INN) is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure.
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Linaclotide
Linaclotide (marketed under the trade name Linzess in the US and Mexico, and as Constella elsewhere) is a drug used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic constipation with no known cause.
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Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses.
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List of Carnegie Mellon University people
This is a list of notable people associated with Carnegie Mellon University in the United States of America.
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List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
There are many different types of cell in the human body.
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List of human endocrine organs and actions
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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List of human hormones
The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens.
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List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning
The List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning is one of the ranges International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes.
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List of MeSH codes (A02)
The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.
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List of MeSH codes (A10)
The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.
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List of MeSH codes (A11)
The following is a list of the "A" codes for MeSH.
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Local hormone
Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules that do not circulate within the blood. Local hormones are produced by cells and bind to either neighboring cells or the same type of cell that produced them.
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Locked twins
Locked twins is a rare complication of multiple pregnancy where two fetuses become interlocked during presentation before birth.
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Loperamide
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea.
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LRP1
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), also known as alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor (A2MR), apolipoprotein E receptor (APOER) or cluster of differentiation 91 (CD91), is a protein forming a receptor found in the plasma membrane of cells involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Lumbar splanchnic nerves
The lumbar splanchnic nerves are splanchnic nerves that arise from the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk and travel to an adjacent plexus near the aorta.
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Lung
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails.
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Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt
Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt, born Lydia Maria Adams (February 1, 1859 – March 10, 1928) was an American pathologist and anatomist.
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Lymph
Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system.
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Lymphangioma
Lymphangiomas are malformations of the lymphatic system characterized by lesions that are thin-walled cysts; these cysts can be macroscopic, as in a cystic hygroma, or microscopic.
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Lymphatic vessel
The lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled vessels structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph.
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Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
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Manx cat
The Manx cat (in earlier times often spelled Manks), is a breed of domestic cat (Felis catus) originating on the Isle of Man, with a naturally occurring mutation that shortens the tail.
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Margatoxin
Margatoxin (MgTX) is a peptide that selectively inhibits Kv1.3 voltage-dependent potassium channels.
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Maurício Rocha e Silva
Maurício Oscar da Rocha e Silva (19 September 1910, Rio de Janeiro – 19 December 1983, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) was a Brazilian physician, biomedical scientist and pharmacologist.
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Max Bennett (scientist)
Maxwell Richard Bennett (born February 19, 1939) is an Australian neuroscientist specializing in the function of synapses.
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Mean systemic pressure
In medicine, the mean systemic pressure (mean systemic filling pressure (MSFP), or mean circulatory filling pressure, (MCFP)) is defined as the mean pressure that exists in the circulatory system when the blood has had a chance to redistribute evenly to all vessels and organs.
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Meconium aspiration syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) also known as neonatal aspiration of meconium is a medical condition affecting newborn infants.
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MED28
Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 28 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED28 gene.
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Medical gas therapy
Medical gas therapy has been used in medicine since the use of oxygen therapy.
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Megacolon
Megacolon is an abnormal dilation of the colon (also called the large intestine).
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Membrane glucocorticoid receptor
Membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs) are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone, as well as certain exogenous glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone.
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Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.
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Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from corn mint, peppermint, or other mint oils.
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Mesoblastic nephroma
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma, while rare, is the most common kidney neoplasm diagnosed in the first three months of life and accounts for 3-5% of all childhood renal neoplasms.
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Methyllycaconitine
Methyllycaconitine (MLA) is a diterpenoid alkaloid found in many species of Delphinium (larkspurs).
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Microcirculation
Microcirculation is the circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels, present within organ tissues.
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Milk allergy
Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk.
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Milk fever
Milk fever, postparturient hypocalcemia, or parturient paresis is a disease, primarily in dairy cattle, but also seen in beef cattle, characterized by reduced blood calcium levels (see: Hypocalcemia).
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Mir-26 microRNA precursor family
The miR-26 microRNA is a small non-coding RNA that is involved in regulating gene expression.
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Mixed Müllerian tumor
A malignant mixed Müllerian tumor, also known as malignant mixed mesodermal tumor, MMMT and carcinosarcoma, is a malignant neoplasm found in the uterus, the ovaries, the fallopian tubes and other parts of the body that contains both carcinomatous (epithelial tissue) and sarcomatous (connective tissue) components.
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Motilin receptor
Motilin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds motilin.
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Motion (physics)
In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.
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Motor nerve
A motor nerve is a nerve located in the central nervous system (CNS), usually the spinal cord, that sends motor signals from the CNS to the muscles of the body.This is different from the motor neuron, which includes a cell body and branching of dendrites, while the nerve is made up of a bundle of axons.
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Motor neuron
A motor neuron (or motoneuron) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and whose axon (fiber) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs, mainly muscles and glands.
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Mucocutaneous zone
A mucocutaneous zone, or mucocutaneous boundary, is a region of the body in which mucosa transitions to skin.
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Multiple cutaneous leiomyoma
Multiple cutaneous leiomyomas, also known as Pilar leiomyomas, arise from the arrectores pilorum muscles, and are made up of a poorly circumscribed proliferation of haphazardly arranged smooth muscle fibers located in the dermis that appear to infiltrate the surrounding tissue and may extend into the subcutis.
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Muscarinic antagonist
A muscarinic receptor antagonist (MRA) is a type of anticholinergic agent that blocks the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.
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Muscle relaxant
A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone.
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Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
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Muscle tone
In physiology, medicine, and anatomy, muscle tone (residual muscle tension or tonus) is the continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, or the muscle's resistance to passive stretch during resting state.
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Muscular layer
The muscular layer (muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa.
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Muscular system
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
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Muscularis mucosae
The lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer (lamina) of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria and separating it from the submucosa.
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Muse cell
A muse cell (multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cell) is a endogenous non-tumorigenic pluripotent stem cell.
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MYH10
Myosin-10 also known as myosin heavy chain 10 or non-muscle myosin IIB (NM-IIB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH10 gene.
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MYL6
Myosin light polypeptide 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL6 gene.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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Myocardin
Myocardin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYOCD gene.
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Myocyte
A myocyte (also known as a muscle cell) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue.
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Myofibril
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril) is a basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell.
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Myofibroblast
A myofibroblast is a cell that is in between a fibroblast and a smooth muscle cell in phenotype.
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Myofilament
Myofilaments are the filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin or actin.
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Myogenic mechanism
The myogenic mechanism is how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow within the blood vessel constant.
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals.
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Myology
Myology is the study of the muscular system, including the study of the structure, function and diseases of muscle.
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Myometrium
The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterine wall, consisting mainly of uterine smooth muscle cells (also called uterine myocytes), but also of supporting stromal and vascular tissue.
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Myosarcoma
Myosarcoma is a malignant muscle tumor.
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Myosin
Myosins are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes.
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Myosin-light-chain phosphatase
Myosin light-chain phosphatase, more commonly called myosin phosphatase, is an enzyme (specifically a serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase) that dephosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin II.
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Myxoma
A myxoma (New Latin from Greek 'muxa' for mucus) is a myxoid tumor of primitive connective tissue.
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Nadolol
Nadolol (Corgard) is a non-selective beta blocker used in the treatment of high blood pressure and chest pain.
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Nanotopography
Nanotopography refers to specific surface features which form or are generated at the nanoscopic scale.
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Nav1.5
NaV1.5 is an integral membrane protein and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel subunit.
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NDRG4
Protein NDRG4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDRG4 gene.
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Neointimal hyperplasia
Neointimal hyperplasia refers to proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells primarily in the tunica intima, resulting in the thickening of arterial walls and decreased arterial lumen space.
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Neural top–down control of physiology
Neural top–down control of physiology concerns the direct regulation by the brain of physiological functions (in addition to smooth muscle and glandular ones).
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Neuroeffector junction
A neuroeffector junction is a site where a motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter to affect a target—non-neuronal—cell.
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Neurohypophysial hormone
The neurohypophysial hormones form a family of structurally and functionally related peptide hormones.
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Neuroimmune system
The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens.
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Neurotensin
Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant interaction with the dopaminergic system.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.
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Nikolay Anichkov
Nikolay Nikolaevich Anichkov (Никола́й Никола́евич Ани́чков, often spelled Anitschkow in German literature) (1885, Saint Petersburg – 1964) was a prominent pathologist of Russian heritage.
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Nipple
The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts.
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Nipple stimulation
Nipple stimulation or breast stimulation is a common human sexual practice, either by itself or as part of other sexual activities.
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Nitrendipine
Nitrendipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.
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Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.
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Nonallergic rhinitis
Nonallergic rhinitis is inflammation of the inner part of the nose that is not caused by an allergy.
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Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.
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Oligopeptide
An oligopeptide, often just called peptide (oligo-, "a few"), consists of two to twenty amino acids and can include dipeptides, tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and pentapeptides.
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OLR1
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1) also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OLR1 gene.
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Onychophora
Onychophora (from Ancient Greek, onyches, "claws"; and pherein, "to carry"), commonly known as velvet worms (due to their velvety texture and somewhat wormlike appearance) or more ambiguously as peripatus (after the first described genus, Peripatus), is a phylum of elongate, soft-bodied, many-legged panarthropods.
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Ophanin
Ophanin is a toxin found in the venom of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), which lives throughout South East Asia.
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Orbitalis muscle
The orbitalis muscle is a vestigial or rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and is intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit.
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Organ-on-a-chip
An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems, a type of artificial organ.
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Organic anion transporter 1
The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) also known as solute carrier family 22 member 6 (SLC22A6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A6 gene.
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Organogenesis
In animal development, organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and goes until birth.
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Osteopontin
Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1).
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Overflow incontinence
Overflow incontinence is a form of urinary incontinence, characterized by the involuntary release of urine from an overfull urinary bladder, often in the absence of any urge to urinate.
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Oviduct
In vertebrates, other than mammals, the passageway from the ovaries to the outside of the body is known as the oviduct.
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Oxylipin
Oxylipins constitute a family of oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation.
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Oxytalan
In the cellular anatomy of teeth, oxytalan fibres are a component of the extracellular matrix.
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Oxytocin/ergometrine
Oxytocin/ergometrine (trade name Syntometrine) is an obstetric combination drug.
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P2X purinoreceptor
The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).
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Papaverine
Papaverine (Latin papaver, "poppy") is an opium alkaloid antispasmodic drug, used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm and vasospasm (especially those involving the intestines, heart, or brain), and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Parotoid gland
The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders.
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired, life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by destruction of red blood cells by the complement system, a part of the body's innate immune system.
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Paruresis
Paruresis is a type of phobia in which the sufferer is unable to urinate in the real or imaginary presence of others, such as in a public restroom.
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Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.
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Pathophysiology of hypertension
Pathophysiology is a branch of medicine which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions.
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PCSK9
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme encoded by the PCSK9 gene in humans on chromosome 1.
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PDE1
PDE1 (phosphodiesterase type 1) is a phosphodiesterase enzyme also known as calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase.
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PDE5 inhibitor
A phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5 inhibitor) is a drug used to block the degradative action of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) on cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells lining the blood vessels supplying the corpus cavernosum of the penis.
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PDLIM3
Actin-associated LIM protein (ALP), also known as PDZ and LIM domain protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDLIM3 gene.
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Pentolinium
Pentolinium (Pentolinium tartrate also known as ANSOLYSEN) is a ganglionic blocking agent which acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
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Pericyte
Pericytes are contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body.
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Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated.
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis is a radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles that propagates in a wave down a tube, in an anterograde direction.
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Peritubular myoid cell
A peritubular myoid (PTM) cell is one of the smooth muscle cells which surround the seminiferous tubules in the testis.
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Persistent truncus arteriosus
Persistent truncus arteriosus (or patent truncus arteriosus or common arterial trunk), is a rare form of congenital heart disease that presents at birth.
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Pinniped
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.
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Platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division.
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Podocyte
Podocytes are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus.
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Polypyrimidine tract
The polypyrimidine tract is a region of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) that promotes the assembly of the spliceosome, the protein complex specialized for carrying out RNA splicing during the process of post-transcriptional modification.
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Poneratoxin
Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide made by the bullet ant Paraponera clavata.
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Poppers
Poppers is a slang term given broadly to the chemical class called alkyl nitrites, that are inhaled for recreational drug purposes, typically for the "high" or "rush" that the drug can create.
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Posterior urethral valve
Posterior urethral valve (PUV) disorder is an obstructive developmental anomaly in the urethra and genitourinary system of male newborns.
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Precapillary resistance
Precapillary resistance is the modulation of blood flow by capillaries through vasomotion, either opening (dilating) and letting blood pass through, or by constricting their lumens, reducing bloodflow through the capillary bed (occluding the passage of blood).
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Precapillary sphincter
A precapillary sphincter is a band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries mainly in the mesenteric microcirculation.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.
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Pressure reactivity index
Pressure reactivity index or PRx is tool for monitoring patients who have raised intracranial pressure (ICP), caused by pathologies such as a traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage, in order to guide therapy to protect the brain from damagingly high or low cerebral blood flow.
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Progesterone
Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
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Prokineticin
Prokineticin is a secreted protein that potently contracts gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
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Propantheline bromide
Propantheline bromide (INN) is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines (gut) or bladder, and involuntary urination (enuresis).
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Prostacyclin
Prostacyclin (also called prostaglandin I2 or PGI2) is a prostaglandin member of the eicosanoid family of lipid molecules.
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Prostacyclin receptor
The Prostacyclin receptor, also termed the prostaglandin I2 receptor or just IP, is a receptor belonging to the prostaglandin (PG) group of receptors.
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Prostaglandin
The prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone-like effects in animals.
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Prostaglandin E1
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), also known as alprostadil, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication.
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Prostaglandin E2
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication.
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Prostaglandin EP2 receptor
Prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (53kDa), also known as EP2, is a prostaglandin receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) encoded by the human gene PTGER2: it is one of four identified EP receptors, the others being EP1, EP3, and EP4, which bind with and mediate cellular responses to PGE2 and also, but with lesser affinity and responsiveness, certain other prostanoids (see Prostaglandin receptors).
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Prostate
The prostate (from Ancient Greek προστάτης, prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian") is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.
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Proteases in angiogenesis
Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels from existing blood vessels.
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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Protein kinase C
Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
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PSMB6
Proteasome subunit beta type-6 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-1 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSMB6 gene.
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Puberty
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.
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Pulmonary contusion
A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma.
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Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs.
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Pupil
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.
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Purinergic signalling
Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.
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Queensland lungfish
The Queensland lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri), also known as the Australian lungfish, Burnett salmon and barramunda, is a surviving member of the family Neoceratodontidae and order Ceratodontiformes.
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RCBTB1
RCC1 and BTB domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RCBTB1 gene.
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Reactive gastropathy
Reactive gastropathy, also chemical gastropathy, is an abnormality in the stomach caused by chemicals, e.g. bile, alcohol, and characteristically has minimal inflammation.
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Rectococcygeal muscle
The rectococcygeal muscles are two bands of smooth muscle tissue arising from the 2nd and 3rd coccygeal vertebrae, and passing downward and forward to blend with the rectal longitudinal smooth muscle fibers on the posterior wall of the anal canal.
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Relaxin
Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.
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Reserpine
Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, Major Types Of Chemical Compounds In Plants & Animals Part II: Phenolic Compounds, Glycosides & Alkaloids. Wayne's Word: An On-Line Textbook of Natural History.
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Respiratory tract
In humans, the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration.
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Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.
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Retroperistalsis
Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma, or RMS, is an aggressive and highly malignant form of cancer that develops from skeletal (striated) muscle cells that have failed to fully differentiate.
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Rhamnus purshiana
Rhamnus purshiana (cascara buckthorn, cascara, bearberry, and in the Chinook Jargon, chittem and chitticum; syn. Frangula purshiana, Rhamnus purshianus) is a species of buckthorn native to western North America from southern British Columbia south to central California, and eastward to northwestern Montana.
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Robert V. Rice
Robert Vernon Rice (b. 13 Aug 1924) is a retired American biochemist from Carnegie Mellon University and the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts primarily known for work in the area of biochemistry and physiology of muscle proteins and neuromuscular interactions.
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ROCK1
ROCK1 is a protein serine/threonine kinase also known as rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1.
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ROCK2
Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROCK2 gene.
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Sacral anterior root stimulator
A sacral anterior root stimulator is an implantable medical device enabling patients with a spinal cord lesion to empty their bladders.
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Salbutamol
Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and marketed as Ventolin among other names, is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs.
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist and pathologist, specializing in neuroanatomy, particularly the histology of the central nervous system.
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Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin.
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Sarcomere
A sarcomere (Greek sarx "flesh", meros "part") is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells.
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Scavenger receptor (immunology)
Scavenger receptors are receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands, such as bacterial cell-wall components, and remove them from the blood.
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Schmidt sting pain index
The Schmidt sting pain index is a pain scale rating the relative pain caused by different hymenopteran stings.
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Scrotum
The scrotum is an anatomical male reproductive structure that consists of a suspended dual-chambered sack of skin and smooth muscle that is present in most terrestrial male mammals and located under the penis.
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Seminal vesicle
The seminal vesicles (glandulae vesiculosae), vesicular glands, or seminal glands, are a pair of simple tubular glands posteroinferior to the urinary bladder of some male mammals.
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Serafim Guimarães
Serafim Guimarães, full name Serafim Correia Pinto Guimarães, (born May 2, 1934) is a Portuguese physician and pharmacologist.
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Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs that treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and can also treat anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), and menopausal symptoms.
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Sildenafil
Sildenafil, sold as the brand name Viagra among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Single-unit smooth muscle
Single-unit smooth muscle, or visceral smooth muscle is a type of smooth muscle found in the uterus, gastro-intestinal tract, and the bladder.
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Sirolimus
Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin, is a macrolide compound that is used to coat coronary stents, prevent organ transplant rejection and to treat a rare lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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SK3
SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.
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Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
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Slotoxin
Slotoxin is a peptide from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion venom.
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Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A is a mixture of the leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4.
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Slow-wave potential
A slow wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential
Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential, abbreviated STUMP, is an uncommon tumor of the uterine smooth muscle that may behave like a benign tumor or a cancerous tumor.
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Smooth muscle tumour
Smooth muscle tumours show a smooth muscle differentiation.
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SMTN
Smoothelin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMTN gene.
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Solifenacin
Solifenacin (INN, trade name Vesicare) is a medicine of the antimuscarinic class and was developed for treating contraction of overactive bladder with associated problems such as increased urination frequency and urge incontinence.
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Soy allergy
Soy allergy is a type of food allergy.
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Spasm
A spasm is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the heart.
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Spasmofen
Spasmofen is the trade name for a combination drug used to relieve symptoms of painful cramps in smooth muscle, mainly in the bile ducts, urinary tract or gastrointestinal tract.
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Specialized pro-resolving mediators
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM, also termed specialized proresolving mediators) are a large and growing class of cell signaling molecules formed in cells by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by one or a combination of lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes.
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Sphincter of Oddi
The sphincter of Oddi (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), abbreviated as SO, is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.
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Spike potential
Spike potentials are one of the action potentials, which occur in electrical activity of smooth muscle contraction in animals.
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Stenosis
A stenosis is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure.
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Stimulator of interferon genes
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), also known as transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173) and MPYS/MITA/ERIS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM173 gene.
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Stomach
The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, stomachos, stoma means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
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Striated muscle tissue
Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres, in contrast with smooth muscle tissue which does not.
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Submucosa
The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue in various organs of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts.
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Submucosal glands
Submucosal glands can refer to various racemose exocrine glands of the mucous type.
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Sucrose gap
The sucrose gap technique is used to create a conduction block in nerve or muscle fibers.
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Sulfonylurea receptor
In the field of molecular biology, the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR) are membrane proteins which are the molecular targets of the sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs whose mechanism of action is to promote insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
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Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Superior tarsal muscle
The superior tarsal muscle is a smooth muscle adjoining the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that helps to raise the upper eyelid.
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Susan Wray
Susan Wray is professor of cellular and molecular physiology at the University of Liverpool.
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Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy
Symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy are those presentations and conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with activities of daily living or pose any significant threat to the health of the mother or baby, in contrast to pregnancy complications.
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Synemin
Synemin, also known as desmuslin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNM gene.
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SYNPO2
Myopodin protein, also called Synaptopodin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2 gene.
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T-tubule
Transverse tubules (T-tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
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Table of neurotransmitter actions in the ANS
Category:Autonomic nervous system Category:Biology-related lists.
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TAC1
Preprotachykinin-1, (abbreviated PPT-1, PPT-I, or PPT-A), is a precursor protein that in humans is encoded by the TAC1 gene.
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Taenia coli
The taeniae coli (also teniae coli) are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons.
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TAS2R10
Taste receptor type 2 member 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R10 gene.
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TAS2R14
Taste receptor type 2 member 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R14 gene.
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TAS2R31
Taste receptor, type 2, member 31, also known as TAS2R31, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAS2R31 gene.
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TCF21 (gene)
Transcription factor 21 (TCF21), also known as pod-1, capsulin, or epicardin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF21 gene on chromosome 6.
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Telokin
Telokin (also known as kinase-related protein or KRP) is an abundant protein found in smooth-muscle.
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Terazosin
Terazosin (marketed as Hytrin or Zayasel) is a selective alpha-1 antagonist used for treatment of symptoms of an enlarged prostate (BPH).
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Terminologia Histologica
The Terminologia Histologica (TH) is a controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology.
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Tetramethylammonium
Tetramethylammonium (TMA) or (Me4N+) is the simplest quaternary ammonium cation consisting of four methyl groups attached to a central nitrogen atom, and is isoelectronic with neopentane.
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Theca externa
The theca externa is the outer layer of the theca folliculi.
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Theobromine
Theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2.
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Theophylline
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names.
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Thoracic duct
In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is the larger of the two lymph ducts of the lymphatic system.
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Thrombosis
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
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Thrombus
A thrombus, colloquially called a blood clot, is the final product of the blood coagulation step in hemostasis.
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Tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium bromide, originally marketed as Spiriva, is a long-acting, 24-hour, anticholinergic bronchodilator used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Tissue factor
Tissue factor, also called platelet tissue factor, factor III, or CD142 is a protein encoded by the F3 gene, present in subendothelial tissue and leukocytes.
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TLN1
Talin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLN1 gene.
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Toxopneustes pileolus
Toxopneustes pileolus, commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific.
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Trachealis muscle
The trachealis muscle is a smooth muscle that bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus.
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Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)
Transgender hormone therapy of the male-to-female (MTF) type, also known as feminizing hormone therapy, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and sex reassignment therapy which is used to change the secondary sexual characteristics of transgender people from masculine (or androgynous) to feminine.
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Trichrome staining
Trichrome staining is a histological staining method that uses two or more acid dyes in conjunction with a polyacid.
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Tropomyosin
Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coil protein found in cell cytoskeletons.
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Troponin
bibcode.
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Trospium chloride
Trospium chloride (INN) is used to treat overactive bladder.
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TRPC
TRPC is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals.
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Tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis, or tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), or epiloia (acronym of "epilepsy, low intelligence, adenoma sebaceum"), is a rare multisystem genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, lungs, and skin.
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Tunica media
The tunica media (New Latin "middle coat"), or media for short, is the middle tunica (layer) of an artery or vein.
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Type I hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity) is an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen.
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Umirolimus
Umirolimus (INN/USAN), is a macrocyclic lactone, a highly lipophilic derivative of sirolimus, an immunosuppressant.
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Ureter
In human anatomy, the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
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Urethral sphincters
The urethral sphincters are two muscles used to control the exit of urine in the urinary bladder through the urethra.
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Urinary bladder
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
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Urination
Urination is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.
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Urothelium
Urothelium (or uroepithelium) is an example of transitional epithelium.
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Uterine sarcoma
The uterine sarcomas form a group of malignant tumors that arises from the smooth muscle or connective tissue of the uterus.
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Uterus
The uterus (from Latin "uterus", plural uteri) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system in humans and most other mammals.
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Uterus-like mass
The uterus-like mass (ULM) is a tumorlike anatomical entity originally described in the ovary in 1981 and thereafter reported in several locations of the pelvis and abdominal cavity including broad ligament, greater omentum, cervix, small intestine, mesentery and conus medullaris.
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Vagina
In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract.
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Vaginal epithelium
The vaginal epithelium is the aglandular inner lining of the vagina consisting of multiple layers of (squamous) cells.
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Vaginal support structures
The vaginal support structures are those muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, membranes and fascia, of the pelvic floor that maintain the position of the vagina within the pelvic cavity and allow the normal functioning of the vagina and other reproductive structures in the female.
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Variant angina
Variant angina, often termed Prinzmetal's angina, Prinzmetal angina, and less commonly vasospastic angina, angina inversa, coronary vessel spasm, or coronary artery vasospasm, is a syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) that unlike classical angina, which is triggered by exertion or exercise, commonly occurs in individuals at rest or even asleep.
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Vas deferens
The vas deferens (Latin: "carrying-away vessel"; plural: vasa deferentia), also called ductus deferens (Latin: "carrying-away duct"; plural: ductus deferentes), is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these vasa transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation.
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Vascular disease
Vascular disease is a class of diseases of the blood vessels – the arteries and veins of the circulatory system of the body.
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Vascular remodelling in the embryo
Vascular remodelling is a process which begins at day 21 of human embryogenesis, when an immature heart begins contracting, pushing fluid through the early vasculature.
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Vascular resistance
Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.
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Vascular smooth muscle
Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels.
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Vasomotion
Vasomotion is the spontaneous oscillation in tone of blood vessel walls, independent of heart beat, innervation or respiration.
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Vasospasm
Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction.
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VCAM-1
Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 also known as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) or cluster of differentiation 106 (CD106) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VCAM1 gene.
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Vein
Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.
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Vein graft failure
In medicine, vein graft failure (VGF) is a condition in which vein grafts, which are used as alternative conduits in bypass surgeries (e.g. CABG), get occluded.
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Verapamil
Verapamil, sold under various trade names, is a medication used for the treatment of high blood pressure, angina (chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart), and supraventricular tachycardia.
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Vinculin
In mammalian cells, vinculin is a membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton.
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VIPR1
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 also known as VPAC1, is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the VIPR1 gene.
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VIPR2
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 2 also known as VPAC2, is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the VIPR2 gene.
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
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Voltage-gated calcium channel
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+.
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Wound healing
Wound healing is an intricate process in which the skin repairs itself after injury.
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Yohimbine
Yohimbine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree in Central Africa.
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20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, also known as 20-HETE or 20-hydroxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid that has a wide range of effects on the vascular system including the regulation of vascular tone, blood flow to specific organs, sodium and fluid transport in the kidney, and vascular pathway remodeling.
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5-HT receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine receptors or 5-HT receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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5-HT7 receptor
The 5-HT7 receptor is a member of the GPCR superfamily of cell surface receptors and is activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) The 5-HT7 receptor is coupled to Gs (stimulates the production of the intracellular signaling molecule cAMP) and is expressed in a variety of human tissues, particularly in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in various blood vessels.
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5-Hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase
5-Hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH) or more formally, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-dependent dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that metabolizes an eicosanoid product of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 5(S)-hydroxy-6S,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 5-(S)-HETE; see 5-HETE) to its 5-keto analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 5-oxo-6S,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid or 5-oxo-ETE).
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5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid; also termed 5-oxo-ETE and 5-oxoETE) is a Nonclassic eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid and the most potent naturally occurring member of the 5-HETE family of cell signaling agents.
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9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid or 9-HODE) has been used in the literature to designate either or both of two stereoisomer metabolites of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid: 9(S)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(S)-HODE) and 9(R)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (9(R)-HODE); these two metabolites differ in having their hydroxy residues in the S or R configurations, respectively.
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Leiomyocyte, Muscle, smooth, Myocytes, smooth muscle, Non-striated muscle, Smooth Muscles, Smooth muscle, Smooth muscle cell, Smooth muscle cells, Smooth muscle fiber, Smooth muscle fibers, Smooth muscles, Smooth-muscle, Textus muscularis levis, Textus muscularis nonstriatus, Unstriped muscle, Visceral muscles.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue
