186 relations: Adult stem cell, Alexandra Land, Algebraic formula for the variance, Algorithms for calculating variance, Anders Nicolai Kiær, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Animal testing, Annualized failure rate, Anthropic principle, Arithmetic mean, Average treatment effect, Bapat–Beg theorem, Behrens–Fisher distribution, Bernoulli sampling, Betula klokovii, Bilbo's rain frog, Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, Box plot, Bradley–Terry model, Cape lion, Case fatality rate, Case series, Census, Chilean hawk, Clarion Island, Clinical neuropsychology, Cluster sampling, Common bush tanager, Common cause and special cause (statistics), Control chart, Correction for attenuation, Counterfactual definiteness, Covariance, Cross-sectional study, Cross-validation (statistics), Cupressus guadalupensis, Daniel Yankelovich, Danio margaritatus, Data dredging, Data set, Data transformation (statistics), Deme (biology), Descriptive research, Descriptive statistics, Design of experiments, Dynamic approach to second language development, Eastern yellow wagtail, Epalzeorhynchos, Errors and residuals, Exploratory research, ..., F-test, Factor analysis, Failure rate, False positive paradox, Fisher consistency, Florida scrub jay, Form (zoology), Founders of statistics, Gazetteer, German Reference Corpus, Giant antpitta, Glossary of probability and statistics, Green sea turtle, Hawksbill sea turtle, Homogeneity (statistics), Imaging particle analysis, Income and fertility, Inductive reasoning, Item-total correlation, IUCN Red List, Jocotoco antpitta, Kernel density estimation, Kiritimati, L-estimator, Leatherback sea turtle, Life expectancy, List of Latin words with English derivatives, List of statistics articles, Location test, Loss function, Mallows's Cp, Margin of error, Mean, Mean squared error, Mean squared prediction error, Median, Median absolute deviation, Median test, Methodological advisor, Minimum distance estimation, Mixture distribution, Mixture model, Mode (statistics), Mortality rate, Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016, Newcomb's snail, Nonparametric skew, Nonprobability sampling, Northeast African lion, Notation in probability and statistics, Novaya Zemlya, Null hypothesis, Observational study, Occupational epidemiology, Odds ratio, Olive ibis, Ordinary least squares, Outlier, Parameter, Pearson correlation coefficient, Plot (graphics), Podonephelium subaequilaterum, Poisson sampling, Population (disambiguation), Power (statistics), Probability distribution, Probability plot correlation coefficient plot, Prognosis, Protocol (science), Q–Q plot, Quantile, Questionnaire construction, Random coil, Recreational diving, Root mean square, Rule of three (statistics), Saint Helena plover, Sample (statistics), Sample mean and covariance, Sample size determination, Sample space, Sampling (statistics), Sampling bias, Sampling distribution, Sampling fraction, Sampling frame, Sampling probability, Sandhill crane, Sarus crane, Sawfin, Scientific method, Scuba diving fatalities, Selection bias, Shifting balance theory, Sierra Madre sparrow, Simple random sample, Slender-billed curlew, Small area estimation, Social research, Sociology, Sodium channel, Standard deviation, Standard score, Statistic, Statistical assumption, Statistical benchmarking, Statistical inference, Statistical model, Statistical parameter, Statistical significance, Statistical theory, Statistical unit, Statistics, Stratified sampling, Student's t-distribution, Student's t-test, Studentized range distribution, Subclinical infection, Survey methodology, Survey sampling, Swainson's warbler, Systematic sampling, Titicaca grebe, Trans fat, Treatment and control groups, Twee River redfin, Tygerberg Zoo, Unbiased estimation of standard deviation, Unmatched count, Variance, Wahnes's parotia, Wattled curassow, Welch's t-test, Western yellow wagtail, White privilege, Yellow-legged thrush. Expand index (136 more) »
Adult stem cell
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
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Alexandra Land
Alexandra Land (Земля Александры, Zemlya Aleksandry) is a large island located in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation.
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Algebraic formula for the variance
In probability theory and statistics, there are several algebraic formulae for the variance available for deriving the variance of a random variable.
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Algorithms for calculating variance
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.
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Anders Nicolai Kiær
Anders Nicolai Kiær (Drammen, 15 September 1838 – Oslo, 16 April 1919) was a Norwegian statistician who first proposed that a representative sample rather than a complete enumerating survey could and should be used to collect information about a population.
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an intersex condition in which there is a partial or complete inability of many cells in the affected genetic male to respond to androgenic hormones.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Annualized failure rate
Annualized failure rate (AFR) gives the estimated probability that a device or component will fail during a full year of use.
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Anthropic principle
The anthropic principle is a philosophical consideration that observations of the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it.
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Arithmetic mean
In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean (stress on third syllable of "arithmetic"), or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection.
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Average treatment effect
The average treatment effect (ATE) is a measure used to compare treatments (or interventions) in randomized experiments, evaluation of policy interventions, and medical trials.
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Bapat–Beg theorem
In probability theory, the Bapat–Beg theorem gives the joint probability distribution of order statistics of independent but not necessarily identically distributed random variables in terms of the cumulative distribution functions of the random variables.
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Behrens–Fisher distribution
In statistics, the Behrens–Fisher distribution, named after Ronald Fisher and Walter Behrens, is a parameterized family of probability distributions arising from the solution of the Behrens–Fisher problem proposed first by Behrens and several years later by Fisher.
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Bernoulli sampling
In the theory of finite population sampling, Bernoulli sampling is a sampling process where each element of the population is subjected to an independent Bernoulli trial which determines whether the element becomes part of the sample.
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Betula klokovii
Betula klokovii are a species of trees restricted to Ukraine.
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Bilbo's rain frog
Bilbo's rain frog (Breviceps bagginsi) is an amphibian species in the family Brevicipitidae, endemic in South Africa.
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Bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions.
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Box plot
In descriptive statistics, a box plot or boxplot is a method for graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their quartiles.
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Bradley–Terry model
The Bradley–Terry model is a probability model that can predict the outcome of a comparison.
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Cape lion
The Cape lion (Panthera leo melanochaita) was a subpopulation of the Southern African lion in South Africa's Cape region, which is locally extinct since the mid-19th century.
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Case fatality rate
In epidemiology, a case fatality rate (CFR)—or case fatality risk, case fatality ratio or just fatality rate—is the proportion of deaths within a designated population of "cases" (people with a medical condition) over the course of the disease.
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Case series
A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome.
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Census
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.
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Chilean hawk
The Chilean hawk (Accipiter (bicolor) chilensis) is a bird of prey species belonging to the typical hawks.
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Clarion Island
Isla Clarión, formerly called Santa Rosa, is the second largest, westernmost and most remote of the Revillagigedo Islands (part of Mexico, specifically the state of Colima), located west of Socorro Island and over from the Mexican mainland.
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Clinical neuropsychology
Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-field of psychology concerned with the applied science of brain-behaviour relationships.
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Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.
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Common bush tanager
The common bush tanager (Chlorospingus flavopectus) is a small passerine bird.
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Common cause and special cause (statistics)
Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming.
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Control chart
Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts (after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior charts, are a statistical process control tool used to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of control.
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Correction for attenuation
Correction for attenuation is a statistical procedure, due to Spearman (1904), to "rid a correlation coefficient from the weakening effect of measurement error" (Jensen, 1998), a phenomenon known as regression dilution.
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Counterfactual definiteness
In quantum mechanics, counterfactual definiteness (CFD) is the ability to speak "meaningfully" of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e., the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured).
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Covariance
In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables.
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Cross-sectional study
In medical research and social science, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
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Cross-validation (statistics)
Cross-validation, sometimes called rotation estimation, or out-of-sample testing is any of various similar model validation techniques for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set.
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Cupressus guadalupensis
Cupressus guadalupensis, the Guadalupe cypress, is a species of cypress from Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean off western North America.
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Daniel Yankelovich
Daniel Yankelovich (December 29, 1924 – September 22, 2017) was a public opinion analyst and social scientist.
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Danio margaritatus
Danio margaritatus, the celestial pearl danio, often referred to in the aquarium trade as galaxy rasbora or Microrasbora sp.
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Data dredging
Data dredging (also data fishing, data snooping, and '''''p'''''-hacking) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality.
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Data set
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data.
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Data transformation (statistics)
In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set — that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi.
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Deme (biology)
In biology, a deme is a term for a local population of polytypic species that actively interbreed with one another and share a distinct gene pool.
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Descriptive research
Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.
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Descriptive statistics
A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics.
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Design of experiments
The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.
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Dynamic approach to second language development
Dynamic approach to second language development is a perspective on second language acquisition.
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Eastern yellow wagtail
The eastern yellow wagtail (Motacilla tschutschensis) is a small passerine in the wagtail family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws.
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Epalzeorhynchos
Epalzeorhynchos is a small ray-finned fish genus of the family Cyprinidae.
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Errors and residuals
In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "theoretical value".
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Exploratory research
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been studied more clearly, intended to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final research design.
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F-test
An F-test is any statistical test in which the test statistic has an ''F''-distribution under the null hypothesis.
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Factor analysis
Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.
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Failure rate
Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time.
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False positive paradox
The false positive paradox is a statistical result where false positive tests are more probable than true positive tests, occurring when the overall population has a low incidence of a condition and the incidence rate is lower than the false positive rate.
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Fisher consistency
In statistics, Fisher consistency, named after Ronald Fisher, is a desirable property of an estimator asserting that if the estimator were calculated using the entire population rather than a sample, the true value of the estimated parameter would be obtained.
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Florida scrub jay
The Florida scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) is one of the species of scrub jay native to North America.
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Form (zoology)
In zoology, the word "form" or forma (literally Latin for form) is a strictly informal term that is sometimes used to describe organisms.
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Founders of statistics
Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.
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Gazetteer
A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas.
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German Reference Corpus
The German Reference Corpus (original: Deutsches Referenzkorpus; short: DeReKo) is an electronic archive of text corpora of contemporary written German.
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Giant antpitta
The giant antpitta (Grallaria gigantea) is a perching bird species in the antpitta family (Grallariidae).
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Glossary of probability and statistics
Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.
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Green sea turtle
The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae.
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Hawksbill sea turtle
The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae.
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Homogeneity (statistics)
In statistics, homogeneity and its opposite, heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of a dataset, or several datasets.
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Imaging particle analysis
Imaging particle analysis is a technique for making particle measurements using digital imaging, one of the techniques defined by the broader term particle size analysis.
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Income and fertility
Income and fertility is the association between monetary gain on one hand, and the tendency to produce offspring on the other.
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Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.
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Item-total correlation
The item-total correlation test arises in psychometrics in contexts where a number of tests or questions are given to an individual and where the problem is to construct a useful single quantity for each individual that can be used to compare that individual with others in a given population.
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IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), founded in 1964, has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.
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Jocotoco antpitta
The jocotoco antpitta (Grallaria ridgelyi) is an endangered antpitta, a bird from Ecuador and Peru.
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Kernel density estimation
In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable.
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Kiritimati
Kiritimati, or Christmas Island, is a Pacific Ocean raised coral atoll in the northern Line Islands.
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L-estimator
In statistics, an L-estimator is an estimator which is an L-statistic – a linear combination of order statistics of the measurements.
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Leatherback sea turtle
The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians.
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Life expectancy
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.
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List of Latin words with English derivatives
This is a list of Latin words with derivatives in English (and other modern languages).
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List of statistics articles
No description.
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Location test
A location test is a statistical hypothesis test that compares the location parameter of a statistical population to a given constant, or that compares the location parameters of two statistical populations to each other.
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Loss function
In mathematical optimization, statistics, econometrics, decision theory, machine learning and computational neuroscience, a loss function or cost function is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event.
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Mallows's Cp
In statistics, Mallows's Cp, named for Colin Lingwood Mallows, is used to assess the fit of a regression model that has been estimated using ordinary least squares.
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Margin of error
The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results.
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Mean
In mathematics, mean has several different definitions depending on the context.
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Mean squared error
In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and what is estimated.
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Mean squared prediction error
In statistics the mean squared prediction error or mean squared error of the predictions of a smoothing or curve fitting procedure is the expected value of the squared difference between the fitted values implied by the predictive function \widehat and the values of the (unobservable) function g. It is an inverse measure of the explanatory power of \widehat, and can be used in the process of cross-validation of an estimated model.
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Median
The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.
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Median absolute deviation
In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data.
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Median test
In statistics, Mood's median test is a special case of Pearson's chi-squared test.
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Methodological advisor
A methodological advisor or consultant provides methodological and statistical advice and guidance to clients interested in making decisions regarding the design of studies, the collection and analysis of data, and the presentation and dissemination of research findings.
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Minimum distance estimation
Minimum distance estimation (MDE) is a statistical method for fitting a mathematical model to data, usually the empirical distribution.
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Mixture distribution
In probability and statistics, a mixture distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable that is derived from a collection of other random variables as follows: first, a random variable is selected by chance from the collection according to given probabilities of selection, and then the value of the selected random variable is realized.
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Mixture model
In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs.
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Mode (statistics)
The mode of a set of data values is the value that appears most often.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
This page lists nationwide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the 2016 United States presidential election.
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Newcomb's snail
Newcomb's snail (Erinna newcombi) is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, a gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.
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Nonparametric skew
In statistics and probability theory, the nonparametric skew is a statistic occasionally used with random variables that take real values.
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Nonprobability sampling
Sampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population or to inform about (social) processes that are meaningful beyond the particular cases, individuals or sites studied.
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Northeast African lion
The Northeast African lion (Panthera leo leo × Panthera leo melanochaita) is a population of lions in Northeast Africa.
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Notation in probability and statistics
Probability theory and statistics have some commonly used conventions, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols.
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Novaya Zemlya
Novaya Zemlya (p, lit. the new land), also known as Nova Zembla (especially in Dutch), is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in northern Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe, the easternmost point of Europe lying at Cape Flissingsky on the Northern island.
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Null hypothesis
In inferential statistics, the term "null hypothesis" is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or no association among groups.
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Observational study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.
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Occupational epidemiology
Occupational epidemiology is a subdiscipline of epidemiology that focuses on investigations of workers and the workplace.
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Odds ratio
In statistics, the odds ratio (OR) is one of three main ways to quantify how strongly the presence or absence of property A is associated with the presence or absence of property B in a given population.
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Olive ibis
The olive ibis is a species of ibis native to dense tropical forests in central Africa.
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Ordinary least squares
In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) or linear least squares is a method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model.
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Outlier
In statistics, an outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations.
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Parameter
A parameter (from the Ancient Greek παρά, para: "beside", "subsidiary"; and μέτρον, metron: "measure"), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc.
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Pearson correlation coefficient
In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y. It has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.
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Plot (graphics)
A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables.
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Podonephelium subaequilaterum
Podonephelium subaequilaterum is a tree species endemic to the sclerophyllous forests of New Caledonia.
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Poisson sampling
In the theory of finite population sampling, Poisson sampling is a sampling process where each element of the population is subjected to an independent Bernoulli trial which determines whether the element becomes part of the sample.
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Population (disambiguation)
Population may refer to.
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Power (statistics)
The power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis (H0) when a specific alternative hypothesis (H1) is true.
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Probability distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a mathematical function that provides the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment.
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Probability plot correlation coefficient plot
Many statistical analyses are based on distributional assumptions about the population from which the data have been obtained.
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Prognosis
Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
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Protocol (science)
In the natural sciences a protocol is a predefined written procedural method in the design and implementation of experiments.
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Q–Q plot
In statistics, a Q–Q (quantile-quantile) plot is a probability plot, which is a graphical method for comparing two probability distributions by plotting their quantiles against each other.
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Quantile
In statistics and probability quantiles are cut points dividing the range of a probability distribution into contiguous intervals with equal probabilities, or dividing the observations in a sample in the same way.
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Questionnaire construction
Questionnaire construction refers to the design of a questionnaire to gather statistically useful information about a given topic.
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Random coil
A random coil is a polymer conformation where the monomer subunits are oriented randomly while still being bonded to adjacent units.
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Recreational diving
Recreational diving or sport diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using scuba equipment.
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Root mean square
In statistics and its applications, the root mean square (abbreviated RMS or rms) is defined as the square root of the mean square (the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers).
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Rule of three (statistics)
In statistical analysis, the rule of three states that if a certain event did not occur in a sample with subjects, the interval from 0 to 3/ is a 95% confidence interval for the rate of occurrences in the population.
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Saint Helena plover
The Saint Helena plover (Charadrius sanctaehelenae), locally known as the wirebird due to its thin legs, is a small wader endemic to the island of Saint Helena in the mid-Atlantic.
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Sample (statistics)
In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure.
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Sample mean and covariance
The sample mean or empirical mean and the sample covariance are statistics computed from a collection (the sample) of data on one or more random variables.
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Sample size determination
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.
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Sample space
In probability theory, the sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment.
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Sampling (statistics)
In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
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Sampling bias
In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.
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Sampling distribution
In statistics, a sampling distribution or finite-sample distribution is the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based statistic.
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Sampling fraction
In sampling theory, the sampling fraction is the ratio of sample size to population size or, in the context of stratified sampling, the ratio of the sample size to the size of the stratum.
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Sampling frame
In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn.
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Sampling probability
In statistics, in the theory relating to sampling from finite populations, the sampling probability (also known as inclusion probability) of an element or member of the population, is its probability of becoming part of the sample during the drawing of a single sample.
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Sandhill crane
The sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis) is a species of large crane of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia.
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Sarus crane
The sarus crane (Antigone antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia.
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Sawfin
The sawfin (Pseudobarbus serra), also known as Clanwilliam sawfin, is a ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Scuba diving fatalities
The risks of dying during recreational, scientific or commercial diving are small, and on scuba, deaths are usually associated with poor gas management, poor buoyancy control, equipment misuse, entrapment, rough water conditions and pre-existing health problems.
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Selection bias
Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.
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Shifting balance theory
The shifting balance theory is a theory of evolution proposed in 1932 by Sewall Wright, suggesting that adaptive evolution may proceed most quickly when a population divides into subpopulations with restricted gene flow.
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Sierra Madre sparrow
The Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi), also known as Bailey's sparrow, is an endangered, range-restricted, enigmatic American sparrow.
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Simple random sample
In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population).
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Slender-billed curlew
The slender-billed curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) is a bird in the wader family Scolopacidae.
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Small area estimation
Small area estimation is any of several statistical techniques involving the estimation of parameters for small sub-populations, generally used when the sub-population of interest is included in a larger survey.
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Social research
Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Sodium channel
Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane.
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Standard deviation
In statistics, the standard deviation (SD, also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.
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Standard score
In statistics, the standard score is the signed number of standard deviations by which the value of an observation or data point differs from the mean value of what is being observed or measured.
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Statistic
A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is a single measure of some attribute of a sample (e.g. its arithmetic mean value).
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Statistical assumption
Statistics, like all mathematical disciplines, does not infer valid conclusions from nothing.
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Statistical benchmarking
In statistics, benchmarking is a method of using auxiliary information to adjust the sampling weights used in an estimation process, in order to yield more accurate estimates of totals.
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Statistical inference
Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to deduce properties of an underlying probability distribution.
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Statistical model
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of some sample data and similar data from a larger population.
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Statistical parameter
A statistical parameter or population parameter is a quantity that indexes a family of probability distributions.
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Statistical significance
In statistical hypothesis testing, a result has statistical significance when it is very unlikely to have occurred given the null hypothesis.
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Statistical theory
The theory of statistics provides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in both study design and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics.
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Statistical unit
A unit in a statistical analysis is one member of a set of entities being studied.
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Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.
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Stratified sampling
In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population.
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Student's t-distribution
In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-distribution) is any member of a family of continuous probability distributions that arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown.
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Student's t-test
The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's ''t''-distribution under the null hypothesis.
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Studentized range distribution
No description.
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Subclinical infection
A subclinical infection (sometimes called a preinfection) is an infection that, being subclinical, is nearly or completely asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms).
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Survey methodology
A field of applied statistics of human research surveys, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys.
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Survey sampling
In statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey.
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Swainson's warbler
Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is a small species of New World warbler.
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Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.
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Titicaca grebe
The Titicaca grebe (Rollandia microptera), also known as the Titicaca flightless grebe or short-winged grebe, is a grebe found on the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia.
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Trans fat
Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, are a type of unsaturated fat that occur in small amounts in nature but became widely produced industrially from vegetable fats starting in the 1950s for use in margarine, snack food, and packaged baked goods and for frying fast food.
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Treatment and control groups
In the design of experiments, treatments are applied to experimental units in the treatment group(s).
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Twee River redfin
The Twee River redfin (Pseudobarbus erubescens) or simply Twee redfin is a ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae.
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Tygerberg Zoo
Tygerberg Zoo was a zoo near Stellenbosch, South Africa, which was the only zoo in the Western Cape province and the closest to Cape Town.
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Unbiased estimation of standard deviation
In statistics and in particular statistical theory, unbiased estimation of a standard deviation is the calculation from a statistical sample of an estimated value of the standard deviation (a measure of statistical dispersion) of a population of values, in such a way that the expected value of the calculation equals the true value.
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Unmatched count
In psychology and social research, unmatched count, or item count, is a technique to improve, through anonymity, the number of true answers to possibly embarrassing or self-incriminating questions.
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Variance
In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.
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Wahnes's parotia
Wahnes's parotia (Parotia wahnesi) is a medium-sized passerine of the bird-of-paradise family (Paradisaeidae).
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Wattled curassow
The wattled curassow (Crax globulosa) is a threatened member of the family Cracidae, the curassows, guans, and chachalacas.
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Welch's t-test
In statistics, Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test, is a two-sample location test which is used to test the hypothesis that two populations have equal means.
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Western yellow wagtail
The western yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava) is a small passerine in the wagtail family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws.
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White privilege
White privilege (or white skin privilege) is the societal privilege that benefits people whom society identifies as white in some countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.
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Yellow-legged thrush
The yellow-legged thrush (Turdus flavipes) is a songbird of northern and eastern South America.
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Population (statistics), Statistical Population, Statistical Populations, Sub-population, Subpopulation.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_population