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Statistics

Index Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. [1]

3792 relations: A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates, A. Ronald Gallant, A/B testing, AAU Faculty of Engineering and Science, Abasaheb Garware College, Abdul Rahim Khan Ziaratwal, Abelson's paradox, Abingdon High School (Virginia), Abraham Wald, Abu Madi, Abundance estimation, Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Academic Earth, Academic Press, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Academy of Urban Planning, Accelerated failure time model, Accident classification, Accuracy and precision, Actuarial credentialing and exams, Actuarial science, Adam C. 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A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates

A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates is a random number book by the RAND Corporation, originally published in 1955.

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A. Ronald Gallant

A.

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A/B testing

In web analytics, A/B testing (bucket tests or split-run testing) is a randomized experiment with two variants, A and B. It includes application of statistical hypothesis testing or "two-sample hypothesis testing" as used in the field of statistics.

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AAU Faculty of Engineering and Science

The Faculty of Engineering and Science at Aalborg University is one of four faculties at AAU.

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Abasaheb Garware College

Abasaheb Garware College of Arts and Science (commonly referred to as Garware College) is a college located in Pune, India.

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Abdul Rahim Khan Ziaratwal

Abdul Rahim Khan Ziaratwal (borne 4 May 1954) is a Pakistani politician hailing from Ziarat,Ziarat District, Balochistan, Pakistan belong to Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party.

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Abelson's paradox

Abelson's paradox is an applied statistics paradox identified by Robert P. Abelson.

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Abingdon High School (Virginia)

Abingdon High School is a public high school located in Abingdon, Virginia.

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Abraham Wald

Abraham Wald (Hungarian: Wald Ábrahám, –) was an American mathematician who contributed to decision theory, geometry, and econometrics, and founded the field of statistical sequential analysis.

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Abu Madi

Abu Madi is a cluster of prehistoric, Neolithic tell mounds in Southern Sinai, Egypt.

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Abundance estimation

Abundance estimation comprises all statistical methods for estimating the number of individuals in a population.

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Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques

The Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences) is a French learned society.

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Academic Earth

Academic Earth is a website launched on March 24, 2009, by Richard Ludlow and co-founders Chris Bruner and Liam Pisano, which offers free online video lectures from universities such as UC Berkeley, UCLA, University of Michigan, Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale in the subjects of Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, English, Entrepreneurship, History, Law, Mathematics, Medicine, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religion, and Statistics.

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Academic Press

Academic Press is an academic book publisher.

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Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia

The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (ASSA) is an autonomous, non-governmental organisation devoted to the advancement of knowledge and research in the social sciences.

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Academy of Urban Planning

Academy of Urban Planning is a small Public high school located in Brooklyn, New York on the Bushwick High School Campus.

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Accelerated failure time model

In the statistical area of survival analysis, an accelerated failure time model (AFT model) is a parametric model that provides an alternative to the commonly used proportional hazards models.

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Accident classification

Accident classification is a standardized method by which the causes of an accident, including the root causes, are grouped into categories.

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Accuracy and precision

Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.

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Actuarial credentialing and exams

The actuarial credentialing and exam process usually requires passing a rigorous series of professional examinations, most often taking several years in total, before one can become recognized as a credentialed actuary.

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Actuarial science

Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, finance and other industries and professions.

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Adam C. Siepel

Adam C. Siepel (born 1972) is an American computational biologist known for his research in comparative genomics and population genetics, particularly the development of statistical methods and software tools for identifying evolutionarily conserved sequences.

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ADaMSoft

ADaMSoft is a free and Open Source statistical software developed in Java and can run on any platform supporting Java.

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Adaptive estimator

In statistics, an adaptive estimator is an estimator in a parametric or semiparametric model with nuisance parameters such that the presence of these nuisance parameters does not affect efficiency of estimation.

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Adaptive website

An adaptive website is a website that builds a model of user activity and modifies the information and/or presentation of information to the user in order to better address the user's needs.

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Additive model

In statistics, an additive model (AM) is a nonparametric regression method.

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Additive smoothing

In statistics, additive smoothing, also called Laplace smoothing (not to be confused with Laplacian smoothing), or Lidstone smoothing, is a technique used to smooth categorical data.

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ADF-GLS test

In statistics and econometrics, the ADF-GLS test (or DF-GLS test) is a test for a unit root in an economic time series sample.

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Adi Ben-Israel

Adi Ben-Israel (Hebrew: עדי בן-ישראל, born November 6, 1933) is a mathematician and an engineer, working in applied mathematics, optimization, statistics, operations research and other areas.

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Administration on Aging

The Administration on Aging (AoA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

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Administrative divisions of South America

The table below indicates the types and, where known, numbers of administrative divisions used by countries having territories in South America and their major dependent territories.

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Adolescent sexuality in Canada

Adolescent sexuality in Canada is not as well documented as adolescent sexuality in the United States; despite the proximity of the two nations, Canada has its own unique culture and generalizations about Canadian adolescent sexuality based on American research can be misleading.

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Adolph Jensen

For the German composer, see Adolf Jensen Adolph Ludvig Otto Jensen (15 July 1866 – 24 May 1948) was an economist and statistician of international standing, and from 1913 to 1936 the head of the Statistics Department of the Danish Ministry of Finance.

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Adolph Wagner

Adolph Wagner (25 March 1835 – 8 November 1917) was a German economist and politician, a leading Kathedersozialist (academic socialist) and public finance scholar and advocate of agrarianism.

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Adolphe Quetelet

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet FRSFor FRSE (22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist.

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Adrian Baddeley

Adrian Baddeley (born 1955, Melbourne, Australia) is a statistical scientist working in the fields of spatial statistics,A.

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Adrian Smith (statistician)

Sir Adrian Frederick Melhuish Smith, FRS (born 1946) is a distinguished British statistician and was Principal of Queen Mary, University of London from 1998 to 2008.

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Adult Literacy Index

The Adult literacy index (ALI) is a statistical measure used to determine how many adults can read and write in a certain area or nation.

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Advanced metrics

Advanced Metrics is the term for the empirical analysis of sports, particularly statistics that measure in-game productivity and efficiency.

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AES Algiers

The National Higher School of Statistics and Applied Economy in Algiers (in French: École nationale supérieure de statistique et d'économie appliquée, ENSSEA d'Alger, in Arabic: المدرسة الوطنية العليا للاحصاء و الاقتصاد التطبيقي), called as well AES Algiers, is a public institution of higher education in Algeria.

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Affine space

In mathematics, an affine space is a geometric structure that generalizes the properties of Euclidean spaces in such a way that these are independent of the concepts of distance and measure of angles, keeping only the properties related to parallelism and ratio of lengths for parallel line segments.

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Affinity propagation

In statistics and data mining, affinity propagation (AP) is a clustering algorithm based on the concept of "message passing" between data points.

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Aggregate data

In statistics, aggregate data are data combined from several measurements.

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Aggregate pattern

An Aggregate pattern can refer to concepts in either statistics or computer programming.

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Agha Danish

Rear Admiral Agha Danish (آغا دانش),, is a retired two-star rank admiral and the former senior naval aviator in the Pakistan Navy.

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Agora Center

The Agora Center is a separate institute at the University of Jyväskylä in Central Finland.

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Agra College

Agra College is one of the oldest institutions in India.

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Agricultural science

Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture.

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Agustín Maravall

Agustín Maravall Herrero (born 1944 in Madrid) is a Spanish economist and engineer, a top expert in statistics and econometrics time series analysis, and one of the world’s authorities in seasonal adjustment and in the estimation of signals in economic time series.

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Ahmad El-Maati

Ahmad Abou El-Maati (أحمد ابوالمعاطي) (born October 1, 1964) is a Canadian citizen who was arrested and detained for two and a half years in Syrian and Egyptian prisons.

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Air Europe

Air Europe was a wholly privately owned, independentindependent from government-owned corporations British airline, established in 1978 under the working title Inter European Airways.

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Akhtar Abdur Rahman

Akhtar Abdur Rahman Khan (Urdu: اختر عبد الرحمن‎; 11 June 1924 – 17 August 1988), was a Pakistani General who served as Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Pakistan Armed Forces from 1987–1988 and as Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) from 1979-1987.

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Al Turath University College

Al Turath University College is a private Iraqi university established in 1988 in Baghdad, Iraq.

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Alain Desrosières

Alain Desrosières (18 April 1940 – 15 February 2013) was a statistician at the INSEE and a sociologist and historian of science at the EHESS (France).

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Alan MacEachren

Alan M. MacEachren (born 1952) is an American geographer, Professor of Geography and Director, GeoVISTA Center, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University.

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Alan Walters

Sir Alan Arthur Walters (17 June 1926 – 3 January 2009) was a British economist who was best known as the Chief Economic Adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher from 1981 to 1983 and (after his return from the United States) again for five months in 1989.

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Albert Shiryaev

Albert Nikolayevich Shiryaev (Альбе́рт Никола́евич Ширя́ев; born October 12, 1934) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician.

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Albert Spaulding

Albert Clanton Spaulding (August 13, 1914 – May 29, 1990) was an American anthropologist and processual archaeologist who encouraged the application of quantitative statistics in archaeological research and the legitimacy of anthropology as a science.

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Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid

Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid (November 13, 1927 February 26, 1985) was an American mathematician and theorist who worked extensively on probability theory, Markov chains, and statistics.

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Alcoholism in adolescence

Alcohol is a liquid form substance which contains ethyl alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) that can cause harm and even damage to a persons DNA.

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Alex Szalay

Alex Szalay is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy and Computer Science at the Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences and Whiting School of Engineering.

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Alexander Aitken

Alexander Craig "Alec" Aitken (1 April 1895 – 3 November 1967) was one of New Zealand's greatest mathematicians.

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Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov

Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov (or Tschuprov) (Russian: Алекса́ндр Александро́вич Чупро́в) (Mosal'sk, February 18, 1874 - Geneva, April 19, 1926) Russian statistician who worked on mathematical statistics, sample survey theory and demography.

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Alexander Hamilton Preparatory Academy

Alexander Hamilton Preparatory Academy (abbreviated as AHPA) is a four-year comprehensive public high school located in Elizabeth, in Union County, New Jersey, operating as part of Elizabeth Public Schools.

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Alexander Ivanovich Chuprov

Alexander Ivanovich Chuprov (Александр Иванович Чупров; 1841–1908) was a professor of political economy and statistics at Moscow University whose lectures provided the standard introduction to economics for late 19th-century Russian students.

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Alexander Rinnooy Kan

Alexander Hendrik George Rinnooy Kan (born 5 October 1949) is a Dutch mathematician and business leader.

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Alfred Aeppli

Alfred Aeppli was a Swiss mathematician.

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Alfred Lin

Alfred Lin is an American venture capitalist at Sequoia Capital.

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Alfred William Flux

Sir Alfred William Flux CB (8 April 1867 – 16 July 1942) was a British economist and statistician.

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Algebraic formula for the variance

In probability theory and statistics, there are several algebraic formulae for the variance available for deriving the variance of a random variable.

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Algebraic statistics

Algebraic statistics is the use of algebra to advance statistics.

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ALGLIB

ALGLIB is a cross-platform open source numerical analysis and data processing library.

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Algorithmic composition

Algorithmic composition is the technique of using algorithms to create music.

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Algorithmic inference

Algorithmic inference gathers new developments in the statistical inference methods made feasible by the powerful computing devices widely available to any data analyst.

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Aliah University

Aliah University is a state government controlled minority autonomous university in New Town, West Bengal, India.

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Alignments of random points

Alignments of random points in the plane can be demonstrated by statistics to be counter-intuitively easy to find when a large number of random points are marked on a bounded flat surface.

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All models are wrong

"All models are wrong" is a common aphorism in statistics.

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Alladi Ramakrishnan

Alladi Ramakrishnan (9 August 1923 – 7 June 2008) was an Indian physicist and the founder of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences (Matscience) in Chennai.

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Allama Iqbal Open University

Allama Iqbal Open University (جامعہ علامہ اقبال) or AIOU is a public research university in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Allan Lichtman

Allan Jay Lichtman (born April 4, 1947) is an American political historian who teaches at American University in Washington, D.C. He is well known for predicting most of the presidential winners in the United States Presidential Election since 1984, including forecasting the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election remarkably early.

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Allergy

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.

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Allied Pacific Sports Network

Allied Pacific Sports Network ("APSN") was one of the earliest over-the-top content OTT companies in Asia.

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Alok Bhargava

Alok Bhargava (born 13 July 1954) is an Indian econometrician.

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Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt

The Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt (AAU), or University of Klagenfurt, is a federal Austrian university and the largest research and higher education institution in the Austrian province Carinthia.

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Alpha

Alpha (uppercase, lowercase; ἄλφα, álpha, modern pronunciation álfa) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Alphabet soup (linguistics)

Alphabet soup is a metaphor for an abundance of abbreviations or acronyms, named for a common dish made from alphabet pasta.

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Altoona Area High School

Altoona Area High School is the public high school for the Altoona Area School District in Altoona, Pennsylvania.

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Amanda L. Golbeck

Amanda L. Golbeck is a statistician, social scientist, and academic leader.

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American Academy of Arts and Sciences

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States of America.

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American anthropology

American anthropology has culture as its central and unifying concept.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

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American Astronomical Society 215th meeting

The 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS) took place in Washington, D.C., Jan.

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American Iron and Steel Institute

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is an association of North American steel producers.

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American Journal of Applied Sciences

The American Journal of Applied Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed open access academic journal publishing original research articles in the fields of chemistry, business and economics, physics, geology, engineering, mathematics, statistics, and computer science.

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American Journal of Sociology

Established in 1895 as the first US scholarly journal in its field, American Journal of Sociology (AJS) presents pathbreaking work from all areas of sociology, with an emphasis on theory building and innovative methods.

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American Statistical Association

The American Statistical Association (ASA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in the United States.

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Amir Aczel

Amir Dan Aczel (November 6, 1950 – November 26, 2015) was an Israeli-born American lecturer in mathematics and the history of mathematics and science, and an author of popular books on mathematics and science.

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Amirkabir University of Technology

Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) (Persian: دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر Dāneshgāh-e San'ati-ye Amirkabir), formerly called the Tehran Polytechnic, is a public research university located in Tehran, Iran.

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Amos Griswold Warner

Amos Griswold Warner (1861–1900), was an American social worker.

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Anabel Jensen

Dr.

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Analyse-it

Analyse-it is a statistical analysis add-in for Microsoft Excel.

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Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

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Analysis of competing hypotheses

The analysis of competing hypotheses (ACH) allegedly provides an unbiased methodology for evaluating multiple competing hypotheses for observed data.

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Analysis of rhythmic variance

In statistics, analysis of rhythmic variance (ANORVA) is a method for detecting rhythms in biological time series, published by Peter Celec (Biol Res. 2004, 37(4 Suppl A):777–82).

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Analytics

Analytics is the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data.

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Anat Ninio

Anat Ninio (ענת ניניו; born August 10, 1944) is a professor emeritus of psychology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

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Anatoliy Skorokhod

Anatoliy Volodymyrovych Skorokhod (Анато́лій Володи́мирович Скорохо́д; September 10, 1930January 3, 2011) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician, and an academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1985 to his death in 2011.

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Anatoly Fomenko

Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko (Анато́лий Тимофе́евич Фоме́нко) (born 13 March 1945 in Stalino, USSR) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician, professor at Moscow State University, well known as a topologist, and a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Ancestral graph

In statistics and Markov modeling, an ancestral graph is a type of mixed graph to provide a graphical representation for the result of marginalizing one or more vertices in a graphical model that takes the form of a directed acyclic graph.

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Anchiceratops

Anchiceratops is an extinct genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur that lived approximately 72 to 71 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Alberta, Canada.

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Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination

The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina. Egypt has had a legendary image in the Western world through the Greek and Hebrew traditions.

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Ancillary statistic

In statistics, an ancillary statistic is a statistic whose sampling distribution does not depend on the parameters of the model.

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Anders Hald

Anders Hald (3 July 1913 – 11 November 2007) was a Danish statistician.

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András Prékopa

András Prékopa (September 11, 1929 – September 18, 2016) was a Hungarian mathematician, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Andrei Toom

Andrei Leonovich Toom (in Russian: Андрей Леонович Тоом), also known as André Toom, (born 1942 in Tashkent, Soviet Union) is a Russian mathematician currently living in New York City, famous for his early work in analysis of algorithms (culminating in the Toom–Cook algorithm), cellular automata (in particular Toom's rule), probability theory and lifelong interest in mathematical education.

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Andres and Marzo's delta

In statistics, Andrés and Marzo's Delta is a measure of an agreement between two observers used in classifying data.

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Andrew Gelman

Andrew Gelman (born February 11, 1965) is an American statistician, professor of statistics and political science, and director of the Applied Statistics Center at Columbia University.

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Andrew Kalotay

Andrew Kalotay (born 1941) is a Hungarian-born finance professor, Wall Street quant and chess master.

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Andrew Oswald

Andrew Oswald (born 27 November 1953, eldest son of the late Professor Ian Oswald) was until recently the acting research director at the IZA Institute in Bonn and is a professor of economics at the University of Warwick, UK.

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Andrew Podnieks

Andrew Podnieks is a Canadian author and ice hockey historian.

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Andrew Yang (entrepreneur)

Andrew Yang (born January 13, 1975) is an American entrepreneur, the Founder of Venture for America, and a 2020 Democratic presidential candidate.

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Andrey Kolmogorov

Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (a, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a 20th-century Soviet mathematician who made significant contributions to the mathematics of probability theory, topology, intuitionistic logic, turbulence, classical mechanics, algorithmic information theory and computational complexity.

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Anecdotal evidence

Anecdotal evidence is evidence from anecdotes, i.e., evidence collected in a casual or informal manner and relying heavily or entirely on personal testimony.

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Anger

Anger or wrath is an intense negative emotion.

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Anil K. Bera

Anil K. Bera (born 1955) is an econometrician.

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Anil Kumar Gain

Anil Kumar Gain (অনীল কুমার গায়েন), (1 February 1919 – 7 February 1978) (also spelt Anil Kumar Gayen) was an Indian mathematician and statistician best known for his works on the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient in the field of applied statistics, with his colleague Ronald Fisher.

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Animal breeding

Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of livestock.

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Anna Karenina principle

The Anna Karenina principle states that a deficiency in any one of a number of factors dooms an endeavor to failure.

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Anna Macleod

Professor Anna MacGillivray Macleod DSc (15 May 1917 – 13 August 2004) was a Scottish biochemist and academic.

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Annals of Mathematical Statistics

The Annals of Mathematical Statistics was a peer-reviewed statistics journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics from 1930 to 1972.

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Annals of Statistics

The Annals of Statistics is a peer-reviewed statistics journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.

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Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics

Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering statistics.

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Anomaly (natural sciences)

In the natural sciences, especially in atmospheric and Earth sciences involving applied statistics, an anomaly is the deviation in a quantity from its expected value, e.g., the difference between a measurement and a mean or a model prediction.

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Anonymous remailer

An anonymous remailer is a server that receives messages with embedded instructions on where to send them next, and that forwards them without revealing where they originally came from.

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ANOVA on ranks

In statistics, one purpose for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is to analyze differences in means between groups.

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Anscombe transform

In statistics, the Anscombe transform, named after Francis Anscombe, is a variance-stabilizing transformation that transforms a random variable with a Poisson distribution into one with an approximately standard Gaussian distribution.

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Antecedent variable

In statistics and social sciences, an antecedent variable is a variable that can help to explain the apparent relationship (or part of the relationship) between other variables that are nominally in a cause and effect relationship.

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Anthony Heath

Anthony Francis Heath, CBE, FBA (born 15 December 1942) is a British sociologist who is a professor of sociology at Oxford University and a professorial fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford.

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Antieigenvalue theory

In applied mathematics, antieigenvalue theory was developed by Karl Gustafson from 1966 to 1968.

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Antiquarian science books

Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering.

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Antiscience

Antiscience is a position that rejects science and the scientific method.

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Antithetic variates

In statistics, the antithetic variates method is a variance reduction technique used in Monte Carlo methods.

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Anton Formann

Anton K. Formann (August 27, 1949, Vienna, Austria – July 12, 2010, Vienna) was an Austrian research psychologist, statistician, and psychometrician.

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Anton Kotzig

Anton Kotzig (22 October 1919 – 20 April 1991) was a Slovak–Canadian mathematician, expert in statistics, combinatorics and graph theory.

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Anton Leo Hickmann

Anton Leo Hickmann (23 March 1834 – 18 July 1906) was a geographer and statistician.

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Antonio Gabaglio

Gabaglio Antonio 30 June 1840, Pavia (Italy) – 14 November 1909, Pavia (Italy) was an Italian statistician.

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AP Statistics

Advanced Placement Statistics (AP Statistics, AP Stat or AP Stats) is a college-level high school statistics course offered in the United States through the College Board's Advanced Placement program.

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APA style

APA style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books, and is commonly used for citing sources within the field of social sciences.

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Apophenia

Apophenia is the tendency to perceive connections and meaning between unrelated things.

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Appearance event ordination

Appearance event ordination or AEO is a scientific method for biochronology through the ordering of the appearance of fossil mammal genera by multivariate analysis, using conjunctional (overlapping) and disconjunctional (nonoverlapping) range distributions in large sets of data.

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Applications of randomness

Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields.

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Applied Biomathematics

Applied Biomathematics (AB) is a private research and software firm in East Setauket, New York, which conducts scientific research and develops scientific and statistical software for teaching and research.

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Applied economics

Applied economics is the application of economic theory and econometrics in specific settings.

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Applied mathematics

Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as science, engineering, business, computer science, and industry.

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Applied Predictive Technologies

Applied Predictive Technologies (APT) is a software company that provides business analytics software, designed to help large, consumer-facing businesses "reduce the risk of any new initiative by systematically testing the idea with a subset of stores, customers, or employees." APT argues that using systematic testing enables companies to measure the true incremental impact of any new initiative.

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Applied probability

Applied probability is the application of probability theory to statistical problems and other scientific and engineering domains.

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Applied science

Applied science is the application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications, like technology or inventions.

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Approximate entropy

In statistics, an approximate entropy (ApEn) is a technique used to quantify the amount of regularity and the unpredictability of fluctuations over time-series data.

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Archaeological sub-disciplines

As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern.

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Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Archetypal analysis

Archetypal analysis in the statistics is an unsupervised learning method similar to the cluster analysis and introduced by Adele Cutler and Leo Breiman in 1994.

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Areas of mathematics

Mathematics encompasses a growing variety and depth of subjects over history, and comprehension requires a system to categorize and organize the many subjects into more general areas of mathematics.

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Arif Zaman

Arif Zaman, Ph.D., is a Pakistani mathematician, an academic scientist and a professor of Statistics and Mathematics at Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

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Arithmetic mean

In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean (stress on third syllable of "arithmetic"), or simply the mean or average when the context is clear, is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the number of numbers in the collection.

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Arkansas Department of Education

The Arkansas Department of Education (ADE), headquartered in Little Rock, is the state education agency of Arkansas for public schools.

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Armadillo (C++ library)

Armadillo is a linear algebra software library for the C++ programming language.

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Arno Tausch

Arno Tausch (born February 11, 1951 in Salzburg, Austria) is an Austrian political scientist.

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Arnold Allen

Arnold Oral Allen was an American instructor, public speaker, and writer who worked at IBM and Hewlett-Packard, and specialized in the analysis and mathematical modelling of computer performance.

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Arnold Zellner

Arnold Zellner (January 2, 1927 – August 11, 2010) was an American economist and statistician specializing in the fields of Bayesian probability and econometrics.

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Art forgery

Art forgery is the creating and selling of works of art which are falsely credited to other, usually more famous artists.

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Artemio Panganiban

Artemio Villaseñor Panganiban Jr. (born December 7, 1937), "The Renaissance Jurist of the 21st Century" was the 21st Supreme Court Chief Justice of the Philippines.

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Arthur C. Brooks

Arthur C. Brooks (born May 21, 1964) is an American social scientist, musician, and columnist for The New York Times.

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Arthur P. Dempster

Arthur Pentland Dempster (born 1929) is a Professor Emeritus in the Harvard University Department of Statistics.

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Arthur Roy Clapham

Arthur Roy Clapham, CBE FRS (24 May 1904 – 18 December 1990), was a British botanist.

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence (NI) displayed by humans and other animals.

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Artificial neural network

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.

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Arup Bose

Arup Bose (born 1 April 1959) is an Indian statistician.

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ArXiv

arXiv (pronounced "archive") is a repository of electronic preprints (known as e-prints) approved for publication after moderation, that consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, and quantitative finance, which can be accessed online.

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Aryeh Dvoretzky

Aryeh (Arie) Dvoretzky (אריה דבורצקי., Арье Дворецкий; May 3, 1916 – May 8, 2008) was a Russian-born Israeli mathematician, the winner of the 1973 Israel Prize in Mathematics.

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Associação Brasileira de Estatística

Associação Brasileira de Estatística (ABE; Brazilian Statistical Society), is a non-profit organization with the purpose of promoting the development and application of statistical science.

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Association of Road Racing Statisticians

The Association of Road Racing Statisticians is an independent, non-profit organization that collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics regarding road running races.

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ASSQ (Statistics)

The ASSQ is a professional association of statisticians based in the province of Quebec, Canada.

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Assumed mean

In statistics the assumed mean is a method for calculating the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a data set.

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AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis

AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media and the German Statistical Society.

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AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv

AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv (German for AStA Economical and Social Statistics Archive) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media.

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Astroinformatics

Astroinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of study involving the combination of astronomy, data science, informatics, and information/communications technologies.

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Astrometry

Astrometry is the branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies.

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Astropy

Astropy is a collection of software packages written in the Python programming language and designed for use in astronomy.

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Astrostatistics

Astrostatistics is a discipline which spans astrophysics, statistical analysis and data mining.

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Asymmetric Laplace distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the asymmetric Laplace distribution (ALD) is a continuous probability distribution which is a generalization of the Laplace distribution.

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Asymptotic analysis

In mathematical analysis, asymptotic analysis, also known as asymptotics, is a method of describing limiting behavior.

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Asymptotic distribution

In mathematics and statistics, an asymptotic distribution is a probability distribution that is in a sense the "limiting" distribution of a sequence of distributions.

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Asymptotic theory (statistics)

In statistics, asymptotic theory, or large sample theory, is a framework for assessing properties of estimators and statistical tests.

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Atlas

An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or a region of Earth.

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Atlas Computer Laboratory

The Atlas Computer Laboratory on the Harwell, Oxfordshire campus shared by the Harwell Laboratory was one of the major computer laboratories in the world, which operated between 1961 and 1975 to provide a service to British scientists at a time when powerful computers were not usually available.

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Atmospheric sciences

Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.

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Atmospheric sounding

An atmospheric sounding is a measurement of vertical distribution of physical properties of the atmospheric column such as pressure, temperature, wind speed and wind direction (thus deriving wind shear), liquid water content, ozone concentration, pollution, and other properties.

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Attribution of recent climate change

Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent climate changes on Earth, commonly known as 'global warming'.

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Augmented Dickey–Fuller test

In statistics and econometrics, an augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in a time series sample.

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August 1914

The following events occurred in August 1914.

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August Ludwig von Schlözer

August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735, Gaggstatt9 September 1809, Göttingen) was a German historian who laid foundations for the critical study of Russian history.

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Auguste Comte

Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher who founded the discipline of praxeology and the doctrine of positivism.

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) is Australia's national agency for information and statistics on Australia’s health and welfare.

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Australian Journal of Management

The Australian Journal of Management is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in accounting, applied economics, finance, industrial relations, political science, psychology, statistics, and other disciplines in relation to their application to management.

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Austrian Statistical Society

The Austrian Statistical Society (Österreichischen Statistischen Gesellschaft) is a national scientific organization.

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Autocorrelation

Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay.

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Autocovariance

In probability theory and statistics, given a stochastic process X.

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Autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average

In statistics, autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average models are time series models that generalize ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) models by allowing non-integer values of the differencing parameter.

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Autoregressive integrated moving average

In statistics and econometrics, and in particular in time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model.

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Autoregressive model

In statistics and signal processing, an autoregressive (AR) model is a representation of a type of random process; as such, it is used to describe certain time-varying processes in nature, economics, etc.

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Autoregressive–moving-average model

In the statistical analysis of time series, autoregressive–moving-average (ARMA) models provide a parsimonious description of a (weakly) stationary stochastic process in terms of two polynomials, one for the autoregression and the second for the moving average.

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Average daily rate

Average Daily Rate (commonly referred to as ADR) is a statistical unit that is often used in the lodging industry.

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Average variance extracted

In statistics (classical test theory), average variance extracted (AVE) is a measure of the amount of variance that is captured by a construct in relation to the amount of variance due to measurement error.

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Émile Cheysson

Jean Jacques Émile Cheysson (Nîmes, 18 May 1836 – Leysin, 7 February 1910) was a French ingenieur, designer of roads and bridges, and social reformer, who made a career as in industry and in the French administration.

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Étienne Laspeyres

Ernst Louis Étienne Laspeyres (28 November 1834 – 4 August 1913) was a German economist.

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Šidák correction

In statistics, the Šidák correction, or Dunn–Šidák correction, is a method used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons.

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B. L. S. Prakasa Rao

Bhagavatula Lakshmi Surya Prakasa Rao is an Indian statistician.

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Babatunde Ogunnaike

Babatunde Ayodeji Ogunnaike (1956–present) is an American chemical engineer of Nigerian descent and the William L. Friend Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University Of Delaware (UD).

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Bachelor Hall (Miami University)

Bachelor Hall is a three story brick academic building on the Miami University campus in Oxford, Ohio, United States.

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Bachelor of Business Science

The Bachelor of Business Science (BBusSci) is a four-year Honours level degree providing for a scientifically based study of economic and management sciences, "premised on the application of quantitative methods".

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Bachelor of Commerce

A Bachelor of Commerce (baccalaureates commercii, abbreviated B.Com. or B.Comm.) is an undergraduate degree in commerce (or business) and related subjects, usually awarded in Canada, Australia, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa and other Commonwealth countries; however, the degree is no longer offered in the United Kingdom.

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Bachelor of Computer Science

The Bachelor of Computer Science or Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (abbreviated BCompSc or BCS or BS CS or B.Sc. CS) is a type of bachelor's degree, usually awarded after three or four years of collegiate study in computer science, but possibly awarded in fewer years depending on factors such as an institution's course requirements and academic calendar.

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Bachelor of Management Studies

Bachelor of Management Studies or BMS is an undergraduate program for management studies offered by many universities throughout the world.

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Bachelor of Mathematics

A Bachelor of Mathematics is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for successfully completing a program of study in mathematics or related disciplines, such as computer science or statistics.

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Bachelor of Public Administration

The Bachelor of Public Administration (BPA or B.P.A.) degree is one of several Bachelor's level management degrees that provides training in the public policy field as well as public management.

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Bachelor of Social Science

The academic undergraduate degree of Bachelor of Social Science (B.Soc.Sc. or B.Soc.Sci.) requires three to four years of study at an institution of higher education, primarily found in the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Back-formation

In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme by removing actual or supposed affixes.

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Backfitting algorithm

In statistics, the backfitting algorithm is a simple iterative procedure used to fit a generalized additive model.

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Balanced repeated replication

Balanced repeated replication is a statistical technique for estimating the sampling variability of a statistic obtained by stratified sampling.

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Ballistic conduction

Ballistic conduction (ballistic transport) is the transport of electrons in a medium having negligible electrical resistivity caused by scattering.

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Banff International Research Station

The Banff International Research Station (BIRS) for Mathematical Innovation and Discovery was established in 2003.

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Bang Goes the Theory

Bang Goes the Theory or Bang was a British television science magazine series, co-produced by the BBC and the Open University, that began on 27 July 2009 and ended on 5 May 2014 on BBC One.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) (বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (বশেমুরকৃবি)) is a public agricultural university in Bangladesh, established in 1998.

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Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University

Bangabandu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University (BSMRSTU) (বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) is a public university located in Gobra, Gopalganj, Bangladesh.

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Barcelona Graduate School of Economics

The Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, commonly referred to as Barcelona GSE, is an independent institution of research and graduate education located in Barcelona, Spain.

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Barnard's test

In statistics, Barnard's test is an exact test used in the analysis of contingency tables.

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Barry D. Nussbaum

Barry D. Nussbaum is an American statistician.

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Bartel Leendert van der Waerden

Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (February 2, 1903 – January 12, 1996) was a Dutch mathematician and historian of mathematics.

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Bartlett's test

In statistics, Bartlett's test (see Snedecor and Cochran, 1989) is used to test if k samples are from populations with equal variances.

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Baryon acoustic oscillations

In cosmology, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) are regular, periodic fluctuations in the density of the visible baryonic matter (normal matter) of the universe.

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Base rate

In probability and statistics, base rate generally refers to the (base) class probabilities unconditioned on featural evidence, frequently also known as prior probabilities.

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Baseball

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding.

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Baseball statistics

Baseball statistics play an important role in evaluating a player's and/or team's progress.

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Basic sciences examination

The Basic Sciences Examination is run by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons for surgical trainees who are in the Surgical Education and Training Program.

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Basis pursuit denoising

In applied mathematics and statistics, basis pursuit denoising (BPDN) refers to a mathematical optimization problem of the form: where \lambda is a parameter that controls the trade-off between sparsity and reconstruction fidelity, x is an N \times 1 solution vector, y is an M \times 1 vector of observations, A is an M \times N transform matrix and M. This is an instance of convex optimization and also of quadratic programming.

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Basketball statistics

Statistics in basketball are kept to evaluate a player's or a team's performance.

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Basu's theorem

In statistics, Basu's theorem states that any boundedly complete sufficient statistic is independent of any ancillary statistic.

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Bates distribution

In probability and statistics, the Bates distribution, named after Grace Bates, is a probability distribution of the mean of a number of statistically independent uniformly distributed random variables on the unit interval.

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Baton Rouge Area Foundation

Baton Rouge Area Foundation ("The Foundation") is a community foundation dedicated to enhancing the quality of life in Louisiana's capital region, and is registered with the IRS as a 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit organization.

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Bayes factor

In statistics, the use of Bayes factors is a Bayesian alternative to classical hypothesis testing.

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Bayes' theorem

In probability theory and statistics, Bayes’ theorem (alternatively Bayes’ law or Bayes' rule, also written as Bayes’s theorem) describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event.

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Bayesian inference

Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available.

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Bayesian inference in marketing

In marketing, Bayesian inference allows for decision making and market research evaluation under uncertainty and with limited data.

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Bayesian information criterion

In statistics, the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) or Schwarz criterion (also SBC, SBIC) is a criterion for model selection among a finite set of models; the model with the lowest BIC is preferred.

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Bayesian linear regression

In statistics, Bayesian linear regression is an approach to linear regression in which the statistical analysis is undertaken within the context of Bayesian inference.

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Bayesian model of computational anatomy

Computational anatomy (CA) is a discipline within medical imaging focusing on the study of anatomical shape and form at the visible or gross anatomical scale of morphology.

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Bayesian multivariate linear regression

In statistics, Bayesian multivariate linear regression is a Bayesian approach to multivariate linear regression, i.e. linear regression where the predicted outcome is a vector of correlated random variables rather than a single scalar random variable.

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Bayesian statistics

Bayesian statistics, named for Thomas Bayes (1701–1761), is a theory in the field of statistics in which the evidence about the true state of the world is expressed in terms of degrees of belief known as Bayesian probabilities.

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Bayesian vector autoregression

In statistics, Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) uses Bayesian methods to estimate a vector autoregression (VAR).

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Beatrice Aitchison

Beatrice Aitchison (July 18, 1908 – September 22, 1997) was an American mathematician, statistician, and transportation economist who directed the Transport Economics Division of the United States Department of Commerce,.

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Behavioral analytics

Behavioral analytics is a recent advancement in business analytics that reveals new insights into the behavior of consumers on eCommerce platforms, online games, web and mobile applications, and IoT.

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Behavioral clustering

Behavioral clustering is a statistical analysis method used in retailing to identify consumer purchase trends and group stores based on consumer buying behaviors.

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Behavioral economics

Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and how those decisions vary from those implied by classical theory.

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Behrens–Fisher distribution

In statistics, the Behrens–Fisher distribution, named after Ronald Fisher and Walter Behrens, is a parameterized family of probability distributions arising from the solution of the Behrens–Fisher problem proposed first by Behrens and several years later by Fisher.

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Behrens–Fisher problem

In statistics, the Behrens–Fisher problem, named after Walter Behrens and Ronald Fisher, is the problem of interval estimation and hypothesis testing concerning the difference between the means of two normally distributed populations when the variances of the two populations are not assumed to be equal, based on two independent samples.

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Ben Abell

Benjamin F. Abell is professor of meteorology in the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Saint Louis University (SLU) and has been a member of the faculty since 1962.

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Ben Baumer

Benjamin (Ben) Strong Baumer is a statistician and sabermetrician.

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Bendheim Center for Finance

Bendheim Center for Finance (BCF) is an interdisciplinary center at Princeton University.

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Bengt O. Muthén

Bengt O. Muthén is a psychometrician and Professor Emeritus at the Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.

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Benjamin Banneker Academic High School

Benjamin Banneker Academic High School is a magnet high school located in Washington, D.C., that was originally built to serve as a neighborhood Junior High School.

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Benjamin D. Santer

Benjamin David Santer (born June 3, 1955 in Washington, DC, United States) is a climate researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and former researcher at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit.

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Berkeley Earth

Berkeley Earth is a Berkeley, California based independent 501(c)(3) non-profit focused on land temperature data analysis for climate science.

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Berkson's paradox

Berkson's paradox also known as Berkson's bias or Berkson's fallacy is a result in conditional probability and statistics which is counterintuitive for some people, and hence a veridical paradox.

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Bernard Benjamin

Bernard Benjamin (8 March 1910 – 15 May 2002) was a noted British health statistician, actuary and demographer.

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Bernoulli distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Bernoulli distribution, named after Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, is the discrete probability distribution of a random variable which takes the value 1 with probability p and the value 0 with probability q.

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Bernoulli process

In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of binary random variables, so it is a discrete-time stochastic process that takes only two values, canonically 0 and 1.

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Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability

The Bernoulli Society is a professional association which aims to further the progress of probability and mathematical statistics, founded as part of the International Statistical Institute in 1975.

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Bernoulli trial

In the theory of probability and statistics, a Bernoulli trial (or binomial trial) is a random experiment with exactly two possible outcomes, "success" and "failure", in which the probability of success is the same every time the experiment is conducted.

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Bessel's correction

In statistics, Bessel's correction is the use of n − 1 instead of n in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation, where n is the number of observations in a sample.

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Best linear unbiased prediction

In statistics, best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is used in linear mixed models for the estimation of random effects.

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Beta distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the beta distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval parametrized by two positive shape parameters, denoted by α and β, that appear as exponents of the random variable and control the shape of the distribution.

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Beta prime distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the beta prime distribution (also known as inverted beta distribution or beta distribution of the second kindJohnson et al (1995), p 248) is an absolutely continuous probability distribution defined for x > 0 with two parameters α and β, having the probability density function: where B is a Beta function.

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Beta rectangular distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the beta rectangular distribution is a probability distribution that is a finite mixture distribution of the beta distribution and the continuous uniform distribution.

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Beta-binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the beta-binomial distribution is a family of discrete probability distributions on a finite support of non-negative integers arising when the probability of success in each of a fixed or known number of Bernoulli trials is either unknown or random.

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Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School

Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School (B-CC) is a public school in Montgomery County, Maryland.

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Bethlehem

Bethlehem (بيت لحم, "House of Meat"; בֵּית לֶחֶם,, "House of Bread";; Bethleem; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Lehem) is a Palestinian city located in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem.

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Betting strategy

A betting strategy (also known as betting system) is a structured approach to gambling, in the attempt to produce a profit.

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Bhaskar Kumar Ghosh

Bhaskar Kumar Ghosh (* February 10, 1936 in Calcutta, India; † August 3, 2008 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA) was an Indian-American statistician especially known for his contributions to sequential analysis.

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Bhattacharyya distance

In statistics, the Bhattacharyya distance measures the similarity of two probability distributions.

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Bholanath College

B.

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Bias

Bias is disproportionate weight in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Bias (statistics)

Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated.

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Bias of an estimator

In statistics, the bias (or bias function) of an estimator is the difference between this estimator's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated.

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Bias–variance tradeoff

In statistics and machine learning, the bias–variance tradeoff is the property of a set of predictive models whereby models with a lower bias in parameter estimation have a higher variance of the parameter estimates across samples, and vice versa.

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Biased random walk on a graph

In network science, a biased random walk on a graph is a time path process in which an evolving variable jumps from its current state to one of various potential new states; unlike in a pure random walk, the probabilities of the potential new states are unequal.

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Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics is statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles.

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Bicoherence

In mathematics, in the area of statistical analysis, bicoherence is a squared normalised version of the bispectrum.

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Bicycle messenger

Bicycle messengers (also known as bike or cycle couriers) are people who work for courier companies (also known as messenger companies) carrying and delivering items by bicycle.

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Big data

Big data is data sets that are so big and complex that traditional data-processing application software are inadequate to deal with them.

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Bigeye trevally

The bigeye trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus), also known as the bigeye jack, great trevally, six-banded trevally and dusky jack, is a species of widespread large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae.

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Bilinear time–frequency distribution

Bilinear time–frequency distributions, or quadratic time–frequency distributions, arise in a sub-field of signal analysis and signal processing called time–frequency signal processing, and, in the statistical analysis of time series data.

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Biman Bangladesh Airlines cricket team

The Biman Bangladesh Airlines cricket team was a first-class cricket team in Bangladesh that played in only the inaugural 2000–01 domestic season and won the National Cricket League title.

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Bin Yu

Bin Yu is a Chinese-American statistician.

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Binary data

Binary data is data whose unit can take on only two possible states, traditionally termed 0 and +1 in accordance with the binary numeral system and Boolean algebra.

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Bingham distribution

In statistics, the Bingham distribution, named after Christopher Bingham, is an antipodally symmetric probability distribution on the ''n''-sphere.

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Bingo card

Bingo cards are playing cards designed to facilitate the game of Bingo in its various forms around the world.

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Binomial coefficient

In mathematics, any of the positive integers that occurs as a coefficient in the binomial theorem is a binomial coefficient.

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Binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own boolean-valued outcome: a random variable containing a single bit of information: success/yes/true/one (with probability p) or failure/no/false/zero (with probability q.

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Binomial proportion confidence interval

In statistics, a binomial proportion confidence interval is a confidence interval for the probability of success calculated from the outcome of a series of success–failure experiments (Bernoulli trials).

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Binomial regression

In statistics, binomial regression is a technique in which the response (often referred to as Y) is the result of a series of Bernoulli trials, or a series of one of two possible disjoint outcomes (traditionally denoted "success" or 1, and "failure" or 0).

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Binomial sum variance inequality

The binomial sum variance inequality states that the variance of the sum of binomially distributed random variables will always be less than or equal to the variance of a binomial variable with the same ''n'' and ''p'' parameters.

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Binomial test

In statistics, the binomial test is an exact test of the statistical significance of deviations from a theoretically expected distribution of observations into two categories.

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Binomial type

In mathematics, a polynomial sequence, i.e., a sequence of polynomials indexed by in which the index of each polynomial equals its degree, is said to be of binomial type if it satisfies the sequence of identities Many such sequences exist.

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Bioconductor

Bioconductor is a free, open source and open development software project for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data generated by wet lab experiments in molecular biology.

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Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.

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Biological network

A biological network is any network that applies to biological systems.

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Biologist

A biologist, is a scientist who has specialized knowledge in the field of biology, the scientific study of life.

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Biomedical scientist

A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medicine.

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Biometrical Journal

Biometrical Journal covers statistical methods and their applications in life sciences including medicine, environmental sciences and agriculture.

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Biometrics (journal)

Biometrics is a journal that publishes articles on the application of statistics and mathematics to the biological sciences.

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Biometrika

Biometrika is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press for the Biometrika Trust.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems.

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Biostatistics

Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology.

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Biostatistics (journal)

Biostatistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering biostatistics, that is, statistics for biological and medical research.

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Biplot

Biplots are a type of exploratory graph used in statistics, a generalization of the simple two-variable scatterplot.

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Bispectrum

In mathematics, in the area of statistical analysis, the bispectrum is a statistic used to search for nonlinear interactions.

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Biswatosh Sengupta

Biswatosh Sengupta (born September 11, 1944) is an Indian academic.

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Bivariate analysis

Bivariate analysis is one of the simplest forms of quantitative (statistical) analysis.

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Bivariate data

In statistics, bivariate data is data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is paired with a value of the other variable.

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Bivariate von Mises distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the bivariate von Mises distribution is a probability distribution describing values on a torus.

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Bjørn Lomborg

Bjørn Lomborg (born 6 January 1965) is a Danish author and President of his think tank, Copenhagen Consensus Center.

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Block design

In combinatorial mathematics, a block design is a set together with a family of subsets (repeated subsets are allowed at times) whose members are chosen to satisfy some set of properties that are deemed useful for a particular application.

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Blocking (statistics)

In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another.

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Blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging

Blood-oxygen-level dependent contrast imaging, or BOLD-contrast imaging, is a method used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe different areas of the brain or other organs, which are found to be active at any given time.

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Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships

Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships (BDPs) were established as part of a $350 million gift by Michael Bloomberg, JHU Class of 1964, to Johns Hopkins University in 2013.

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Blue book

Blue book or bluebook is a term often referring to an almanac, buyer's guide or other compilation of statistics and information.

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Boarding school

A boarding school provides education for pupils who live on the premises, as opposed to a day school.

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Bocconi University

Bocconi University (Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi) is a private university in Milan, Italy.

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Bochner's theorem

In mathematics, Bochner's theorem (named for Salomon Bochner) characterizes the Fourier transform of a positive finite Borel measure on the real line.

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Bogofilter

Bogofilter is a mail filter that classifies e-mail as spam or ham (non-spam) by a statistical analysis of the message's header and content (body).

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BOINC Credit System

Within the BOINC platform for volunteer computing, the BOINC Credit System helps volunteers keep track of how much CPU time they have donated to various distributed computing projects.

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Bollinger Bands

Bollinger Bands are a type of statistical chart characterizing the prices and volatility over time of a financial instrument or commodity, using a formulaic method propounded by John Bollinger in the 1980s.

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Boltzmann distribution

In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution Translated by J.B. Sykes and M.J. Kearsley. See section 28) is a probability distribution, probability measure, or frequency distribution of particles in a system over various possible states.

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Bone density

Bone density, or bone mineral density (BMD), is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.

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Bonferroni correction

In statistics, the Bonferroni correction is one of several methods used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons.

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Bonn Graduate School of Economics

The Bonn Graduate School of Economics, commonly referred to as BGSE, is the graduate school of the Department of Economics within the Faculty of Law and Economics of the University of Bonn.

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Book talk

A booktalk in the broadest terms is what is spoken with the intent to convince someone to read a book.

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Boolean algebra

In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively.

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Boolean-valued function

A Boolean-valued function (sometimes called a predicate or a proposition) is a function of the type f: X → B, where X is an arbitrary set and where B is a Boolean domain, i.e. a generic two-element set, (for example B.

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Boosting (machine learning)

Boosting is a machine learning ensemble meta-algorithm for primarily reducing bias, and also variance in supervised learning, and a family of machine learning algorithms that convert weak learners to strong ones.

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Bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique

In statistics, the bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique (BEST or the BEAST) is a non-parametric method that is intended to allow an assessment to be made of the validity of a single sample.

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Bootstrapping (statistics)

In statistics, bootstrapping is any test or metric that relies on random sampling with replacement.

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Boris Levit

Boris Ya.

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Boris Nikolaevich Poliakov

Boris Nikolaevich Poliakov (Борис Николаевич Поляков.; born May 17,1938 in Nizhny Tagil, Russia) is a Russian scientist, professor of Mechanical Engineering, and member of the Academy of Engineering Sciences of the Russian Federation.

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Bose–Mesner algebra

In mathematics, a Bose–Mesner algebra is a special set of matrices which arise from a combinatorial structure known as an association scheme, together with the usual set of rules for combining (forming the products of) those matrices, such that they form an associative algebra, or, more precisely, a unitary commutative algebra.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Bounding sphere

In mathematics, given a non-empty set of objects of finite extension in n-dimensional space, for example a set of points, a bounding sphere, enclosing sphere or enclosing ball for that set is an n-dimensional solid sphere containing all of these objects.

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Bowl Bound

Bowl Bound was a board game originally marketed in 1973 by Time Inc., owner of Sports Illustrated Magazine.

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Box–Behnken design

In statistics, Box–Behnken designs are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals.

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Box–Cox distribution

In statistics, the Box–Cox distribution (also known as the power-normal distribution) is the distribution of a random variable X for which the Box–Cox transformation on X follows a truncated normal distribution.

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Boyce Watkins

Boyce D. Watkins (born June 20, 1971) is an American author, economist, political analyst, and social commentator.

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Boys' Latin School of Maryland

Boys' Latin School of Maryland is an all-boys, university-preparatory school located in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Brad Stevens

Bradley Stevens (born October 22, 1976) is an American professional basketball coach and former collegiate player.

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Bradley Efron

Bradley Efron (born May 24, 1938) is an American statistician.

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Bradley–Terry model

The Bradley–Terry model is a probability model that can predict the outcome of a comparison.

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Branch and bound

Branch and bound (BB, B&B, or BnB) is an algorithm design paradigm for discrete and combinatorial optimization problems, as well as mathematical optimization.

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Branch Rickey

Wesley Branch Rickey (December 20, 1881 – December 9, 1965) was an American baseball player and sports executive.

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Branches of physics

Physics deals with the combination of matter and energy.

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Branches of science

The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, "scientific fields", or "scientific disciplines" are commonly divided into three major groups.

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Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics

The Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistics.

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Breast augmentation

Breast augmentation and augmentation mammoplasty (colloquially known as a "boob job") are plastic surgery terms for the breast-implant and the fat-graft mammoplasty approaches used to increase the size, change the shape, and alter the texture of the breasts of a woman.

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Breast implant

A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a woman’s breast.

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Brendan Whelan

Brendan J. Whelan was Director of the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) in Dublin, Ireland from 1996 to 2006, having previously been head of the survey unit at the Institute.

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Breusch–Godfrey test

In statistics, the Breusch–Godfrey test, named after Trevor S. Breusch and Leslie G. Godfrey, is used to assess the validity of some of the modelling assumptions inherent in applying regression-like models to observed data series.

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Breusch–Pagan test

In statistics, the Breusch–Pagan test, developed in 1979 by Trevor Breusch and Adrian Pagan, is used to test for heteroskedasticity in a linear regression model.

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Brian D. Ripley

Brian David Ripley FRSE (born 29 April 1952) is a British statistician.

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Brian Wansink

Brian Wansink is an American professor in the fields of consumer behavior and marketing research.

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British degree abbreviations

Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards.

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British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology

The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology is a British scientific journal founded in 1965.

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British Polling Council

The British Polling Council (BPC) is an association of market research companies whose opinion polls are regularly published or broadcast in media in the United Kingdom.

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British Sleep Society

The British Sleep Society.

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Brown–Forsythe test

The Brown–Forsythe test is a statistical test for the equality of group variances based on performing an ANOVA on a transformation of the response variable.

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Bruce Castle School

Bruce Castle School, at Bruce Castle, Tottenham, was a progressive school for boys established in 1827 as an extension of Rowland Hill's Hazelwood School at Edgbaston.

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Bruno Abakanowicz

Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (6 October 1852 – 29 August 1900) was a Polish mathematician, inventor, and electrical engineer.

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Bruno Zumbo

Bruno D. Zumbo (born 1966) is a Canadian mathematician and social scientist working primarily in the psychological, social and health sciences.

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Bryce Reeve

Bryce Byrum Reeve III (born December 31, 1968) is an American psychometrician, outcomes research scientist, professor of Health Policy and Management at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health (with an adjunct appointment in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience), and faculty expert at the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.

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Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies

The Bucharest University of Economic Studies (Academia de Studii Economice din București, abbreviated ASE) is a public university in Bucharest, Romania.

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Bucket evaluations

In statistics, bucket evaluations is a method for correlating vectors.

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Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute

Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute (Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique) is a journal published with the proceedings of the biannual meeting of the International Statistical Institute.

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Bunching parameter

In statistics as applied in particular in particle physics, when fluctuations of some observables are measured, it is convenient to transform the multiplicity distribution to the bunching parameters: \eta_q.

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Burdwan Raj College

Burdwan Raj College, established in 1881, is the oldest state-governed college in Purba Bardhaman district and a premiere seat of higher education catering to the district and neighboring areas of Bankura district, Purulia district, Hooghly district and Birbhum district.

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Burr distribution

In probability theory, statistics and econometrics, the Burr Type XII distribution or simply the Burr distribution is a continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable.

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Burstiness

In statistics, burstiness is the intermittent increases and decreases in activity or frequency of an event.

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Business analytics

Business analytics (BA) refers to the skills, technologies, practices for continuous iterative exploration and investigation of past business performance to gain insight and drive business planning.

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Business information

Business information is one of the three main segments of the information industry.

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Business intelligence

Business intelligence (BI) comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information.

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Business mathematics

Business mathematics is mathematics used by commercial enterprises to record and manage business operations.

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Business school

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in business administration or management.

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Business software

Business software or a business application is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions.

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Business statistics

"Business statistics is the science of good decision making in the face of uncertainty and is used in many disciplines such as financial analysis, econometrics, auditing, production and operations including services improvement and marketing research".

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Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College

Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College, better known as BJB College(ବକ୍ସି ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ ବିଦ୍ୟାଧର ମହାବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ), is a college in Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India that offers courses at primarily the higher secondary and undergraduate levels.

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BuyMusic

BuyMusic was a paid online music store run by Buy.com.

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Buzan's Book of Genius

Buzan's Book of Genius - And How To Unleash Your Own is a book that was first published in 1994 by Tony Buzan and Raymond Keene, from a study that was conducted in an effort to rank the world’s greatest geniuses, and as a self-help guide to developing individual genius.

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BV4.1 (software)

The application software BV4.1 is an easy-to-use tool for decomposing and seasonally adjusting monthly or quarterly economic time series by version 4.1 of the Berlin procedure.

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C. Arden Pope

C.

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C. F. Jeff Wu

Chien-Fu Jeff Wu (born 1949) is the Coca-Cola Chair in Engineering Statistics and Professor in the H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

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C.A. Walker Research Solutions

C.A. Walker Research Solutions, Inc. is a custom market research provider of quantitative and qualitative research services for both consumer and business markets.

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CA Foundation Course

CA Foundation is the new entrance level for the Chartered Accountancy course in India.

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Cabinda Province

Cabinda (also spelled Kabinda, formerly called Portuguese Congo, known locally as Tchiowa) is an exclave and province of Angola, a status that has been disputed by several political organizations in the territory.

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Calculation of glass properties

The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save time, material, financial, and environmental resources, or to gain scientific insight.

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Calculator

An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

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Calibration (statistics)

There are two main uses of the term calibration in statistics that denote special types of statistical inference problems.

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Calumpang National High School

Calumpang National High School (CNHS), formerly Calumpang Public High School, is a public secondary high school in Nagcarlan, Laguna, Philippines, established on July 14, 1966.

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Campbell's theorem (probability)

In probability theory and statistics, Campbell's theorem or the Campbell-Hardy theorem can refer to a particular equation or set of results relating to the expectation of a function summed over a point process to an integral involving the mean measure of the point process, which allows for the calculation of expected value and variance of the random sum.

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Campus of the University of California, Berkeley

The campus of the University of California, Berkeley, and its surrounding community are home to a number of notable buildings by early 20th-century campus architect John Galen Howard, his peer Bernard Maybeck (best known for the San Francisco Palace of Fine Arts), and their colleague Julia Morgan.

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Canine cancer detection

Canine cancer detection is an approach to cancer screening that relies upon the claimed olfactory ability of dogs to detect, in urine or in breath, very low concentrations of the alkanes and aromatic compounds generated by malignant tumors.

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Canonical analysis

In statistics, canonical analysis (from κανων bar, measuring rod, ruler) belongs to the family of regression methods for data analysis.

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Canonical correlation

In statistics, canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) is a way of inferring information from cross-covariance matrices.

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Canonical correspondence analysis

In applied statistics, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) is a multivariate constrained ordination technique that extracts major gradients among combinations of explanatory variables in a dataset.

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Caraga Regional Science High School

Caraga Regional Science High School is a public school in San Juan, Surigao City, Philippines.

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Carbohydrate Structure Database

Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) is a free database and service platform in glycoinformatics, launched in 2005 by a group of Russian scientists from, Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields, including algebra, analysis, astronomy, differential geometry, electrostatics, geodesy, geophysics, magnetic fields, matrix theory, mechanics, number theory, optics and statistics.

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Carl Menger

Carl Menger (February 23, 1840 – February 26, 1921) was an Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics.

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Carl Wunsch

Carl Wunsch was the Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, until he retired in 2013.

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Carl-Erik Quensel

Carl-Erik Quensel (9 October 1907 – 10 April 1977) was a Swedish statistician and demographer, specializing in population statistics, statistical distribution theory and biostatistics.

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Carlo Emilio Bonferroni

Carlo Emilio Bonferroni (28 January 1892 – 18 August 1960) was an Italian mathematician who worked on probability theory.

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Carlos Jaschek

Carlos Jaschek (March 2, 1926 – April 12, 1999) was a German-born Argentine astrophysicist who spent time in the United States, lived in Switzerland, settled in France, became a French citizen Be Star Newsletter #34; pp.

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CaRMetal

CaRMetal is an interactive geometry program which inherited the C.a.R. engine.

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Carnac stones

The Carnac stones (Breton: Steudadoù Karnag) are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the village of Carnac in Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs.

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Carole Chaski

Carole Elisabeth Chaski (born 1955) is a forensic linguist and is considered one of the leading experts in the field.

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Carroll D. Wright

Carroll Davidson Wright (July 25, 1840 – February 20, 1909) was an American statistician.

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Case report form

A case report form (or CRF) is a paper or electronic questionnaire specifically used in clinical trial research.

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Casio 9850 series

The Casio CFX-9850G series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Casio Computer Co., Ltd.

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Casio Algebra FX Series

The Casio Algebra FX series was a line of graphing calculators manufactured by Casio Computer Co., Ltd from 1999 to 2003.

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Casio fx-7000G

The Casio FX-7000G is a calculator which is widely known as being the world's first graphing calculator available to the public.

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Categorical distribution

In probability theory and statistics, a categorical distribution (also called a generalized Bernoulli distribution, multinoulli distribution) is a discrete probability distribution that describes the possible results of a random variable that can take on one of K possible categories, with the probability of each category separately specified.

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Categorical variable

In statistics, a categorical variable is a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property.

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Cathedral High School (Springfield, Massachusetts)

Cathedral High School was a Catholic co-educational college-preparatory high school in Springfield, Massachusetts.

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Causal research

Causal research, also called explanatory research, is the investigation of (research into) cause-and-effect relationships.

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Causality

Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first.

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Causality (book)

Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference (2000; updated 2009) is a book by Judea Pearl.

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Causality (physics)

Causality is the relationship between causes and effects.

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Cölln

In the 13th century Cölln was the sister town of Old Berlin (Altberlin), located on the southern Spree Island in the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

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CDC classification system for HIV infection

The CDC Classification System for HIV Infection is the medical classification system used by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to classify HIV disease and infection.

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CDF-based nonparametric confidence interval

In statistics, cumulative distribution function (CDF)-based nonparametric confidence intervals are a general class of confidence intervals around statistical functionals of a distribution.

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Cebu Technological University

Cebu Technological University (CTU) is a government-run educational institution located in Cebu, Philippines.

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Censoring (statistics)

In statistics, engineering, economics, and medical research, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known.

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Center for International Political Analysis

The Center for International Political Analysis (CIPA) is a research center at the Policy Research Institute (PRI) at the University of Kansas.

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Center for Operations Research and Econometrics

The Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE) is an interdisciplinary research institute of the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) located in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

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Center for Women in Mathematics

The Center for Women in Mathematics, a part of the Smith College Department of Mathematics and Statistics, is an American educational program founded in 2007 to increase the involvement of women in mathematics.

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Centerpoint (geometry)

In statistics and computational geometry, the notion of centerpoint is a generalization of the median to data in higher-dimensional Euclidean space.

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Central Bureau of Statistics (North Korea)

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS;; also known as the Central Statistic Bureau, or the Central Statistical Bureau) is the national statistical office of North Korea.

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Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)

The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (المكتب المركزي للإحصاء) is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "information relating to economic, social and general activities and conditions" in the Syrian Arab Republic.

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Central composite design

In statistics, a central composite design is an experimental design, useful in response surface methodology, for building a second order (quadratic) model for the response variable without needing to use a complete three-level factorial experiment.

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Central Cotton Research Institute

Central Cotton Research Institute Multan, established in 1976 in Multan, Pakistan, is one of the renowned research institutes of Pakistan.

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Central High School (Grand Junction, Colorado)

Central High School is a public secondary school for grades 9-12 located in Grand Junction, Colorado.

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Central Institute of Fisheries Technology

The Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT) is an autonomous organization engaged in research related to fishing and fish processing in India.

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Central limit theorem

In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) establishes that, in some situations, when independent random variables are added, their properly normalized sum tends toward a normal distribution (informally a "bell curve") even if the original variables themselves are not normally distributed.

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Central limit theorem for directional statistics

In probability theory, the central limit theorem states conditions under which the average of a sufficiently large number of independent random variables, each with finite mean and variance, will be approximately normally distributed.

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Central Luzon State University

Central Luzon State University (CLSU) is a state university on a 658-hectare campus in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

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Central moment

In probability theory and statistics, a central moment is a moment of a probability distribution of a random variable about the random variable's mean; that is, it is the expected value of a specified integer power of the deviation of the random variable from the mean.

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Central Statistics Office (Botswana)

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "data collecting, processing and disseminating" and for "coordinating, monitoring and supervising the National Statistical System" in Botswana.

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Central Statistics Office (Ireland)

The Central Statistics Office (CSO; An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh) is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "information relating to economic, social and general activities and conditions" in Ireland, in particular the National Census which is held every five years.

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Central tendency

In statistics, a central tendency (or measure of central tendency) is a central or typical value for a probability distribution.

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Central University of South Bihar

The Central University of South Bihar (CUSB) is one of the sixteen newly established Central Universities by the Government of India under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (Section 25 of 2009).

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Central University of Venezuela

The Central University of Venezuela (or Universidad Central de Venezuela, UCV, in Spanish) is a premier public university of Venezuela located in Caracas.

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Centre de Recherches Mathématiques

The Centre de Recherches Mathématiques (CRM) is the first mathematical research institute in Canada.

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Centre for Educational Measurement at the University of Oslo

Centre for Educational Measurement at the University of Oslo (CEMO) is a part of the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the University of Oslo.

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Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)

Centre for Mathematical Sciences (CMS), with campuses at Thiruvananthapuram and Pala in Kerala, India, is a research level institution devoted to mathematics and other related disciplines like statistics, theoretical physics, computer and information sciences.

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Centre for Public Opinion Research

Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej (CBOS) (Centre for Public Opinion Research) is an opinion polling institute in Poland, based in Warsaw.

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Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas

The Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas (lit. "Center for Research in Mathematics"), commonly known by its acronym in Spanish language as CIMAT, is a North American scientific research institution based on the city of Guanajuato, in the homonym State of Guanajuato, in central Mexico, and was established in the year 1980.

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CEREMADE

The CEREMADE (CEntre de REcherche en MAthématiques de la DÉcision, French for Research Centre in Mathematics of Decision) is a research centre in Mathematics within Université Paris-Dauphine.

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CERN Program Library

The CERN Program Library or CERNLIB was a set of FORTRAN 77 libraries and modules, developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN.

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Certified Health Physicist

Certified Health Physicist is an official title granted by the, the certification board for health physicists in the United States.

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Certified Quality Engineer

Certified Quality Engineer, often abbreviated CQE, is a certification given by the American Society for Quality (ASQ).

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Challenge–dechallenge–rechallenge

Challenge–dechallenge–rechallenge (CDR) is a medical testing protocol in which a medicine or drug is administered, withdrawn, then re-administered, while being monitored for adverse effects at each stage.

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Champernowne distribution

In statistics, the Champernowne distribution is a symmetric, continuous probability distribution, describing random variables that take both positive and negative values.

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Chance (statistics magazine)

Chance is a quarterly non-technical statistics magazine published jointly by the American Statistical Association and Taylor & Francis Group.

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Change detection

In statistical analysis, change detection or change point detection tries to identify times when the probability distribution of a stochastic process or time series changes.

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Chantal David

Chantal David is a French Canadian mathematician who works as a professor of mathematics at Concordia University.

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Chapman–Robbins bound

In statistics, the Chapman–Robbins bound or Hammersley–Chapman–Robbins bound is a lower bound on the variance of estimators of a deterministic parameter.

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Character mask

In Marxist philosophy, a character mask (Charaktermaske) is a prescribed social role that serves to conceal the contradictions of a social relation or order.

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Characteristic function (probability theory)

In probability theory and statistics, the characteristic function of any real-valued random variable completely defines its probability distribution.

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Charles Castonguay

Charles Castonguay (born 1940) is a retired associate professor of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Ottawa.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles Dunnett

Charles William "Charlie" Dunnett (24 August 1921 – May 18, 2007) was a Canadian statistician.

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Charles M. Stein

Charles M. Stein (March 22, 1920 – November 24, 2016) was an American mathematical statistician and professor of statistics at Stanford University.

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Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".

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Charles Simonyi

Charles Simonyi (Simonyi Károly,; born September 10, 1948), son of Károly Simonyi, is a Hungarian-born American computer businessman.

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Charles Spearman

Charles Edward Spearman, FRS (10 September 1863 – 17 September 1945) was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

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Charles Thurstan Holland

Charles Thurstan Holland (1863–1941) was a general practitioner in Liverpool who was best known by his pioneering research in the field of Radiology.

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Chartered Financial Analyst

The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Program is a professional credential offered internationally by the American-based CFA Institute (formerly the Association for Investment Management and Research, or AIMR) to investment and financial professionals.

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Chartered Statistician

Chartered Statistician (CStat) is a professional qualification in statistics offered by the Royal Statistical Society in the United Kingdom.

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Chauncy Harris

Chauncy Dennison Harris (1914 - December 26, 2003) was a pioneer of modern geography.

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Checking whether a coin is fair

In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can be used to compare various competing methods of statistical inference, including decision theory.

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Cheminformatics

Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics, chemioinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry.

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Chen Wen-chen

Chen Wen-chen (sometimes romanized as Chen Wen-cheng) was an assistant professor of mathematics (specializing in probability and statistics) at Carnegie Mellon University who died on under mysterious circumstances.

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Chengdu University of Information Technology

Chengdu University of Information Technology (CUIT) is a provincial key university co-governed and co-sponsored by China Meteorological Administration and Sichuan Province in Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

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Chesapeake Bay Governor's School for Marine and Environmental Science

The Chesapeake Bay Governor's School for Marine Environmental Science (CBGS) is a public regional magnet high school.

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Chester Ittner Bliss

Chester Ittner Bliss was primarily a biologist, who is best known for his contributions to statistics.

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Chi (letter)

Chi (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ; χῖ) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced or in English.

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Chi distribution

No description.

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Chi-squared

The term chi-squared or \chi^2 has various uses in statistics.

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Chi-squared distribution

No description.

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Chief analytics officer

Chief analytics officer (CAO) is a job title for the senior manager responsible for the analysis of data within an organization, such as a listed company or an educational institution.

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Child Welfare Information Gateway

The Child Welfare Information Gateway is the congressionally-mandated and -funded information service of the United States Children's Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, United States Department of Health and Human Services.

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Chilean Journal of Statistics

The Chilean Journal of Statistics is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics.

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China Internet Network Information Center

The China Internet Network Information Center, or CNNIC, is the administrative agency responsible for Internet affairs under the Ministry of Information Industry of the People's Republic of China.

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Chinmaya PU College

Chinmaya PU College is a pre-university college in Kolar, Karnataka, India.

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ChIP-on-chip

ChIP-on-chip (also known as ChIP-chip) is a technology that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation ('ChIP') with DNA microarray ("chip").

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Chiropractic Economics

Chiropractic Economics is an American magazine published 20 times a year in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.

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Chiropractic education

Chiropractic education trains students in chiropractic, a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine under the belief that such a disorder affects general health via the nervous system.

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Chris Heyde

Christopher Charles "Chris" Heyde AM (20 April 1939, Sydney – 6 March 2008, Canberra) was a prominent Australian statistician who did leading research in probability, stochastic processes and statistics.

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Chris Wallace (computer scientist)

Christopher Stewart "Chris" Wallace (26 October 1933 – 7 August 2004) was an Australian computer scientist and physicist.

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Christian Academy of Knoxville

Christian Academy of Knoxville (CAK) is a private, non-denominational Christian school located in Knoxville, Tennessee.

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Christian College, Kattakada

Christian College, Kattakada is an Arts and Science College, under the Society for Education of the SIUC community of the Church of South India and registered under the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII of 1955.

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Christian Genest

Christian Genest (born January 11, 1957 in Chicoutimi, Québec) is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at McGill University (Montréal, Canada), where he holds a Canada Research Chair.

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Christian Gouriéroux

Christian Gouriéroux (born 1949) is an econometrician who holds a Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics from the University of Rouen.

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Christianity by country

 As of the year 2015, Christianity has more than 2.3 billion adherents, out of about 7.5 billion people.

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Christopher Browning

Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian, known best for his works on the Holocaust.

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Christopher S. Koper

Christopher S. Koper is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University, and a senior fellow and co-director of the evidence-based policing program in the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy.

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Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland (The Scots Kirk, Eaglais na h-Alba), known informally by its Scots language name, the Kirk, is the national church of Scotland.

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Church of Scotland Yearbook

The Church of Scotland Yearbook (known informally as the Red Book because of its red binding) is a collection of statistical data published annually by the Church of Scotland.

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Churn rate

Churn rate (sometimes called attrition rate), in its broadest sense, is a measure of the number of individuals or items moving out of a collective group over a specific period.

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Cipher disk

A cipher disk is an enciphering and deciphering tool developed in 1470 by the Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti.

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Circular analysis

In statistics, circular analysis is the selection of the details of a data analysis using the data that is being analysed.

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Circular distribution

In probability and statistics, a circular distribution or polar distribution is a probability distribution of a random variable whose values are angles, usually taken to be in the range.

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Circumflex

The circumflex is a diacritic in the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts that is used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes.

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Citizen Information Project

In the United Kingdom, the Citizen Information Project (CIP) was a plan by the Office for National Statistics to build a national population register.

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Claeys Formula

The Claeys Formula is used in Belgium by the practitioners of social law to evaluate the notice period that has to be respected when an employee is dismissed.

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Claire Martin (meteorologist)

Claire Martin Morehen is a former national television weather presenter with CBC Television in Canada.

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Classification of the sciences (Peirce)

The philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) did considerable work over a period of years on the classification of sciences (including mathematics).

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Classification rule

Given a population whose members each belong to one of a number of different sets or classes, a classification rule or classifier is a procedure by which the elements of the population set are each predicted to belong to one of the classes.

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Classification Tree Method

The Classification Tree Method is a method for test design, as it is used in different areas of software development.

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Claude Larose (ice hockey, born 1942)

Claude David Larose (born March 2, 1942 in Hearst, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 943 career NHL games for the Montreal Canadiens, Minnesota North Stars and St. Louis Blues.

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Climatology

Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, "place, zone"; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time.

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Clinical audit

Clinical audit is a process that has been defined as "a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change".

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Clinical data management

Clinical data management (CDM) is a critical phase in clinical research, which leads to generation of high-quality, reliable, and statistically sound data from clinical trials.

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Clinical trial

Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.

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CLIWOC

The Climatological database for the world's oceans (CLIWOC) was a research project to convert ships' logbooks into a computerised database.

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Clix (miniatures)

Clix is a miniatures wargaming system developed by WizKids.

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Closed testing procedure

In statistics, the closed testing procedure is a general method for performing more than one hypothesis test simultaneously.

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Cloud analytics

Cloud analytics is a marketing term for businesses to carry out analysis using cloud computing.

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CLs method (particle physics)

In particle physics, CLs represent a statistical method for setting upper limits (also called exclusion limits) on model parameters, a particular form of interval estimation used for parameters that can take only non-negative values.

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Cluster analysis

Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).

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Cluster randomised controlled trial

A cluster randomised controlled trial is a type of randomised controlled trial in which groups of subjects (as opposed to individual subjects) are randomised.

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Clyde Martin (mathematician)

Clyde Martin is an American mathematician and Professor of Statistics.

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Cochran's C test

In statistics, Cochran's C test, named after William G. Cochran, is a one-sided upper limit variance outlier test.

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Cochran's Q test

In statistics, in the analysis of two-way randomized block designs where the response variable can take only two possible outcomes (coded as 0 and 1), Cochran's Q test is a non-parametric statistical test to verify whether k treatments have identical effects.

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Cochran's theorem

In statistics, Cochran's theorem, devised by William G. Cochran, is a theorem used to justify results relating to the probability distributions of statistics that are used in the analysis of variance.

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Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics

In statistics, the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test (CMH) is a test used in the analysis of stratified or matched categorical data.

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Cockeyed.com

Cockeyed.com is a website that covers a variety of subjects, most of which are projects undertaken by the site's creator, Rob Cockerham.

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Coefficient of determination

In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R2 or r2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).

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Coefficient of variation

In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution.

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Cohen's h

In statistics, Cohen's h, popularized by Jacob Cohen, is a measure of distance between two proportions or probabilities.

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Coherence (statistics)

In probability theory and statistics, coherence can have several different meanings.

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Cohort (statistics)

In statistics, marketing and demography, a cohort is a group of subjects who share a defining characteristic (typically subjects who experienced a common event in a selected time period, such as birth or graduation).

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Cohort study

A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that sample a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.

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Coincidence

A coincidence is a remarkable concurrence of events or circumstances that have no apparent causal connection with one another.

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Cointegration

Cointegration is a statistical property of a collection of time series variables.

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Cokurtosis

In probability theory and statistics, cokurtosis is a measure of how much two random variables change together.

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Colectica

Colectica is a suite of programs for use in managing official statistics and statistical surveys using open standards that enable researchers, archivists, and programmers to perform.

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Colegio Los Nogales

Colegio Los Nogales is a private school located in Bogotá, Colombia.

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College of Arts and Sciences (Case Western Reserve University)

The College of Arts and Sciences of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, offers a number of research and educational programs in the arts, humanities, social sciences, physical and biological sciences, and mathematics.

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College of Arts and Sciences (University of Nebraska–Lincoln)

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Arts and Sciences, also known as A&S, is the liberal arts and sciences college of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, offering Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degrees in humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.

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College of Engineering and Physical Sciences (University of Guelph)

The College of Engineering and Physical Science (CEPS), formerly the College of Physical and Engineering Science, is one of the colleges at the University of Guelph located in Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

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College of Home Economics, Karachi

The RLAK (named after Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan) Government College of Home Economics (also known as RLAK CHE) is an all-girls college, established in 1952 in Karachi, province of Sindh, Pakistan.

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College of Horticulture

The College of Horticulture, is a constituent college of Kerala Agricultural University, situated in Thrissur of Kerala state in India.

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College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences

College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences is a constituent college of the University of the Punjab in Lahore.

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College recruiting

In college athletics in the United States, recruiting is the process in which college coaches add prospective student athletes to their roster each off-season.

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Collider (epidemiology)

In statistics and causal graphs, a variable is a collider when it is causally influenced by two or more variables.

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Collinearity

In geometry, collinearity of a set of points is the property of their lying on a single line.

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Color commentator

A color commentator or expert commentator is a sports commentator who assists the main commentator, often by filling in any time when play is not in progress.

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Coma

Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.

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Combinatorics, Probability and Computing

Combinatorics, Probability and Computing is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in mathematics published by Cambridge University Press.

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Combined Islands cricket team

The Combined Islands cricket team was a cricket team that represented the cricket-playing islands of the Lesser Antilles, excluding Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago who fielded their own teams.

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Comma-separated values

In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values.

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Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography

The Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, commonly known as CICRED, is a non-governmental organization accredited with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations.

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Committee on Department Methods

The Committee on Department Methods, popularly known as the Keep Commission, was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905.

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Commodity trading advisor

A Commodity trading advisor (CTA) is US financial regulatory term for an individual or organization who is retained by a fund or individual client to provide advice and services related to trading in futures contracts, commodity options and/or swaps.

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Common cause and special cause (statistics)

Common and special causes are the two distinct origins of variation in a process, as defined in the statistical thinking and methods of Walter A. Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming.

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Common Core State Standards Initiative

The Common Core State Standards Initiative is an educational initiative from 2010 that details what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade.

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Common Data Set

The Common Data Set is a product of the Common Data Set Initiative, "a collaborative effort among data providers in the higher education community and publishers as represented by the College Board, Peterson's, and U.S. News & World Report." The stated goal is to provide accurate and timely data to students and their families while decreasing the workload of administrators.

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Common-method variance

In applied statistics, (e.g., applied to the social sciences and psychometrics), common-method variance (CMV) is the spurious "variance that is attributable to the measurement method rather than to the constructs the measures are assumed to represent" or equivalently as "systematic error variance shared among variables measured with and introduced as a function of the same method and/or source".

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Communication

Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.

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Communication studies

Communication studies or communication sciences is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication.

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Communications in Statistics

Communications in Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistics.

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Community Identification Number

The Official Municipality Key, formerly also known as the Official Municipality Characteristic Number or Municipality Code Number, is a number sequence for the identification of politically independent municipalities or unincorporated areas.

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Community Innovation Survey

The Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) are a series of surveys executed by national statistical offices throughout the European Union and in Norway and Iceland.

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Comparative bullet-lead analysis

Comparative bullet-lead analysis (CBLA), also known as compositional bullet-lead analysis, is a now discredited and abandoned forensic technique which used chemistry to link crime scene bullets to ones possessed by suspects on the theory that each batch of lead had a unique elemental makeup.

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Comparative politics

Comparative politics is a field in political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.

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Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification

This is a conversion chart showing how the Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress Classification systems organize resources by concept, in part for the purpose of assigning call numbers.

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Comparison of statistical packages

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of statistical analysis packages.

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Comparison of statistics journals

This is a comparison of peer-reviewed scientific journals published in the field of statistics.

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Complete spatial randomness

Complete spatial randomness (CSR) describes a point process whereby point events occur within a given study area in a completely random fashion.

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Completeness (statistics)

In statistics, completeness is a property of a statistic in relation to a model for a set of observed data.

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Complex random variable

In probability theory and statistics, complex random variables are a generalization of real-valued random variables to complex numbers, i.e. the possible values a complex random variable may take are complex numbers.

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Complex random vector

In probability theory and statistics, a complex random vector is typically a tuple of complex-valued random variables, and generally is a random variable taking values in a vector space over the field of complex numbers.

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Complex Wishart distribution

In statistics, the complex Wishart distribution is a complex version of the Wishart distribution.

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Complexity index

Besides complexity intended as a difficulty to compute a function (see computational complexity), in modern computer science and in statistics another complexity index of a function stands for denoting its information content, in turn affecting the difficulty of learning the function from examples.

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Composite

Composite or compositing may refer to.

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Compositional data

In statistics, compositional data are quantitative descriptions of the parts of some whole, conveying relative information.

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Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration

The Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration was set up in 1971, laying the guidelines for Comecon activity until 1990.

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CompStat

CompStat—or COMPSTAT—(short for COMPare STATistics, which was the computer file name of the original program) is a combination of management, philosophy, and organizational management tools for police departments.

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Computational anatomy

Computational anatomy is an interdisciplinary field of biology focused on quantitative investigation and modelling of anatomical shapes variability.

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Computational and Statistical Genetics

The interdisciplinary research field of Computational and Statistical Genetics uses the latest approaches in genomics, quantitative genetics, computational sciences, bioinformatics and statistics to develop and apply computationally efficient and statistically robust methods to sort through increasingly rich and massive genome wide data sets to identify complex genetic patterns, gene functionalities and interactions, disease and phenotype associations involving the genomes of various organisms.

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Computational archaeology

Computational archaeology describes computer-based analytical methods for the study of long-term human behaviour and behavioural evolution.

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Computational biology

Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems.

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Computational informatics

Computational informatics is a subfield of informatics that emphasizes issues in the design of computing solutions rather than its underlying infrastructure.

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Computational statistics

Computational statistics, or statistical computing, is the interface between statistics and computer science.

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Computational Statistics & Data Analysis

Computational Statistics & Data Analysis is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on and applications of computational statistics and data analysis.

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Computer experiment

A computer experiment or simulation experiment is an experiment used to study a computer simulation, also referred to as an in silico system.

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Computer vision

Computer vision is a field that deals with how computers can be made for gaining high-level understanding from digital images or videos.

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Computer-aided audit tools

Computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs) or computer-assisted audit tools and techniques (CAATTs) is a growing field within the IT audit profession.

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Concentration parameter

In probability theory and statistics, a concentration parameter is a special kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of probability distributions.

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Concept inventory

A concept inventory is a criterion-referenced test designed to help determine whether a student has an accurate working knowledge of a specific set of concepts.

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Concept mining

Concept mining is an activity that results in the extraction of concepts from artifacts.

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Concomitant (statistics)

In statistics, the concept of a concomitant, also called the induced order statistic, arises when one sorts the members of a random sample according to corresponding values of another random sample.

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Concordance correlation coefficient

In statistics, the concordance correlation coefficient measures the agreement between two variables, e.g., to evaluate reproducibility or for inter-rater reliability.

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Concordant pair

In statistics, a concordant pair is a pair of observations, each on two variables, and, having the property that where "sgn" refers to whether a number is positive, zero, or negative (its sign).

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Conditional change model

The conditional change model in statistics is the analytic procedure in which change scores are regressed on baseline values, together with the explanatory variables of interest (often including indicators of treatment groups).

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Conditional probability distribution

In probability theory and statistics, given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y, the conditional probability distribution of Y given X is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value; in some cases the conditional probabilities may be expressed as functions containing the unspecified value x of X as a parameter.

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Conditional probability table

In statistics, the conditional probability table (CPT) is defined for a set of discrete and mutually dependent random variables to display conditional probabilities of a single variable with respect to the others (i.e., the probability of each possible value of one variable if we know the values taken on by the other variables).

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Conditional variance

In probability theory and statistics, a conditional variance is the variance of a random variable given the value(s) of one or more other variables.

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Conference matrix

In mathematics, a conference matrix (also called a C-matrix) is a square matrix C with 0 on the diagonal and +1 and −1 off the diagonal, such that CTC is a multiple of the identity matrix I. Thus, if the matrix has order n, CTC.

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Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

The Conference and Workshop on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) is a machine learning and computational neuroscience conference held every December.

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Confidence and prediction bands

A confidence band is used in statistical analysis to represent the uncertainty in an estimate of a curve or function based on limited or noisy data.

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Confidence interval

In statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a type of interval estimate, computed from the statistics of the observed data, that might contain the true value of an unknown population parameter.

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Confidence region

In statistics, a confidence region is a multi-dimensional generalization of a confidence interval.

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Confirmatory factor analysis

In statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a special form of factor analysis, most commonly used in social research.

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Confuciusornis

Confuciusornis is a genus of primitive crow-sized birds from the Early Cretaceous Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago.

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Confusion and diffusion

In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography. These properties, when present, work to thwart the application of statistics and other methods of cryptanalysis.

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Connected Mathematics

Connected Mathematics is a comprehensive mathematics program intended for U.S. students in grades 6-8.

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Consensus clustering

Clustering is the assignment of objects into groups (called clusters) so that objects from the same cluster are more similar to each other than objects from different clusters.

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Consensus forecast

Used in a number of sciences, ranging from econometrics to meteorology, consensus forecasts are predictions of the future that are created by combining together several separate forecasts which have often been created using different methodologies.

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Consistency (statistics)

In statistics, consistency of procedures, such as computing confidence intervals or conducting hypothesis tests, is a desired property of their behaviour as the number of items in the data set to which they are applied increases indefinitely.

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Consistent estimator

In statistics, a consistent estimator or asymptotically consistent estimator is an estimator—a rule for computing estimates of a parameter θ0—having the property that as the number of data points used increases indefinitely, the resulting sequence of estimates converges in probability to θ0.

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Constantinos Daskalakis

Constantinos Daskalakis (born 1981) is a Professor at MIT's Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department and a member of CSAIL.

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Constraint Composite Graph

The constraint composite graph is a node-weighted undirected graph associated with a given combinatorial optimization problem posed as a weighted constraint satisfaction problem.

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Construction industry of Iran

The construction industry of Iran is divided into two main sections.

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Constructivist epistemology

Constructivist epistemology is a branch in philosophy of science maintaining that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, who seek to measure and construct models of the natural world.

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Consumer's risk

Consumer's risk or Consumer risk is a potential risk found in all consumer-oriented products, that a product not meeting quality standards will pass undetected through the manufacturer's quality control system and enter the consumer marketplace.

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Content analysis

Content analysis is a research method for studying documents and communication artifacts, which might be texts of various formats, pictures, audio or video.

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Contiguity (probability theory)

In probability theory, two sequences of probability measures are said to be contiguous if asymptotically they share the same support.

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Contingency table

In statistics, a contingency table (also known as a cross tabulation or crosstab) is a type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the variables.

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Continuity theorem

In mathematics and statistics, the continuity theorem may refer to one of the following results.

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Continuous or discrete variable

In mathematics, a variable may be continuous or discrete.

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Continuous-time stochastic process

In probability theory and statistics, a continuous-time stochastic process, or a continuous-space-time stochastic process is a stochastic process for which the index variable takes a continuous set of values, as contrasted with a discrete-time process for which the index variable takes only distinct values.

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Contrast (statistics)

In statistics, particularly in analysis of variance and linear regression, a contrast is a linear combination of variables (parameters or statistics) whose coefficients add up to zero, allowing comparison of different treatments.

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Controlling for a variable

In statistics, controlling for a variable is the attempt to reduce the effect of confounding variables in an observational study or experiment.

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Convergence of measures

In mathematics, more specifically measure theory, there are various notions of the convergence of measures.

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Convergence of random variables

In probability theory, there exist several different notions of convergence of random variables.

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Convex hull

In mathematics, the convex hull or convex envelope or convex closure of a set X of points in the Euclidean plane or in a Euclidean space (or, more generally, in an affine space over the reals) is the smallest convex set that contains X. For instance, when X is a bounded subset of the plane, the convex hull may be visualized as the shape enclosed by a rubber band stretched around X., p. 3.

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Convex optimization

Convex optimization is a subfield of optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets.

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Convolution

In mathematics (and, in particular, functional analysis) convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions (f and g) to produce a third function, that is typically viewed as a modified version of one of the original functions, giving the integral of the pointwise multiplication of the two functions as a function of the amount that one of the original functions is translated.

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Convolution of probability distributions

The convolution of probability distributions arises in probability theory and statistics as the operation in terms of probability distributions that corresponds to the addition of independent random variables and, by extension, to forming linear combinations of random variables.

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Convolution random number generator

In statistics and computer software, a convolution random number generator is a pseudo-random number sampling method that can be used to generate random variates from certain classes of probability distribution.

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Conway–Maxwell–binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Conway–Maxwell–binomial (CMB) distribution is a three parameter discrete probability distribution that generalises the binomial distribution in an analogous manner to the way that the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution generalises the Poisson distribution.

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Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson (CMP or COM–Poisson) distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Richard W. Conway, William L. Maxwell, and Siméon Denis Poisson that generalizes the Poisson distribution by adding a parameter to model overdispersion and underdispersion.

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Cook's distance

In statistics, Cook's distance or Cook's D is a commonly used estimate of the influence of a data point when performing a least-squares regression analysis.

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Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies

The Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies (Instituttet for Fremtidsforskning) is Denmark's and one of Scandinavia's largest Futures Studies think tanks.

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Cophenetic correlation

In statistics, and especially in biostatistics, cophenetic correlation (more precisely, the cophenetic correlation coefficient) is a measure of how faithfully a dendrogram preserves the pairwise distances between the original unmodeled data points.

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COPSS Presidents' Award

The COPSS Presidents' Award, often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Statistics", is given annually by the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies to a person under the age of 41, in recognition of outstanding contributions to the profession of statistics.

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Copula (probability theory)

In probability theory and statistics, a copula is a multivariate probability distribution for which the marginal probability distribution of each variable is uniform.

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Coramae Richey Mann

Coramae Richey Mann (1931–2004) was a professor emeritus of criminal justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

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Cornell University Department of History

The Cornell University Department of History is an academic department in the College of Arts and Sciences at Cornell University that focuses on the study of history.

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Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations

The New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University (ILR) is an industrial relations school at Cornell University, located in Ithaca, New York, United States.

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Correction for attenuation

Correction for attenuation is a statistical procedure, due to Spearman (1904), to "rid a correlation coefficient from the weakening effect of measurement error" (Jensen, 1998), a phenomenon known as regression dilution.

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Correlation and dependence

In statistics, dependence or association is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data.

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Correlation does not imply causation

In statistics, many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated, it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other.

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Correlation ratio

In statistics, the correlation ratio is a measure of the relationship between the statistical dispersion within individual categories and the dispersion across the whole population or sample.

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Correspondence analysis

Correspondence analysis (CA) or reciprocal averaging is a multivariate statistical technique proposed by Hirschfeld and later developed by Jean-Paul Benzécri.

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Coskewness

In probability theory and statistics, coskewness is a measure of how much three random variables change together.

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Cosma Shalizi

Cosma Rohilla Shalizi (born February 28, 1974) is an associate professor in the Department of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.

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Cosmic distance ladder

The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects.

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Cosmic variance

The term cosmic variance is the statistical uncertainty inherent in observations of the universe at extreme distances.

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Counseling psychology

Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied work in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health.

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Count data

In statistics, count data is a statistical data type, a type of data in which the observations can take only the non-negative integer values, and where these integers arise from counting rather than ranking.

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Counternull

In statistics, and especially in the statistical analysis of psychological data, the counternull is a statistic used to aid the understanding and presentation of research results.

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Covariance

In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables.

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Covariance and correlation

In probability theory and statistics, the mathematical concepts of covariance and correlation are very similar.

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Covariance function

In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of how much two variables change together, and the covariance function, or kernel, describes the spatial or temporal covariance of a random variable process or field.

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Covariance mapping

In statistics, covariance mapping is an extension of the covariance concept from random variables to random functions.

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Covariance matrix

In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as dispersion matrix or variance–covariance matrix) is a matrix whose element in the i, j position is the covariance between the i-th and j-th elements of a random vector.

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Cramér's V

In statistics, Cramér's V (sometimes referred to as Cramér's phi and denoted as φc) is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value between 0 and +1 (inclusive).

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Cramér–Rao bound

In estimation theory and statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound (CRB), Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB), Cramér–Rao inequality, Frechet–Darmois–Cramér–Rao inequality, or information inequality expresses a lower bound on the variance of unbiased estimators of a deterministic (fixed, though unknown) parameter.

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Cramér–von Mises criterion

In statistics the Cramér–von Mises criterion is a criterion used for judging the goodness of fit of a cumulative distribution function F^* compared to a given empirical distribution function F_n, or for comparing two empirical distributions.

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Crazy Arcade

Crazy Arcade (Korean: 크레이지 아케이드) is a free Korean online multiplayer game developed by Nexon.

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Credibility theory

Credibility theory is a form of statistical inference that uses newly observed past events to more accurately reforecast uncertain future events.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

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Crime analysis

Crime analysis is a law enforcement function that involves systematic analysis for identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime and disorder.

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Crime mapping

Crime mapping is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns.

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Crime science

Crime science is the study of crime in order to find ways to prevent it.

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Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory

Critical-Creative Thinking and Behavioral Research Laboratory (ELYADAL) was founded in March 2002 as a branch in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.

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Criticism of college and university rankings (2007 United States)

Criticism of college and university rankings (2007 United States) refers to a 2007 movement which developed among faculty and administrators in American Institutions of Higher Education.

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Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)

Criticism of college and university rankings refers to movements which developed among faculty and administrators in American Institutions of Higher Education as well as in Canada.

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Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries.

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Cronbach's alpha

In statistics (classical test theory), Cronbach's \alpha (alpha) is the trivial name used for tau-equivalent reliability (\rho_T)Cho (2016), https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428116656239 as a (lowerbound) estimate of the reliability of a psychometric test.

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Cross-correlation

In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other.

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Cross-covariance

In probability and statistics, given two stochastic processes X.

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Cross-cultural

Cross-cultural may refer to.

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Cross-sectional data

Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time.

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Cross-sectional regression

In statistics and econometrics, a cross-sectional regression is a type of regression in which the explained and explanatory variables are associated with one period or point in time.

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Cross-validation (statistics)

Cross-validation, sometimes called rotation estimation, or out-of-sample testing is any of various similar model validation techniques for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set.

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Crossover study

A crossover study, also referred to as a crossover trial, is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures).

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CRR

CRR may refer to.

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Crucified Boy

"Crucified Boy" was the news episode that was officially titled "A refugee from Sloviansk recalls how a little son and a wife of a militiaman were executed in front of her" and was shown on the state-owned Channel One Russia during the War in Donbass, on July 12, 2014.

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Crude

Crude can refer to.

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Cryptanalysis

Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of analyzing information systems in order to study the hidden aspects of the systems.

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Cryptography

Cryptography or cryptology (from κρυπτός|translit.

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Culture Day

is a national holiday held annually in Japan on November 3 for the purpose of promoting culture, the arts, and academic endeavor.

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Culturomics

Culturomics is a form of computational lexicology that studies human behavior and cultural trends through the quantitative analysis of digitized texts.

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CumFreq

In statistics and data analysis the application software CumFreq is a tool for cumulative frequency analysis of a single variable and for probability distribution fitting.

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Cumulant

In probability theory and statistics, the cumulants of a probability distribution are a set of quantities that provide an alternative to the moments of the distribution.

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Cumulative distribution function

In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF, also cumulative density function) of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution function of X, evaluated at x, is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x. In the case of a continuous distribution, it gives the area under the probability density function from minus infinity to x. Cumulative distribution functions are also used to specify the distribution of multivariate random variables.

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Cunningham function

In statistics, the Cunningham function or Pearson–Cunningham function ωm,n(x) is a generalisation of a special function introduced by and studied in the form here by.

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CUNY Graduate School of Journalism

The City University of New York's CUNY Graduate School of Journalism is a public graduate journalism school located in New York City.

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Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Statistics

Stats for curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

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Current Index to Statistics

The Current Index to Statistics is an online database published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association that contains bibliographic data of articles in statistics, probability, and related fields.

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Cuzick–Edwards test

In statistics, the Cuzick–Edwards test is a significance test whose aim is to detect the possible clustering of sub-populations within a clustered or non-uniformly-spread overall population.

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Cynthia Chua

Cynthia Chua (born 1972) is a Singaporean businesswoman who is the founder and CEO of Spa Esprit Group.

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Cyrus Derman

Cyrus Derman (July 16, 1925 – April 27, 2011) was an American mathematician and amateur musician who did research in Markov decision process, stochastic processes, operations research, statistics and a variety of other fields.

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Czech Statistical Office

The Czech Statistical Office (Český statistický úřad) is the main organization which collects, analyzes and disseminates statistical information for the benefit of the various parts of the local and national governments of the Czech Republic.

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D'Agostino's K-squared test

In statistics, D’Agostino’s K2 test, named for Ralph D'Agostino, is a goodness-of-fit measure of departure from normality, that is the test aims to establish whether or not the given sample comes from a normally distributed population.

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D. Balakrishna

D.

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D. Raghavarao

Damaraju Raghavarao (1938–2013) was an Indian-born statistician, formerly the Laura H. Carnell professor of statistics and chair of the department of statistics at Temple University in Philadelphia.

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DADiSP

DADiSP (Data Analysis and Display, pronounced day-disp) is a numerical computing environment developed by DSP Development Corporation which allows one to display and manipulate data series, matrices and images with an interface similar to a spreadsheet.

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Daizangi (Hazara tribe)

Daizangi (or Dhaizangi), (دایزنگی), is one of the major tribe of the Hazaras of Hazarajat in central Afghanistan.

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Dalandanan National High School

Dalandanan National High School is a secondary school in Valenzuela City.

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DAMP Project

The Downrange Anti-missile Measurement Program or DAMP was an applied research project to obtain scientific data, just prior to and during re-entry, on intermediate- and intercontinental-range ballistic missiles as they returned to earth.

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Dan Academic Center

Dan Academic Center (Hebrew: מרכז אקדמי דן Merkaz Akademi Dan) is an Israeli higher education institute that specializes in the high tech and IT industry fields.

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Daniel Bernoulli

Daniel Bernoulli FRS (8 February 1700 – 17 March 1782) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family.

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Daniel Gianola

Daniel Gianola (born 16 May 1947) is a geneticist based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA), reputed for his contributions in quantitative genetics to the fields of animal and plant breeding.

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Daniel J. Bauer

Daniel John Bauer (born June 29, 1973) is an American statistician, professor, and director of the quantitative psychology program at the University of North Carolina, where he is also on the faculty at the Center for Developmental Science.

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Daniel Nagin

Daniel Steven Nagin (born November 29, 1948) is an American criminologist, statistician, and the Teresa and H. John Heinz III University Professor of Public Policy and Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College.

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Daniel Pearl

Daniel Pearl (October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was a journalist for The Wall Street Journal with American and Israeli citizenship.

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Danny Dorling

Danny Dorling (born 16 January 1968) is a British social geographer and is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography of the School of Geography and the Environment of the University of Oxford.

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DAP (software)

Dap is a statistics and graphics program based on the C programming language that performs data management, analysis, and C-style graphical visualization tasks without requiring complex syntax.

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Darcy's law for multiphase flow

Morris Muskat et al.

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Das Problem der Willensfreiheit in der neuesten deutschen Philosophie

Das Problem der Willensfreiheit in der neuesten deutschen Philosophie (English: The problem of free will within the newest German philosophy) is a book written by Dr.

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Data

Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables.

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Data analysis techniques for fraud detection

Fraud is a billion-dollar business and it is increasing every year.

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Data cleansing

Data cleansing or data cleaning is the process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database and refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate or irrelevant parts of the data and then replacing, modifying, or deleting the dirty or coarse data.

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Data Desk

Data Desk is a software program for visual data analysis, visual data exploration, and statistics.

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Data generating process

The term data generating process is used in statistical and scientific literature to convey a number of different ideas.

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Data journalism

Data journalism is a journalism specialty reflecting the increased role that numerical data is used in the production and distribution of information in the digital era.

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Data mining

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

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Data processing

Data processing is, generally, "the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information." In this sense it can be considered a subset of information processing, "the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer." Data processing is distinct from word processing, which is manipulation of text specifically rather than data generally.

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Data processing system

A data processing system is a combination of machines, people, and processes that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs.

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Data science

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data in various forms, both structured and unstructured, similar to data mining.

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Data set

A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data.

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Data transformation (statistics)

In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set — that is, each data point zi is replaced with the transformed value yi.

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Data visualization

Data visualiation or data visualiation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication.

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Dataplot

Dataplot is a public domain software system for scientific visualization and statistical analysis.

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Dave Aitel

Dave Aitel is a computer security professional.

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Dave Cousins

Dave Cousins (born David Joseph Hindson, 7 January 1945, Hounslow, Middlesex, England) is an English singer and songwriter, who has been the leader, singer and most-active songwriter of Strawbs since 1967.

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David A. Freedman

David Amiel Freedman (5 March 1938 – 17 October 2008) was Professor of Statistics at the University of California, Berkeley.

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David Bakan

David Bakan (April 23, 1921 in New York City – October 18, 2004 in Toronto) was an American psychologist.

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David Blackwell

David Harold Blackwell (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American statistician and mathematician who made significant contributions to game theory, probability theory, information theory, and Bayesian statistics.

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David Clayton

David George Clayton, born 13 June 1944, is a British statistician and epidemiologist.

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David Dickey

David Alan Dickey (born c. 1945) is an American statistician who has specialised in time series analysis.

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David Dodd

David LeFevre Dodd (August 23, 1895 – September 18, 1988) was an American educator, financial analyst, author, economist, professional investor, and in his student years, a of, and as a postgraduate, close colleague of Benjamin Graham at Columbia Business School.

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David George Kendall

David George Kendall FRS (15 January 1918 – 23 October 2007) was an English statistician and mathematician, known for his work on probability, statistical shape analysis, ley lines and queueing theory.

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David Hand (statistician)

David John Hand OBE FBA (born 30 June 1950 in Peterborough at Debrett's ''People of Today''. Accessed 2011-01-27.) is a British statistician.

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David J. Thomson

David J. Thomson is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Queen's University in Ontario and a Canada Research Chair in Statistics and Signal Processing, formerly a member of the technical staff at Bell Labs.

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David Legates

David Russell Legates is an American climatologist and professor of geography at the University of Delaware.

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David Madigan

David Bennett Madigan (born December 11, 1962) is an Irish and American statistician and academic.

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David Mwiraria

David (Daudi) Mwiraria (3 September 1938 – 13 April 2017) was the Minister for Environment and Natural Resources previously Finance Minister of Kenya until December 2007 when Kenya held its General Elections.

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David S. Alberts

David Stephen Alberts (born 1942) is a former American Director of Research for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (OASD) for Networks and Information Integration (NII).

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David Salsburg

David S. Salsburg (born 1931) gained fame as the author of The Lady Tasting Tea, subtitled How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century.

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David Siegmund

David Oliver Siegmund (born November 15, 1941) is an American statistician who has worked extensively on sequential analysis.

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David T. Lykken

David Thoreson Lykken (June 18, 1928 – September 15, 2006) was a behavioral geneticist and Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Minnesota.

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David Tate (broadcaster)

David Helene Tate (born 1952, Washington, D.C.) served as president/CEO of Rantel Research, Inc.

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David Wolpert

David H. Wolpert is an American mathematician, physicist and computer scientist.

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Davis distribution

In statistics, the Davis distributions are a family of continuous probability distributions.

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Davis Rich Dewey

Davis Rich Dewey (April 7, 1858December 13, 1942) was an American economist and statistician.

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Daxcon

Daxcon Engineering, Inc., is a company headquartered in Bartonville, Illinois, that provides engineering and manufacturing consultation to the Defense & Aerospace, Mining & Construction, Automotive, Consumer Products, and Agriculture industries.

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De Finetti diagram

A de Finetti diagram is a ternary plot used in population genetics.

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Deane Terrell

Richard Deane Terrell (born 22 April 1936) is an Australian econometrician and vigneron, was a Rhodes scholar (1959) and Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University (1994–2001).

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Deanna Haunsperger

Deanna Haunsperger is an American mathematician and Professor of Mathematics at Carleton College.

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Death Domain database

The Death Domain database is a secondary database of protein-protein interactions (PPI) of the death domain superfamily.

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Decision rule

In decision theory, a decision rule is a function which maps an observation to an appropriate action.

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Decision theory

Decision theory (or the theory of choice) is the study of the reasoning underlying an agent's choices.

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Decision tree learning

Decision tree learning uses a decision tree (as a predictive model) to go from observations about an item (represented in the branches) to conclusions about the item's target value (represented in the leaves).

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Decomposition of time series

The decomposition of time series is a statistical task that deconstructs a time series into several components, each representing one of the underlying categories of patterns.

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Deconvolution

In mathematics, deconvolution is an algorithm-based process used to reverse the effects of convolution on recorded data.

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Decoupling (probability)

In probability and statistics, decoupling is a reduction of a sample statistic to an average of the statistic evaluated on several independent sequences of the random variable.

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Deductive-nomological model

The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".

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Deep packet inspection

Deep packet inspection is a type of data processing that inspects in detail the data being sent over a computer network, and usually takes action by blocking, re-routing, or logging it accordingly.

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Defeasible reasoning

In logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid.

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Defence Analytical Services and Advice

Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA) was a statistical and economic unit within the MoD, initially created in 1992 from various statistics branches within the Ministry of Defence (MoD), as the Defence Analytical Services Agency.

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Defence Services Medical Academy

The Defence Services Medical Academy (DSMA) (တပ်မတော် ဆေး တက္ကသိုလ်), located in Mingaladon, Yangon, is the University of Medicine of the Myanmar Armed Forces.

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Deflator

In statistics, a deflator is a value that allows data to be measured over time in terms of some base period, usually through a price index, in order to distinguish between changes in the money value of a gross national product (GNP) that come from a change in prices, and changes from a change in physical output.

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Degrees of freedom (statistics)

In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.

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Delaware State University

Delaware State University (DSU or Del State), is a historically black, public university in Dover, Delaware.

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Delta method

In statistics, the delta method is a result concerning the approximate probability distribution for a function of an asymptotically normal statistical estimator from knowledge of the limiting variance of that estimator.

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Deming regression

In statistics, Deming regression, named after W. Edwards Deming, is an errors-in-variables model which tries to find the line of best fit for a two-dimensional dataset.

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Democracy (Numbers)

"Democracy" is the 18th episode of the third season of the American television show Numb3rs.

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Democratic peace theory

Democratic peace theory is a theory which posits that democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies.

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Demoex

Demoex, an appellation short for democracy experiment, is a local Swedish political party and an experiment with direct democracy in Vallentuna, a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden.

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Demographic analysis

Demographic analysis includes the sets of methods that allow us to measure the dimensions and dynamics of populations.

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Demographic history of Poland

The Poles come from different West Slavic tribes living on territories belonging later to Poland in the early Middle Ages (see: Prehistory of Poland).

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Dendrometry

Dendrometry is the branch of botany that is concerned with the measurement of the various dimensions of trees, such as their diameter, size, shape, age, overall volume, thickness of the bark, etc., as well as the statistical properties of tree stands, including measures of central tendency and dispersion of these quantities, wood density, or yearly growth, for instance.

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Dennis Howitt

Dennis Howitt is a British psychologist.

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Density estimation

In probability and statistics, density estimation is the construction of an estimate, based on observed data, of an unobservable underlying probability density function.

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Dental degree

There are a number of professional degrees in dentistry offered by dental schools in various countries around the world.

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Deomyinae

The subfamily Deomyinae consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents that were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.

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Descriptive statistics

A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics.

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Design effect

In statistics, the design effect (or estimates of unit variance) is an adjustment used in some kinds of studies, such as cluster randomised trials, to allow for the design structure.

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Design matrix

In statistics, a design matrix, also known as model matrix or regressor matrix, is a matrix of values of explanatory variables of a set of objects, often denoted by X. Each row represents an individual object, with the successive columns corresponding to the variables and their specific values for that object.

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Design of experiments

The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation.

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Detrended correspondence analysis

Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) is a multivariate statistical technique widely used by ecologists to find the main factors or gradients in large, species-rich but usually sparse data matrices that typify ecological community data.

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Deutscher Sportclub für Fußballstatistiken

The Deutscher Sportclub für Fußballstatistiken e.V., (English: German sports club for football statistics) short DSFS is an association dedicated to collecting and publishing German football statistics, similar to the RSSSF, and is a member of the German Olympic Society.

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Deviance (statistics)

In statistics, deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing.

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Deviation (statistics)

In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean.

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DevInfo

DevInfo is a database system developed under the auspices of the United Nations and endorsed by the United Nations Development Group for monitoring human development with the specific purpose of monitoring the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is a set of Human Development Indicators.

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Dhvani Desai

Dhvani Desai (born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) is an Indian animation filmmaker and a poet.

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Dialectometry

Dialectometry is the quantitative and computational branch of dialectology, the study of dialect.

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Dichotomy

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).

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Dickens Hall

Dickens Hall is a historical building at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas.

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Dickey–Fuller test

In statistics, the Dickey–Fuller test tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in an autoregressive model.

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Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences

The Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dietrich College or DC) is the liberal and professional studies college and the second largest academic unit by enrollment (after the Mellon College of Science) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

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Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences

The School of Arts and Sciences (SAS), which students are now required to call the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in all communications, is one of the 17 schools and colleges of University of Pittsburgh located in Pittsburgh, PA.

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Difference in differences

Difference in differences (DID or DD) is a statistical technique used in econometrics and quantitative research in the social sciences that attempts to mimic an experimental research design using observational study data, by studying the differential effect of a treatment on a 'treatment group' versus a 'control group' in a natural experiment.

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Differential geometry

Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry.

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Differential item functioning

Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical characteristic of an item that shows the extent to which the item might be measuring different abilities for members of separate subgroups.

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Diffusion process

In probability theory and statistics, a diffusion process is a solution to a stochastic differential equation.

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Digital humanities

Digital humanities (DH) is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities.

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Dimensionality reduction

In statistics, machine learning, and information theory, dimensionality reduction or dimension reduction is the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables.

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Dimensionless quantity

In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.

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Dinakar Mashnu Salunke

Dinakar Mashnu Salunke (ದಿನಕರ್ ಮಷ್ಣು ಸಾಳುಂಕೆ, दिनकर मश्नु सालुंके) (Dinkar M. Salunke) is an eminent immunologist and a structural biologist born and brought up at Belgaum, Karnataka, India.

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Dirac delta function

In mathematics, the Dirac delta function (function) is a generalized function or distribution introduced by the physicist Paul Dirac.

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Direcção Nacional de Estatística

Direcção Nacional de Estatística (Portuguese for National Directorate of Statistics) or DNE is the national bureau for statistics of East Timor.

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Direct methods (electron microscopy)

In crystallography, direct methods is a set of techniques used for structure determination using diffraction data and a priori information.

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Direction générale de la statistique et des études économiques

The Direction générale de la statistique et des études économique (DGSEE) is the official statistical service of Gabon, established in its current form in 1976.

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Directional statistics

Directional statistics (also circular statistics or spherical statistics) is the subdiscipline of statistics that deals with directions (unit vectors in Rn), axes (lines through the origin in Rn) or rotations in Rn.

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Directional symmetry (time series)

In statistical analysis of time series and in signal processing, directional symmetry is a statistical measure of a model's performance in predicting the direction of change, positive or negative, of a time series from one time period to the next.

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Dirichlet distribution

In probability and statistics, the Dirichlet distribution (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet), often denoted \operatorname(\boldsymbol\alpha), is a family of continuous multivariate probability distributions parameterized by a vector \boldsymbol\alpha of positive reals.

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Dirichlet-multinomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Dirichlet-multinomial distribution is a family of discrete multivariate probability distributions on a finite support of non-negative integers.

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Dirty bomb

A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives.

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Discrete uniform distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the discrete uniform distribution is a symmetric probability distribution whereby a finite number of values are equally likely to be observed; every one of n values has equal probability 1/n.

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Discrete Weibull distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the discrete Weibull distribution is the discrete variant of the Weibull distribution.

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Discretization

In mathematics, discretization is the process of transferring continuous functions, models, variables, and equations into discrete counterparts.

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Discretization of continuous features

In statistics and machine learning, discretization refers to the process of converting or partitioning continuous attributes, features or variables to discretized or nominal attributes/features/variables/intervals.

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Discrimination testing

Discrimination testing is a technique employed in sensory analysis to determine whether there is a detectable difference among two or more products.

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Dispersion (water waves)

In fluid dynamics, dispersion of water waves generally refers to frequency dispersion, which means that waves of different wavelengths travel at different phase speeds.

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Displaced Poisson distribution

In statistics, the displaced Poisson, also known as the hyper-Poisson distribution, is a generalization of the Poisson distribution.

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Distance

Distance is a numerical measurement of how far apart objects are.

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Distance correlation

In statistics and in probability theory, distance correlation or distance covariance is a measure of dependence between two paired random vectors of arbitrary, not necessarily equal, dimension.

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Distributed lag

In statistics and econometrics, a distributed lag model is a model for time series data in which a regression equation is used to predict current values of a dependent variable based on both the current values of an explanatory variable and the lagged (past period) values of this explanatory variable.

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Distribution learning theory

The distributional learning theory or learning of probability distribution is a framework in computational learning theory.

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District Planning in Kerala

District Planning is the process of planning covering all local governments in a district based on a district-level development policy and integrating the district and sub-district plans of all the local governments into a consolidated district plan which will later be integrated with the state plan.

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Districts of Samoa

Samoa is made up of eleven itūmālō (political districts).

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Divergence (statistics)

In statistics and information geometry, divergence or a contrast function is a function which establishes the "distance" of one probability distribution to the other on a statistical manifold.

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Dixon's Q test

In statistics, Dixon's Q test, or simply the Q test, is used for identification and rejection of outliers.

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Dmitry Kramkov

Dmitry O. Kramkov (Дмитрий O. Крамков) is a Russian mathematician at Carnegie Mellon University.

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DNA microarray

A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.

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Document retrieval

Document retrieval is defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set of free-text records.

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Dominique Picard

Dominique Brigitte Picard (born March 3, 1952) is a French mathematician who works as a professor in the Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires of Paris Diderot University.

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Donald A. S. Fraser

Donald Alexander Stuart Fraser, O.C. (born April 29, 1925) is a Canadian statistician, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto.

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Donald Andrews

Donald Wilfrid Kao Andrews (born 1955) is a Canadian economist.

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Donald Angus MacKenzie

Donald Angus MacKenzie (born 5 May 1950) is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences

The Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, also known colloquially as UCI's School of ICS or simply the Bren School, is an academic unit of University of California, Irvine (UCI), and the only dedicated school of computer science in the University of California system.

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Donald Geman

Donald Jay Geman (born September 20, 1943) is an American applied mathematician and a leading researcher in the field of machine learning and pattern recognition.

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Donald J. Wheeler

Donald J. Wheeler is an American author, statistician and expert in quality control.

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Donald Richards (statistician)

Donald St.

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Donald Rubin

Donald Bruce Rubin (born December 22, 1943) is the John L. Loeb Professor of Statistics at Harvard University.

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Donald T. Campbell

Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 5, 1996) was an American social scientist.

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Donna Brogan

Donna Brogan (born July 12, 1939) is an American statistician and professor emeritus of statistics at Emory University.

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Dorothy Lewis Bernstein

Dorothy Lewis Bernstein (April 11, 1914 – February 5, 1988) was an American mathematician known for her work in applied mathematics, statistics, computer programming, and her research on the Laplace transform.

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Dorret Boomsma

Dorret I. Boomsma (born 18 November 1957, Huizen, The Netherlands) is a Dutch biological psychologist specializing in genetics and twin studies.

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Dot plot (statistics)

A dot chart or dot plot is a statistical chart consisting of data points plotted on a fairly simple scale, typically using filled in circles.

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Double exponential distribution

In statistics, the double exponential distribution may refer to.

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Double mass analysis

Double mass analysis is a commonly used data analysis approach for investigating the behaviour of records made of hydrological or meteorological data at a number of locations.

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Douglas Wiens

Douglas Paul Wiens is a Canadian statistician; he is a professor in the Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Alberta.

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Drainage research

Drainage research is the study of agricultural drainage systems and their effects to arrive at optimal system design.

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Dream Craft

Dream Craft (Abbreviated as DC) is a Japanese-American fantasy role-playing game (RPG), published by Wizards of the Coast and originally created and designed by Salohcin Tims.

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Drinking water quality standards

Drinking water quality standards describes the quality parameters set for drinking water.

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Drought

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.

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Dubai Statistics Center

Dubai Statistics Center specializes in the construction of a modern and comprehensive statistical system and shall be the only official source for the collection, analysis and publication of statistical information and data in the Emirate of Dubai (UAE) adopting harmonized methodological international standards in the collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistical data according to the following: 1- The collection, updating, maintenance, and protection of statistical data and information on the Emirate from all sources of data.

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Dublin School

The Dublin School is a preparatory private high school with a student body of 159.

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Dummy variable (statistics)

In statistics and econometrics, particularly in regression analysis, a dummy variable (also known as an indicator variable, design variable, Boolean indicator, binary variable, or qualitative variable) is one that takes the value 0 or 1 to indicate the absence or presence of some categorical effect that may be expected to shift the outcome.

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Dunbar's number

Dunbar's number is a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships—relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person.

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Duncan's new multiple range test

In statistics, Duncan's new multiple range test (MRT) is a multiple comparison procedure developed by David B. Duncan in 1955.

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Dungeon Master's Guide

The Dungeon Master's Guide (DMG or DM's Guide; in earlier editions, the Dungeon Masters Guide or Dungeon Master Guide) is a book of rules for the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons.

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Dungeon Master's Kit

The Dungeon Master's Kit contains rules concerning the arbitration and administration of the fourth edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, and is intended for use primarily or only by the game's Dungeon Master.

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Dungeons & Dragons Online

Dungeons & Dragons Online (DDO) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Turbine for Microsoft Windows and OS X. The game was originally marketed as Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach, then renamed Dungeons & Dragons Online: Eberron Unlimited upon switching to a hybrid free to play model, and was finally rebranded Dungeons & Dragons Online, with the introduction of Forgotten Realms-related content.

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Dunnett's test

In statistics, Dunnett's test is a multiple comparison procedure developed by Canadian statistician Charles Dunnett to compare each of a number of treatments with a single control.

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Durbin–Watson statistic

In statistics, the Durbin–Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the residuals (prediction errors) from a regression analysis.

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Dutch people

The Dutch (Dutch), occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, "Nederlanders"—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands.

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Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality

In the theory of probability and statistics, the Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality predicts how close an empirically determined distribution function will be to the distribution function from which the empirical samples are drawn.

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Dynamic network analysis

Dynamic network analysis (DNA) is an emergent scientific field that brings together traditional social network analysis (SNA), link analysis (LA), social simulation and multi-agent systems (MAS) within network science and network theory.

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E. J. G. Pitman

Edwin James George Pitman (29 October 1897 – 21 July 1993) was an Australian mathematician who made significant contributions to statistics and probability theory.

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E.S. Mittler & Sohn

Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH is a German publishing house founded in 1789.

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East West University

East West University (ইস্ট ওয়েস্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, also known as EWU), is a private university located in Aftabnagar, Dhaka of Bangladesh.

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Ecological correlation

In statistics, an ecological correlation (also spatial correlation) is a correlation between two variables that are group means, in contrast to a correlation between two variables that describe individuals.

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Ecological effects of biodiversity

The diversity of species and genes in ecological communities affects the functioning of these communities.

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Ecological validity (perception)

The ecological validity of a sensory cue in perception is the correlation between the cue (something an organism might be able to measure from the proximal stimulus) and a property of the world (some aspect of the distal stimulus).

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Econometric model

Econometric models are statistical models used in econometrics.

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Econometrics

Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data and is described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical content to economic relations.

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Economic data

Economic data or economic statistics are data (quantitative measures) describing an actual economy, past or present.

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Economic history

Economic history is the study of economies or economic phenomena of the past.

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Economic model

In economics, a model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them.

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Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia

The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia or is an international organization established in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2008 by a formal agreement among Leaders of 16 countries in the East Asian region to conduct research activities and make policy recommendations for further economic integration in the East Asia.

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Economic statistics

Economic statistics is a topic in applied statistics that concerns the collection, processing, compilation, dissemination, and analysis of economic data.

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Economics

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Economics terminology that differs from common usage

In any technical subject, words commonly used in everyday life acquire very specific technical meanings, and confusion can arise when someone is uncertain of the intended meaning of a word.

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Economist

An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.

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Econophysics

Econophysics is an interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.

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ECTS grading scale

The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission.

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Eddy covariance

The eddy covariance (also known as eddy correlation and eddy flux) technique is a key atmospheric measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers.

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Edgar Acuna

Edgar Acuña, (born February 26, 1956), is a Professor of Statistics, Data Mining and Machine Learning at the University of Puerto Rico in UPRM.

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Edison Engineering Development Program

The Edison Engineering Development Program (EEDP) is one of General Electric's six corporate entry level programs.

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Education Data Exchange Network

The Education Data Exchange Network (EDEN) is an automated system designed to support data transfer among state and local education agencies and the United States Department of Education (ED).

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Education in the Netherlands

Education in the Netherlands is characterized by division: education is oriented toward the needs and background of the pupil. Education is divided over schools for different age groups, some of which are divided in streams for different educational levels. Schools are furthermore divided in public, special (religious), and general-special (neutral) schools, although there are also a few private schools. The Dutch grading scale runs from 1 (very poor) to 10 (outstanding). The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), coordinated by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ranks the education in the Netherlands as the 9th best in the world as of 2008, being significantly higher than the OECD average.

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Educational data mining

Educational data mining (EDM) describes a research field concerned with the application of data mining, machine learning and statistics to information generated from educational settings (e.g., universities and intelligent tutoring systems).

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Educational Testing Service

Educational Testing Service (ETS), founded in 1947, is the world's largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization.

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Edward Jones (statistician)

Edward Davis Jones (7 October 185616 February 1920) a Welsh descendant, was a U.S. statistician, mostly known for being the "Jones" in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

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Edward Szturm de Sztrem

Edward Szturm de Sztrem (18 July 1885 in Saint Petersburg – 9 September 1962 in Warsaw) was a Polish statistician and demographer.

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Edward Tufte

Edward Rolf Tufte (born March 14, 1942) is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science at Yale University.

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Edward Vermilye Huntington

Edward Vermilye Huntington (April 26, 1874, Clinton, New York, USANovember 25, 1952, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was an American mathematician.

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Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie

The Eerste Nederlandse Systematisch Ingerichte Encyclopaedie (abbr. E.N.S.I.E., "First Dutch Systematically Arranged Encyclopaedia"), is a Dutch language encyclopaedia in ten volumes of which the first volume appeared in 1946 and the last part, the alphabetical lexicon, in 1952.

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Effect size

In statistics, an effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.

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Effective action

In quantum field theory, the effective action is a modified expression for the action, which takes into account quantum-mechanical corrections, in the following sense: In classical mechanics, the equations of motion can be derived from the action by the principle of stationary action.

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Effective sample size

In statistics, effective sample size is a notion defined for a sample from a distribution when the observations in the sample are correlated or weighted.

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Effects of global warming

The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Efficacy of prayer

The efficacy of prayer is about the outcome of prayer requests.

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Efficiency (statistics)

In the comparison of various statistical procedures, efficiency is a measure of quality of an estimator, of an experimental design, or of a hypothesis testing procedure.

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Efficient estimator

In statistics, an efficient estimator is an estimator that estimates the quantity of interest in some “best possible” manner.

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Egon Pearson

Egon Sharpe Pearson, CBE FRS (11 August 1895 – 12 June 1980) was one of three children and the son of Karl Pearson and, like his father, a leading British statistician.

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Egon Zakrajšek

Egon Zakrajšek (July 7, 1941 – September 2002) was a Slovene mathematician and computer scientist.

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Eigenface

Eigenfaces is the name given to a set of eigenvectors when they are used in the computer vision problem of human face recognition.

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Eindhoven

Eindhoven is a municipality and city in the south of the Netherlands, originally at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender streams.

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Elastic net regularization

In statistics and, in particular, in the fitting of linear or logistic regression models, the elastic net is a regularized regression method that linearly combines the L1 and L2 penalties of the lasso and ridge methods.

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Elżbieta Pleszczyńska

Elżbieta Pleszczyńska (born 20 March 1933) is a Polish full professor of statistics,(in English) http://gradestat.ipipan.waw.pl/english/tworcy.html#pleszczynska activist of disability rights movement.

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Eleanor Glueck

Eleanor Touroff Glueck (April 12, 1898–September 25, 1972) was an American social worker and criminologist.

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Eleanor Josephine Macdonald

Eleanor Josephine Macdonald (4 March 1906 – 26 July 2007) was a pioneer American cancer epidemiologist and cancer researcher influenced and mentored by Edwin Bidwell Wilson and Shields Warren.

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Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.

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Electricity price forecasting

Electricity price forecasting (EPF) is a branch of energy forecasting which focuses on predicting the spot and forward prices in wholesale electricity markets.

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Electromagnetic reverberation chamber

An electromagnetic reverberation chamber (also known as a reverb chamber (RVC) or mode-stirred chamber (MSC)) is an environment for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing and other electromagnetic investigations.

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Electronic field production

Electronic field production (EFP) is a television industry term referring to a video production which takes place in the field, outside of a formal television studio, in a practical location or special venue.

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Electronic Journal of Statistics

The Electronic Journal of Statistics is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Bernoulli Society.

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Eleventh grade

Eleventh grade, junior year, or grade 11 (called Year 12 in the UK) is the eleventh, and for some countries final, grade of secondary schools.

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Eli Heckscher

Eli Filip Heckscher (24 November 1879 – 23 December 1952) was a Swedish political economist and economic historian.

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Elite theory

In political science and sociology, elite theory is a theory of the state that seeks to describe and explain power relationships in contemporary society.

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Ellipse

In mathematics, an ellipse is a curve in a plane surrounding two focal points such that the sum of the distances to the two focal points is constant for every point on the curve.

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Elliptical distribution

In probability and statistics, an elliptical distribution is any member of a broad family of probability distributions that generalize the multivariate normal distribution.

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Elo rating system

The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess.

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Elphinstone College

Elphinstone College is an institution of higher education affiliated to the University of Mumbai.

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Email migration

Email Migration is a process in which an email or multiple email messages are migrated from one email client to another email client.

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Emery N. Brown

Emery Neal Brown, M.D., Ph.D. is an American statistician, neuroscientist and anesthesiologist.

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Emile Waxweiler

Emile Waxweiler (1867–1916) was a Belgian engineer and sociologist.

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Emmanuel Candès

Emmanuel Jean Candès (born 27 April 1970) is a professor of mathematics, statistics, and electrical engineering (by courtesy) at Stanford University, where he is also the Barnum-Simons Chair in Mathematics and Statistics.

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Emmanuel Katongole (businessman)

Emmanuel Katongole is a Ugandan statistician, economist, businessman, entrepreneur, industrialist and philanthropist.

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Emmanuel Noi Omaboe

Emmanuel Noi Omaboe (1930-2005), also known as Oyeeman Wereko Ampem II, was a Ghanaian statesman, economist, statistician,business magnate, philanthropist and chief.

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Empirical algorithmics

In computer science, empirical algorithmics (or experimental algorithmics) is the practice of using empirical methods to study the behavior of algorithms.

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Empirical characteristic function

In statistics, the empirical characteristic function is a numerically calculated approximation to the characteristic function.

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Empirical distribution function

In statistics, an empirical distribution function is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample.

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Empirical likelihood

Empirical likelihood (EL) is an estimation method in statistics.

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Empirical orthogonal functions

In statistics and signal processing, the method of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is a decomposition of a signal or data set in terms of orthogonal basis functions which are determined from the data.

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Empirical research

Empirical research is research using empirical evidence.

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Empirical statistical laws

An empirical statistical law or (in popular terminology) a law of statistics represents a type of behaviour that has been found across a number of datasets and, indeed, across a range of types of data sets.

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Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline.

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Energy cascade

In continuum mechanics, an energy cascade refers to the transfer of energy from large scales of motion to the small scales – called a direct energy cascade.

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Engineering economics

Engineering Economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics concerned with the use and "...application of economic principles" Dharmaraj, E..

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Engineering physics

Engineering physics or engineering science refers to the study of the combined disciplines of physics, mathematics and engineering, particularly computer, nuclear, electrical, electronic, materials or mechanical engineering.

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Engineering statistics

Engineering statistics combines engineering and statistics using scientific methods for analyzing data.

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English historical school of economics

The English historical school of economics, although not nearly as famous as its German counterpart, sought a return of inductive methods in economics, following the triumph of the deductive approach of David Ricardo in the early 19th century.

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Enid Charles

Enid Charles (29 December 1894 – 26 March 1972) was a socialist, feminist and statistician who was a pioneer in the fields of demography and population statistics.

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Enigma (company)

Enigma, a New York-based operational data management and intelligence company.

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Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-American physicist and the creator of the world's first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1.

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ENSAE ParisTech

ENSAE ParisTech (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique) is one of the most prestigious French Grandes Ecoles of engineering and a member of ParisTech (Paris Institute of Technology).

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Ensemble interpretation

The ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics considers the quantum state description to apply only to an ensemble of similarly prepared systems, rather than supposing that it exhaustively represents an individual physical system.

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Ensemble learning

In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance that could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.

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Enterprise feedback management

Enterprise feedback management (EFM) is a system of processes and software that enables organizations to centrally manage deployment of surveys while dispersing authoring and analysis throughout an organization.

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Entropy (arrow of time)

Entropy is the only quantity in the physical sciences (apart from certain rare interactions in particle physics; see below) that requires a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time.

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Environmental data

Environmental data is that which is based on the measurement of environmental pressures, the state of the environment and the impacts on ecosystems.

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Environmental engineering science

Environmental engineering science (EES) is a multidisciplinary field of engineering science that combines the biological, chemical and physical sciences with the field of engineering.

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Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment.

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Environmental protection expenditure accounts

Environmental protection expenditure account (EPEA) is a statistical framework that describes environmental activities in monetary terms and organises these statistics into a full set of accounts, just like that of the national accounts.

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Environmental statistics

Environment statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science.

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Epidata

EpiData is a group of applications used in combination for creating documented data structures and analysis of quantitative data.

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Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where) and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations.

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Epitome (data processing)

An epitome, in data processing, is a condensed digital representation of the essential statistical properties of ordered datasets such as matrices that represent images, audio signals, videos or genetic sequences.

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Epsilon

Epsilon (uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid<!-- not close-mid, see Arvanti (1999) - Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek. --> front unrounded vowel.

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Epsilon Aurigae

Epsilon Aurigae (ε Aurigae, abbreviated Eps Aur, ε Aur) is a multiple star system in the northern constellation of Auriga.

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Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity arises from the similar treatment of all people, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.

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EQUATOR Network

The EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network is an international initiative aimed at promoting transparent and accurate reporting of health research studies to enhance the value and reliability of medical research literature.

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Equiprobability

Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of occurring.

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Eran Elhaik

Eran Elhaik (born 1980 in Israel) is an Israeli-American geneticist and bioinformatician.

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Erastus L. De Forest

Erastus Lyman De Forest (1834–1888) was an American mathematician, who studied at Yale University.

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Erez Lieberman Aiden

Erez Lieberman Aiden (born 1980), formerly known as Erez Lieberman, is an American research scientist active in multiple fields related to applied mathematics.

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Ergodic hypothesis

In physics and thermodynamics, the ergodic hypothesis says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a system in some region of the phase space of microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time.

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Erhard Fernholz

Erhard Fernholz (born Friedrich August Erhard Fernholz on June 9, 1909 in Hiddenhausen, Westphalia (Germany) died December 14, 1940 in Princeton, New Jersey (USA)) was a German chemist and investigator of sterols and bile acids.

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Eric Bradlow

Eric Thomas Bradlow is K.P. Chao Professor, Professor of Marketing, Statistics, Education and Economics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and faculty director of the Wharton Customer Analytics Initiative.

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Eric Jakeman

Eric Jakeman (born 1939) is a British mathematical physicist specialising in the statistics and quantum statistics of waves.

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Eric W. Weisstein

Eric Wolfgang Weisstein (born March 18, 1969) is an encyclopedist who created and maintains MathWorld and Eric Weisstein's World of Science (ScienceWorld).

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Erich Leo Lehmann

Erich Leo Lehmann (20 November 1917 – 12 September 2009) was an American statistician, who made a major contribution to nonparametric hypothesis testing.

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Erich Neuwirth

Erich Neuwirth (born October 17, 1948) is a professor emeritus of statistics and computer science at the University of Vienna.

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Erna Solberg

Erna Solberg (born 24 February 1961) is a Norwegian politician serving as Prime Minister of Norway since October 2013 and Leader of the Conservative Party since May 2004.

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Ernesto Cordero Arroyo

Ernesto Javier Cordero Arroyo is a Mexican politician (born on May 9, 1968).

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Ernesto Estrada

Ernesto Estrada (born 2 May 1966) is a Cuban-Spanish scientist.

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Ernesto Mordecki

Ernesto Mordecki Pupko (born 6 October 1962) is a Uruguayan mathematician and professor.

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Erosion prediction

There are dozens of erosion prediction models.

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Error

An error (from the Latin error, meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect.

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Error analysis (mathematics)

In mathematics, error analysis is the study of kind and quantity of error, or uncertainty, that may be present in the solution to a problem.

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Error function

In mathematics, the error function (also called the Gauss error function) is a special function (non-elementary) of sigmoid shape that occurs in probability, statistics, and partial differential equations describing diffusion.

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Error term

In mathematics and statistics, an error term is an additive type of error.

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Errors and residuals

In statistics and optimization, errors and residuals are two closely related and easily confused measures of the deviation of an observed value of an element of a statistical sample from its "theoretical value".

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Errors-in-variables models

In statistics, errors-in-variables models or measurement error models are regression models that account for measurement errors in the independent variables.

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ESSG

ESSG is an acronym for the Global Statistics Service, the major "section" of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization - Statistics Division.

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Estate Khmaladze

Estate V. Khmaladze (ესტატე ხმალაძე, born October 20, 1944, Tbilisi, Georgia) is a Georgian statistician.

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Estimation of covariance matrices

In statistics, sometimes the covariance matrix of a multivariate random variable is not known but has to be estimated.

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Estimation theory

Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component.

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Estimator

In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given quantity based on observed data: thus the rule (the estimator), the quantity of interest (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are distinguished.

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Estonian Forest Aid

Estonian Forest Aid (EFA, Estonian: Eesti Metsa Abiks, alternative English translation: Helping Estonia's Forests) is an Estonian civic movement which advocates sustainable forest management and draws attention to problems associated with Estonian forestry policy in general.

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Eta

Eta (uppercase, lowercase; ἦτα ē̂ta or ήτα ita) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Ethnic origin

The concept of ethnic origin is an attempt to classify people, not according to their current nationality, but according to commonalities in their social background.

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Euler (software)

Euler (now Euler Mathematical Toolbox or EuMathT) is a free and open-source numerical software package.

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European colonisation of Southeast Asia

European colonisation of Southeast Asia began as Western influence started to enter the area around the 16th century, when the Dutch and Portuguese were attracted by the lucrative spice trade.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

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European Joint Master degree in Economics

The European Joint Master degree in Economics provides a rigorous education in fundamental quantitative tools by combining economic theory with related quantitative disciplines such as Econometrics, Finance, Actuarial Science, Probability, Statistics, Mathematical Modeling, Computation and Simulation, Experimental Design, and Political Science, managed by consortia of higher education institutions from the European Union.

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European Master on Software Engineering

The European Master on Software Engineering, or European Masters Programme in Software Engineering (new name since 2015) (EMSE) is a two-year joint Master of Science (Msc) program coordinated by four European universities (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Technical University of Madrid, Kaiserslautern University of Technology, University of Oulu), funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union.

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European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer

The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) is an international non-profit organization with a scientific goal created in 1962 by European cancer specialists.

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Evaluation

Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards.

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Evaluation measures (information retrieval)

Evaluation measures for an information retrieval system are used to assess how well the search results satisfied the user's query intent.

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Evan Esar

Evan Esar (1899–1995) was an American humorist who wrote "Esar's Comic Dictionary" in 1943, "Humorous English" in 1961, and "20,000 Quips and Quotes" in 1968.

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Evangelos Katsioulis

Evangelos Katsioulis (born 19 January 1976, Ioannina, Greece) is a physician specializing in psychiatry.

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Evans Hall (UC Berkeley)

Evans Hall is the statistics, economics, and mathematics building at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Evelyn Fix

Evelyn Fix (January 27, 1904 – December 30, 1965) was a statistician.

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Evidential reasoning approach

In decision theory, the evidential reasoning approach (ER) is a generic evidence-based multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach for dealing with problems having both quantitative and qualitative criteria under various uncertainties including ignorance and randomness.

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Evolutionary grade

In alpha taxonomy, a grade is a taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity.

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Evolve (video game)

Evolve is a first-person shooter video game developed by Turtle Rock Studios, published by 2K Games and distributed by Take-Two Interactive.

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Ewan Stafford Page

Ewan Stafford Page (b. August 1928) is a British academic and computer scientist, and former vice-chancellor of the University of Reading.

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Ewout W. Steyerberg

Ewout W. Steyerberg (born July 26, 1967) is a Professor of Clinical Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making at Leiden University Medical Center and a Professor of Medical Decision Making at Erasmus MC.

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Exact statistics

Exact statistics, such as that described in exact test, is a branch of statistics that was developed to provide more accurate results pertaining to statistical testing and interval estimation by eliminating procedures based on asymptotic and approximate statistical methods.

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Exact test

In statistics, an exact (significance) test is a test where all assumptions, upon which the derivation of the distribution of the test statistic is based, are met as opposed to an approximate test (in which the approximation may be made as close as desired by making the sample size big enough).

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Excess risk

In statistics, excess risk is a measure of the relationship between a specified risk factor and a specified outcome (such as contracting a disease).

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Exchangeable random variables

In statistics, an exchangeable sequence of random variables (also sometimes interchangeable) is a sequence such that future observations behave like earlier observations.

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Expectation–maximization algorithm

In statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables.

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Expected value (disambiguation)

Expected value is a term used in probability theory and statistics.

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Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.

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Experiment (probability theory)

In probability theory, an experiment or trial (see below) is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space.

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Experimental data

Experimental data in science are data produced by a measurement, test method, experimental design or quasi-experimental design.

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Experimental economics

Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions.

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Experimental psychology

Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the processes that underlie it.

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Explained sum of squares

In statistics, the explained sum of squares (ESS), alternatively known as the model sum of squares or sum of squares due to regression ("SSR" – not to be confused with the residual sum of squares RSS), is a quantity used in describing how well a model, often a regression model, represents the data being modelled.

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Explained variation

In statistics, explained variation measures the proportion to which a mathematical model accounts for the variation (dispersion) of a given data set.

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Exploratory data analysis

In statistics, exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach to analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods.

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Exponent (consulting firm)

Exponent (formerly Failure Analysis Associates) is an American engineering and scientific consulting firm.

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Exponential dispersion model

In probability and statistics, the class of exponential dispersion models (EDM) is a set of probability distributions that represents a generalisation of the natural exponential family.

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Exponential distribution

No description.

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Exponential family

In probability and statistics, an exponential family is a set of probability distributions of a certain form, specified below.

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Exponential smoothing

Exponential smoothing is a rule of thumb technique for smoothing time series data using the exponential window function.

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Exponential-logarithmic distribution

No description.

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Exponentiated Weibull distribution

In statistics, the exponentiated Weibull family of probability distributions was introduced by Mudholkar and Srivastava (1993) as an extension of the Weibull family obtained by adding a second shape parameter.

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Exteel

Exteel was a third-person shooter game published by NCSOFT, a Korean game company, and was developed by NCSOFT's.

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Extended negative binomial distribution

In probability and statistics the extended negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution extending the negative binomial distribution.

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Extensions of Fisher's method

In statistics, extensions of Fisher's method are a group of approaches that allow approximately valid statistical inferences to be made when the assumptions required for the direct application of Fisher's method are not valid.

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Extreme risk

Extreme risks are risks of very bad outcomes or "high consequence", but of low probability.

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Extreme value theory

Extreme value theory or extreme value analysis (EVA) is a branch of statistics dealing with the extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions.

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Extremum estimator

In statistics and econometrics, extremum estimators is a wide class of estimators for parametric models that are calculated through maximization (or minimization) of a certain objective function, which depends on the data.

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F-distribution

No description.

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F-test of equality of variances

In statistics, an F-test of equality of variances is a test for the null hypothesis that two normal populations have the same variance.

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F1 score

In statistical analysis of binary classification, the F1 score (also F-score or F-measure) is a measure of a test's accuracy.

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Fact sheet

A fact sheet, factsheet, fact file or (in some industries) one-sheet is a presentation of data in a format which emphasizes key points concisely, usually using tables, bullet points and/or headings, on a single printed page.

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Factor analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.

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Factor analysis of mixed data

In statistics, factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD), or factorial analysis of mixed data, is the factorial method devoted to data tables in which a group of individuals is described both by quantitative and qualitative variables.

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Factorial experiment

In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.

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Factorial moment generating function

In probability theory and statistics, the factorial moment generating function of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable X is defined as for all complex numbers t for which this expected value exists.

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Factorial moment measure

In probability and statistics, a factorial moment measure is a mathematical quantity, function or, more precisely, measure that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both.

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Factory

A factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.

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Faculties and institutions of University of Colombo

The University of Colombo currently has seven faculties with 41 academic departments and two interdependent schools with five academic departments.

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Faculties and Schools of the University of the Fraser Valley

The University of the Fraser Valley (UFV), (formerly known as University College of the Fraser Valley and Fraser Valley College) is a Canadian public university with campuses in Abbotsford, Chilliwack, Mission and Hope, British Columbia, as well as a presence in Chandigarh, India.

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Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka

The Faculty of Applied Sciences oversees four departments at the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka.

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Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, University of Economics in Prague

The Faculty of Informatics and Statistics (FIS VŠE), also known as the School of Informatics and Statistics, is the fourth of six faculties at University of Economics, Prague.

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Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Alzahra University

In 1976, Mathematics Teacher Training was first offered at Alzahra University by the department of Mathematics in the Basic Sciences Faculty.

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Faculty of Science, Alexandria University

The Faculty of Science, Alexandria University (Arabic: كلية العلوم، جامعة الإسكندرية) was established in 1942.

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Faculty of Science, University of Colombo

Faculty of Science (also known as The Science Faculty) is one of seven faculties of the University of Colombo.

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Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague

The Faculty of Social Sciences (FSS) is one of the newest faculties of Charles University in Prague.

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Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index

The Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index (FSPI), a product of Academic Analytics, is a metric designed to create benchmark standards for the measurement of academic and scholarly quality within and among United States research universities.

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Fair coin

In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin.

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Fallacy of division

A fallacy of division occurs when one reasons logically that something true for the whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.

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False coverage rate

In statistics, a false coverage rate (FCR) is the average rate of false coverage, i.e. not covering the true parameters, among the selected intervals.

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False positive paradox

The false positive paradox is a statistical result where false positive tests are more probable than true positive tests, occurring when the overall population has a low incidence of a condition and the incidence rate is lower than the false positive rate.

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False positive rate

In statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (or false alarm ratio) is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular test.

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Family-wise error rate

In statistics, family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability of making one or more false discoveries, or type I errors when performing multiple hypotheses tests.

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Fancy Dress Party

The Fancy Dress Party is a political party in England.

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Fannin County High School

Fannin County Comprehensive High School is located in Blue Ridge, Georgia, United States.

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Fano factor

In statistics, the Fano factor, like the coefficient of variation, is a measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution of a Fano noise.

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Fantasy 411

The Fantasy 411 is a Major League Baseball radio and television broadcast on MLB.com.

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Fantasy F1

Fantasy F1 is a game in which the participants assemble a collection of real life Formula One drivers and score points based on those drivers' actual statistical performance during the F1 season.

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Fantasy football (association)

Fantasy football (less commonly referred to as fantasy association football worldwide but known as fantasy soccer in the United States) is a game in which participants assemble an imaginary team of real life footballers and score points based on those players' actual statistical performance or their perceived contribution on the field of play.

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FAO Country Profiles

The FAO Country Profiles is a multilingual web portal which repackages the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) vast archive of information on its global activities in agriculture and food security in a single area and catalogues it exclusively by country and thematic areas.

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Fatigue (material)

In materials science, fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.

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Fault tree analysis

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top-down, deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events.

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Faulty generalization

A faulty generalization is a conclusion about all or many instances of a phenomenon that has been reached on the basis of just one or just a few instances of that phenomenon.

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FDA Special Protocol Assessment

A Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) is an advanced declaration from the Food and Drug Administration that an uncompleted Phase III trial's design, clinical endpoints, and statistical analyses are acceptable for FDA approval.

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Fear Factor: Unleashed

Fear Factor: Unleashed is a Game Boy Advance game that is based on the reality series Fear Factor.

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Feature (machine learning)

In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed.

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Feature selection

In machine learning and statistics, feature selection, also known as variable selection, attribute selection or variable subset selection, is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction.

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Federal administration of Switzerland

The federal administration of Switzerland (Bundesverwaltung, Administration fédérale, Amministrazione federale, Tribunal administrativ federal) is the ensemble of agencies that constitute, together with the Swiss Federal Council, the executive branch of the Swiss federal authorities.

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Federal Statistical Office (Switzerland)

The Federal Statistical Office (FSO) is a Federal agency of the Swiss Confederation.

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Federal Statistical Office of Germany

The Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt, shortened Destatis) is a federal authority of Germany.

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Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

The Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, or FUNAAB, was established on 1 January 1988 by the Federal Government when four universities of technology, earlier merged in 1984, were demerged.

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Federal University of Espírito Santo

The Federal University of Espírito Santo (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES) is a federal university established at the city of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo state, in Brazil.

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Federal University of Ouro Preto

The Federal University of Ouro Preto (Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, UFOP) was established in August 21, 1969 from the merger of two century-old higher education institutions: the School Pharmacy of Ouro Preto, founded in 1839, and School of Mines of Ouro Preto founded in 1876, both located in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais.

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Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro or University of Brazil (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ or Universidade do Brasil) is a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Federal University of Santa Maria

The Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM) is a Brazilian public university located in Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, funded by the federal government of Brazil.

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Felix Bernstein (mathematician)

Felix Bernstein (24 February 1878 in Halle, Germany – 3 December 1956 in Zurich, Switzerland), was a German Jewish mathematician known for proving the Schröder–Bernstein theorem central in set theory in 1896,In 1897 (aged 19), according to and less well known for demonstrating the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 through statistical analysis.

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Felix Tretter

Felix Tretter (born in 1949 in Villach, Austria) is an Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist.

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Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome alleged androcentric (male and patriarchal) biases.

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Ferdinand Tönnies

Ferdinand Tönnies (26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist and philosopher.

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Fernando Vianello

Fernando Vianello (August 17, 1939 – August 10, 2009) was an Italian economist and academic.

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Fieller's theorem

In statistics, Fieller's theorem allows the calculation of a confidence interval for the ratio of two means.

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Financial engineering

Financial engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, methods of engineering, tools of mathematics and the practice of programming.

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Financial market

A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives such as futures and options at low transaction costs.

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Findicator

Findicator (Findikaattori, Findikator) is an online service providing up-to-date statistical information on the progress of Finland with about 100 indicators describing various aspects of society.

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First Serbian Observatory

The First Serbian Observatory is located in Belgrade, in 8, Bulevar oslobođenja, and it has the status of a cultural monument of exceptional importance.

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First-difference estimator

The first-difference (FD) estimator is an approach used to address the problem of omitted variables in econometrics and statistics with panel data.

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First-hitting-time model

Events are often triggered when a stochastic or random process first encounters a threshold.

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First-move advantage in chess

The first-move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player (White) who makes the first move in chess.

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First-pitch strike

In baseball, a first-pitch strike is when the pitcher throws a strike to the batter during the first pitch of the at bat.

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Fisher consistency

In statistics, Fisher consistency, named after Ronald Fisher, is a desirable property of an estimator asserting that if the estimator were calculated using the entire population rather than a sample, the true value of the estimated parameter would be obtained.

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Fisher transformation

In statistics, hypotheses about the value of the population correlation coefficient ρ between variables X and Y can be tested using the Fisher transformation (aka Fisher z-transformation) applied to the sample correlation coefficient.

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Fisher's equation

In mathematics, Fisher's equation (named after statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher; also known as Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equation—named after Andrey Kolmogorov, Ivan Petrovsky, and N. Piskunov—or KPP equation or Fisher–KPP equation) is the partial differential equation.

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Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection

Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection is an idea about genetic variance in population genetics developed by the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.

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Fisher's inequality

Fisher's inequality, is a necessary condition for the existence of a balanced incomplete block design, that is, a system of subsets that satisfy certain prescribed conditions in combinatorial mathematics.

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Fisher's method

In statistics, Fisher's method, also known as Fisher's combined probability test, is a technique for data fusion or "meta-analysis" (analysis of analyses).

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Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where sampling probabilities are modified by weight factors.

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Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem

In statistics, the Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem (also the Fisher–Tippett theorem or the extreme value theorem) is a general result in extreme value theory regarding asymptotic distribution of extreme order statistics.

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Five temperaments

Five temperaments is a theory in psychology, that expands upon the four temperaments proposed in ancient medical theory.

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Fixed effects model

In statistics, a fixed effects model is a statistical model in which the model parameters are fixed or non-random quantities.

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Fleiss' kappa

Fleiss' kappa (named after Joseph L. Fleiss) is a statistical measure for assessing the reliability of agreement between a fixed number of raters when assigning categorical ratings to a number of items or classifying items.

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Floor effect

In statistics, a floor effect (also known as a basement effect) arises when a data-gathering instrument has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify.

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Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing.

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Florian Znaniecki

Florian Witold Znaniecki (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States.

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Florida International University College of Arts and Sciences

The Florida International University College of Arts, Education and Sciences is the liberal arts college at Florida International University.

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Florida State University

Florida State University (Florida State or FSU) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university with its primary campus on a campus in Tallahassee, Florida.

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Flory–Huggins solution theory

Flory–Huggins solution theory is a mathematical model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing.

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FOCUS

FOCUS is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) computer programming language and development environment that is used to build database queries.

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Focused information criterion

In statistics, the focused information criterion (FIC) is a method for selecting the most appropriate model among a set of competitors for a given data set.

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Fond du Lac High School

Fond du Lac High School ("Fondy High") is a comprehensive public high school in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin administered by the Fond du Lac School District.

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Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database

The Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) website disseminates statistical data collected and maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

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Fooled by Randomness

Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that deals with the fallibility of human knowledge.

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Forecast error

In statistics, a forecast error is the difference between the actual or real and the predicted or forecast value of a time series or any other phenomenon of interest.

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Foreign Agricultural Service

The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) is the foreign affairs agency with primary responsibility for the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) overseas programs—market development, international trade agreements and negotiations, and the collection of statistics and market information.

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Foreign policy

A country's foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu.

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Forensic statistics

Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, and the law.

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Forest informatics

Forest informatics is the combined science of Forestry and informatics, with a special emphasis on collection, management, and processing of data, information and knowledge, and the incorporation of informatic concepts and theories specific to enrich forest management and forest science; it has a similar relationship to library science and information science.

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Formal epistemology

Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest.

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Formal science

Formal sciences are formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, robotics, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.

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Formation matrix

In statistics and information theory, the expected formation matrix of a likelihood function L(\theta) is the matrix inverse of the Fisher information matrix of L(\theta), while the observed formation matrix of L(\theta) is the inverse of the observed information matrix of L(\theta).

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Foster-Miller

Foster-Miller, Inc., is a United States-based military robotics manufacturer, a division of the United Kingdom's Qinetiq North America.

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Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France

On the proposal of Jules Vuillemin, a chair in the department of Philosophy and History was created at Collège de France to replace the late Jean Hyppolite.

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Foundations of statistics

The foundations of statistics concern the epistemological debate in statistics over how one should conduct inductive inference from data.

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Founders of statistics

Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn.

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Four temperaments

The Four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory that suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.

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Fourier analysis

In mathematics, Fourier analysis is the study of the way general functions may be represented or approximated by sums of simpler trigonometric functions.

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Fourier transform

The Fourier transform (FT) decomposes a function of time (a signal) into the frequencies that make it up, in a way similar to how a musical chord can be expressed as the frequencies (or pitches) of its constituent notes.

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Fourth-generation programming language

A 4th-generation programming language (4GL) or (procedural language) is any computer programming language that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon third-generation programming languages (3GL).

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Fraction of variance unexplained

In statistics, the fraction of variance unexplained (FVU) in the context of a regression task is the fraction of variance of the regressand (dependent variable) Y which cannot be explained, i.e., which is not correctly predicted, by the explanatory variables X.

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Fractional factorial design

In statistics, fractional factorial designs are experimental designs consisting of a carefully chosen subset (fraction) of the experimental runs of a full factorial design.

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Francis Galton

Sir Francis Galton, FRS (16 February 1822 – 17 January 1911) was an English Victorian era statistician, progressive, polymath, sociologist, psychologist, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, and psychometrician.

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Francis Lewis High School

Francis Lewis High School (FLHS) is a public high school located in Fresh Meadows, in the New York City borough of Queens.

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Franck Goddio

Franck Goddio (born 1947 in Casablanca, Morocco) is a French underwater archaeologist who, in 2000, discovered the city of Thonis-Heracleion 7 km off the Egyptian shore in Aboukir Bay.

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Franco Modigliani

Franco Modigliani (June 18, 1918 – September 25, 2003) was an Italian-American economist and the recipient of the 1985 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.

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Frank Anscombe

Francis John "Frank" Anscombe (13 May 1918 – 17 October 2001) was an English statistician.

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Frank Hansford-Miller

Frank Hansford-Miller (26 November 1916 – 21 February 2008) was a politician and prolific author in both England and Australia.

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Frank Julian Warne

Frank Julian Warne (1874–1948) was an American journalist, economist and statistician.

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Frank Viola

Frank John Viola, Jr. (born April 19, 1960) is an American former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Minnesota Twins (1982–1989), New York Mets (1989–1991), Boston Red Sox (1992–1994), Cincinnati Reds (1995) and Toronto Blue Jays (1996).

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Frank Wilcoxon

Frank Wilcoxon (2 September 1892 – 18 November 1965) was a chemist and statistician, known for the development of several statistical tests.

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Frank Yates

Frank Yates FRS (12 May 1902 &ndash; 17 June 1994) was one of the pioneers of 20th century statistics.

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Frascati Manual

The Frascati Manual is a document setting forth the methodology for collecting statistics about research and development.

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Fréchet mean

In mathematics and statistics, the Fréchet mean is a generalization of centroids to metric spaces, giving a single representative point or central tendency for a cluster of points.

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Fred Tomlinson (singer)

Frederick Tomlinson (18 December 1927 – 17 July 2016) was a British singer, songwriter and composer.

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Frederick Douglass Academy

Frederick Douglass Academy (also known as FDA), is a co-educational public school for grades 6-12 located in West Harlem, New York City.

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Frederick Mosteller

Charles Frederick Mosteller (December 24, 1916 – July 23, 2006), usually known as Frederick Mosteller, was one of the most eminent statisticians of the 20th century.

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Frederick Parker-Rhodes

Arthur Frederick Parker-Rhodes (21 November 1914 – 2 March 1987) was an English linguist, plant pathologist, computer scientist, mathematician, mystic, and mycologist, who also introduced original theories in physics.

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Free statistical software

Free statistical software is a practical alternative to commercial packages.

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Freedman's paradox

In statistical analysis, Freedman's paradox, named after David Freedman, is a problem in model selection whereby predictor variables with no relationship to the dependent variable can pass tests of significance – both individually via a t-test, and jointly via an F-test for the significance of the regression.

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Freedman–Diaconis rule

In statistics, the Freedman&ndash;Diaconis rule can be used to select the size of the bins to be used in a histogram.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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French nationality law

French nationality law is historically based on the principles of jus soli (Latin for "right of soil"), according to Ernest Renan's definition, in opposition to the German definition of nationality, jus sanguinis (Latin for "right of blood"), formalized by Johann Gottlieb Fichte.

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Frequency (statistics)

In statistics the frequency (or absolute frequency) of an event i is the number n_i of times the event occurred in an experiment or study.

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Frequency distribution

In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list, table or graph that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.

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Frequency domain

In electronics, control systems engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency, rather than time.

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Friedhelm Eicker

Friedhelm Eicker (born 5 April 1927) is a German statistician and former professor at the University of Dortmund.

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Friedrich Heckmann

Friedrich Heckmann (born March 6, 1941) is the director of the research institute European forum for migration studies (efms) and emeritus professor of Sociology at the School of Social and Economic Sciences at the University of Bamberg.

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Friedrich von Hermann

Friedrich Benedikt Wilhelm von Hermann (5 December 1795 – 23 November 1868) was a German economist and statistician.

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Friends

Friends is an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004, lasting ten seasons.

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Fritz Joachim Weyl

Fritz Joachim Weyl (February 19, 1915 – July 20, 1977) was born in Zurich, Switzerland.

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Functional data analysis

Functional data analysis (FDA) is a branch of statistics that analyses data providing information about curves, surfaces or anything else varying over a continuum.

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Functional principal component analysis

Functional principal component analysis (FPCA) is a statistical method for investigating the dominant modes of variation of functional data.

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Further Mathematics

Further Mathematics is the title given to a number of advanced secondary mathematics courses.

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Futile medical care

Futile medical care is the continued provision of medical care or treatment to a patient when there is no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit.

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Fuzzy concept

A fuzzy concept is a concept of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all.

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Fuzzy Logix

Fuzzy Logix develops high -performance analytics solutions for Big Data.

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FxStat Group

FxStat Group or FxStat, is an online social networking service in financial services headquartered in United Kingdom, London and the name FxStat comes from a combination of Forex and Statistics.

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G-prior

In statistics, the g-prior is an objective prior for the regression coefficients of a multiple regression.

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G-test

In statistics, G-tests are likelihood-ratio or maximum likelihood statistical significance tests that are increasingly being used in situations where chi-squared tests were previously recommended.

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Gachon University

Gachon University is an academic institute located in South Korea.

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Gail Vance Civille

Gail Vance Civille (born 1943) is a pioneer in advanced sensory evaluation approaches for industry, academia and government.

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Galbraith plot

In statistics, a Galbraith plot (also known as Galbraith's radial plot or just radial plot) is one way of displaying several estimates of the same quantity that have different standard errors.

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Gambler's ruin

The term gambler's ruin is a statistical concept expressed in a variety of forms.

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Gambling mathematics

The mathematics of gambling are a collection of probability applications encountered in games of chance and can be included in game theory.

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Gaming Research Center

The Gambling Research Center (Universität Hohenheim) examines the various aspects of gaming and gambling through an interdisciplinary scientific approach.

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Gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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Gamma function

In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by, the capital Greek alphabet letter gamma) is an extension of the factorial function, with its argument shifted down by 1, to real and complex numbers.

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Garbage in, garbage out

In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is where flawed, or nonsense input data produces nonsense output or "garbage".

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Gareth Roberts (statistician)

Gareth Owen Roberts FRS (born 1964) is a statistician and applied probabilist.

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Gauhati University

Gauhati University is located in Jalukbari, Guwahati, is the oldest and most renowned University in the entire North East India.

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GAUSS (software)

GAUSS is a matrix programming language for mathematics and statistics, developed and marketed by Aptech Systems.

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Gauss–Markov theorem

In statistics, the Gauss–Markov theorem, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Andrey Markov, states that in a linear regression model in which the errors have expectation zero and are uncorrelated and have equal variances, the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of the coefficients is given by the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator, provided it exists.

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Gaussian function

In mathematics, a Gaussian function, often simply referred to as a Gaussian, is a function of the form: for arbitrary real constants, and.

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Gaussian measure

In mathematics, Gaussian measure is a Borel measure on finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, closely related to the normal distribution in statistics.

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Gaussian process

In probability theory and statistics, a Gaussian process is a stochastic process (a collection of random variables indexed by time or space), such that every finite collection of those random variables has a multivariate normal distribution, i.e. every finite linear combination of them is normally distributed.

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Gaussian process emulator

In statistics, Gaussian process emulator is one name for a general type of statistical model that has been used in contexts where the problem is to make maximum use of the outputs of a complicated (often non-random) computer-based simulation model.

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Gaussian q-distribution

In mathematical physics and probability and statistics, the Gaussian q-distribution is a family of probability distributions that includes, as limiting cases, the uniform distribution and the normal (Gaussian) distribution.

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Gavyn Davies

Gavyn Davies, OBE (born 27 November 1950) is a former Goldman Sachs partner and multi-millionaire who was the chairman of the BBC from 2001 until 2004.

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Gazetteer

A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas.

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Gazzi-Dickinson method

The Gazzi-Dickinson method is a point-counting technique used in geology to statistically measure the components of a sedimentary rock, chiefly sandstone.

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Gösta Pettersson (biochemist)

Gösta Pettersson is an emeritus professor in biochemistry at Lund University, Sweden.

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GEH statistic

The GEH Statistic is a formula used in traffic engineering, traffic forecasting, and traffic modelling to compare two sets of traffic volumes.

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Gender pay gap

The gender pay gap is the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working.

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Gender pay gap in Russia

In Russia the wage gap exists (after 1991, but also before) and statistical analysis shows that most of it cannot be explained by lower qualifications of women compared to men.

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Gene chip analysis

Microarray technology is a powerful tool for genomic analysis.

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Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci

Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL) is a free web application developed by the Broad Institute with the goal of determining the relationships among genes in different disease associated loci through statistical analysis.

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Gene-centered view of evolution

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation, with gene defined as "not just one single physical bit of DNA all replicas of a particular bit of DNA distributed throughout the world".

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Gene–environment interaction

Gene–environment interaction (or genotype–environment interaction or G×E) is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways.

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General der Nachrichtenaufklärung

The GdNA (Oberkommando des Heeres/General der Nachrichtenaufklärung) was the signals intelligence agency of the Wehrmacht, before and during World War II.

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General practitioner

In the medical profession, a general practitioner (GP) is a medical doctor who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education to patients.

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Generalized additive model

In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear predictor depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions.

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Generalized canonical correlation

In statistics, the generalized canonical correlation analysis (gCCA), is a way of making sense of cross-correlation matrices between the sets of random variables when there are more than two sets.

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Generalized chi-squared distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the specific name generalized chi-squared distribution (also generalized chi-square distribution) arises in relation to one particular family of variants of the chi-squared distribution.

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Generalized Dirichlet distribution

In statistics, the generalized Dirichlet distribution (GD) is a generalization of the Dirichlet distribution with a more general covariance structure and almost twice the number of parameters.

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Generalized distributive law

The generalized distributive law (GDL) is a generalization of the distributive property which gives rise to a general message passing algorithm.

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Generalized estimating equation

In statistics, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) is used to estimate the parameters of a generalized linear model with a possible unknown correlation between outcomes.

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Generalized extreme value distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions developed within extreme value theory to combine the Gumbel, Fréchet and Weibull families also known as type I, II and III extreme value distributions.

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Generalized inverse Gaussian distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution (GIG) is a three-parameter family of continuous probability distributions with probability density function where Kp is a modified Bessel function of the second kind, a > 0, b > 0 and p a real parameter.

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Generalized iterative scaling

In statistics, generalized iterative scaling (GIS) and improved iterative scaling (IIS) are two early algorithms used to fit log-linear models, notably multinomial logistic regression (MaxEnt) classifiers and extensions of it such as MaxEnt Markov models and conditional random fields.

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Generalized least squares

In statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a technique for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model.

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Generalized linear array model

In statistics, the generalized linear array model (GLAM) is used for analyzing data sets with array structures.

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Generalized linear mixed model

In statistics, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) is an extension to the generalized linear model (GLM) in which the linear predictor contains random effects in addition to the usual fixed effects.

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Generalized linear model

In statistics, the generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression that allows for response variables that have error distribution models other than a normal distribution.

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Generalized method of moments

In econometrics and statistics, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is a generic method for estimating parameters in statistical models.

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Generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the generalized multivariate log-gamma (G-MVLG) distribution is a multivariate distribution introduced by Demirhan and Hamurkaroglu in 2011.

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Generalized p-value

In statistics, a generalized p-value is an extended version of the classical ''p''-value, which except in a limited number of applications, provides only approximate solutions.

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Generalized Pareto distribution

In statistics, the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is a family of continuous probability distributions. It is often used to model the tails of another distribution. It is specified by three parameters: location \mu, scale \sigma, and shape \xi. Sometimes it is specified by only scale and shape and sometimes only by its shape parameter. Some references give the shape parameter as \kappa.

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Generalized Procrustes analysis

Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) is a method of statistical analysis that can be used to compare the shapes of objects, or the results of surveys, interviews, or panels.

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Generalized Wiener process

In statistics, a generalized Wiener process (named after Norbert Wiener) is a continuous time random walk with drift and random jumps at every point in time.

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Genetic variance

Genetic variance is a concept outlined by the English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher in his Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection which he outlined in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection which postulates that the rate of change of biological fitness can be calculated by the genetic variance of the fitness itself.

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Genichi Taguchi

(January 1, 1924 – June 2, 2012) was an engineer and statistician.

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Genius

A genius is a person who displays exceptional intellectual ability, creative productivity, universality in genres or originality, typically to a degree that is associated with the achievement of new advances in a domain of knowledge.

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Genomic phylostratigraphy

Genomic phylostratigraphy is a statistical approach for reconstruction of macroevolutionary trends based on the principle of founder gene formation and punctuated emergence of protein families.

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Genstat

Genstat (General Statistics) is a statistical software package with data analysis capabilities, particularly in the field of agriculture.

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Geobiology

Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere.

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Geoffrey McLachlan

Geoffrey John McLachlan FAA (born 1946) is an Australian researcher in computational statistics, machine learning and pattern recognition.

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Geoffrey Watson

Geoffrey Stuart Watson (3 December 1921 – 3 January 1998) was an Australian statistician.

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GeoGebra

GeoGebra is an interactive geometry, algebra, statistics and calculus application, intended for learning and teaching mathematics and science from primary school to university level.

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Geolocation software

In computing, geolocation software is software that is capable of deducing the geolocation of a device connected to the Internet.

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Geometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the geometric distribution is either of two discrete probability distributions.

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Geometric Poisson distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the geometric Poisson distribution (also called the Pólya–Aeppli distribution) is used for describing objects that come in clusters, where the number of clusters follows a Poisson distribution and the number of objects within a cluster follows a geometric distribution.

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Geometric process

In probability, statistics and related fields, the geometric process is a counting process, introduced by Lam in 1988.

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Geometric programming

A geometric program (GP) is an optimization problem of the form In the context of geometric programming (unlike all other disciplines), a monomial is a function h:\mathbb_^n \to \mathbb defined as where c > 0 \ and a_i \in \mathbb.

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Geometric standard deviation

In probability theory and statistics, the geometric standard deviation describes how spread out are a set of numbers whose preferred average is the geometric mean.

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Geomorphology

Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek: γῆ, gê, "earth"; μορφή, morphḗ, "form"; and λόγος, lógos, "study") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near the Earth's surface.

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Georg Friedrich Knapp

Georg Friedrich Knapp (March 7, 1842 – February 20, 1926) was a German economist who in 1905 published The State Theory of Money, which founded the chartalist school of monetary theory, which argues that money's value derives from its issuance by an institutional form of government rather than spontaneously through relations of exchange.

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Georg Hassel

Johann Georg Heinrich Hassel (30 December 1770 in Wolfenbüttel &ndash; 18 January 1829 in Weimar) was a German geographer and statistician.

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George A. Lundberg

George Andrew Lundberg (born October 3, 1895 in Fairdale, North Dakota; died April 14, 1966 in Seattle, Washington) was an American sociologist.

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George A. Milliken

George A. Milliken, Ph.D. is emeritus professor of statistics at Kansas State University.

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George Alfred Barnard

George Alfred Barnard (23 September 1915 – 9 August 2002) was a British statistician known particularly for his work on the foundations of statistics and on quality control.

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George Box Medal

The George Box Medal is a insignia of an award named after the statistician George Box.

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George Casella

George Casella (January 22, 1951 – June 17, 2012) was a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Statistics at the University of Florida.

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George Dantzig

George Bernard Dantzig (November 8, 1914 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematical scientist who made important contributions to operations research, computer science, economics, and statistics.

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George David Gatewood

George David Gatewood (born 1940) also known as George G. Gatewood, is an American astronomer and presently is professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and at the Allegheny Observatory.

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George E. P. Box

George Edward Pelham Box FRS (18 October 1919 – 28 March 2013) was a British statistician, who worked in the areas of quality control, time-series analysis, design of experiments, and Bayesian inference.

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George Gallup

George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.

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George James Lidstone

George James Lidstone FIA FSA FRSE (1870-1952) was a British actuary who made several contributions to the field of statistics.

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George Kingsley Zipf

George Kingsley Zipf (1902–1950), was an American linguist and philologist who studied statistical occurrences in different languages.

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George R. Brown School of Engineering

The George R. Brown School of Engineering is an academic school at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

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George R. Price

George Robert Price (October 6, 1922 – January 6, 1975) was an American population geneticist.

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George Shuckburgh-Evelyn

Sir George Augustus William Shuckburgh-Evelyn, 6th Baronet (23 August 1751 – 11 August 1804) was a British politician, mathematician and astronomer.

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George W. Snedecor

George Waddel Snedecor (October 20, 1881 – February 15, 1974) was an American mathematician and statistician.

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George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences

The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (abbreviated as GW Medicine or GW SMHS) is the professional medical school of the George Washington University, in Washington, D.C..

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Georges Menahem

Georges Menahem is a French sociologist and economist whose work employs methods drawn from economics, sociology and statistics.

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Georgetown University School of Medicine

Georgetown University School of Medicine, a medical school opened in 1851, is one of Georgetown University's five graduate schools.

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Georgia Institute of Technology College of Sciences

The College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology is one of the six colleges in the institute.

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Geostatistics

Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets.

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Gerard Verschuuren

Gerard M. Verschuuren (nicknames Gerry and Geert) is a scientist, writer, speaker, and consultant, working at the interface of science, philosophy, and religion.

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Gerhard Zeitel

Gerhard Friedrich Hermann Zeitel (born 1927 in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, died 26 January 1991) was a German researcher, economist and former professor for Economics and Statistics at the University of Mannheim from 1972 to 1989.

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Gertrude Mary Cox

Gertrude Mary Cox (January 13, 1900 – October 17, 1978) was an American statistician and founder of the department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University.

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GESMES/TS

GESMES/TS (GEneric Statistical MESsage for Time Series) is a data model and message format appropriate for performing standardised exchange of statistical data and related metadata.

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Ghost population

A ghost population is a population that has been inferred through using statistical techniques.

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Giandomenico Majone

Giandomenico Majone (born March 27, 1932) is an Italian scholar of political science whose expertise is regulatory governance within the European Union (EU) as well as theories of delegation and their effect on the perceived democratic deficit of the EU.

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Gibbs sampling

In statistics, Gibbs sampling or a Gibbs sampler is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution, when direct sampling is difficult.

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Gibraltar Major Residential Areas

The British overseas territory of Gibraltar has no administrative divisions.

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Gilbert Wheeler Beebe

Gilbert Wheeler Beebe (3 April 1912 – 3 March 2003), also known as Gil Beebe, was an American epidemiologist and statistician known for monumental studies of radiation-related mortality and morbidity among populations exposed to ionizing radiation from the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 and the Chernobyl reactor accident in 1986.

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Gini coefficient

In economics, the Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measurement of inequality.

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Giorgos Markopoulos

Giorgos Markopoulos (Γιώργος Μαρκόπουλος; born 1951) is a Greek poet.

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Giovanni Marliani

Giovanni Marliani was an Italian physicist, doctor, philosopher and astrologer who was born and lived during the Late Medieval period in northern Italy.

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Glejser test

In statistics, the Glejser test for heteroscedasticity, developed by Herbert Glejser, regresses the residuals on the explanatory variable that is thought to be related to the heteroscedastic variance.

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Glen Cowan

Glen Cowan is a professor of Particle Physics at Royal Holloway, University of London.

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Global Fund for Women

The Global Fund for Women is a non-profit foundation funding women's human rights initiatives.

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Global Social Change Research Project

The Global Social Change Research Project is a project devoted to bringing a clear understanding to the general public about social change.

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Glossary of areas of mathematics

This is a glossary of terms that are or have been considered areas of study in mathematics.

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Glossary of baseball (S)

No description.

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Glossary of civil engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of experimental design

The following is a glossary of terms.

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Glossary of history

This glossary of history is a list of topics relating to history.

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Glossary of machine vision

The following are common definitions related to the machine vision field.

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Glossary of physics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of probability and statistics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of structural engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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GloVe (machine learning)

GloVe, coined from Global Vectors, is a model for distributed word representation.

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GNU Scientific Library

The GNU Scientific Library (or GSL) is a software library for numerical computations in applied mathematics and science.

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Gnumeric

Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that is part of the GNOME Free Software Desktop Project.

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Goalpara College

Goalpara College (Assamese: গোৱালপাৰা মহাবিদ্যালয়) is an old and premier institution of higher learning in western Assam, India.

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Gold standard (test)

In medicine and statistics, gold standard test is usually diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.

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Goldfeld–Quandt test

In statistics, the Goldfeld–Quandt test checks for homoscedasticity in regression analyses.

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Goldilocks process

The Goldilocks process is a process of initiating and sustaining systemic change.

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Good and evil

In religion, ethics, philosophy, and psychology "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy.

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Good–Turing frequency estimation

Good–Turing frequency estimation is a statistical technique for estimating the probability of encountering an object of a hitherto unseen species, given a set of past observations of objects from different species.

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Goodman and Kruskal's gamma

In statistics, Goodman and Kruskal's gamma is a measure of rank correlation, i.e., the similarity of the orderings of the data when ranked by each of the quantities.

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Goodman and Kruskal's lambda

In probability theory and statistics, Goodman & Kruskal's lambda (\lambda) is a measure of proportional reduction in error in cross tabulation analysis.

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Google Surveys

Google Surveys (formerly Google Consumer Surveys) is a business product by Google that facilitates customized market research.

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Gopinath Kallianpur

Gopinath Kallianpur (1925–2015) was an Indian American mathematician and statistician who became the first director of the Indian Statistical Institute (1976–79) under its new Memorandum of Association.

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Gothenburg University Library

The Gothenburg University Library (Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek) consists of ten separate libraries in Gothenburg, Sweden, including Learning Resource Centres.

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Government Arts College, Rajahmundry

Government Arts College now known as Government College (Autonomous) is on the banks of River Godavari in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Government College Hayatabad Peshawar

Government College Hayatabad Peshawar is public sector college located in Hayatabad, Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Government College Peshawar

Government College Peshawar is public sector college located in Zaryab Colony, Faqirabad, Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Government College University (Lahore)

The Government College University (GCU) is a public research university located in the downtown, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Government database

A government database collects information for various reasons, including climate monitoring, securities law compliance, geological surveys, patent applications and grants, surveillance, national security, border control, law enforcement, public health, voter registration, vehicle registration, social security, and statistics.

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Government Degree College Badaber Peshawar

Government Degree College Badaber (Badhber) Peshawar is a public sector degree college located in Badaber, Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

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Government Degree College Naguman Peshawar

Government Degree College Naguman is a public sector degree college located in Naguman Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

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Government of Cúcuta

The Administrative Division of Cúcuta, Colombia includes the municipal head, the small towns of Agua Clara, El Escobal, Guaramito, El Carmen de Tonchalá, and the small villages of Alto Viento, El Rodeo, La Jarra, Puerto León and Puerto Nuevo.

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Government of Croatia

The Government of Croatia (Vlada Hrvatske), formally the Government of the Republic of Croatia (Vlada Republike Hrvatske), commonly abbreviated to Croatian Government (Hrvatska Vlada), is the main executive branch of government in Croatia.

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Government Post Graduate College (Chakwal)

Government Post Graduate College, (Chakwal)(گورنمنٹ پوسٹ گریجویٹ کالج چکوال) is a tertiary college located in Chakwal District, Punjab Province, Pakistan.

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Government Post Graduate College (Sahiwal)

Government PostGraduate College Sahiwal is a college in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Government Post Graduate College (Swabi)

Government Post Graduate College, Swabi is a public sector Postgraduate college in the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

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Government Post Graduate College Lakki Marwat

Government Post Graduate College Lakki Marwat is public sector degree college located in Lakki Marwat town of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.

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Government Post Graduate College Nowshera

Government Post Graduate College Nowshera is a public college located in Nowshera Cantonment, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Government Superior Science College Peshawar

Government Superior Science College Peshawar is a public sector college located in Wazir Bagh Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Govt. Science College, Chatrapur

. Government Science College, Chatrapur is a public college located at Chatrapur, Ganjam, Orissa besides the N.H.5.

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Grace Wahba

Grace Wahba (born August 3, 1934) is the I. J. Schoenberg-Hilldale Professor of Statistics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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Gradsect

A gradsect or gradient-directed transect is a low-input, high-return sampling method where the aim is to maximise information about the distribution of biota in any area of study.

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Graduate diploma

A graduate diploma (GradD, GDip, GrDip, GradDip) is generally a qualification taken after completion of a first degree, although the level of study varies in different countries from being at the same level as the final year of a bachelor's degree to being at a level between a master's degree and a doctorate.

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Graeme Ruxton

Graeme Ruxton is a zoologist known for his research into behavioural ecology and evolutionary ecology.

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Graham-Kapowsin High School

Graham-Kapowsin High School is a high school in the Bethel School District, Pierce County, Washington, United States.

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Grahame Moran

Grahame Moran was a rugby league player who played his entire first-grade career for the National Rugby League club Penrith Panthers with whom he was the 14th player.

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Grantsmanship

Grantsmanship is the art of acquiring peer-reviewed research funding.

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Graphical model

A graphical model or probabilistic graphical model (PGM) or structured probabilistic model is a probabilistic model for which a graph expresses the conditional dependence structure between random variables.

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GraphiCon

GraphiCon is the largest International conference on computer graphics and computer vision in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

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Graphics processing unit

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device.

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Graphism

Graphism refers to the "expression of thought in material symbols".

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Graphon

In graph theory and statistics, a graphon is a symmetric measurable function W:^2\to, that is important in the study of dense graphs.

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GRE Mathematics Test

The GRE subject test in mathematics is a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), and is designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of mathematics.

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Great Britain Historical GIS

The Great Britain Historical GIS (or GBHGIS), is a spatially enabled database that documents and visualises the changing human geography of the British Isles, although is primarily focussed on the subdivisions of the United Kingdom mainly over the 200 years since the first census in 1801.

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Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.

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Green tea ice cream

or matcha ice (抹茶アイス Matcha aisu) is a Japanese ice cream flavor.

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Greg Ridgeway

Gregory Kirk "Greg" Ridgeway (born 1973) is associate professor of criminology and statistics at the University of Pennsylvania, where he is also the director of the M.S. program in criminology.

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Grey box model

In mathematics, statistics, and computational modelling, a grey box model combines a partial theoretical structure with data to complete the model.

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Gross enrolment ratio

Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) or Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) is a statistical measure used in the education sector, and formerly by the UN in its Education Index, to determine the number of students enrolled in school at several different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and use it to show the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level.

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Group family

In probability theory, especially as that field is used in statistics, a group family of probability distributions is a family obtained by subjecting a random variable with a fixed distribution to a suitable family of transformations such as a location-scale family, or otherwise a family of probability distributions acted upon by a group.

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Group testing

In statistics and combinatorial mathematics, group testing is any procedure that breaks up the task of identifying certain objects into tests on groups of items, rather than on individual ones.

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Grouped Dirichlet distribution

In statistics, the grouped Dirichlet distribution (GDD) is a multivariate generalization of the Dirichlet distribution It was first described by Ng et al 2008.

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Growth curve (statistics)

The growth curve model in statistics is a specific multivariate linear model, also known as GMANOVA (Generalized Multivariate ANalysis-Of-VAriance).

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Guerrilla Girls On Tour

Guerrilla Girls On Tour is an anonymous touring theatre company whose mission is to develop activist plays, performance art and street theatre addressing feminism and women's history.

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Guglielmo Tagliacarne

Tagliacarne Guglielmo (31 May 1893 in Orta San Giulio, Novara, Italy &ndash; 10 April 1979 in Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician.

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Gumbel distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Gumbel distribution (Generalized Extreme Value distribution Type-I) is used to model the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.

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Gunnar Kulldorff

Gunnar Kulldorff (6 December 1927 – 25 June 2015) was a Swedish statistician, specializing in estimation theory, survey sampling and order statistics.

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Gustav Elfving

Erik Gustav Elfving (June 25, 1908 – March 25, 1984) was a Finnish mathematician and statistician.

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Gustav von Ewers

Johann Philipp Gustav von Ewers or Evers (27 July 1779 – 20 November 1830) was a German legal historian and the founder of Russian legal history as a scholarly discipline.

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Gustave Léon Niox

Gustave Léon Niox (-) was a French général, Governor of Les Invalides, director of the Musée de l'Armée, and a military historian.

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Guy Medal

The Guy Medals are awarded by the Royal Statistical Society in three categories; Gold, Silver and Bronze.

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Guy Nason

Guy Philip Nason (born 28 August 1966) is a British statistician, and Professor of Statistics at the University of Bristol.

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Gwilym Jenkins

Gwilym Meirion Jenkins (12 August 1932 – 10 July 1982) was a British statistician and systems engineer, born in Gowerton (Tregŵyr), Swansea, Wales.

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Gynecologic Oncology Group

The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) is a non-profit organization funded by the National Cancer Institute with the purpose of supporting research for the prevention and treatment of all gynecologic cancers, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, vulvar cancer, and vaginal cancer.

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H5 (US company)

H5 is a privately held company specializing in information retrieval systems for the legal industry, with offices in San Francisco and New York City.

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Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics

The Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics is an English-language bimonthly peer-reviewed journal for original research into mathematics and statistics.

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Hadamard's maximal determinant problem

Hadamard's maximal determinant problem, named after Jacques Hadamard, asks for the largest determinant of a matrix with elements equal to 1 or −1.

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Hadley Wickham

Hadley Wickham is a statistician from New Zealand who is currently Chief Scientist at RStudio and an adjunct Professor of statistics at the University of Auckland, Stanford University, and Rice University.

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Half-logistic distribution

No description.

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Halton sequence

In statistics, Halton sequences are sequences used to generate points in space for numerical methods such as Monte Carlo simulations.

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Hamming space

In statistics and coding theory, a Hamming space is usually the set of all 2^N binary strings of length N. It is used in the theory of coding signals and transmission.

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Hannan–Quinn information criterion

In statistics, the Hannan–Quinn information criterion (HQC) is a criterion for model selection.

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Hans Bergström

Nils Hans Ingemar Bergström (born 13 May 1948) is a Swedish-American journalist and political scientist.

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Happy Palace Grammar School

The Happy Palace Group of Schools (HPGS) is a private institution in Pakistan, established in 1982 by Muhammad Asif Khan.

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Harald Cramér

Harald Cramér (25 September 1893 – 5 October 1985) was a Swedish mathematician, actuary, and statistician, specializing in mathematical statistics and probabilistic number theory.

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Harald Schultz-Hencke

Harald Julius Alfred Carl-Ludwig Schultz-Hencke (18 August 1892, Berlin – 23 May 1953, Berlin) was a German psychiatrist and psychotherapist.

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Harmonic distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution.

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Harold Hotelling

Harold Hotelling (September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was a mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics.

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Harris School of Public Policy Studies

The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, also referred to as "Harris Public Policy," is the public policy school of the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

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Harry Haywood

Harry Haywood (February 6, 1898 – January 4, 1985) was a leading figure in both the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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Harry Magdoff

Harry Samuel Magdoff (August 21, 1913 – January 1, 2006) was a prominent American socialist commentator.

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Hartley's test

In statistics, Hartley's test, also known as the Fmax test or Hartley's Fmax, is used in the analysis of variance to verify that different groups have a similar variance, an assumption needed for other statistical tests.

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Harvey Goldstein

Harvey Goldstein (born 30 October 1939) is a British statistician known for his contributions to multilevel modelling methodology and software, and for applying this to educational assessment and league tables.

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Hasan Özbekhan

Dr.

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Hastings Rarities

The Hastings Rarities affair is a case of statistically demonstrated ornithological fraud that misled the bird world for decades in the twentieth century.

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Hat operator

The hat operator is a mathematical notation with various uses in different branches of science and mathematics.

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Haut Commissariat au Plan

The Haut Commissariat au Plan (HCP) or Higher Planning Commission in Morocco is an independent government statistical institution.

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Hawassa University

Hawassa university is a public university in Ethiopia.

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Hájek–Le Cam convolution theorem

In statistics, the Hájek–Le Cam convolution theorem states that any regular estimator in a parametric model is asymptotically equivalent to a sum of two independent random variables, one of which is normal with asymptotic variance equal to the inverse of Fisher information, and the other having arbitrary distribution.

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HD 6434 b

HD 6434 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 6434.

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Health department

A health department or health ministry is a part of government which focuses on issues related to the general health of the citizenry.

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Health indicator

Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population.

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Health threat from cosmic rays

The health threat from cosmic rays is the danger posed by galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles to astronauts on interplanetary missions or any missions that venture through the Van-Allen Belts or outside the Earth's magnetosphere.

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Healthcare in Kosovo

In the past, Kosovo’s capabilities to develop a modern health care system were limited.

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Healthism

Healthism, sometimes called public-healthism, is a neologism to describe a variety of ideological constructs concerning health and medicine.

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Hedge fund

A hedge fund is an investment fund that pools capital from accredited individuals or institutional investors and invests in a variety of assets, often with complex portfolio-construction and risk-management techniques.

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Heidelberg University Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science

The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science is one of twelve faculties at the University of Heidelberg.

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Heidi Shierholz

Heidi Shierholz (born October 10, 1971) was Chief Economist to the U.S. Secretary of Labor, serving under Secretary Thomas Perez.

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Height

Height is the measure of vertical distance, either how "tall" something or someone is, or how "high" the position is.

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Heike Hofmann

Heike Hofmann (born April 16, 1972) is a statistician.

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Heinz College

The H. John Heinz III College of Information Systems and Public Policy (Heinz College or HC) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States is a private graduate college that consists of one of the nation's top-ranked public policy schools—the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration-accredited School of Public Policy & Management—and information schools—the School of Information Systems & Management.

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Helen Berg

Helen M. Berg (July 15, 1932 – August 13, 2010) was an American statistician and politician.

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Helen Hall Jennings

Helen Hall Jennings (born September 20, 1905) was a social psychologist and a pioneer in the field of social networks in the early 20th century.

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Helen Makower

Helen Makower (1 June 1910 in London &ndash; 17 May 1998 in Marlborough, Wiltshire) was a British economist.

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Helmut Landsberg

Helmut Erich Landsberg (1906&ndash;1985) was a noted and influential climatologist.

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Hempfield High School

Hempfield High School is a public senior high school located in Landisville, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Hendrik Wade Bode

Hendrik Wade BodeVan Valkenburg, M. E. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, "In memoriam: Hendrik W. Bode (1905-1982)", IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol.

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Henry Chadwick (writer)

Henry Chadwick (1824 – April 20, 1908) was an English-born American sportswriter, baseball statistician and historian, often called the "Father of Baseball" for his early reporting on and contributions to the development of the game.

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Henry Foster Adams

Henry Foster Adams (1882–1973) was an American psychologist and writer.

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Henry Heylyn Hayter

Henry Heylyn Hayter CMG (28 October 1821 – 23 March 1895) was an English-born Australian statistician.

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Henry Mann

Henry Berthold Mann (27 October 1905, Vienna – 1 February 2000, Tucson) was a professor of mathematics and statistics at Ohio State University.

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Henry Staunton (businessman)

Henry Staunton (born 20 May 1948, India), is a British businessman, the chairman of British retailer, WH Smith and the former Finance Director of Granada Group and ITV plc.

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Herbert Robbins

Herbert Ellis Robbins (January 12, 1915 – February 12, 2001) was an American mathematician and statistician.

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Herbert Sichel

Herbert Sichel (1915–1995) was a statistician who made great advances in the areas of both theoretical and applied statistics.

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Herbert Solomon

Herbert Solomon (March 13, 1919 – September 20, 2004) was an American statistician.

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Heritability

Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.

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Herman Wold

Herman Ole Andreas Wold (25 December 1908 – 16 February 1992) was a Norwegian-born econometrician and statistician who had a long career in Sweden.

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Hermite distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Hermite distribution, named after Charles Hermite, is a discrete probability distribution used to model count data with more than one parameter.

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Herschweiler-Pettersheim

Herschweiler-Pettersheim is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Hershey High School (Pennsylvania)

Hershey High School is one of four buildings which comprise the campus of the Derry Township School District in Hershey, Pennsylvania.

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Heteroscedasticity

In statistics, a collection of random variables is heteroscedastic (or heteroskedastic; from Ancient Greek hetero “different” and skedasis “dispersion”) if there are sub-populations that have different variabilities from others.

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Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors

The topic of heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors arises in statistics and econometrics in the context of linear regression as well as time series analysis.

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Heuristic (computer science)

In computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematical optimization, a heuristic (from Greek εὑρίσκω "I find, discover") is a technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find any exact solution.

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Hicks Building

The Hicks Building is a building in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, part of the University of Sheffield.

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Hierarchical clustering

In data mining and statistics, hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters.

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Hierarchical Dirichlet process

In statistics and machine learning, the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) is a nonparametric Bayesian approach to clustering grouped data.

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Hierarchical generalized linear model

In statistics, hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM) extend generalized linear models by relaxing the assumption that error components are independent.

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Higgs boson

The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics.

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High-performance plastics

High-performance plastics are plastics that meet higher requirements than standard or engineering plastics.

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Higher education in the United States

Higher education in the United States is an optional final stage of formal learning following secondary education.

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Higher Technical Examination Programme

In Denmark, the Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX, in Danish: Højere Teknisk Eksamen) is a 3-year vocationally oriented general upper secondary programme which builds on the 10th-11th form of the Folkeskole.

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Higher-order statistics

In statistics, the term higher-order statistics (HOS) refers to functions which use the third or higher power of a sample, as opposed to more conventional techniques of lower-order statistics, which use constant, linear, and quadratic terms (zeroth, first, and second powers).

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Highland High School (Bakersfield, California)

Highland High School is a public high school in Bakersfield, California.

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Hilda Geiringer

Hilda Geiringer (28 September 1893 – 22 March 1973), also known as Hilda von Mises, was an Austrian mathematician.

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Hispanic and Latino American Muslims

Hispanic and Latino American Muslims are Hispanic and Latino Americans who are of the Islamic faith.

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Histogram equalization

Histogram equalization is a method in image processing of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram.

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Historical archive on tourism

The Historical Archive on Tourism (HAT, German: Historisches Archiv zum Tourismus) is sited in the city of Berlin at the Technische Universität Berlin where it is housed at the Center for Metropolitan Studies (CMS) and the Zentrum Technik und Gesellschaft (ZTG).

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Historical negationism

Historical negationism or denialism is an illegitimate distortion of the historical record.

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History of eugenics

The history of eugenics is the study of development and advocacy of ideas related to eugenics around the world.

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History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of geography

The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups.

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History of hospitals

The history of hospitals has stretched over 2500 years.

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History of labour law

The history of labour law concerns the development of labour law as a way of regulating and improving the life of people at work.

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History of machine translation

Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

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History of mathematics

The area of study known as the history of mathematics is primarily an investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation into the mathematical methods and notation of the past.

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History of plant breeding

Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years.

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History of probability

Probability has a dual aspect: on the one hand the likelihood of hypotheses given the evidence for them, and on the other hand the behavior of stochastic processes such as the throwing of dice or coins.

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History of science

The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences.

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History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China

For more than a century China's leaders have called for rapid development of science and technology, and science policy has played a greater role in national politics in China than in many other countries.

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History of scientific method

The history of scientific method considers changes in the methodology of scientific inquiry, as distinct from the history of science itself.

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History of Southeast Asia

The term Southeast Asia has been in use since World War II.

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History of statistics

The history of statistics in the modern sense dates from the mid-17th century, with the term statistics itself coined in 1749 in German, although there have been changes to the interpretation of the word over time.

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History of the African-Americans in Philadelphia

This article documents the history of the African-Americans in Philadelphia.

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History of the social sciences

The history of the social sciences has origin in the common stock of Western philosophy and shares various precursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19th century with the positivist philosophy of science.

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History of thermodynamics

The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general.

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HM Customs and Excise

HM Customs and Excise (properly known as Her Majesty's Customs and Excise (or His as appropriate), often abbreviated to HMCE) was a department of the British Government formed in 1909 by the merger of HM Customs and HM Excise; its primary responsibility was the collection of customs duties, excise duties, and other indirect taxes.

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Hodges' estimator

In statistics, Hodges’ estimator (or the Hodges–Le Cam estimator), named for Joseph Hodges, is a famous counter example of an estimator which is "superefficient", i.e. it attains smaller asymptotic variance than regular efficient estimators.

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Hodges–Lehmann estimator

In statistics, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator is a robust and nonparametric estimator of a population's location parameter.

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HoDoMS

HoDoMS (Heads of Departments of Mathematical Sciences) is a body that represents United Kingdom departments of Mathematics and Statistics in higher education by co-ordinating senior members of these departments.

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Hoeffding's independence test

In statistics, Hoeffding's test of independence, named after Wassily Hoeffding, is a test based on the population measure of deviation from independence where F_ is the joint distribution function of two random variables, and F_1 and F_2 are their marginal distribution functions.

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Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs

Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (HAVO, meaning "higher general continued education" in Dutch) is a stream in the secondary educational system of the Netherlands and Suriname.

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Holbrook Working

Holbrook Working (February 5, 1895 – October 5, 1985) was an American professor of economics and statistics at Stanford University’s Food Research Institute known for his contributions on hedging, on the theory of futures prices, on an early theory of market maker behavior, and on the theory of storage (including the Working curve which plots the difference between short term and long term grain futures prices against current inventory).

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Holkar Science College

Holkar Science College, officially Government Model Autonomous Holkar Science College, also known as Holkar College is an educational institute in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

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Holm–Bonferroni method

In statistics, the Holm&ndash;Bonferroni method (also called the Holm method or Bonferroni-Holm method) is used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons.

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Homeopathy

Homeopathy or homœopathy is a system of alternative medicine developed in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann, based on his doctrine of like cures like (similia similibus curentur), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people.

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Homogeneity (statistics)

In statistics, homogeneity and its opposite, heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of a dataset, or several datasets.

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Homoscedasticity

In statistics, a sequence or a vector of random variables is homoscedastic if all random variables in the sequence or vector have the same finite variance.

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Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education

The Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) is an academic qualification offered by Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority (HKEAA).

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Honor society

In the United States, an honor society is a rank organization that recognizes excellence among peers.

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Honors colleges and programs

Honors colleges and honors programs are special accommodations at public and private universities as well as public two-year institutions of higher learning that include, among other things, supplemental or alternative curricular and non-curricular programs, privileges, special access, scholarships, and special recognition for exceptional undergraduate scholars.

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Horace Barlow

Horace Basil Barlow FRS (born 8 December 1921) is a British visual neuroscientist.

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Horvitz–Thompson estimator

In statistics, the Horvitz–Thompson estimator, named after Daniel G. Horvitz and Donovan J. Thompson, is a method for estimating the total and mean of a superpopulation in a stratified sample.

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Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm

The Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm is a simple and efficient algorithm for labeling clusters on a grid, where the grid is a regular network of cells, with the cells being either occupied or unoccupied.

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Hospital

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.

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Hotelling's T-squared distribution

In statistics Hotelling's T-squared distribution (T2) is a multivariate distribution proportional to the ''F''-distribution and arises importantly as the distribution of a set of statistics which are natural generalizations of the statistics underlying Student's ''t''-distribution.

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Households Below Average Income

Households below average income is an annual publication on poverty statistics in the United Kingdom.

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How to Have Sex in an Epidemic

How to Have Sex in an Epidemic: One Approach is a 1983 nonfiction manual by Richard Berkowitz and Michael Callen, under the direction of Joseph Sonnabend, to advise men who have sex with men (MSM) about how to avoid contracting the infecting agent which causes AIDS.

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How to Lie with Statistics

How to Lie with Statistics is a book written by Darrell Huff in 1954 presenting an introduction to statistics for the general reader.

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Howard Friedman

Howard Steven Friedman (born June 10, 1972) is a prominent American statistician, health economist, writer and artist currently employed at the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and as an adjunct Associate Professor at Columbia University Friedman is widely known for his role as a lead statistical modeler on a number of key United Nations projects and for his wide-ranging publications in the fields of statistics and health economics.

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Howard Wainer

Howard Wainer (born 1943) is an American statistician, past principal research scientist at the Educational Testing Service, adjunct professor of statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and author, known for his contributions in the fields of statistics, psychometrics, and statistical graphics.

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Howell Tong

Howell Tong (born 1944 in Hong Kong) is a pioneer and an acknowledged authority in the field of nonlinear time series analysis, linking it with deterministic chaos.

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HP 35s

The HP 35s (F2215A) is the latest in Hewlett-Packard's long line of non-graphing programmable scientific calculators.

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HP SPaM

HP SPaM (Hewlett-Packard Strategic Planning and Modeling) is an internal consulting group that supports HP businesses on mission-critical strategic and operation decisions.

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HP-27S

The HP-27S was a pocket calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard, introduced in 1988, and discontinued between 1990 and 1993 (sources vary).

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HP-32S

The HP-32S was a programmable RPN Scientific Calculator introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1988.

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HP-42S

The HP-42S RPN Scientific is a programmable RPN Scientific hand held calculator introduced by Hewlett Packard in 1988.

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Htin Kyaw

Htin Kyaw (ထင်ကျော်, or; born 20 July 1946) is a Burmese politician, writer and scholar who served as the 9th President of Myanmar from 30 March 2016 to 21 March 2018.

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Huber loss

In statistics, the Huber loss is a loss function used in robust regression, that is less sensitive to outliers in data than the squared error loss.

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Hubert Lilliefors

Hubert Whitman Lilliefors (1928 – February 23, 2008 in Bethesda, Maryland) was an American statistician, noted for his introduction of the Lilliefors test.

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Hui Zou

Hui Zou is a statistician and computer scientist.

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Human settlement

In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live.

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Human trafficking in Liberia

Liberia is a source, transit, and destination country for children trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation.

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Human variability

Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.

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Humayun Akhtar Khan

Humayun Akhtar Khan is a Pakistani politician and business tycoon.

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Hundred-year wave

A hundred-year wave is a statistically projected water wave, the height of which, on average, is met or exceeded once in a hundred years for a given location.

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Hungarian Americans

Hungarian Americans (Hungarian: amerikai magyarok) are Americans of Hungarian descent.

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Hurwitz zeta function

In mathematics, the Hurwitz zeta function, named after Adolf Hurwitz, is one of the many zeta functions.

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Hyperbolic secant distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the hyperbolic secant distribution is a continuous probability distribution whose probability density function and characteristic function are proportional to the hyperbolic secant function.

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Hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the hypergeometric distribution is a discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of k successes (random draws for which the object drawn has a specified feature) in n draws, without replacement, from a finite population of size N that contains exactly K objects with that feature, wherein each draw is either a success or a failure.

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Iain M. Johnstone

Iain Murray Johnstone (born 1956) is an Australian born statistician who is the Marjorie Mhoon Fair Professor in Quantitative Science in the Department of Statistics at Stanford University.

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Ian Diamond

Sir Ian David Diamond, DL, FBA, FRSE, FAcSS (born 14 March 1954) is the Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen.

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IB Group 4 subjects

The Group 4: Experimental sciences subjects of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme comprise the main scientific emphasis of this internationally recognized high school programme.

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IB Group 5 subjects

The Group 5: Mathematics subjects of the IB Diploma Programme consist of four different mathematics courses.

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IBM

The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.

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Ibu Pertiwi (song)

Ibu Pertiwi is a popular Indonesian patriotic song composed by an unknown composer around the 1950s to 1960s.

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Idempotent matrix

In linear algebra, an idempotent matrix is a matrix which, when multiplied by itself, yields itself.

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Identifiability

In statistics, identifiability is a property which a model must satisfy in order for precise inference to be possible.

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Ignorability

In statistics, ignorability is a feature of an experiment design whereby the method of data collection (and the nature of missing data) do not depend on the missing data.

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Igwe Aja-Nwachukwu

Igwe Aja-Nwachuku (March 31, 1952 – November 17, 2015) was a Nigerian politician.

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Image compression

Image compression is a type of data compression applied to digital images, to reduce their cost for storage or transmission.

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Immanuel Bomze

Immanuel Bomze is an Austrian mathematician.

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Implicate and explicate order

Implicate order and explicate order are ontological concepts for quantum theory coined by theoretical physicist David Bohm during the early 1980s.

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Importance sampling

In statistics, importance sampling is a general technique for estimating properties of a particular distribution, while only having samples generated from a different distribution than the distribution of interest.

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Imputation (statistics)

In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values.

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IMRAD

In scientific writing, IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) refers to a common organization structure.

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IMRB International

KANTAR IMRB (formerly IMRB International) is a market research, survey and business consultancy firm.

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Independence of Brazil

The Independence of Brazil comprised a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821–1824, most of which involved disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding the call for independence presented by the Brazilian Empire.

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Independent and identically distributed random variables

In probability theory and statistics, a sequence or other collection of random variables is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d. or iid or IID) if each random variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent.

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Index of biological integrity

An Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), also called an Index of Biotic Integrity, is a scientific tool used to identify and classify water pollution problems.

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Index of dispersion

In probability theory and statistics, the index of dispersion, dispersion index, coefficient of dispersion, relative variance, or variance-to-mean ratio (VMR), like the coefficient of variation, is a normalized measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution: it is a measure used to quantify whether a set of observed occurrences are clustered or dispersed compared to a standard statistical model.

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Index of engineering science and mechanics articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to Engineering Science and Mechanics (ESM).

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Index of genetics articles

Genetics (from Ancient Greek γενετικός genetikos, “genite” and that from γένεσις genesis, “origin”), a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.

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Index of philosophy articles (R–Z)

No description.

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Index of politics articles

This is a list of political topics, including political science terms, political philosophies, political issues, etc.

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Index of structural engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to structural engineering.

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Indexation of contracts

In statistics relating to national economies, the indexation of contracts also called "index linking" and "contract escalation" is a procedure when a contract includes a periodic adjustment to the prices paid for the contract provisions based on the level of a nominated price index.

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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata (IISER-K or IISER - Kolkata) is an autonomous science research and education institute in Nadia district, West Bengal, India, awarding its own degrees.

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Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (also known as IIT Kanpur or IITK) is a public engineering institution located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

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Indian Statistical Service

The Indian Statistical Service (abbreviated as ISS) (Hindi: भारतीय सांख्यिकी सेवा) is an organized Group-A Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India.

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Indicator function

In mathematics, an indicator function or a characteristic function is a function defined on a set X that indicates membership of an element in a subset A of X, having the value 1 for all elements of A and the value 0 for all elements of X not in A. It is usually denoted by a symbol 1 or I, sometimes in boldface or blackboard boldface, with a subscript specifying the subset.

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Indicators of spatial association

Indicators of spatial association are statistics that evaluate the existence of clusters in the spatial arrangement of a given variable.

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Individual

An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity.

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Individualism

Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.

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Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi

Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi (Iṃdraprastha Sūcanā Praudyōgikī Saṃsthān Dillī, IIIT-D) is an autonomous university in Delhi, India.

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Industrial and production engineering

Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE) is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations.

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Industrial engineering

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations.

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Infinite divisibility (probability)

In probability theory, a probability distribution is infinitely divisible if it can be expressed as the probability distribution of the sum of an arbitrary number of independent and identically distributed random variables.

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Influences on Karl Marx

Influences on Karl Marx are generally thought to have been derived from three sources: German idealist philosophy, French socialism and English and Scottish political economy.

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Influential observation

In statistics, an influential observation is an observation for a statistical calculation whose deletion from the dataset would noticeably change the result of the calculation.

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Info-metrics

Info-metrics is an interdisciplinary approach to scientific modeling, inference and efficient information processing.

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Informatics

Informatics is a branch of information engineering.

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Information design

Information design is the practice of presenting information in a way that fosters efficient and effective understanding of it.

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Information processor

An information processor or information processing system, as its name suggests, is a system (be it electrical, mechanical or biological) which takes information (a sequence of enumerated symbols or states) in one form and processes (transforms) it into another form, e.g. to statistics, by an algorithmic process.

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Information security

Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information.

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Information Services Division

The Information Services Division (ISD) is the part of NHS Scotland that provides health information, health intelligence, statistical information and analysis.

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Information technology

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.

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Information theory

Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information.

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Information visualization

Information visualization or information visualisation is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition.

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Information-based complexity

Information-based complexity (IBC) studies optimal algorithms and computational complexity for the continuous problems which arise in physical science, economics, engineering, and mathematical finance.

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Ingram Olkin

Ingram Olkin (July 23, 1924 &ndash; April 28, 2016) was a professor emeritus and chair of statistics and education at Stanford University and the Stanford Graduate School of Education.

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Inherent bias

The phrase "inherent bias" refers to the effect of underlying factors or assumptions that skew viewpoints of a subject under discussion.

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InnoCentive

InnoCentive is an open innovation and crowdsourcing company with its worldwide headquarters in Waltham, MA and their EMEA headquarters in London, UK.

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Innovation (signal processing)

In time series analysis (or forecasting) — as conducted in statistics, signal processing, and many other fields — the innovation is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal forecast of that value based on information available prior to time t. If the forecasting method is working correctly, successive innovations are uncorrelated with each other, i.e., constitute a white noise time series.

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Innumeracy (book)

Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences is a 1988 book by mathematician John Allen Paulos about "innumeracy," a term he embraced to describe the mathematical equivalent of illiteracy: incompetence with numbers rather than words.

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INSEAD

INSEAD is a graduate and proprofit business school with campuses in Europe (Fontainebleau, France), Asia (Singapore), and the Middle East (Abu Dhabi).

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Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse

The Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse (IMT) is the Toulouse Mathematics Institute, a CNRS Research Laboratory which federates the mathematics community of the Toulouse area in France.

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Institut des Risques Industriels, Assurantiels et Financiers

Institut des Risques Industriels, Assurantiels et Financiers (in English: Institute of Industrial, Insurantial and Financial Risk), or IRIAF, is a component of University of Poitiers.

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Institute for Scientific Information

The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960.

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Institute of Analytics Professionals of Australia

The Institute of Analytics Professionals of Australia (IAPA) is the professional organisation for the analytics industry, incorporating business data analytics, business intelligence, data mining and related industries.

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Institute of Mathematical Statistics

The Institute of Mathematical Statistics is an international professional and scholarly society devoted to the development, dissemination, and application of statistics and probability.

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Institute of Mathematics of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia

The Institute of Mathematics (Armenian: Մաթեմատիկայի Ինստիտուտ) is owned and operated by the Armenian Academy of Sciences, located in Yerevan.

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Institute of Science and Technology, Bangladesh

The Institute of Science and Technology, Bangladesh, or IST, is a private college located at Dhaka, Bangladesh and affiliated with the National University.

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Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University

Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University is a constituent institute of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India which offers courses in Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry, Computer science, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Geology, Geophysics, Chemistry, Statistics.

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Institute of Social Sciences, Agra

The Institute of Social Sciences, Agra (ISS), is an institute of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University (formerly Agra University), Agra, India.

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Institute of Statisticians

The Institute of Statisticians was a British professional organization founded in 1948 to protect the interests of professional statisticians.

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Institutional research

Institutional research is a broad category of work done at schools, colleges and universities to inform campus decision-making and planning in areas such as admissions, financial aid, curriculum assessment, enrollment management, staffing, student life, finance, facilities, athletics, and alumni relations.

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Instituto de Economia Agrícola

The Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA - Agricultural Economics Institute), linked to the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) is a major public scientific research institute on economics and statistics applied to agricultural and farming questions, established in São Paulo, Brazil.

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Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)

The National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE) is the official organisation in Spain that collects statistics about demography, economy, and Spanish society.

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Instituto Nacional de Estatística

The Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) is the National Statistical Institute of Portugal.

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Instituto Superior de Agronomia

Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), School of Agronomy – University of Lisbon, is a national and international renowned faculty of excellence for graduation and post-graduation studies in Agronomy, Forestry, Food Science, Landscape Architecture, Environment, Animal Production, Plant Protection, Economy and Rural Sociology and Botany and Biological Engineering.

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Instrumental variables estimation

In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible or when a treatment is not successfully delivered to every unit in a randomized experiment.

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Insurance

Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss.

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Insurance fraud

Insurance fraud is any act committed with the intent to obtain a fraudulent outcome from an insurance process.

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Insurance Services Office

Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO), a subsidiary of Verisk Analytics, is a provider of statistical, actuarial, underwriting, and claims information and analytics; compliance and fraud identification tools; policy language; information about specific locations; and technical services.

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Integer points in convex polyhedra

The study of integer points in convex polyhedra is motivated by questions such as "how many nonnegative integer-valued solutions does a system of linear equations with nonnegative coefficients have" or "how many solutions does an integer linear program have".

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Integrated circuit design

Integrated circuit design, or IC design, is a subset of electronics engineering, encompassing the particular logic and circuit design techniques required to design integrated circuits, or ICs.

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Inter-rater reliability

In statistics, inter-rater reliability, inter-rater agreement, or concordance, is the degree of agreement among raters.

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Interaction

Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.

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Interaction (statistics)

In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the simultaneous influence of two variables on a third is not additive.

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Interactive visual analysis

Interactive Visual Analysis (IVA) is a set of techniques for combining the computational power of computers with the perceptive and cognitive capabilities of humans, in order to extract knowledge from large and complex datasets.

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Interclass correlation

In statistics, the interclass correlation (or interclass correlation coefficient) measures a bivariate relation among variables.

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Interdecile range

In statistics, the interdecile range is the difference between the first and the ninth deciles (10% and 90%).

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Internal consistency

In statistics and research, internal consistency is typically a measure based on the correlations between different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test).

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International Association for Mathematical Geosciences

The International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG) is a nonprofit organization of geoscientists.

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International Biometric Society

The International Biometric Society (IBS) is an international professional and academic society promoting the development and application of statistical and mathematical theory and methods in the biosciences.

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International Centre for Sports Studies

The International Centre for Sports Studies, known mostly by the initials CIES from the French Centre International d'Etude du Sport, is an independent, research and education organization, located in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, focusing on statistical studies of football-related issues.

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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, originally edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, is a 26-volume work published by Elsevier.

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International Institute of Agriculture

The International Institute of Agriculture (IIA) was founded in Rome in 1905 by the King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III with the intent of creating a clearinghouse for collection of agricultural statistics.

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International Prize in Statistics

The International Prize in Statistics is awarded every two years to an individual or team "for major achievements using statistics to advance science, technology and human welfare".

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Interquartile mean

The interquartile mean (IQM) (or midmean) is a statistical measure of central tendency based on the truncated mean of the interquartile range.

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Interval estimation

In statistics, interval estimation is the use of sample data to calculate an interval of plausible values of an unknown population parameter; this is in contrast to point estimation, which gives a single value.

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Intra-rater reliability

In statistics, intra-rater reliability is the degree of agreement among repeated administrations of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater.

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Intraclass correlation

In statistics, the intraclass correlation, or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), is an inferential statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups.

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Intrastat

Intrastat is the system for collecting information and producing statistics on the trade in goods between countries of the European Union (EU).

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Intruder detection

In information security, intruder detection is the art of detecting intruders behind attacks as unique persons.

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Intuitive statistics

Intuitive statistics, or folk statistics, refers to the cognitive phenomenon where organisms use data to make generalizations and predictions about the world.

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Intuitor

Intuitor is a website promoting creative learning as both a method of enlightenment and a cultural theme in its own right.

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Invariant estimator

In statistics, the concept of being an invariant estimator is a criterion that can be used to compare the properties of different estimators for the same quantity.

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Inverse Dirichlet distribution

In statistics, the inverse Dirichlet distribution is a derivation of the matrix variate Dirichlet distribution.

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Inverse distribution

In probability theory and statistics, an inverse distribution is the distribution of the reciprocal of a random variable.

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Inverse matrix gamma distribution

In statistics, the inverse matrix gamma distribution is a generalization of the inverse gamma distribution to positive-definite matrices.

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Inverse-gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the inverse gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions on the positive real line, which is the distribution of the reciprocal of a variable distributed according to the gamma distribution.

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Inverse-variance weighting

In statistics, inverse-variance weighting is a method of aggregating two or more random variables to minimize the variance of the weighted average.

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Inverse-Wishart distribution

In statistics, the inverse Wishart distribution, also called the inverted Wishart distribution, is a probability distribution defined on real-valued positive-definite matrices.

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Inverted Dirichlet distribution

In statistics, the inverted Dirichlet distribution is a multivariate generalization of the beta prime distribution, and is related to the Dirichlet distribution.

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Investigative psychology

In applied psychology, investigative psychology attempts to describe the actions of offenders and develop an understanding of crime.

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Investment

In general, to invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future – for example, investment in durable goods, in real estate by the service industry, in factories for manufacturing, in product development, and in research and development.

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Iphigenia in Tauris

Iphigenia in Tauris (Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Ταύροις, Iphigeneia en Taurois) is a drama by the playwright Euripides, written between 414 BC and 412 BC.

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Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory

The Iran Workshop on Communication and Information Theory (IWCIT) (کارگاه ملی نظریه اطلاعات و مخابرات.) is an international academic workshop that is held annually in one of the Iranian University campuses.

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Irénée-Jules Bienaymé

Irénée-Jules Bienaymé (28 August 1796 – 19 October 1878), was a French statistician.

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IRC bot

An IRC bot performing a simple task.An IRC bot is a set of scripts or an independent program that connects to Internet Relay Chat as a client, and so appears to other IRC users as another user.

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Irrigation statistics

This page shows statistical data on irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide.

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Irwin–Hall distribution

In probability and statistics, the Irwin–Hall distribution, named after Joseph Oscar Irwin and Philip Hall, is a probability distribution for a random variable defined as the sum of a number of independent random variables, each having a uniform distribution.

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Islam in Portugal

According to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (the National Statistical Institute of Portugal), there were, according to the 1991 census, 9,134 Muslims in Portugal, about 0.1% of the total population, even though the Islamic Community of Lisbon presently points to a number of about 40,000 according to 2011 estimates.

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Islamic University, Bangladesh

Islamic University, Bangladesh (ইসলামী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাংলাদেশ), commonly known as Islamic University, Kushtia (ইবি), is one of the sixth major public research universities in Bangladesh and largest seat of higher education in the south-west part of the country financially aided by the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and financed by the government of Bangladesh through University Grants Commission, Bangladesh.

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Isotonic regression

In statistics, isotonic regression or monotonic regression is the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations under the following constraints: the fitted free-form line has to be non-decreasing everywhere, and it has to lie as close to the observations as possible.

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ISPA Belgium

The Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) is a Belgian trade association composed of access, hosting, service, and transit providers that advocates for the Internet sector in Belgium.

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Istanbul Mineral and Metals Exporters' Association

The Istanbul Mineral and Metals Exporters’ Association (IMMIB) is a professional body which deals with all of the export activities at the export density regions of Istanbul.

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Istituto tecnico per le attività sociali

Istituto tecnico per attività sociali (literally Technical institute for social activities) has been a type of secondary school in Italy.

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IT performance management

This entry describes performance management in an Information Technology context.

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IT++

IT++ is a C++ library of classes and functions for linear algebra, numerical optimization, signal processing, communications, and statistics.

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Italian society of economics demography and statistics

The Italian society of economics demography and statistics (SIEDS, Società italiana di economia demografia e statistica) is a learned society aiming to further economic, demographic, and statistical studies and to establish active co-operation among professionals of the mentioned subjects in the field of social sciences and human behaviour.

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Iterated conditional modes

In statistics, iterated conditional modes is a deterministic algorithm for obtaining a configuration of a local maximum of the joint probability of a Markov random field.

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Ivar Giaever

Ivar Giaever (Giæver,; born April 5, 1929) is a Norwegian-American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson "for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids".

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Ivington

Ivington is a village in the county of Herefordshire, England, approximately 13 miles (21 km) north of Hereford.

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J (programming language)

The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus.

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J. A. Scott Kelso

J.

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J. B. S. Haldane

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (5 November 18921 December 1964) was an English scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics.

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J. Hyam Rubinstein

J.

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J. Michael Steele

John Michael Steele is C.F. Koo Professor of Statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and he was previously affiliated with Stanford University, Columbia University and Princeton University.

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Jack Kiefer (statistician)

Jack Carl Kiefer (January 25, 1924 – August 10, 1981) was an American statistician.

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Jackie Stedall

Jacqueline Anne "Jackie" Stedall (4 August 1950 – 27 September 2014) was a British mathematics historian.

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Jackknife resampling

In statistics, the jackknife is a resampling technique especially useful for variance and bias estimation.

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Jacob Lüroth

Jacob Lüroth (18 February 1844, Mannheim, Germany – 14 September 1910, Munich, Germany) was a German mathematician who proved Lüroth's theorem and introduced Lüroth quartics.

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Jacob Savir

Jacob Savir is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology and an IEEE Fellow.

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Jacob Wolfowitz

Jacob Wolfowitz (March 19, 1910 – July 16, 1981) was a Polish-born American statistician and Shannon Award-winning information theorist.

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Jacques Bertillon

Jacques Bertillon (November 11, 1851 &ndash; July 7, 1922) was a French statistician and demographer.

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Jacques Drèze

Jacques H. Drèze (born 1929) is a Belgian economist noted for his contributions to economic theory, econometrics, and economic policy as well as for his leadership in the economics profession.

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Jagannath Wani

Jagannath Wani was an Indo-Canadian statistician and philanthropist.

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Jahar Saha

Jahar Saha is a professor and former director of the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad, a position he held from 1998 to 2002.

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JAIRO

JAIRO (ジャイロ), which stands for Japanese Institutional Repositories Online, is a web-based search interface that provides aggregated open access to Japanese academic content, including journal articles, theses, research bulletins, and reports.

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Jamalpur Government College

Jamalpur Government College, commonly referred to as Government Ashek Mahmud College Jamalpur or Government Jaheda Safir Women college Jamalpur, is an institution of higher education in Bangladesh, located in the Jamalpur district.

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James A. Field

James Alfred Field (May 26, 1880 – July 16, 1927Frank Moore Colby, Allen Leon Churchill, Herbert Treadwell Wade (1928) The New international year book. p. 286) was an American economist and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Chicago, known as one of the proponents of institutional economicsMalcolm Rutherford (2011).

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James Alan Fox

James Alan Fox is a professor of criminology at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States.

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James Attwood

James A. Attwood Jr. is an American businessman.

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James B. Duke Professor

At Duke University, the title of James B. Duke Professor is given to a small number of the faculty with extraordinary records of achievement.

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James Beckett (statistician)

James Beckett III is an American statistician, author, editor, and publisher.

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James C. Hickman

James C. Hickman (August 27, 1927 – September 10, 2006) was an American actuary.

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James Durbin

James Durbin FBA (30 June 1923 – 23 June 2012) was a British statistician and econometrician, known particularly for his work on time series analysis and serial correlation.

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James Elsner

James Brian Elsner (born 1959) is an American atmospheric scientist, geographer, and applied statistician who has made substantial contributions to understanding of the spatial, temporal, and physical relationships of tropical cyclones and tornadoes, and the influence of climate change.

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James F. Crow

James Franklin Crow (January 18, 1916 – January 4, 2012) was Professor Emeritus of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and a prominent population geneticist whose career spanned from the modern synthesis to the genomic era.

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James Goodnight

James Howard Goodnight (born January 6, 1943) is an American billionaire businessman and software developer.

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James Ibori

James Onanefe Ibori (born 4 August 1959) is a Nigerian politician who was Governor of Delta State in Nigeria from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.

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Jan Czekanowski

Jan Czekanowski (October 8, 1882, Głuchów – July 20, 1965, Szczecin) was a Polish anthropologist, statistician, ethnographer, traveller, and linguist.

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Janet Morgan Riggs

Janet Morgan Riggs (born c. 1955) is the 14th President of Gettysburg College.

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Janet Taylor Spence

Janet Taylor Spence (August 29, 1923 – March 16, 2015) was an American psychologist who worked in the field of the psychology of anxiety and in gender studies.

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Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers

is a system of dispatching Japanese volunteers overseas operated by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

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Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg

Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg (4 August 1876, Helsinki – 24 December 1932, Helsinki) was a Finnish mathematician known for work on the central limit theorem.

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Jaro–Winkler distance

In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler distance is a string metric for measuring the edit distance between two sequences.

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Jarque–Bera test

In statistics, the Jarque–Bera test is a goodness-of-fit test of whether sample data have the skewness and kurtosis matching a normal distribution.

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Jason Chaffetz

Jason E. Chaffetz (born March 26, 1967) is an American commentator and politician who served as the U.S. Representative for, from 2009 until 2017.

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Jason Witt

Jason Witt is an American distance runner and Brigham Young University alum, where he majored in statistics.

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JASP

JASP is a free and open-source graphical program for statistical analysis, designed to be easy to use, and familiar to users of SPSS.

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Jaxon modulation

Jaxon modulation is a modulation system for placing information on a bitstream generated by a finite generator.

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Jürgen Kriz

Jürgen Kriz (born December 5, 1944 in Ehrhorn/Soltau, Germany) is a German psychologist, psychotherapist and prominent thinker in systems theory.

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Jürgen Kuczynski

Jürgen Kuczynski (17 September 1904, Elberfeld – 6 August 1997, Berlin) was a German economist and communist.

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Jean Civiale

Jean Civiale (1792–1867) was a French surgeon and urologist, who, in 1832, invented a surgical instrument (the lithotrite) and performed transurethral lithotripsy, the first known minimally invasive surgery, to crush stones inside the bladder without having to open the abdomen (lithotomy).

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Jean-Marie Dufour

Jean-Marie Dufour (born 1949) is an economist and statistician from Quebec who teaches at McGill University.

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Jeanne E. Griffith

Jeanne Elaine Griffith (1950- August 3 2001) was the director of the Division of Science Resource Studies at the National Science Foundation.

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Jeanne Quint Benoliel

Jeanne Quint Benoliel (December 9, 1919Some sources list her birth year as 1920. – January 23, 2012) was an American nurse who studied the role of nursing in end-of-life settings.

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Jeff Rosenthal

Jeffrey Seth "Jeff" Rosenthal, FRSC, FIMS (born October 13, 1967, Scarborough, Ontario) is an award-winning Canadian statistician and author.

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Jeffrey T. Leek

Jeffrey Tullis Leek is an American biostatician and data scientist working as a Professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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JEL classification codes

Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a system originated by the Journal of Economic Literature.

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Jenks natural breaks optimization

The Jenks optimization method, also called the Jenks natural breaks classification method, is a data clustering method designed to determine the best arrangement of values into different classes.

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Jensen–Shannon divergence

In probability theory and statistics, the Jensen–Shannon divergence is a method of measuring the similarity between two probability distributions.

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Jer Thorp

Jer Thorp (born 1974/5) is a Canadian data artist from Vancouver, British Columbia.

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Jerome H. Friedman

Jerome Harold Friedman (born 1939) is an American statistician, consultant and Professor of Statistics at Stanford University, known for his contributions in the field of statistics and data mining.

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Jerome J. Workman Jr.

Jerome J. Workman Jr. is an American scientist, born on August 6, 1952, in Northfield, Minnesota.

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Jerzy Neyman

Jerzy Neyman (April 16, 1894 – August 5, 1981), born Jerzy Spława-Neyman, was a Polish mathematician and statistician who spent the first part of his professional career at various institutions in Warsaw, Poland and then at University College London, and the second part at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Jessica (given name)

Jessica (originally Iessica, also Jesica, Jesika, Jessicah, Jessika, or Jessikah) is a female given name.

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Jessica Utts

Jessica Utts (born 1952) is a parapsychologist and statistics professor at the University of California, Irvine.

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.

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Jianqing Fan

Jianqing Fan (born 1962) is a statistician and financial econometrician.

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Jim Everett

James Samuel Everett III (born January 3, 1963) is a former professional American football quarterback who played for twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL).

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JMP (statistical software)

JMP (pronounced "jump") is a suite of computer programs for statistical analysis developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute.

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Jnana Sweekar PU College

Jnana Sweekar PU College is a pre-university college in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

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Joachim Engel

Joachim Engel (born 1954) is a German scientist and a professor.

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Joachim Merz

Joachim Merz (born October 26, 1948 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) is a German economist.

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Joanneum Research

JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH is one of the largest non-academic research institutes in Austria.

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João Maria Correia Ayres de Campos, 1st Count of Ameal

João Maria Correia Ayres de Campos (his surname also graphed Aires de Campos in contemporary Portuguese), 1st Count of Ameal, GCC, CvNSC, OOPA (Coimbra, February 5, 1847 – July 13, 1920) was a Portuguese politician and antiquarian, best known as a great art collector, maecenas and bibliophile.

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Joel Brawley

Joel Vincent Brawley, Jr. is the Alumni Distinguished Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Clemson University.

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Johann Ernst Fabri

Johann Ernst Fabri (16 July 1755, Oels, Silesia &ndash; 30 May 1825, Erlangen) was a German geographer and statistician.

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Johann Friedrich von Recke

Johann Friedrich von Recke (1 August 176413 September 1846) was a senior public official in the Baltic Germans Duchy of Courland.

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Johann Georg Büsch

Johann Georg Büsch (January 3, 1728 at Alten-Weding in Hanover – August 5, 1800 in Hamburg) was a German mathematics teacher and writer on statistics and commerce.

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Johann Georg Meusel

Johann Georg Meusel (17 March 1743, in Eyrichshof &ndash; 19.September 1820, in Erlangen) was a German bibliographer, lexicographer and historian.

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Johann Samuel Ersch

Johann Samuel Ersch (23 June 1766 – 16 January 1828) was a German bibliographer, generally regarded as the founder of German bibliography.

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Johannes Kemperman

Johannes Henricus Bernardus Kemperman (July 16, 1924 – June 13, 2011) was a Dutch mathematician.

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Johannes Kepler University Linz

The Johannes Kepler University Linz (German: Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, short: JKU) is a public institution of higher education in Austria.

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Johansen test

In statistics, the Johansen test, named after Søren Johansen, is a procedure for testing cointegration of several, say k, I(1) time series.

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John Aitchison

John Aitchison (22 July 1926 &ndash; 23 December 2016) was a Scottish statistician.

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John Brand (political writer)

John Brand (died 1808) was an English clergyman and writer on politics and political economy.

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John Clements Davis

John Clements Davis (born October 21, 1938) is an American geologist best known for his research in the application of statistics to geology.

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John E. Freund

John Ernst Freund (August 6, 1921 – 2004) was a prominent author of university level textbooks on statistics.

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John E. Hunter

John E. "Jack" Hunter (29 March 1939 – June 26, 2002) was an American psychology professor known for his work in methodology.

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John F. MacGregor

John Frederick MacGregor (born 1943 in Ontario, Canada) is a statistician whose work in the field of statistical process control has received significant recognition.

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John H. Schuenemeyer

John H (Jack) Schuenemeyer is President of Southwest Statistical Consulting, Cortez, Colorado.

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John Hajnal

John Hajnal FBA (born Hajnal-Kónyi; 26 November 1924 – 30 November 2008), was a Hungarian-British academic in the fields of mathematics and economics (statistics).

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John M. Abowd

John Maron Abowd (born December 22, 1951) is the Associate director for research and methodology and chief scientist of the US Census Bureau, where he serves on leave from his position as the Edmund Ezra Day Professor of Economics, professor of information science, and member of the Department of Statistical Science at Cornell University.

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John M. Facciola

John M. Facciola (born in 1944) served as a United States Magistrate Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, from his appointment in August, 1997 until his retirement in December, 2014.

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John Overdeck

John Albert Overdeck is an American hedge fund manager and philanthropist.

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John Panaretos

John Panaretos (Γιάννης Πανάρετος; born 1948 in Kythera) is a Greek educator and statistician.

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John Paul Vann

John Paul Vann (July 2, 1924 – June 9, 1972) was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, later retired, who became well known for his role in the Vietnam War.

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John Ramsay McCulloch

John Ramsey McCulloch (1 March 1789 – 11 November 1864) was a Scottish economist, author and editor, widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823.

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John Shawe-Taylor

John Stewart Shawe-Taylor (born 1953) is Director of the Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning at University College, London (UK).

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John Tukey

John Wilder Tukey (June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American mathematician best known for development of the FFT algorithm and box plot.

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John Venn

John Venn, FRS, FSA, (4 August 1834 – 4 April 1923) was an English logician and philosopher noted for introducing the Venn diagram, used in the fields of set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.

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John von Neumann

John von Neumann (Neumann János Lajos,; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath.

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Johnathan Gray

Johnathan Gray (born April 22, 1993) is an American football running back.

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Joint probability distribution

Given random variables X, Y,..., that are defined on a probability space, the joint probability distribution for X, Y,...

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Jonathan Tawn

Jonathan Tawn is Professor of Statistics at Lancaster University.

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Jonckheere's trend test

In statistics, the Jonckheere trend test (sometimes called the Jonckheere–Terpstra test) is a test for an ordered alternative hypothesis within an independent samples (between-participants) design.

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José Enrique Moyal

José Enrique Moyal (יוסף הנרי מויאל&lrm;; 1 October 1910 – 22 May 1998) was an Australian mathematician and mathematical physicist who contributed to aeronautical engineering, electrical engineering and statistics, among other fields.

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José Luis Espert

José Luis Espert (born November 21, 1961) is an Argentina economist.

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Joseph Felsenstein

Joseph "Joe" Felsenstein (born May 9, 1942) is Professor in the Departments of Genome Sciences and Biology and Adjunct Professor in the Departments of Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Washington in Seattle.

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Joseph Hilbe

Joseph Michael Hilbe (December 30, 1944 – March 12, 2017) was an American statistician and philosopher, founding President of the (IAA) and one of the most prolific authors of books on statistical modeling in the early twenty-first century.

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Joseph Lawson Hodges Jr.

Joseph Lawson Hodges Jr. (April 10, 1922 – March 1, 2000) was a statistician.

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Joseph S. B. Mitchell

Joseph S. B. Mitchell is an American computer scientist and mathematician.

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Joseph Shield Nicholson

Joseph Shield Nicholson, FBA, FRSE (9 November 1850 – 12 May 1927) was an English economist.

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Josipa Petrunic

Josipa Petrunic is a Canadian advocate for low- and zero emission transportation technology.

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Jotun Hein

Jotun John Piet Hein (born 19 July 1956) is Professor of Bioinformatics at the Department of Statistics of the University of Oxford and a professorial fellow of University College, Oxford.

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Journal club

A journal club is a group of individuals who meet regularly to critically evaluate recent articles in the academic literature, such as the scientific literature, medical literature, or philosophy literature.

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Journal of Agricultural Economics

The Journal of Agricultural Economics is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Agricultural Economics Society.

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Journal of Applied Statistics

The Journal of Applied Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering applied statistics.

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Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics

The Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Statistical Association.

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Journal of Econometrics

The Journal of Econometrics is a scholarly journal in econometrics.

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Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics

The Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Sage Publications on behalf of the American Educational Research Association and American Statistical Association.

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Journal of Forecasting

The Journal of Forecasting is a peer-reviewed academic journal published eight times per year by John Wiley & Sons.

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Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods

The Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods is a biannual peer-reviewed open access journal.

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Journal of Modern Optics

The Journal of Modern Optics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established as Optica Acta in 1954.

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Journal of Official Statistics

The Journal of Official Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to official statistics.

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Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation

Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers related to computational statistics.

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Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment

The Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the International School for Advanced Studies and IOP Publishing.

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Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference

The Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on statistical inference.

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Journal of Statistical Software

The Journal of Statistical Software is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistical software.

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Journal of Statistics Education

The Journal of Statistics Education is a double-blind peer-reviewed scientific journal.

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Journal of the American Statistical Association

The Journal of the American Statistical Association (JASA) is the primary journal published by the American Statistical Association, the main professional body for statisticians in the United States.

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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society

The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics.

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Judea Pearl

Judea Pearl (born September 4, 1936) is an Israeli-American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation).

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Julia Bell

Julia Bell (28 January 1879 – 26 April 1979) was a pioneering English human geneticist.

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Julia Robinson

Julia Hall Bowman Robinson (December 8, 1919 – July 30, 1985) was an American mathematician renowned for her contributions to the fields of computability theory and computational complexity theory–most notably in decision problems.

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Jun S. Liu

Jun S. Liu (born 1965) is an award-winning Chinese-American statistician focusing on Bayesian statistical inference and computational biology.

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JUPA Psychology Proficiency Test

JUPA Psychology Proficiency Test (心理学検定, Shinri gaku Kentei) is a test designed to measure the knowledge of psychology by Japanese Union of Psychological Association.

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Jurimetrics

Jurimetrics is the application of quantitative methods, and often especially statistics, to law.

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Jutta Treviranus

Jutta Treviranus is a full Professor at the Ontario College of Art and Design University (OCADU) in Toronto, Canada.

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K-distribution

In probability and statistics, the K-distribution is a three-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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K-medians clustering

In statistics and data mining, k-medians clustering is a cluster analysis algorithm.

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K-statistic

In statistics, a k-statistic is a minimum-variance unbiased estimator of a cumulant.

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K. C. Sreedharan Pillai

K C Sreedharan Pillai (1920–1985) was an Indian statistician who was known for his works on multivariate analysis and probability distributions.

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K. Rajupalem, Prakasam district

K.

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K. T. Rama Rao

Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao (born 24 July 1976) popularly known as K.T.R., is an Indian politician from the Telangana Rashtra Samithi.

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K1 fund

The K1 fund was a British Virgin Islands based hedge fund, initially marketed to and invested in by mainly German-based private investors, and latterly a series of global banks.

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Kai-Tai Fang

Kai-Tai Fang (born 1940) is a Chinese mathematician and statistician who has helped to develop generalized multivariate analysis, which extends classical multivariate analysis beyond the multivariate normal distribution to more general elliptical distributions.

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Kali S. Banerjee

Kali S. Banerjee (September 17, 1914 – April 9, 2002) was a math and statistics expert, and a professor of statistics at the University of Delaware.

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Karl Bücher

Karl Wilhelm Bücher (16 February 1847, Kirberg, Hesse – 12 November 1930, Leipzig, Saxony) was an economist, one of the founders of non-market economics, and the founder of journalism as an academic discipline.

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Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici

Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Dieterici (23 August 1790 in Berlin &ndash; 30 July 1859 in Berlin) was a German political economist.

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Karl G. Karsten

Karl Gustaf Karsten (1891 – 1968) was an American economist, statistician, businessman, inventor and author, known from his seminal work on graphical methods, and economic forecasting.

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Karl Gustav Jöreskog

Karl Gustav Jöreskog (born 25 April 1935) is a Swedish statistician.

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Karl Schwarzschild

Karl Schwarzschild (October 9, 1873 – May 11, 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer.

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Katarina Juselius

Katarina Juselius (born 1943) is professor Emeritus of econometrics and empirical economics at the University of Copenhagen.

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Katarzyna Lubnauer

Katarzyna Lubnauer (née Libudzisz; born 24 July 1969) is a Polish politician, mathematician and academic teacher.

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Kate Bronfenbrenner

Kate Bronfenbrenner (March 23, 1954) is the Director of Labor Education Research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations.

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Kate Dillon Levin

Kate Dillon Levin (born March 2, 1974 in Washington D.C.) is an American model, activist and actress.

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Kathryn Chaloner

Kathryn Mary Chaloner (August 24, 1954 – October 19, 2014) was a British statistician.

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Kārlis Balodis

Kārlis Balodis (June 20, 1864 &ndash; January 13, 1931) was a notable Latvian economist, financist, statistician and demographist.

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Kendall rank correlation coefficient

In statistics, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, commonly referred to as Kendall's tau coefficient (after the Greek letter τ), is a statistic used to measure the ordinal association between two measured quantities.

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Kennedy College of Sciences

The William J. and John F. Kennedy College of Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Lowell is so named for the Kennedy family and their contributions to the campus.

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Kenneth D. West

Kenneth David West (born 1953) is the John D. MacArthur and Ragnar Frisch Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Wisconsin.

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Kenneth O. May

Kenneth O. May (July 8, 1915, in Portland, Oregon – December 1977, in Toronto) was an American mathematician and historian of mathematics, who developed May's theorem.

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Kernel (statistics)

The term kernel is a term in statistical analysis used to refer to a window function.

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Kernel density estimation

In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is a non-parametric way to estimate the probability density function of a random variable.

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Kernel embedding of distributions

In machine learning, the kernel embedding of distributions (also called the kernel mean or mean map) comprises a class of nonparametric methods in which a probability distribution is represented as an element of a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS).

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Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis

In statistics, kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KFD), also known as generalized discriminant analysis and kernel discriminant analysis, is a kernelized version of linear discriminant analysis (LDA).

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Kernel smoother

A kernel smoother is a statistical technique to estimate a real valued function f: \mathbb^p \to \mathbb as the weighted average of neighboring observed data.

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Kerrie Mengersen

Kerrie Mengersen (born 1962) is an Australian statistician.

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Keystroke logging

Keystroke logging, often referred to as keylogging or keyboard capturing, is the action of recording (logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically covertly, so that the person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored.

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KFUPM Program of Industrial and Systems Engineering

The Industrial & Systems Engineering Program offers a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial engineering.

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Khandkar Manwar Hossain

Khandkar Manwar Hossain (30 April 193027 June 1999) was a Bangladeshi statistician.

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Khmaladze transformation

In statistics, the Khmaladze transformation is a mathematical tool used in constructing convenient goodness of fit tests for hypothetical distribution functions.

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Kinetic exchange models of markets

Kinetic exchange models are multi-agent dynamic models inspired by the statistical physics of energy distribution, which try to explain the robust and universal features of income/wealth distributions.

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King Edward VI College, Stourbridge

King Edward VI College is a highly recognised selective state sixth form college, located in Stourbridge, England, in the West Midlands area.

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King effect

In statistics, economics, and econophysics, the King effect refers to the phenomenon where the top one or two members of a ranked set show up as outliers.

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King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL or KMIT Ladkrabang for short) is a research and educational institution in Thailand.

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King Saud University

King Saud University (KSU, جامعة الملك سعود) is a public university in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, founded in 1957 by King Saud bin Abdulaziz as Riyadh University, as the first university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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King School

King School, formerly King and Low Heywood Thomas, is a private, co-educational day school for pre-kindergarten through grade 12 in Connecticut.

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Kiosk software

Kiosk software is the system and user interface software designed for an interactive kiosk or Internet kiosk.

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Kliment Timiryazev

Kliment Arkadievich Timiryazev (Климент Аркадьевич Тимирязев; – 28 April 1920) was a Russian botanist and physiologist and a major proponent of the Evolution Theory of Charles Darwin in Russia.

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Knitr

knitr is an engine for dynamic report generation with R. It is a package in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX, LyX, HTML, Markdown, AsciiDoc, and reStructuredText documents.

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Ko. Si. Mani

Ko.Si.

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Kohima Science College

The Kohima Science College, Jotsoma is an institute for undergraduate and postgraduate science education in the village of Jotsoma which is located in the state of Nagaland, India.

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Kokrajhar Government College

Kokrajhar Govt.

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Kolmogorov's theorem

Kolmogorov's theorem is any of several different results by Andrey Kolmogorov:;In statistics.

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Kolmogorov–Smirnov test

In statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test or KS test) is a nonparametric test of the equality of continuous, one-dimensional probability distributions that can be used to compare a sample with a reference probability distribution (one-sample K–S test), or to compare two samples (two-sample K–S test).

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Konstantin Batyushkov

Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov (a) was a Russian poet, essayist and translator of the Romantic era.

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Korbinian Strimmer

Korbinian Strimmer (born 1972) is a German statistician specialising in biomedical data science.

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Korea University

Korea University (KU) is a private research university in Seoul, South Korea.

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Kretzmann Commission

The Kretzmann CommissionTheological Education in Andhra Pradesh - The Kretzmann Commission Report, Printed by A. Nageswara Rao at Saraswathi Power Press, Rajahmundry, 1970.

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Kriging

In statistics, originally in geostatistics, kriging or Gaussian process regression is a method of interpolation for which the interpolated values are modeled by a Gaussian process governed by prior covariances, as opposed to a piecewise-polynomial spline chosen to optimize smoothness of the fitted values.

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Krishna Palem

Krishna V. Palem is a computer scientist and engineer of Indian origin and is the Kenneth and Audrey Kennedy Professor of Computing at Rice University and the director of Institute for Sustainable Nanoelectronics (ISNE) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU).

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Kronecker delta

In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers.

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Krypto (game)

Krypto is a card game designed by Daniel Yovich in 1963 and published by Parker Brothers and It is a mathematical game that promotes proficiency with basic arithmetic operations.

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Kuiper's test

Kuiper's test is used in statistics to test that whether a given distribution, or family of distributions, is contradicted by evidence from a sample of data.

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Kullback's inequality

In information theory and statistics, Kullback's inequality is a lower bound on the Kullback–Leibler divergence expressed in terms of the large deviations rate function.

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Kumaraswamy distribution

In probability and statistics, the Kumaraswamy's double bounded distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval.

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Kumpula Campus

The Kumpula Campus (Kumpulan kampus, Campus Gumtäkt) is a science campus of University of Helsinki.

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Kurtosis

In probability theory and statistics, kurtosis (from κυρτός, kyrtos or kurtos, meaning "curved, arching") is a measure of the "tailedness" of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.

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Kurtosis risk

In statistics and decision theory, kurtosis risk is the risk that results when a statistical model assumes the normal distribution, but is applied to observations that have a tendency to occasionally be much farther (in terms of number of standard deviations) from the average than is expected for a normal distribution.

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L-estimator

In statistics, an L-estimator is an estimator which is an L-statistic – a linear combination of order statistics of the measurements.

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L-moment

In statistics, L-moments are a sequence of statistics used to summarize the shape of a probability distribution.

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L-statistic

In statistics, an L-statistic is a statistic (function of a data set) that is a linear combination of order statistics; the "L" is for "linear".

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Laboratory experimentation in psychology

Psychology has adapted the principles of positivist research to develop a wide range of laboratory-based approaches to research.

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Labour economics

Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for wage labour.

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Labron Harris Jr.

Labron E. Harris Jr. (born September 27, 1941) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Lack-of-fit sum of squares

In statistics, a sum of squares due to lack of fit, or more tersely a lack-of-fit sum of squares, is one of the components of a partition of the sum of squares of residuals in an analysis of variance, used in the numerator in an F-test of the null hypothesis that says that a proposed model fits well.

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Lack-of-fit test

In statistics, a lack-of-fit test is any of many tests of a null hypothesis that a proposed statistical model fits well.

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Lady tasting tea

In the design of experiments in statistics, the lady tasting tea is a randomized experiment devised by Ronald Fisher and reported in his book The Design of Experiments (1935).

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Lafayette Roughnecks

The Lafayette Roughnecks was arena football team based in Lafayette, Louisiana.

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Lagos State University

Lagos State University - also known as LASU - was established in 1983 by the enabling Law of Lagos State of Nigeria, for the advancement of learning and establishment of academic excellence.

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Lajos Jánossy

Lajos Jánossy (2 March 1912, Budapest – 2 March 1978, Budapest) was a Hungarian physicist, astrophysicist and mathematician and a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Lambda

Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; λάμ(β)δα lám(b)da) is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Lambda distribution

The lambda distribution is either of two probability distributions used in statistics.

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Lands of Denmark

The three lands of Denmark historically formed the Danish kingdom from its unification and consolidation in the 10th century.

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Langford Lovell Price

Langford Lovell Price (1862-1950) was an English economist, born in London.

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Language identification

In natural language processing, language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in.

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Laplace distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Laplace distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after Pierre-Simon Laplace.

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Large Electron–Positron Collider

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed.

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Larry A. Wasserman

Larry A. Wasserman is a Canadian statistician and a professor in the Department of Statistics and the Machine Learning Department at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Larry V. Hedges

Larry Vernon Hedges is a researcher in statistical methods for meta-analysis and evaluation of education policy.

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Lars Walløe

Lars Walløe (born 20 May 1938) is a Norwegian academic, chemist, physiologist, and scientific adviser to the Norwegian government.

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Lasso (statistics)

In statistics and machine learning, lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) (also Lasso or LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model it produces.

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Latent class model

In statistics, a latent class model (LCM) relates a set of observed (usually discrete) multivariate variables to a set of latent variables.

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Latent variable

In statistics, latent variables (from Latin: present participle of lateo (“lie hidden”), as opposed to observable variables), are variables that are not directly observed but are rather inferred (through a mathematical model) from other variables that are observed (directly measured).

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Latin hypercube sampling

Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values from a multidimensional distribution.

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Latin letters used in mathematics

Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, physical entities.

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Latin rectangle

In combinatorial mathematics, a Latin rectangle is an r &times; n matrix that has the numbers 1, 2, 3,..., n as its entries with no number occurring more than once in any row or column where r ≤ n.

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Latin square

In combinatorics and in experimental design, a Latin square is an n &times; n array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.

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Laurel, Maryland

Laurel is a city in northern Prince George's County, Maryland, in the United States, located almost midway between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore on the banks of the Patuxent River.

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Laurence Baxter

Laurence Alan Baxter (28 February 1954, London – 8 November 1996, Long Island) was professor of statistics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

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Law and economics

Law and economics or economic analysis of law is the application of economic theory (specifically microeconomic theory) to the analysis of law that began mostly with scholars from the Chicago school of economics.

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Law firm

A law firm or a law company is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.

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Law of averages

The law of averages is the law that a particular outcome or event is inevitable or certain simply because it is statistically possible.

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Law of the unconscious statistician

In probability theory and statistics, the law of the unconscious statistician (sometimes abbreviated LOTUS) is a theorem used to calculate the expected value of a function g(X) of a random variable X when one knows the probability distribution of X but one does not explicitly know the distribution of g(X).

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Law of total cumulance

In probability theory and mathematical statistics, the law of total cumulance is a generalization to cumulants of the law of total probability, the law of total expectation, and the law of total variance.

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Law of truly large numbers

The law of truly large numbers (a statistical adage), attributed to Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller, states that with a sample size large enough, any outrageous thing is likely to happen.

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Lawrence D. Brown

Lawrence David Brown (16 December 1940 – 21 February 2018) was Miers Busch Professor and Professor of Statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Lawrence Garfinkel

Lawrence Garfinkel (January 11, 1922 &ndash; January 21, 2010) was an American epidemiologist involved in demonstrating the link between smoking and lung cancer.

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Lawrence Klein

Lawrence Robert Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013) was an American economist.

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Lawrence Shepp

Lawrence Alan Shepp (September 9, 1936 Brooklyn, NY – April 23, 2013, Tucson, AZ) was an American mathematician, specializing in statistics and computational tomography.

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Lévy distribution

No description.

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Learning analytics

Learning analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, for purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs.

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Least squares support vector machine

Least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) are least squares versions of support vector machines (SVM), which are a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, and which are used for classification and regression analysis.

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Least-angle regression

In statistics, least-angle regression (LARS) is an algorithm for fitting linear regression models to high-dimensional data, developed by Bradley Efron, Trevor Hastie, Iain Johnstone and Robert Tibshirani.

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Ledyard Tucker

Ledyard R. Tucker (19 September 1910 – 16 August 2004) was an American mathematician who specialized in statistics and psychometrics.

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Lehmann–Scheffé theorem

In statistics, the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem is a prominent statement, tying together the ideas of completeness, sufficiency, uniqueness, and best unbiased estimation.

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Leila Aboulela

Leila Aboulela (born 1964), Arabic 'ليلى ابوالعلا' is a Sudanese writer who writes in English.

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Lenore E. Bixby

Lenore Alice Epstein Bixby (August 12, 1914 – April 5, 1994)Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014.

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Leo Breiman

Leo Breiman (January 27, 1928 – July 5, 2005) was a distinguished statistician at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Leo Goodman

Leo A. Goodman (born August 7, 1928) is a statistician known particularly for developing statistical methods for the social sciences, including statistical methods for analyzing categorical data and data from statistical surveys.

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Leonard Jimmie Savage

Leonard Jimmie Savage (born Leonard Ogashevitz; 20 November 1917 – 1 November 1971) was an American mathematician and statistician.

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Leonard Katz

Leonard Katz (1938-2017) was an American experimental psychologist, born in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Leonard Porter Ayres

Leonard Porter Ayres (September 15, 1879 – October 29, 1946) was an American educator, soldier, and statistician.

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Leslie Kish

Leslie Kish (born László Kiss, July 27, 1910 – October 7, 2000) was a Hungarian-American statistician and survey methodologist.

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Leslie Spier

Leslie Spier (December 13, 1893 – December 3, 1961) was an American anthropologist best known for his ethnographic studies of American Indians.

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Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

In mathematics and computing, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA or just LM), also known as the damped least-squares (DLS) method, is used to solve non-linear least squares problems.

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Levene's test

In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more groups.

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Leverage (statistics)

In statistics and in particular in regression analysis, leverage is a measure of how far away the independent variable values of an observation are from those of the other observations.

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Lexis diagram

In demography (the branch of statistics that deals with the study of populations) a Lexis diagram (named after economist and social scientist Wilhelm Lexis) is a two dimensional diagram that is used to represent events (such as births or deaths) that occur to individuals belonging to different cohorts.

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Lexis ratio

The Lexis ratio is used in statistics as a measure which seeks to evaluate differences between the statistical properties of random mechanisms where the outcome is two-valued &mdash; for example "success" or "failure", "win" or "lose".

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Li Cai (psychometrician)

Li Cai (born c. 1980) is a statistician and quantitative psychologist.

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Liberal Arts and Science Academy

Liberal Arts and Science Academy (LASA) is a selective public magnet high school for liberal arts, science and mathematics in Austin, Texas.

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Library assessment

Library assessment is a process undertaken by libraries to learn about the needs of users (and non-users) and to evaluate how well they support these needs, in order to improve library facilities, services and resources.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class H -- Social sciences

Class H: Social Sciences is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science

Class Q: Science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system.

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Library science

Library science (often termed library studies, library and information science, bibliothecography, library economy) is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information.

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Liebmann Hersch

Pesach Liebmann Hersch (25 May 1882 – 9 June 1955), also Liebman Hersh (ליבמאן הערש), was a professor of demography and statistics at the University of Geneva, and an intellectual of the Jewish Labor Bund,Mishkinsky, Moshe.

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Lies, damned lies, and statistics

"Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is a phrase describing the persuasive power of numbers, particularly the use of statistics to bolster weak arguments.

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Life of Sir William Petty 1623 - 1687

The Life of Sir William Petty 1623-1687 is a book, written by Lord Edmond Fitzmaurice, and published in 1895.

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Life Quality Index

The Life Quality Index (LQI) is a compound social indicator of human welfare that reflects the expected length of life in good health and enhancement of the quality of life through access to income.

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Likelihood principle

In statistics, the likelihood principle is that, given a statistical model, all the evidence in a sample relevant to model parameters is contained in the likelihood function.

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Likelihood-ratio test

In statistics, a likelihood ratio test (LR test) is a statistical test used for comparing the goodness of fit of two statistical models — a null model against an alternative model.

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Lilliefors test

In statistics, the Lilliefors test is a normality test based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

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LIMDEP

LIMDEP is an econometric and statistical software package with a variety of estimation tools.

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LimeSurvey

LimeSurvey (formerly PHPSurveyor) is a free and open source on-line statistical survey web app written in PHP based on a MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL or MSSQL database, distributed under the GNU General Public License.

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Limiting case (mathematics)

In mathematics, a limiting case of a mathematical object is a special case that arises when one or more components of the object take on their most extreme possible values.

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Linda Weiser Friedman

Linda Weiser Friedman (born 1953) is an author and academic.

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Lindley's paradox

Lindley's paradox is a counterintuitive situation in statistics in which the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to a hypothesis testing problem give different results for certain choices of the prior distribution.

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Line-intercept sampling

In statistics, line-intercept sampling (LIS) is a method of sampling elements in a region whereby an element is sampled if a chosen line segment, called a “transect”, intersects the element.

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Linear algebra

Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as linear functions such as and their representations through matrices and vector spaces.

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Linear discriminant analysis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), normal discriminant analysis (NDA), or discriminant function analysis is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant, a method used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear combination of features that characterizes or separates two or more classes of objects or events.

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Linear filter

Linear filters process time-varying input signals to produce output signals, subject to the constraint of linearity.

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Linear independence

In the theory of vector spaces, a set of vectors is said to be if one of the vectors in the set can be defined as a linear combination of the others; if no vector in the set can be written in this way, then the vectors are said to be.

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Linear least squares (mathematics)

In statistics and mathematics, linear least squares is an approach to fitting a mathematical or statistical model to data in cases where the idealized value provided by the model for any data point is expressed linearly in terms of the unknown parameters of the model.

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Linear model

In statistics, the term linear model is used in different ways according to the context.

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Linear predictor function

In statistics and in machine learning, a linear predictor function is a linear function (linear combination) of a set of coefficients and explanatory variables (independent variables), whose value is used to predict the outcome of a dependent variable.

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Linear probability model

In statistics, a linear probability model is a special case of a binomial regression model.

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Linear regression

In statistics, linear regression is a linear approach to modelling the relationship between a scalar response (or dependent variable) and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variables).

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Linear separability

In Euclidean geometry, linear separability is a property of a pair of sets of points.

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Linear trend estimation

Trend estimation is a statistical technique to aid interpretation of data.

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Linear-on-the-fly testing

Linear-on-the-fly testing, often referred to as LOFT, is a method of delivering educational or professional examinations.

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LinguaStream

LinguaStream is a generic platform for Natural Language Processing (NLP), based on incremental enrichment of electronic documents.

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Linguistic demography

Linguistic demography is the statistical study of languages among all populations.

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Lingvist

Lingvist is an adaptive language-learning platform, available in an international public free beta version since 2014.

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Link analysis

In network theory, link analysis is a data-analysis technique used to evaluate relationships (connections) between nodes.

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Linkage disequilibrium

In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium is the non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population.

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Lior Pachter

Lior Pachter is a computational biologist.

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Liouville's theorem (differential algebra)

In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, originally formulated by Joseph Liouville in 1833 to 1841, places an important restriction on antiderivatives that can be expressed as elementary functions.

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Lisa Goldberg

Lisa Goldberg is a mathematical finance scholar and statistician who serves at the University of California, Berkeley as Director of Research at the Center for Risk Management Research and as Adjunct Professor of Statistics.

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List of academic databases and search engines

This page contains a representative list of major databases and search engines useful in an academic setting for finding and accessing articles in academic journals, repositories, archives, or other collections of scientific and other articles.

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List of academic statistical associations

Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

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List of administrative divisions by country

The table below indicates the types and, where known, numbers of administrative divisions used by countries and their major dependent territories.

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List of Advanced Level subjects

This is a list of Advanced Level (usually referred to as A-Level) subjects.

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List of African-American inventors and scientists

This list of black inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives.

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List of agnostics

Listed here are persons who have identified themselves as theologically agnostic.

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List of analyses of categorical data

This a list of statistical procedures which can be used for the analysis of categorical data, also known as data on the nominal scale and as categorical variables.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of business theorists

This is an annotated list of important business writers.

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List of Cambridge International Examinations Ordinary Level subjects

The following is a list of GCE Ordinary Level subjects offered by Cambridge International Examinations (CIE).

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List of child prodigies

In psychology research literature, the term child prodigy is defined as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain to the level of an adult expert performer.

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List of cities and towns in Poland

This page contains a list of cities and towns in Poland, preceded by a table of major Polish cities.

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List of climate scientists

This list of climate scientists contains famous or otherwise notable persons who have contributed to the study of climate science.

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List of computer algebra systems

The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS).

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List of countries and dependencies by population

This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population.

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List of countries by suicide rate

The following is a list of suicide rates by country according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.

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List of digital library projects

This is a list of digital library projects.

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List of dimensionless quantities

This is a list of well-known dimensionless quantities illustrating their variety of forms and applications.

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List of DIN standards

This is an incomplete list of DIN standards.

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List of distributed computing projects

This is a list of distributed computing and grid computing projects.

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List of English apocopations

This is a list of common apocopations in the English language.

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List of English back-formations

Back-formation is either the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new "word") by removing actual or supposed affixes, or a neologism formed by such a process.

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List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England (that is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England).

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List of fields of application of statistics

Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data.

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List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States

This is the list of the fields of doctoral studies in the United States used for the annual Survey of Earned Doctorates, conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago for the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies, as used for the 2015 survey.

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List of Friends characters

Various characters appeared in the sitcom Friends, which aired for ten seasons on NBC from 1994 to 2004.

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List of important publications in statistics

This is a list of important publications in statistics, organized by field.

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List of Indian Americans

This is a list of notable Indian Americans, including both original immigrants who obtained U.S. citizenship and their American descendants.

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List of inequalities

This page lists Wikipedia articles about named mathematical inequalities.

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List of Israel Prize recipients

This is a complete list of recipients of the Israel Prize from the inception of the Prize in 1953 through 2017.

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List of Kolkata Presidencians

According to the college directory of the University Grants Commission (India) there are eleven colleges that have the word "Presidency College" in their titles.

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List of largest giant sequoias

The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) is the world's most massive tree, and arguably the largest living organism on Earth.

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List of lemmas

This following is a list of lemmas (or, "lemmata", i.e. minor theorems, or sometimes intermediate technical results factored out of proofs).

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List of Lingayats

Lingayat, also known as Veerashaiva, are a community in India who adhere to Lingayatism.

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List of mathematical functions

In mathematics, some functions or groups of functions are important enough to deserve their own names.

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List of mathematical symbols

This is a list of symbols used in all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to represent a constant.

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List of mathematics-based methods

This is a list of mathematics-based methods.

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List of matrices

This page lists some important classes of matrices used in mathematics, science and engineering.

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List of MeSH codes (E05)

The following is a list of the "E" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (G03)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (H01)

The following is a list of the "H" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (N05)

The following is a list of the "N" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (V02)

The following is a list of the "V" codes for MeSH.

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List of metalworking occupations

Metalworking occupations include.

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List of national and international statistical services

The following is a list of national and international statistical services.

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List of open-source software for mathematics

This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations.

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List of partition topics

Generally, a partition is a division of a whole into non-overlapping parts.

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List of pen names

This is a list of pen names used by notable authors of written work.

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List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.

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List of Princeton University people

This list of notable people associated with Princeton University includes faculty, staff, graduates and former students in the undergraduate program and all graduate programs, and others affiliated with the University.

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List of probability distributions

Many probability distributions that are important in theory or applications have been given specific names.

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List of Professor Blastoff episodes

Professor Blastoff was a weekly comedy audio podcast which aired from May 15, 2011 to July 21, 2015.

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List of Research Centers in Morocco

Category:Science and technology in Morocco Category:Education in Morocco Category:http://www.moroccodemia.com Higher Education in Morocco.

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List of Russian mathematicians

This list of Russian mathematicians includes the famous mathematicians from the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients

Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology is one of the highest multidisciplinary science awards in India.

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List of statistical offices in Germany

The statistical offices of the German states (German: Statistische Landesämter) carry out the task of collecting official statistics in Germany together and in cooperation with the Federal Statistical Office.

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List of statistical packages

Statistical software are specialized computer programs for analysis in statistics and econometrics.

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List of statistical tools used in project management

This list is a comprehenisive collection of statistical methods used in project management is to achieve project goals.

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List of statisticians

This list of statisticians lists people who have made notable contributions to the theories or application of statistics, or to the related fields of probability or machine learning.

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List of statistics articles

No description.

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List of statistics journals

This is a list of scientific journals published in the field of statistics.

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List of suicide sites

The following is a list of current and historic sites frequently chosen to attempt suicide, usually by jumping.

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List of theorems

This is a list of theorems, by Wikipedia page.

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List of universities in Italy

This is the list of universities in Italy, sorted in ascending order by the name of the city where they are situated.

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List of University of Manchester people

This is a list of University of Manchester people.

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List of unsolved problems in statistics

There are many longstanding unsolved problems in mathematics for which a solution has still not yet been found.

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List of unusual units of measurement

An unusual unit of measurement is a unit of measurement that does not form part of a coherent system of measurement; especially in that its exact quantity may not be well known or that it may be an inconvenient multiple or fraction of base units in such systems.

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List of Washington Journal programs aired in May 1995

The C-SPAN news and interview program Washington Journal has been presented live every day of the year from January 4, 1995, through the present, with very few exceptions.

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List of women in statistics

This is a list of women who have made noteworthy contributions to or achievements in statistics.

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Lists of mathematics topics

This article itemizes the various lists of mathematics topics.

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Lists of statistics topics

This article itemizes the various lists of statistics topics.

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Listwise deletion

In statistics, listwise deletion is a method for handling missing data.

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Live birth (human)

In human reproduction, a live birth occurs when a fetus, whatever its gestational age, exits the maternal body and subsequently shows any sign of life, such as voluntary movement, heartbeat, or pulsation of the umbilical cord, for however brief a time and regardless of whether the umbilical cord or placenta are intact.

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Live for Speed

Live for Speed (LFS) is a racing simulator developed by a three-person team comprising Scawen Roberts, Eric Bailey, and Victor van Vlaardingen.

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Living Is For Everyone

Living Is For Everyone (LIFE) is a suicide prevention initiative of the Australian Government's National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS).

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Local asymptotic normality

In statistics, local asymptotic normality is a property of a sequence of statistical models, which allows this sequence to be asymptotically approximated by a normal location model, after a rescaling of the parameter.

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Location parameter

In statistics, a location family is a class of probability distributions that is parametrized by a scalar- or vector-valued parameter x_0, which determines the "location" or shift of the distribution.

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Location test

A location test is a statistical hypothesis test that compares the location parameter of a statistical population to a given constant, or that compares the location parameters of two statistical populations to each other.

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Location testing for Gaussian scale mixture distributions

In statistics, the topic of location testing for Gaussian scale mixture distributions arises in some particular types of situations where the more standard Student's t-test is inapplicable.

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Location–scale family

In probability theory, especially in mathematical statistics, a location–scale family is a family of probability distributions parametrized by a location parameter and a non-negative scale parameter.

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Log file

In computing, a log file is a file that records either events that occur in an operating system or other software runs, or messages between different users of a communication software.

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Log-Laplace distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the log-Laplace distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm has a Laplace distribution.

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Log-linear analysis

Log-linear analysis is a technique used in statistics to examine the relationship between more than two categorical variables.

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Log-logistic distribution

No description.

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Logarithm

In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.

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Logarithmic distribution

In probability and statistics, the logarithmic distribution (also known as the logarithmic series distribution or the log-series distribution) is a discrete probability distribution derived from the Maclaurin series expansion From this we obtain the identity This leads directly to the probability mass function of a Log(p)-distributed random variable: for k ≥ 1, and where 0 F(k).

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Logarithmic scale

A logarithmic scale is a nonlinear scale used when there is a large range of quantities.

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Logistic distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the logistic distribution is a continuous probability distribution.

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Logistic function

A logistic function or logistic curve is a common "S" shape (sigmoid curve), with equation: where.

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Logistic regression

In statistics, the logistic model (or logit model) is a statistical model that is usually taken to apply to a binary dependent variable.

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Logistics

Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation.

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Logology (science of science)

Logology ("the science of science") is the study of all aspects of science and of its practitioners—aspects philosophical, biological, psychological, societal, historical, political, institutional, financial.

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Logrank test

In statistics, the logrank test is a hypothesis test to compare the survival distributions of two samples.

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Long and short scales

The long and short scales are two of several large-number naming systems for integer powers of ten that use the same words with different meanings.

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Long tail

In statistics and business, a long tail of some distributions of numbers is the portion of the distribution having a large number of occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution.

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Loss function

In mathematical optimization, statistics, econometrics, decision theory, machine learning and computational neuroscience, a loss function or cost function is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event.

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Lottery wheeling

Lottery wheeling (also known as lottery system, lottery wheel, lottery wheeling system) is used by individual players and syndicates to distribute a subset of the possible lottery numbers across multiple tickets to ensure that at least one of these tickets will contain a winning combination if several draws are in this subset.

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Louis-René Villermé

Louis-René Villermé (10 March 1782 – 16 November 1863) was a French economist and physician.

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Low birth-weight paradox

The low birth-weight paradox is an apparently paradoxical observation relating to the birth weights and mortality rate of children born to tobacco smoking mothers.

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Low-energy ion scattering

Low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS), sometimes referred to simply as ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used to characterize the chemical and structural makeup of materials.

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Lowell Reed

Lowell Jacob Reed (January 8, 1886 – April 29, 1966) was 7th president of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Lp space

In mathematics, the Lp spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the ''p''-norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces.

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Lucia de Berk

Lucia de Berk (born September 22, 1961 in The Hague, Netherlands), often called Lucia de B., is a Dutch licensed paediatric nurse, who was the subject of a miscarriage of justice.

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Lucien Le Cam

Lucien Marie Le Cam (November 18, 1924 – April 25, 2000) was a mathematician and statistician.

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Ludic fallacy

The ludic fallacy, identified by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his 2007 book The Black Swan, is "the misuse of games to model real-life situations." Taleb explains the fallacy as "basing studies of chance on the narrow world of games and dice."Taleb, Nassim (2007).

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Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (also referred to as LMU or the University of Munich, in German: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university located in Munich, Germany.

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Lukacs's proportion-sum independence theorem

In statistics, Lukacs's proportion-sum independence theorem is a result that is used when studying proportions, in particular the Dirichlet distribution.

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Lumi (software)

lumi is a free, open source and open development software project for the analysis and comprehension of Illumina expression and methylation microarray data.

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Lunar effect

The term lunar effect refers to real or imaginary correlations between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans.

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Lund v. Commonwealth

Lund v. Commonwealth (Va. 1977) 232 S.E.2d 745 is a Supreme Court of Virginia case involving theft of services.

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Lurdes Inoue

Lurdes Yoshiko Tani Inoue is a Brazilian-born statistician of Japanese descent, who specializes in Bayesian inference.

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Luther Burbank

Luther Burbank (March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926) was an American botanist, horticulturist and pioneer in agricultural science.

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Luxembourg Income Study

LIS Cross-National Data Center, formerly known as the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), is a non-profit organization registered in Luxembourg which produces a cross-national database of micro-economic income data for social science research.

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Lychrel number

A Lychrel number is a natural number that cannot form a palindrome through the iterative process of repeatedly reversing its digits and adding the resulting numbers.

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Lynne Billard

Lynne Billard (born 1943) is an American statistician and professor at the University of Georgia, known for her statistics research, leadership, and advocacy for women in science.

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M L Dahanukar College of Commerce

M.L. Dahanukar College of Commerce (also known as Dahanukar College) is a well known commerce stream college located in sub-urban Mumbai.

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M-estimator

In statistics, M-estimators are a broad class of estimators, which are obtained as the minima of sums of functions of the data.

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M-separation

In statistics, m-separation is a measure of disconnectedness in ancestral graphs and a generalization of d-separation for directed acyclic graphs.

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M. C. Chakrabarti

Mukund Chand Chakrabarti (died 1972) a statistician from Bengal of the British India was the founder head of the department of statistics, University of Mumbai India.

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M. S. Bartlett

Maurice Stevenson Bartlett FRS (18 June 1910 – 8 January 2002) was an English statistician who made particular contributions to the analysis of data with spatial and temporal patterns.

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Machine learning

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence in the field of computer science that often uses statistical techniques to give computers the ability to "learn" (i.e., progressively improve performance on a specific task) with data, without being explicitly programmed.

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Machine translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with computer-aided translation, machine-aided human translation (MAHT) or interactive translation) is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.

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Maharaja Bir Bikram College

Maharaja Bir Bikram College or MBB College is a degree college of the Indian state of Tripura, imparting general education in the streams of Science, Commerce and Humanities.

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Mainland Finland

Mainland Finland (Manner-Suomi, Fasta Finland) is a term used in statistics and in other contexts to describe the continental parts of Finland, an area which excludes the Åland Islands.

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Maintenance engineering

Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying engineering concepts for the optimization of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.

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Making Mathematics Count

Making Mathematics Count is the title of a report on mathematics education in the United Kingdom (U.K.). The report was written by Adrian Smith as leader of an "Inquiry into Post–14 Mathematics Education", which was commissioned by the UK Government in 2002.

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Malcolm Adiseshiah

Malcolm Sathiyanathan Adiseshiah (18 April 1910 – 21 November 1994), was an Indian development economist and educator.

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Mallows's Cp

In statistics, Mallows's Cp, named for Colin Lingwood Mallows, is used to assess the fit of a regression model that has been estimated using ordinary least squares.

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Management by exception

Management by exception is a style of business management that focuses on identifying and handling cases that deviate from the norm, recommended as best practice by the project management method By Kamal Jain.

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Management of depression

Management of depression may involve a number of different therapies: medications, behavior therapy, and medical devices.

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Management science

Management science (MS), is the broad interdisciplinary study of problem solving and decision making in human organizations, with strong links to management, economics, business, engineering, management consulting, and other sciences.

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Manfred Clynes

Manfred Clynes (born August 14, 1925) is a scientist, inventor, and musician.

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Manju Singh

Manju Singh is one of the pioneers in the Indian television industry who has consistently produced quality programs that are still remembered for their sincerity and authenticity.

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Mann–Whitney U test

In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW), Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is a nonparametric test of the null hypothesis that it is equally likely that a randomly selected value from one sample will be less than or greater than a randomly selected value from a second sample.

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Manohar Vartak

Manohar N. Vartak (1926&ndash;1997) was a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Statistics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai.

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Mantel test

The Mantel test, named after Nathan Mantel, is a statistical test of the correlation between two matrices.

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Maple (software)

Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment, and is also a multi-paradigm programming language.

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Mar Athanasius College of Engineering

Mar Athanasius College of Engineering (MACE) is an engineering college located in Kothamangalam, Ernakulam, Kerala state, India.

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March Tian Boedihardjo

March Tian Boedihardjo (born March 1998) is a child prodigy of Chinese Indonesian descent.

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Marcum Q-function

In statistics, the Marcum-Q-function Q_M is defined as or as with modified Bessel function I_ of order M &minus; 1.

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Marcus Goldstein

Marcus S. Goldstein (August 22, 1906 – December 1, 1997) was one of the forefathers of dental anthropology and was also a public health analyst.

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Marginal distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the marginal distribution of a subset of a collection of random variables is the probability distribution of the variables contained in the subset.

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Marginal likelihood

In statistics, a marginal likelihood function, or integrated likelihood, is a likelihood function in which some parameter variables have been marginalized.

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Marginal model

In statistics, marginal models (Heagerty & Zeger, 2000) are a technique for obtaining regression estimates in multilevel modeling, also called hierarchical linear models.

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Marian Smoluchowski

Marian Smoluchowski (28 May 1872 &ndash; 5 September 1917) was a Polish physicist who worked in the Polish territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Marie Diener-West

Marie Diener-West is the Helen Abbey and Margaret Merrell Professor of Biostatistics and the chair of the Master of Public Health Program at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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Marie Mercury Roth

Marie Mercury Roth is an American synthetic organic chemist.

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Marina Tarlinskaja

Marina Tarlinskaja (sometimes transliterated "Tarlinskaya" or "Tarlinskaia", Марина Тарлинская) is a Russian-born American linguist specializing in the statistical analysis of verse.

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Mario Wschebor

Mario Wschebor Wonsever (3 December 1939 – 16 September 2011) was an Uruguayan mathematician.

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Mark Henry Hansen

Mark Henry Hansen is an American statistician, professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Director of the David and Helen Gurely Brown Institute for Media Innovation.

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Mark J. van der Laan

Mark Johannes van der Laan is the Jiann-Ping Hsu/Karl E. Peace Professor of Biostatistics and Statistics at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Markedness

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as unusual or divergent in comparison to a more common or regular form.

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Marketing research

Marketing research is "the process or set of processes that links the producers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process.

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Markov chain Monte Carlo

In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution.

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Markov property

In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process.

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Mars Cramer

Jan Salomon (Mars) Cramer (28 April 1928 – 15 March 2014) was a Dutch economist, Professor of Statistics and Econometrics at the University of Amsterdam, known for his work of empirical econometrics.

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Marshalls Park School

Marshalls Park Academy is a mixed academy school for 11- to 16-year-olds in Romford in east London.

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Martin Weitzman

Martin Lawrence "Marty" Weitzman (born April 1, 1942) is an economist and a Professor of Economics at Harvard University.

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Martingale (probability theory)

In probability theory, a martingale is a sequence of random variables (i.e., a stochastic process) for which, at a particular time in the realized sequence, the expectation of the next value in the sequence is equal to the present observed value even given knowledge of all prior observed values.

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Martyn Minns

Martyn Minns (born April 16, 1943) is an English-born American bishop.

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Marvin Zelen

Marvin Zelen (June 21, 1927 – November 15, 2014) was Professor Emeritus of Biostatistics in the Department of Biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (HSPH), and Lemuel Shattuck Research Professor of Statistical Science (the first recipient).

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Mary W. Gray

Mary Lee Wheat Gray (born: April 8, 1938) is an American mathematician, statistician, and lawyer.

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Maryse Marpsat

Maryse Marpsat (born 1951) is a French sociologist and statistician whose work employs methods drawn from sociology and statistics but also mathematics.

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MASCOS

MASCOS, or the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematics and Statistics of Complex Systems, was established in 2003 with about $11 million in funding over five years from the Australian Research Council (ARC) to research Complex/Intelligent Systems.

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Maseno University

Maseno University is a university based in Maseno, near Kisumu, Kenya, founded in 1990.

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Mass drug administration

The administration of drugs to whole populations irrespective of disease status is referred to as mass drug administration (MDA).

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Massachusetts Department of Public Health

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health is a governmental agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with various responsibilities related to public health within that state.

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Massachusetts Public Records Law

Massachusetts Public Records Law is a law in Massachusetts detailing what kinds of documents are actually public records.

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Massanutten Governor's School for Integrated Environmental Science and Technology

The Massanutten Regional Governor's School is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated magnet Governor's Schools, located in Mt. Jackson, in Shenandoah County.

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Master in Data Science

A Master of Science in Data Science is an interdisciplinary degree program designed to provide studies in scientific methods, processes, and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, similar to data mining.

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Master of Business Administration

The Master of Business Administration (MBA or M.B.A.) is a master's degree in business administration (management).

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Master of Commerce

Master of Commerce (MCom or M Comm; sometimes Magister Commercii) is a postgraduate master's degree focusing on commerce-, accounting-, management- and economics-related subjects.

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Master of Economics

The Master of Economics is a postgraduate master's degree in economics (M.Econ., M.Ec.; also MS in Economics, MA in Economics, MCom in Economics) comprising training in economic theory, econometrics and / or applied economics.

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Master of Finance

A Master's degree in Finance is a postgraduate program preparing graduates for careers in Finance.

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Master of Financial Economics

A master's degree in Financial Economics provides a rigorous understanding of theoretical finance and the economic framework upon which that theory is based.

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Master of Information System Management

The Master in Information System Management, also known as Masters in Management Information Systems or Master of Science in Information System Management is a professional in Information Systems, Information Technology, Computer Science and Management.

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Master of International Affairs

The Master of International Affairs (MIA) is a master's degree awarded by schools of international affairs.

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Master of Management

The Master of Management (MM, MBM,MIM, MMgt) is a post-graduate master’s degree awarded to students who normally complete a one- to two-year program of graduate level coursework in business management at an accredited academic institution.

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Master of Marketing Research

The Master of Marketing Research (MMR) is a graduate degree program that may be from one to three years in length.

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Master of Professional Studies

Master of Professional Studies (MPS or M.P.S.) is a type of master's degree concentrated in an applied field of study.

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Master of Public Policy

The Master of Public Policy (MPP), one of several public policy degrees, is a master's level professional degree that provides training in policy analysis and program evaluation at public policy schools.

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Master of Science in Administration

A Master of Science degree in administration (abbreviated M.Sc.A., "MSA", or MScA) is a type of Master of Science degree awarded by universities in many countries.

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Master of Science in Business Analytics

A Master of Science in Business Analytics (MSBA) is an interdisciplinary STEM graduate professional degree that blends concepts from data science, computer science, statistics, business intelligence, and information theory geared towards commercial applications.

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Matérn covariance function

In statistics, the Matérn covariance (named after the Swedish forestry statistician Bertil Matérn) is a covariance function used in spatial statistics, geostatistics, machine learning, image analysis, and other applications of multivariate statistical analysis on metric spaces.

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Match moving

In cinematography, match moving is a cinematic technique that allows the insertion of computer graphics into live-action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion relative to the photographed objects in the shot.

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Math Curse

Math Curse is a children's picture book written by Jon Scieszka and illustrated by Lane Smith, suitable for ages six through ninety-nine years.

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Math Girls

is the first in a series of math-themed young adult novels of the same name by Japanese author Hiroshi Yuki.

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Math Kernel Library

Intel Math Kernel Library (Intel MKL) is a library of optimized math routines for science, engineering, and financial applications.

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Mathematical economics

Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and analyze problems in economics.

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Mathematical Grammar School

Mathematical Grammar School (Matematička gimnazija Beograd / Математичка гимназија Београд, abbr. "MG" or "MGB"), is a special school for gifted and talented students of mathematics, physics and informatics located in Belgrade, Serbia.

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Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences

Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences is a 1966 textbook by mathematician Mary L. Boas intended to develop skills in mathematical problem solving needed for junior to senior-graduate courses in engineering, physics, and chemistry.

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Mathematical proof

In mathematics, a proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement.

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Mathematical Reviews

Mathematical Reviews is a journal published by the American Mathematical Society (AMS) that contains brief synopses, and in some cases evaluations, of many articles in mathematics, statistics, and theoretical computer science.

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Mathematical sciences

The mathematical sciences are a group of areas of study that includes, in addition to mathematics, those academic disciplines that are primarily mathematical in nature but may not be universally considered subfields of mathematics proper.

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Mathematical sociology

Mathematical sociology is the area of sociology that uses mathematics to construct social theories.

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Mathematical software

Mathematical software is software used to model, analyze or calculate numeric, symbolic or geometric data.

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Mathematical statistics

Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data.

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Mathematical table

Mathematical tables are lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments.

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Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.

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Mathematics education

In contemporary education, mathematics education is the practice of teaching and learning mathematics, along with the associated scholarly research.

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Mathematics education in New York

Mathematics education in New York in regard to both content and teaching method can vary depending on the type of school a person attends.

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Mathematics Genealogy Project

The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based database for the academic genealogy of mathematicians.

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Mathematics Subject Classification

The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is an alphanumerical classification scheme collaboratively produced by staff of, and based on the coverage of, the two major mathematical reviewing databases, Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH.

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Matrix (mathematics)

In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.

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Matrix calculus

In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.

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Matrix gamma distribution

In statistics, a matrix gamma distribution is a generalization of the gamma distribution to positive-definite matrices.

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Matrix normal distribution

In statistics, the matrix normal distribution or matrix Gaussian distribution is a probability distribution that is a generalization of the multivariate normal distribution to matrix-valued random variables.

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Matrix t-distribution

In statistics, the matrix t-distribution (or matrix variate t-distribution) is the generalization of the multivariate ''t''-distribution from vectors to matrices.

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Matrix variate beta distribution

In statistics, the matrix variate beta distribution is a generalization of the beta distribution.

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Matrix variate Dirichlet distribution

In statistics, the matrix variate Dirichlet distribution is a generalization of the matrix variate beta distribution.

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Mauchly's sphericity test

Mauchly's sphericity test is a statistical test used to validate a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

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Maurice Block

Maurice Block (Moritz Block); 18 February 18169 January 1901) was a German-French statistician and economist. Block was born in Berlin of Jewish parents. He studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Heidelberg and received his doctorate from the University of Tübingen. In the mid-1840s he moved to Paris to become a statistician with the French ministry of agriculture. In 1853 he moved on to the General Statistic service. Beginning in 1856, Block edited L'Annuaire de l'economie politique et de la statistique. He remained the editor until 1901. Block, along with many French economists of his time, believed that economics was too complex of a subject to be amenable to mathematical techniques. He retired in 1862 and thenceforth wrote predominantly on the topics of agriculture, finance and public administration, turning to criticism of socialism in the 1890s. A prolific writer, he was published in a number of academic and professional magazines and journals of the time. He continued to devote himself to statistical studies as well. He was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1880. He died in Paris on 9 January 1901. His principal works are: Dictionnaire de l'administration francaise (1856); Statistique de la France (1860); Dictionnaire general de la politique (1862); L'Europe politique et sociale (1869); Traité theorique et pratique de statistique (1878); Les Progres de l'economie politique depuis Adam Smith (1890); and wrote in German Die Bevolkerung des franzosischen Kaiserreichs (1861); Die Bevalkerung Spaniens and Portugals (1860); and Die Machtstellung der europäischen Staaten (1862). He wrote several books against socialism: Les théoriciens du socialisme en Allemagne (1872); Le socialisme moderne (1890). He is the author of the famous distinction between the three political lines: Orleanism, Legitimism and Bonapartism. As Adolphe Franck and Michel Breal, he is one of those Jewish Scholars who attempted to remain neutral during the Dreyfus affair.

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Maurice Halbwachs

Maurice Halbwachs (11 March 1877 – 16 March 1945) was a French philosopher and sociologist known for developing the concept of collective memory.

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Maurice Priestley

Maurice Bertram Priestley (15 March 1933 – 15 June 2013Tata Subba Rao and Granville Tunnicliffe-Wilson, Obituary: Maurice Priestley 1933–2013, 29 August 2013) was a professor of statistics in the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester.

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Maximal information coefficient

In statistics, the maximal information coefficient (MIC) is a measure of the strength of the linear or non-linear association between two variables X and Y.

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Maximally informative dimensions

Maximally informative dimensions is a dimensionality reduction technique used in the statistical analyses of neural responses.

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Maximum entropy

Entropy is a concept that originated in thermodynamics, and later, via statistical mechanics, motivated entire branches of information theory, statistics, and machine learning.

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Maximum entropy probability distribution

In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions.

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Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)

In phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes is to be preferred.

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Maximum spacing estimation

In statistics, maximum spacing estimation (MSE or MSP), or maximum product of spacing estimation (MPS), is a method for estimating the parameters of a univariate statistical model.

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Maxine Morand

Maxine Veronica Morand (born 30 January 1959) is an Australian academic, advocate for cancer patients, and former politician.

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MaxStat

MaxStat is a statistical analysis software platform specifically designed for students and researchers with little background in statistics.

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McCoy College of Business

The McCoy College of Business Administration is the business school of Texas State University.

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McCullagh's parametrization of the Cauchy distributions

In probability theory, the "standard" Cauchy distribution is the probability distribution whose probability density function (pdf) is for x real.

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McKay's approximation for the coefficient of variation

In statistics, McKay's approximation of the coefficient of variation is a statistic based on a sample from a normally distributed population.

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McNemar's test

In statistics, McNemar's test is a statistical test used on paired nominal data.

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Meadow's law

Now discredited, Meadow's Law was a precept much in use until recently in the field of child protection, specifically by those investigating cases of multiple cot or crib death – SIDS – within a single family.

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Mean

In mathematics, mean has several different definitions depending on the context.

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Mean absolute error

In statistics, mean absolute error (MAE) is a measure of difference between two continuous variables.

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Mean absolute percentage error

The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics, for example in trend estimation.

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Mean absolute scaled error

In statistics, the mean absolute scaled error (MASE) is a measure of the accuracy of forecasts.

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Mean Directional Accuracy

Mean Directional Accuracy (MDA), also known as Mean Direction Accuracy, is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics.

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Mean integrated squared error

In statistics, the mean integrated squared error (MISE) is used in density estimation.

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Mean log deviation

In statistics and econometrics, the mean log deviation (MLD) is a measure of income inequality.

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Mean percentage error

In statistics, the mean percentage error (MPE) is the computed average of percentage errors by which forecasts of a model differ from actual values of the quantity being forecast.

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Mean signed deviation

In statistics, the mean signed difference, deviation, or error (MSD) is a sample statistic that summarises how well a set of estimates \hat_i match the quantities \theta_i that they are supposed to estimate.

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Mean squared error

In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and what is estimated.

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Mean squared prediction error

In statistics the mean squared prediction error or mean squared error of the predictions of a smoothing or curve fitting procedure is the expected value of the squared difference between the fitted values implied by the predictive function \widehat and the values of the (unobservable) function g. It is an inverse measure of the explanatory power of \widehat, and can be used in the process of cross-validation of an estimated model.

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Measurement

Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.

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Mechanical engineering technology

Mechanical Engineering Technology is the application of engineering principles and technological developments for the creation of useful products and/or production machinery.

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MedCalc

MedCalc is a statistical software package designed for the biomedical sciences.

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Media guide

A media guide is a sports-related press kit, distributed as a book or binder, and published by sports teams before the start of the sporting season.

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Median

The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.

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Median absolute deviation

In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data.

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Median follow-up

In statistics, median follow-up is the median time between a specified event and the time when data on outcomes are gathered.

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Median test

In statistics, Mood's median test is a special case of Pearson's chi-squared test.

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Mediation (statistics)

In statistics, a mediation model is one that seeks to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third hypothetical variable, known as a mediator variable (also a mediating variable, intermediary variable, or intervening variable).

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Medical diagnosis

Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx or DS) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.

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Medical image computing

Medical image computing (MIC) is an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of computer science, data science, electrical engineering, physics, mathematics and medicine.

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Medical school

A medical school is a tertiary educational institution —or part of such an institution— that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons.

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Medical statistics

Medical statistics deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences, including epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical research.

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Medicinal chemistry

Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs).

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MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis

Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) is computer software for conducting statistical analysis of molecular evolution and for constructing phylogenetic trees.

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Meiktila Institute of Economics

The Meiktila University of Economics (မိတ္ထီလာ စီးပွားရေးတက္ကသိုလ်), located in Meiktila, Mandalay Region, is one of three universities of economics and business in Myanmar.

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Melanie Bahlo

Melanie Bahlo is an Australian geneticist.

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Melvin Defleur

Melvin Lawrence DeFleur (April 27, 1923 – February 13, 2017) was a professor and scholar in the field of communications.

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Melvin J. Hinich

Melvin Jay "Mel" Hinich (April 29, 1939 – September 6, 2010) was the Mike Hogg Professor of Local Government and a professor of government and economics at the University of Texas at Austin.

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Memorylessness

In probability and statistics, memorylessness is a property of certain probability distributions.

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Mercedes Richards

Mercedes Tharam Richards (Kingston, 14 May 1955 &ndash; Hershey, 3 February 2016), née Davis, was a Jamaican astronomy and astrophysics professor.

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Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

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Method of moments (statistics)

In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters.

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Method of support

In statistics, the method of support is a technique that is used to make inferences from datasets.

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Metropolis–Hastings algorithm

In statistics and in statistical physics, the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for obtaining a sequence of random samples from a probability distribution for which direct sampling is difficult.

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Meyer Dwass

Meyer Dwass (April 9, 1923 – July 15, 1996) was an American mathematical statistician known for his contributions to applied probability.

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Michał Kalecki

Michał Kalecki (22 June 1899 – 18 April 1970) was a Polish economist.

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Michael Elad

Michael Elad (born December 10, 1963) is a professor of Computer-Science at the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.

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Michael Friendly

Michael Louis Friendly (born 1945) is an American psychologist, Professor of Psychology at York University in Ontario, Canada, and director of its Statistical Consulting Service, especially known for his contributions to graphical methods for categorical and multivariate data, and on the history of data and information visualisation.

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Michael Gallagher (academic)

Michael Gallagher is a political scientist.

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Michael Healy (statistician)

Michael John Romer Healy (26 November 1923 &ndash; 17 July 2016) was a British statistician known for his contributions to statistical computing, auxology, laboratory statistics and quality control, and methods for analysing longitudinal data, among other areas.

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Michael I. Jordan

Michael Irwin Jordan is an American scientist, Professor at the University of California, Berkeley and a researcher in machine learning, statistics, and artificial intelligence.

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Michael J. Kolb

Michael J. Kolb (born c. 1960) is an American anthropologist.

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Michael Kearns (computer scientist)

Michael Kearns is an American computer scientist, professor and National Center Chair at the University of Pennsylvania, the founding director of Penn's Singh Program in Networked & Social Systems Engineering (NETS), the founding director of, and also holds secondary appointments in Penn's Wharton School and department of Economics.

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Michael Maltz

Michael D. Maltz (born 1938) is an American electrical engineer, criminologist and Emeritus Professor at University of Illinois at Chicago in criminal justice, and adjunct professor and researcher at Ohio State University.

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Michael McCarthy (Irish lawyer)

Michael John Fitzgerald McCarthy (born in Midleton, County Cork (1864 – 26 October 1928) was an Irish lawyer and an anti-clerical author.

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Michael Rotkowitz

Michael Charles Rotkowitz (born 1974) is an applied mathematician best known for his work in decentralized control theory.

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Michael Waterman

Michael Spencer Waterman (born June 28, 1942) is a Professor of Biology, Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Southern California (USC), where he holds an Endowed Associates Chair in Biological Sciences, Mathematics and Computer Science.

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Michael Wolf (statistician)

Michael Wolf (born June 1, 1967) holds the Chair of Econometrics and Applied Statistics in the Department of Economics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.

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Michel Loève

Michel Loève (January 22, 1907 – February 17, 1979) was a French-American probabilist and mathematical statistician, of Jewish origin.

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Michel Talagrand

Michel Pierre Talagrand (born 15 February 1952) is a French mathematician.

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Michel Wedel

Michel Wedel is the Pepsico Chaired Professor of Consumer Science in the Robert H. Smith School of Business, and a Distinguished University Professor, at the University of Maryland, College Park.

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Mickey Appleman

Mark "Mickey" Appleman (born July 15, 1945) is an American professional poker player, sports bettor, and sports handicapper now living in Fort Lee, New Jersey.

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Microarray analysis techniques

Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein microarrays, which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment.

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Microbiologist

A microbiologist (from Greek μῑκρος) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes.

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Microclimate

A microclimate is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but sometimes with a substantial one.

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MICrONS

The Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) MICrONS program (Machine Intelligence from Cortical Networks) is a five-year project with the goal of Reverse engineering one cubic millimeter of a rodent's brain tissue and use insights from its study to improve machine learning and artificial intelligence.

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Micropolitan statistical area

United States micropolitan statistical areas (µSA, where the initial Greek letter mu represents "micro-"), as defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), are labor market areas in the United States centered on an urban cluster (urban area) with a population of at least 10,000 but fewer than 50,000 people.

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Mid Western University

Mid Western University is a state-run university in Surkhet, the regional headquarters of the midwestern development region of Nepal.

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Mid-range

In statistics, the mid-range or mid-extreme of a set of statistical data values is the arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum values in a data set, defined as: The mid-range is the midpoint of the range; as such, it is a measure of central tendency.

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Midhinge

In statistics, the midhinge is the average of the first and third quartiles and is thus a measure of location.

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Mike Harrison (bishop)

Michael Robert "Mike" Harrison (born 7 March 1963) is a Church of England bishop.

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Mike Sapone

Mike Sapone is an American record producer, composer, audio engineer, and mixer whose credits include producing records for bands such as Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, Mayday Parade, Sorority Noise, Boston Manor, O'Brother, Cymbals Eat Guitars, and Public Enemy.

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Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University

Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University (Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi; abbreviated MSGSÜ) is a Turkish state university dedicated to the higher education of fine arts.

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Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology

The Iligan Institute of Technology of Mindanao State University, commonly referred to as MSU-IIT, is a public coeducational institution of higher learning and research university located in Iligan City, Philippines, charted in 1968 by Republic Act 5363 and integrated as the first autonomous unit of the Mindanao State University System in 1975.

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Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel

Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel is a statistician from Turkey.

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Mineral resource classification

Mineral resource classification is the classification of mineral resources based on an increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence.

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Mineral resource estimation

Resource estimation is used to determine and define the ore tonnage and grade of a geological deposit, from the developed block model.

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Minimax

Minimax (sometimes MinMax or MM) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario.

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Minimum description length

The minimum description length (MDL) principle is a formalization of Occam's razor in which the best hypothesis (a model and its parameters) for a given set of data is the one that leads to the best compression of the data.

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Minimum mean square error

In statistics and signal processing, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is an estimation method which minimizes the mean square error (MSE), which is a common measure of estimator quality, of the fitted values of a dependent variable.

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Minimum-variance unbiased estimator

In statistics a minimum-variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) or uniformly minimum-variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) is an unbiased estimator that has lower variance than any other unbiased estimator for all possible values of the parameter.

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Mining engineering

Mining engineering is an engineering discipline that applies science and technology to the extraction of minerals from the earth.

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Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)

The Ministry of Planning (MoP) is a government ministry responsible for socioeconomic planning and statistics management in Cambodia.

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Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (Somalia)

The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC) (Wasaarada Qorsheynta iyo xiriirka caalamiga) is a government ministry responsible for socioeconomic planning and statistics management in Somalia.

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Minitab

Minitab is a statistics package developed at the Pennsylvania State University by researchers Barbara F. Ryan, Thomas A. Ryan, Jr., and Brian L. Joiner in 1972.

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MINQUE

In statistics, the theory of minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE) was developed by C.R. Rao.

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Mirko Grmek

Mirko Dražen Grmek (9 January 1924 – 6 March 2000) was a Croatian and French historian of medicine, writer and scientist.

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Misleading graph

In statistics, a misleading graph, also known as a distorted graph, is a graph that misrepresents data, constituting a misuse of statistics and with the result that an incorrect conclusion may be derived from it.

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Missing data

In statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation.

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Misuse of statistics

Statistics are supposed to make something easier to understand but when used in a misleading fashion can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows.

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MIT in popular culture

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the United States, has been referenced by many works of cinema, television and the written word.

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Mixed-design analysis of variance

In statistics, a mixed-design analysis of variance model (also known as a split-plot ANOVA) is used to test for differences between two or more independent groups whilst subjecting participants to repeated measures.

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Mixpanel

Mixpanel is a business analytics service company.

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Mixture (probability)

In probability theory and statistics, a mixture is a probabilistic combination of two or more probability distributions.

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Mixture distribution

In probability and statistics, a mixture distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable that is derived from a collection of other random variables as follows: first, a random variable is selected by chance from the collection according to given probabilities of selection, and then the value of the selected random variable is realized.

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Mixture model

In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs.

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MM algorithm

The MM algorithm is an iterative optimization method which exploits the convexity of a function in order to find their maxima or minima.

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Mode choice

Mode choice analysis is the third step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting model.

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Moderation (statistics)

In statistics and regression analysis, moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable.

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Modern elementary mathematics

Modern elementary mathematics is the theory and practice of teaching elementary mathematics according to contemporary research and thinking about learning.

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Mohamed Amine Sbihi

Mohamed Amine Sbihi (محمد أمين الصبيحي - born 1954, Salé) is a Moroccan politician of the Party of Progress and Socialism.

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Mohammed Mulibah Sherif

Mohammed Mulibah Sherif (born 16 April 1975) is the General Manager of a regional transmission company, (Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinee) based in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.

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Molecular phylogenetics

Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominately in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.

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Moment (mathematics)

In mathematics, a moment is a specific quantitative measure, used in both mechanics and statistics, of the shape of a set of points.

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Moment measure

In probability and statistics, a moment measure is a mathematical quantity, function or, more precisely, measure that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both.

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Moment-generating function

In probability theory and statistics, the moment-generating function of a real-valued random variable is an alternative specification of its probability distribution.

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Monash University Accident Research Centre

The Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) is a research institute in the injury prevention field.

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MoneyBart

"MoneyBart" (also referred to as "MoneyBART") is the third episode of The Simpsons' twenty-second season.

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Monotone likelihood ratio

A monotonic likelihood ratio in distributions f(x) and g(x) The ratio of the density functions above is increasing in the parameter x, so f(x)/g(x) satisfies the monotone likelihood ratio property.

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Monroe's motivated sequence

Monroe's motivated sequence is a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspire people to take action.

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Monthly Labor Review

The Monthly Labor Review is published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Monywa Institute of Economics

The Monywa University of Economics (မုံရွာ စီးပွားရေး တက္ကသိုလ်), located in Monywa, Sagaing Region, is one of four universities of economics and business in Myanmar.

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Moran Medal

The Moran Medal in Statistical Sciences is awarded every two years by the Australian Academy of Science to recognize outstanding research by Australian scientists under 40 years of age in the fields of applied probability, biometrics, mathematical genetics, psychometrics, and statistics.

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Moran's I

In statistics, Moran's I is a measure of spatial autocorrelation developed by Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran.

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More or Less (radio programme)

More or Less is a BBC Radio 4 programme about numbers and statistics.

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MormonLeaks

MormonLeaks (formerly Mormon WikiLeaks) is a whistleblowing organization inspired by WikiLeaks, which focuses on exposing documents from the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

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Morris H. DeGroot

Morris Herman DeGroot (June 8, 1931 – November 2, 1989) was an American statistician.

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Morris method

In applied statistics, the Morris method for global sensitivity analysis is a so-called one-step-at-a-time method (OAT), meaning that in each run only one input parameter is given a new value.

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Moshe Shalit

Moshe Shalit, also Moses, Moyshe, Moishé, Moïsé Salitas, Szalit, משה שאליט, was a researcher, journalist, essayist, ethnographer, and humanist of the inter-war period.

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Mountain Vista Governor's School

Mountain Vista Governor's School for Science, Math & Technology (commonly Mountain Vista or MVGS) is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated governor's schools, serving primarily 10th, 11th, and 12th graders.

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Movie Review Intelligence

Movie Review Intelligence was a review aggregator website which collated and analyzed movie reviews.

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Moving average

In statistics, a moving average (rolling average or running average) is a calculation to analyze data points by creating series of averages of different subsets of the full data set.

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Moving average crossover

In the statistics of time series, and in particular the analysis of financial time series for stock trading purposes, a moving-average crossover occurs when, on plotting two moving averages each based on different degrees of smoothing, the traces of these moving averages cross.

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Mu (letter)

Mu (uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek μῦ, μι or μυ—both) or my is the 12th letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Mu Alpha Theta

Mu Alpha Theta (ΜΑΘ) is the United States mathematics honor society for high school and two-year college students.

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Mu Sigma Rho

Mu Sigma Rho (ΜΣΡ) is the US national statistics honor society.

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Mulawarman University

The Universitas Mulawarman is a public university located in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

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Multi-fractional order estimator

The multi-fractional order estimator (MFOE)Bell, J. W., Simple Disambiguation Of Orthogonal Projection In Kalman’s filter Derivation, Proceedings of the International Conference on Radar Systems, Glasgow, UK.

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Multicanonical ensemble

In statistics and physics, multicanonical ensemble (also called multicanonical sampling or flat histogram) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling technique that uses the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to compute integrals where the integrand has a rough landscape with multiple local minima.

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Multicollinearity

In statistics, multicollinearity (also collinearity) is a phenomenon in which one predictor variable in a multiple regression model can be linearly predicted from the others with a substantial degree of accuracy.

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Multidimensional analysis

In statistics, econometrics, and related fields, multidimensional analysis (MDA) is a data analysis process that groups data into two categories: data dimensions and measurements.

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Multifactor design of experiments software

Software that is used for designing factorial experiments plays an important role in scientific experiments and represents a route to the implementation of design of experiments procedures that derive from statistical and combinatorial theory.

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Multimodal distribution

In statistics, a bimodal distribution is a continuous probability distribution with two different modes.

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Multinomial logistic regression

In statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes.

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Multinomial probit

In statistics and econometrics, the multinomial probit model is a generalization of the probit model used when there are several possible categories that the dependent variable can fall into.

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Multinomial test

In statistics, the multinomial test is the test of the null hypothesis that the parameters of a multinomial distribution equal specified values.

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Multiple comparisons problem

In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.

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Multiple correlation

In statistics, the coefficient of multiple correlation is a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted using a linear function of a set of other variables.

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Multiple correspondence analysis

In statistics, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is a data analysis technique for nominal categorical data, used to detect and represent underlying structures in a data set.

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Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys

The Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) are household surveys implemented by countries under the programme developed by the United Nations Children's Fund to provide internationally comparable, statistically rigorous data on the situation of children and women.

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Multiplicity of infection

In microbiology, the multiplicity of infection or MOI is the ratio of agents (e.g. phage or more generally virus, bacteria) to infection targets (e.g. cell).

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Multistage sampling

In statistics, multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage.

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Multivariate adaptive regression splines

In statistics, multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) is a form of regression analysis introduced by Jerome H. Friedman in 1991.

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Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis (MVA) is based on the statistical principle of multivariate statistics, which involves observation and analysis of more than one statistical outcome variable at a time.

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Multivariate analysis of variance

In statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a procedure for comparing multivariate sample means.

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Multivariate Behavioral Research

Multivariate Behavioral Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.

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Multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem

In statistics, the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem is the problem of testing for the equality of means from two multivariate normal distributions when the covariance matrices are unknown and possibly not equal.

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Multivariate kernel density estimation

Kernel density estimation is a nonparametric technique for density estimation i.e., estimation of probability density functions, which is one of the fundamental questions in statistics.

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Multivariate normal distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the multivariate normal distribution or multivariate Gaussian distribution is a generalization of the one-dimensional (univariate) normal distribution to higher dimensions.

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Multivariate Pareto distribution

In statistics, a multivariate Pareto distribution is a multivariate extension of a univariate Pareto distribution.

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Multivariate probit model

In statistics and econometrics, the multivariate probit model is a generalization of the probit model used to estimate several correlated binary outcomes jointly.

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Multivariate random variable

In probability, and statistics, a multivariate random variable or random vector is a list of mathematical variables each of whose value is unknown, either because the value has not yet occurred or because there is imperfect knowledge of its value.

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Multivariate statistics

Multivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable.

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Multivariate t-distribution

In statistics, the multivariate t-distribution (or multivariate Student distribution) is a multivariate probability distribution.

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Multiway data analysis

Multiway data analysis is a method of analyzing large data sets by representing the data as a multidimensional array.

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Muntinlupa Science High School

Muntinlupa Science High School, known as Muntinlupa Science or MunSci, is a special science public high school in the City of Muntinlupa, Philippines that provides a technical and science curriculum that aims to prepare students for careers in science and technology, math, and communication arts.

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MuPAD

MuPAD is a computer algebra system (CAS).

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Murray County Central School District

Murray County Central (MCC) is a school district in southwestern Minnesota.

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Music popularity index

A music popularity index is a recorded music ranking, classified by popularity, which can be measured in many different ways.

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Muthu Alagappan

Muthu Alagappan (born) is a medical resident known for his professional basketball analytics.

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Mutual exclusivity

In logic and probability theory, two events (or propositions) are mutually exclusive or disjoint if they cannot both occur (be true).

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Myhailo Yadrenko

Myhailo Yosypovych Yadrenko (Михайло Йосипович Ядренко) was born April 16, 1932, in the village of Drimailivka (Kulykivka district, Chernihiv region, Ukraine) and died September 28, 2004, in Kiev, Ukraine.

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Myra Keen

Angeline Myra Keen (1905–1986) was an American malacologist and invertebrate paleontologist.

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N-body problem

In physics, the -body problem is the problem of predicting the individual motions of a group of celestial objects interacting with each other gravitationally.

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N. S. Rajaram

Navaratna Srinivasa Rajaram (born 1943 in Mysore) is an Indian mathematician, notable for his publications with the Voice of India publishing house focusing on the "Indigenous Aryans" debate in Indian politics, in some instances in co-authorship with David Frawley.

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NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

The NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Inc. Fund, or LDF) is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

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NaFIRS

In the United Kingdom, the National Fault and Interruption Reporting System maintains statistical information relating both to electrical faults and interruptions to the supply of electricity to the 15 UK Electricity Distribution Network Operators (DNOs).

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Nahum Gergel

Nahum Gergel (April 4, 1887 – November 18, 1931) was a Jewish rights activist, humanitarian, sociologist, and author in Yiddish.

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Nahum Rabinovitch

Rabbi Nahum Eliezer Rabinovitch (נחום אליעזר רבינוביץ'; born 1928) is an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and posek, and head of Yeshivat Birkat Moshe in Ma'ale Adumim.

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Naihua Duan

Naihua Duan is a practicing biostatistician specializing in mental health services and policy research at Columbia University.

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Nail Bakirov

Nail Kutluzhanovich Bakirov (Наиль Кутлужанович Бакиров) (30 March 1952 – 23 March 2010)Nail K. Bakirov (30.03.1952 – 23.03.2010) was a prominent Russian statistician, professor and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Ufa, Russia, known for his work in asymptotic theory of mathematical statistics.

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Naive Bayes classifier

In machine learning, naive Bayes classifiers are a family of simple "probabilistic classifiers" based on applying Bayes' theorem with strong (naive) independence assumptions between the features.

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Naive Bayes spam filtering

Naive Bayes classifiers are a popular statistical technique of e-mail filtering.

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Nandala Mafabi

Nathan Nandala Mafabi is a Ugandan accountant, lawyer, and politician.

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Nanny Wermuth

Nanny Wermuth (born 4 December 1943) is the Professor emerita of Statistics, Chalmers University of Technology/University of Gothenburg.

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Nansi Karaboycheva

Nancy Nikolaeva Karaboycheva (Нанси Николаева Карабойчева, born 1993) is a Bulgarian model who won the title of Miss Bulgaria in 2013.

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Naomi Altman

Naomi Altman is an statistician known for her work on kernel smoothing and kernel regression, and interested in applications of statistics to gene expression and genomics.

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Narayana Kocherlakota

Narayana Rao Kocherlakota (born October 12, 1963) is an American economist and is the Lionel W. McKenzie Professor of Economics at the University of Rochester.

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National accounts

National accounts or national account systems (NAS) are the implementation of complete and consistent accounting techniques for measuring the economic activity of a nation.

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National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia)

The National Administrative Department of Statistics (Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística), commonly referred to as DANE, is the Colombian Administrative Department responsible for the planning, compilation, analysis and dissemination of the official statistics of Colombia.

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National Agrarian University

The National Agrarian University, also formally called National Agrarian University - La Molina (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina) (UNALM), is a public university in Lima, Peru.

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National Agricultural Statistics Service

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) is the statistical branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System.

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National Archives of Chile

The Archivo Nacional de Chile (National Archive of Chile) is a public organization of the Chilean state, created in 1927 with the goal to "collect and conserve the archives of the Departments of State and all the documents and manucsrpits related to the national history, and to oversee their organization and use.". It is treated as a dependent organization of the Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos (Direction of Libraries, Archives, and Museums), which is administered by the Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes de Chile (National Council on Culture and the Arts).

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National Center Test for University Admissions

The is a type of standardized test used by public and some private universities in Japan.

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National Finance Commission Award

The National Finance Commission Award or NFC is a series of planned economic program enacted since 1951.

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National Institute of Statistics (Romania)

The National Institute of Statistics (Institutul Naţional de Statistică (INS)) is a Romanian government agency which is responsible for collecting national statistics, in fields such as geography, the economy, demographics and society.

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National Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics

The National Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics (INSEA) is one of Morocco's oldest engineering school and remains to this day one of the most prestigious Moroccan Grandes écoles in engineering, located in Rabat and created in 1961, it was replaced by royal decree,the Training Centre of Engineers statisticsin 1967 with the support of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA).

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National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia

The National Institute of Statistics is the branch of the Cambodian Ministry of Planning responsible for the collection, processing, and dissemination of official national statistics.

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National Office of Statistics

The National Office of Statistics (NOS, Office National des Statistiques, ONS, الديوان الوطني للإحصائيات) is the Algerian ministry charged with the collection and publication of statistics related to the economy, population, and society of Algeria at national and local levels.

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National Records of Scotland

National Records of Scotland is a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government.

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National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia

National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia (Armenian: Ազգային վիճակագրական ծառայություն, NSS; ARMSTAT) is the national statistical agency of Armenia.

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National Statistics Office of Georgia

The National Statistics Office (GeoStat) (საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური, sak'art'velos statistikis erovnuli samsakhuri; საქსტატი, sak'stati) is an agency in charge of national statistics and responsible for carrying out population, agricultural and other censuses in Georgia.

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National Waste & Recycling Association

The National Waste & Recycling Association (NWRA) is a Washington, D.C.-based trade association that represents private waste and recycling companies, as well as manufacturers and distributors of equipment that processes the material, and service providers who serve those businesses.

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Natural exponential family

In probability and statistics, a natural exponential family (NEF) is a class of probability distributions that is a special case of an exponential family (EF).

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Natural filtration

In the theory of stochastic processes in mathematics and statistics, the natural filtration associated to a stochastic process is a filtration associated to the process which records its "past behaviour" at each time.

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Natural process variation

Natural process variation, sometimes just called process variation, is the statistical description of natural fluctuations in process outputs.

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Naval Research Logistics

Naval Research Logistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers in the field of logistics, especially those in the areas of operations research, applied statistics, and quantitative modeling.

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Navarre High School

Navarre High School is one of six high schools in the Santa Rosa County School District.

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Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe

Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and Others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America is a 1992 book by John George and Laird Wilcox.

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Nearest neighbor graph

The nearest neighbor graph (NNG) for a set of n objects P in a metric space (e.g., for a set of points in the plane with Euclidean distance) is a directed graph with P being its vertex set and with a directed edge from p to q whenever q is a nearest neighbor of p (i.e., the distance from p to q is no larger than from p to any other object from P).

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Neats and scruffies

Neat and scruffy are labels for two different types of artificial intelligence (AI) research.

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Negative binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of failures (denoted r) occurs.

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Negative hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the negative hypergeometric distribution describes probabilities for when sampling from a finite population without replacement in which each sample can be classified into two mutually exclusive categories like Pass/Fail, Male/Female or Employed/Unemployed.

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Negative multinomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the negative multinomial distribution is a generalization of the negative binomial distribution (NB(r,&thinsp;p)) to more than two outcomes.

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Negative relationship

In statistics, there is a negative relationship or inverse relationship between two variables if higher values of one variable tend to be associated with lower values of the other.

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Negentropy

The negentropy has different meanings in information theory and theoretical biology.

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Neil Shephard

Neil Shephard (born 8 October 1964), FBA, is a British econometrician, currently Frank B. Baird, Jr.

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Nello Cristianini

Nello Cristianini (born 1968) is a Professor of Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Bristol.

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Nels C. Nelson

Nels Christian Nelson (April 9, 1875 – March 5, 1964) was a Danish-American archaeologist.

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Nemenyi test

In statistics, the Nemenyi test is a post-hoc test intended to find the groups of data that differ after a statistical test of multiple comparisons (such as the Friedman test) has rejected the null hypothesis that the performance of the comparisons on the groups of data is similar.

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Neo-classical school (criminology)

In criminology, the Neo-Classical School continues the traditions of the Classical School within the framework of Right Realism.

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Network science

Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or actors as links (or edges).

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Network theory

Network theory is the study of graphs as a representation of either symmetric relations or asymmetric relations between discrete objects.

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Neural coding

Neural coding is a neuroscience field concerned with characterising the hypothetical relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble.

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Neural network

The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of neurons.

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Neuromorphology

Neuromorphology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; μορφή, morphé, "form"; -λογία, -logia, “study of”) is the study of nervous system form, shape, and structure.

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Neutral vector

In statistics, and specifically in the study of the Dirichlet distribution, a neutral vector of random variables is one that exhibits a particular type of statistical independence amongst its elements.

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Never at War

Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another is a book by the historian and physicist Spencer R. Weart published by Yale University Press in 1998.

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New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries

The New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries is a system of library classification developed by Yung-Hsiang Lai since 1956.

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New Ways of Analyzing Variation Asia-Pacific

New Ways of Analyzing Variation Asia-Pacific (NWAV Asia-Pacific) is an annual academic conference in sociolinguistics and the first sister conference of New Ways of Analyzing Variation.

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Newcastle–Ottawa scale

In statistics, the Newcastle–Ottawa scale is a tool used for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies included in a systematic review and/or meta-analyses.

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Newey–West estimator

A Newey–West estimator is used in statistics and econometrics to provide an estimate of the covariance matrix of the parameters of a regression-type model when this model is applied in situations where the standard assumptions of regression analysis do not apply.

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News

News is information about current events.

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Neyman–Pearson lemma

In statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma was introduced by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson in a paper in 1933.

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Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio

Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio (born June 16, 1944) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian American mathematician, statistician and economist.

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Nicholas Polson

Nicholas Polson (born May 7, 1963) is a British statistician who is a professor of econometrics and statistics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

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Nico H.J. van den Boogaard

Nicolaas ("Nico") Hendricus Johannes van den Boogaard (28 October 1938, Amsterdam – 25 December 1982, Heemstede) was a medievalist scholar, professor, and dean of the Faculty of Letters at the University of Amsterdam.

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Nicola Scafetta

Nicola Scafetta is a research scientist at the University of Napoli Federico II.

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Nidamarru mandal

Nidamarru Mandal is one of 46 Mandals in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Nielsen Audio

Nielsen Audio (formerly Arbitron) is a consumer research company in the United States that collects listener data on radio broadcasting audiences.

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Nigel A. L. Clarke

, (born 20 October 1971) is Minister of Finance and the Public Service of Jamaica.

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Nikolai Kondratiev

Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratiev (in some sources also referred as Kondratieff; Russian: Никола́й Дми́триевич Кондра́тьев; 4 March 1892 – 17 September 1938) was a Russian economist, who was a proponent of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which promoted small private, free market enterprises in the Soviet Union.

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Nikolai Smirnov (mathematician)

Nikolai Vasilyevich Smirnov (Николай Васильевич Смирнов) (4 October 1900 – 2 June 1966) was a Soviet Russian mathematician noted for his work in various fields including probability theory and statistics.

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Nilanjan Chatterjee

Nilanjan Chatterjee is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biostatistics and Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

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Nippon Decimal Classification

The Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC, also called the Nippon Decimal System) is a system of library classification developed for mainly Japanese language books maintained by the Japan Library Association since 1956.

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NLOGIT

NLOGIT is an extension of the econometric and statistical software package LIMDEP.

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No decision

A no decision is one of either of two complicated sports statistics scenarios: one in baseball and softball, and the other in boxing and related combat sports.

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Nomi Prins

Nomi Prins is an American author, journalist, and public speaker who writes about Wall Street and the American economy.

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Nominal level

Nominal level is the operating level at which an electronic signal processing device is designed to operate.

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Non-sampling error

In statistics, non-sampling error is a catch-all term for the deviations of estimates from their true values that are not a function of the sample chosen, including various systematic errors and random errors that are not due to sampling.

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Noncentral beta distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral beta distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is a generalization of the (central) beta distribution.

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Noncentral chi distribution

No description.

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Noncentral chi-squared distribution

No description.

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Noncentral F-distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the noncentral F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is a generalization of the (ordinary) ''F''-distribution.

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Noncentral hypergeometric distributions

In statistics, the hypergeometric distribution is the discrete probability distribution generated by picking colored balls at random from an urn without replacement.

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Nondimensionalization

Nondimensionalization is the partial or full removal of units from an equation involving physical quantities by a suitable substitution of variables.

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Nong Samet Refugee Camp

Nong Samet Refugee Camp (ค่ายผู้อพยพหนองเสม็ด, also known as 007, Rithisen or Rithysen), located in Nong Samet Village, Khok Sung District, Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand, was one of the largest refugee camps on the Thai-Cambodian border and served as a power base for the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) until its destruction by the Vietnamese military in late 1984.

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Nonlinear modelling

In mathematics, nonlinear modelling is empirical or semi-empirical modelling which takes at least some nonlinearities into account.

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Nonparametric skew

In statistics and probability theory, the nonparametric skew is a statistic occasionally used with random variables that take real values.

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Nonparametric statistics

Nonparametric statistics is the branch of statistics that is not based solely on parameterized families of probability distributions (common examples of parameters are the mean and variance).

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Norm (mathematics)

In linear algebra, functional analysis, and related areas of mathematics, a norm is a function that assigns a strictly positive length or size to each vector in a vector space—save for the zero vector, which is assigned a length of zero.

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Normal distribution

In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian or Gauss or Laplace–Gauss) distribution is a very common continuous probability distribution.

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Normal score

The term normal score is used with two different meanings in statistics.

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Normal variance-mean mixture

In probability theory and statistics, a normal variance-mean mixture with mixing probability density g is the continuous probability distribution of a random variable Y of the form where \alpha, \beta and \sigma > 0 are real numbers, and random variables X and V are independent, X is normally distributed with mean zero and variance one, and V is continuously distributed on the positive half-axis with probability density function g. The conditional distribution of Y given V is thus a normal distribution with mean \alpha + \beta V and variance \sigma^2 V. A normal variance-mean mixture can be thought of as the distribution of a certain quantity in an inhomogeneous population consisting of many different normal distributed subpopulations.

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Normal-exponential-gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the normal-exponential-gamma distribution (sometimes called the NEG distribution) is a three-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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Normal-gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the normal-gamma distribution (or Gaussian-gamma distribution) is a bivariate four-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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Normal-inverse-gamma distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the normal-inverse-gamma distribution (or Gaussian-inverse-gamma distribution) is a four-parameter family of multivariate continuous probability distributions.

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Normal-inverse-Wishart distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the normal-inverse-Wishart distribution (or Gaussian-inverse-Wishart distribution) is a multivariate four-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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Normal-Wishart distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the normal-Wishart distribution (or Gaussian-Wishart distribution) is a multivariate four-parameter family of continuous probability distributions.

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Normality test

In statistics, normality tests are used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set to be normally distributed.

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Normalization (statistics)

In statistics and applications of statistics, normalization can have a range of meanings.

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Norman Breslow

Norman Edward Breslow (February 21, 1941 – December 9, 2015) was an American statistician and medical researcher.

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Norman Lloyd Johnson

Norman Lloyd Johnson (9 January 1917, Ilford, Essex, England – 18 November 2004, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States) was a professor of statistics and author or editor of several standard reference works in statistics and probability theory.

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North American Product Classification System

The North American Product Classification System, or NAPCS, is a classification system used by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to classify products produced by industries in those countries.

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North Carolina State University

North Carolina State University (also referred to as NCSU, NC State, or just State) is a public research university located in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States.

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Northwestern University School of Education and Social Policy

The School of Education and Social Policy (SESP), established in 1926, is the smallest of the eight undergraduate and graduate institutions at Northwestern University, USA.

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Notation in probability and statistics

Probability theory and statistics have some commonly used conventions, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols.

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NRW School of Governance

The NRW School of Governance is a central institution within the Institute for Political science at the University Duisburg-Essen and was founded in 2006 under the direction of Karl-Rudolf Korte.

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Nu (letter)

Nu (uppercase Ν lowercase ν; νι ni) or ny is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Nuffnang

Nuffnang is a blog advertising company.

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Nuisance parameter

In statistics, a nuisance parameter is any parameter which is not of immediate interest but which must be accounted for in the analysis of those parameters which are of interest.

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Nuisance variable

In the theory of stochastic processes in probability theory and statistics, a nuisance variable is a random variable that is fundamental to the probabilistic model, but that is of no particular interest in itself or is no longer of interest: one such usage arises for the Chapman–Kolmogorov equation.

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Null (mathematics)

In mathematics, the word null (from null meaning "zero", which is from nullus meaning "none") means of or related to having zero members in a set or a value of zero.

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Number Cruncher Politics

Number Cruncher Politics is a political analysis and polling consultancy and blog site launched in 2014.

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Number One Electronic Switching System

The Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) was the first large-scale stored program control (SPC) telephone exchange or electronic switching system in the Bell System.

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Numeracy

Numeracy is the ability to reason and to apply simple numerical concepts.

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Numerical Algorithms Group

The Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG) is a software company which provides methods for the solution of mathematical and statistical problems, and offers services to users of High performance computing (HPC) systems.

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Nuova Cronica

The Nuova Cronica or New Chronicles is a 14th-century history of Florence created in a year-by-year linear format and written by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani (c. 1276 or 1280&ndash;1348).

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Nursing

Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.

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Nursing research

Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices.

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OBiBa

OBiBa is an international software development project committed to building a full suite of open source software for biobanks.

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Observable variable

In statistics, observable variable or observable quantity (also manifest variables), as opposed to latent variable, is a variable that can be observed and directly measured.

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Observational error

Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value.

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Observational study

In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.

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Observed information

In statistics, the observed information, or observed Fisher information, is the negative of the second derivative (the Hessian matrix) of the "log-likelihood" (the logarithm of the likelihood function).

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Obsidian use in Mesoamerica

Obsidian is a naturally formed volcanic glass that was an important part of the material culture of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

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Occupation of Constantinople

The Occupation of Constantinople (İstanbul'un İşgali) (November 13, 1918 – September 23, 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, by British, French and Italian forces, took place in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros, which ended Ottoman participation in the First World War.

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Occupational health psychology

Occupational health psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that is concerned with the health and safety of workers.

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Octav Onicescu

Octav Onicescu (August 20, 1892 – August 19, 1983) was a Romanian mathematician, member of the Romanian Academy, and founder of the Romanian school of probability theory and statistics.

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Odds

Odds are a numerical expression, usually expressed as a pair of numbers, used in both gambling and statistics.

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Odds compiler

An odds compiler (or trader) is a person employed by a bookmaker or betting exchange who sets the odds for events (such as sporting outcomes) for customers to place bets on.

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Odds ratio

In statistics, the odds ratio (OR) is one of three main ways to quantify how strongly the presence or absence of property A is associated with the presence or absence of property B in a given population.

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Odone Belluzzi

Odone Belluzzi (Bologna, 1 Feb 1892 – Bologna, 24 Aug 1956) was an Italian engineer.

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Office of Immigration Statistics

The Office of Immigration Statistics (OIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security under the Office of Strategy, Policy, and Plans.

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Office Romance

Office Romance (Sluzhebnyy roman) is a Soviet comedy film directed by Eldar Ryazanov.

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Official statistics

Official statistics are statistics published by government agencies or other public bodies such as international organizations as a public good.

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Ogive (statistics)

In statistics, an ogive is a free-hand graph showing the curve of a cumulative distribution function.

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Oklahoma State University College of Arts and Sciences

The Oklahoma State University College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) serves as the liberal arts and science components of Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma.

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Olav Reiersøl

Olav Reiersøl (28 June 1908 – 14 February 2001) was a Norwegian statistician and econometrician, who made several substantial contributions to econometrics and statistics.

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Ole Barndorff-Nielsen

Ole Eiler Barndorff-Nielsen (born 18 March 1935 in Copenhagen) is a Danish statistician who has contributed to many areas of statistical science.

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Ole Jacob Broch

Ole Jacob Broch (14 January 1818 – 5 February 1889) was a Norwegian mathematician, physicist, economist and government minister.

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Omega

Omega (capital: Ω, lowercase: ω; Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Omitted-variable bias

In statistics, omitted-variable bias (OVB) occurs when a statistical model incorrectly leaves out one or more relevant variables.

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Omnitracker

Omnitracker is a proprietary business process platform developed by Omninet GmbH in Germany.

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On Growth and Form

On Growth and Form is a book by the Scottish mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948).

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One in ten rule

In statistics, the one in ten rule is a rule of thumb for how many predictors can be derived from data when doing regression analysis (in particular proportional hazards models and logistic regression) without risk of overfitting.

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One-way analysis of variance

In statistics, one-way analysis of variance (abbreviated one-way ANOVA) is a technique that can be used to compare means of two or more samples (using the F distribution).

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Online communication between school and home

Online communication between home and school is the use of digital telecommunication to convey information and ideas between teachers, students, parents, and school administrators.

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OpenEpi

OpenEpi is a free, web-based, open source, operating system-independent series of programs for use in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health, and medicine, providing a number of epidemiologic and statistical tools for summary data.

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OpenIntro Statistics

OpenIntro Statistics is an open-source textbook for introductory statistics written by David Diez, Christopher Barr, and Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel.

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Operations management for services

Operations management for services has the functional responsibility for producing the services of an organization and providing them directly to its customers.

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Operations research

Operations research, or operational research in British usage, is a discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions.

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Opinion Space

Developed at UC Berkeley, "" (also known as The Collective Discovery Engine) is a new social media technology designed to help communities generate and exchange ideas about important issues and policies.

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OProfile

In computing, OProfile is a system-wide statistical profiling tool for Linux.

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Optical granulometry

Optical granulometry is the process of measuring the different grain sizes in a granular material, based on a photograph.

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Optimal discriminant analysis

Optimal Discriminant Analysis (ODA) and the related classification tree analysis (CTA) are exact statistical methods that maximize predictive accuracy.

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Optimal stopping

In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping or early stopping is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost.

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Optimality criterion

In statistics, an optimality criterion provides a measure of the fit of the data to a given hypothesis, to aid in model selection.

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Optimistic knowledge gradient

In statistics The optimistic knowledge gradient is a new approximation policy proposed by Xi Chen, Qihang Lin and Dengyong Zhou in 2013.

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Opuscula Mathematica

Opuscula Mathematica is a mathematical research journal founded in 1937 in Kraków, Poland, by Professor Antoni Hoborski, an outstanding mathematician, the first Rector Magnificus of the Mining Academy (currently AGH University of Science and Technology), a co-establisher of the Polish Mathematical Society.

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Order of a kernel

In statistics, the order of a kernel is the first non-zero moment of a kernel.

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Order of integration

In statistics, the order of integration, denoted I(d), of a time series is a summary statistic, which reports the minimum number of differences required to obtain a covariance-stationary series.

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Order statistic

In statistics, the kth order statistic of a statistical sample is equal to its kth-smallest value.

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Ordered logit

In statistics, the ordered logit model (also ordered logistic regression or proportional odds model), is an ordinal regression model—that is, a regression model for ordinal dependent variables—first considered by Peter McCullagh.

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Ordered probit

In statistics, ordered probit is a generalization of the widely used probit analysis to the case of more than two outcomes of an ordinal dependent variable (a dependent variable for which the potential values have a natural ordering, as in poor, fair, good, excellent).

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Ordinal regression

In statistics, ordinal regression (also called "ordinal classification") is a type of regression analysis used for predicting an ordinal variable, i.e. a variable whose value exists on an arbitrary scale where only the relative ordering between different values is significant.

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Ordinary least squares

In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) or linear least squares is a method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model.

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Oregon State University College of Science

Oregon State University's College of Science is a college within Oregon State University consisting of 13 departments.

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Organizational communication

In communication studies, organizational communication is the study of communication within organizations.

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Oricon

, established in 1999, is the holding company at the head of a Japanese corporate group that supplies statistics and information on music and the music industry in Japan.

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Origin (software)

Origin is a proprietary computer program for interactive scientific graphing and data analysis.

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Original Advocacy

Original Advocacy is a type of speech event practiced in California High School Speech Association (or CHSSA) event, in which the speaker writes a persuasive speech and delivers it in competition.

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Orthogonal array

In mathematics, in the area of combinatorial designs, an orthogonal array is a "table" (array) whose entries come from a fixed finite set of symbols (typically), arranged in such a way that there is an integer t so that for every selection of t columns of the table, all ordered t-tuples of the symbols, formed by taking the entries in each row restricted to these columns, appear the same number of times.

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Orthogonal array testing

Orthogonal array testing is a black box testing technique that is a systematic, statistical way of software testing.

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Orthogonality

In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the notion of perpendicularity to the linear algebra of bilinear forms.

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Orthogonality principle

In statistics and signal processing, the orthogonality principle is a necessary and sufficient condition for the optimality of a Bayesian estimator.

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Oscar Kempthorne

Oscar Kempthorne (January 31, 1919 – November 15, 2000) was a statistician and geneticist known for his research on randomization-analysis and the design of experiments, which had wide influence on research in agriculture, genetics, and other areas of science.

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Oscoda, Michigan

Oscoda is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Michigan located on the northern side of the Au Sable River where it enters Lake Huron.

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Osmo Soininvaara

Osmo Heikki Kristian Soininvaara (born 2 September 1951 in Helsinki) is a Finnish politician and writer.

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Otis Dudley Duncan

Otis Dudley Duncan (December 2, 1921 in Nocona, Texas – November 16, 2004, in Santa Barbara, California) was "the most important quantitative sociologist in the world in the latter half of the 20th century", according to sociologist Leo Goodman.

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Otto Neurath

Otto Neurath (December 10, 1882 – December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher, philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist.

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Outer product

In linear algebra, an outer product is the tensor product of two coordinate vectors, a special case of the Kronecker product of matrices.

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Outlier

In statistics, an outlier is an observation point that is distant from other observations.

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Outline of academic disciplines

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education.

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Outline of actuarial science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to actuarial science: Actuarial science &ndash; discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries.

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Outline of history

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to history: History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events.

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Outline of library science

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to library science: Library science &ndash; study of issues related to libraries and the information fields.

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Outline of mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that investigates topics including number, space, structure, and change.

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Outline of probability

Probability is a measure of the likeliness that an event will occur.

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Outline of regression analysis

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to regression analysis: Regression analysis &ndash; use of statistical techniques for learning about the relationship between one or more dependent variables (Y) and one or more independent variables (X).

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Outline of science

The following outline is provided as a topical overview of science: Science – the systematic effort of acquiring knowledge—through observation and experimentation coupled with logic and reasoning to find out what can be proved or not proved—and the knowledge thus acquired.

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Outline of scientific method

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to scientific method: Scientific method &ndash; body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

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Outline of software engineering

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering: Software engineering &ndash; application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software.

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Outline of statistics

Statistics is a field of inquiry that studies the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

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Outline of thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking): Thought (also called thinking) &ndash; the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world.

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Outline of trigonometry

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles.

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Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.

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Overdispersion

In statistics, overdispersion is the presence of greater variability (statistical dispersion) in a data set than would be expected based on a given statistical model.

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Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics

Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the Department of Economics, University of Oxford.

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Oxford Centre for Gene Function

The Oxford Centre for Gene Function is a multidisciplinary research institute in the University of Oxford, England.

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OxMetrics

OxMetrics is an econometric software including the Ox programming language for econometrics and statistics, developed by Jurgen Doornik and David Hendry.

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P and R measures

P and R measures are the statistics used to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes, particularly automated business processes.

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P-rep

In statistical hypothesis testing, p-rep or prep has been proposed as a statistical to the classic p-value.

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P. A. V. B. Swamy

Paravastu Aananta Venkata Bhattandha Swamy (born 1934) is an Indian-born statistician.

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Pacific crevalle jack

The Pacific crevalle jack (Caranx caninus) is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae.

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Padjadjaran University

Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University or UNPAD) is an institution of higher learning located in Bandung, which is the provincial capital of West Java, Indonesia.

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Pafnuty Chebyshev

Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshev (p) (–) was a Russian mathematician.

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Page's trend test

In statistics, the Page test for multiple comparisons between ordered correlated variables is the counterpart of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient which summarizes the association of continuous variables.

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Paired difference test

In statistics, a paired difference test is a type of location test that is used when comparing two sets of measurements to assess whether their population means differ.

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Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

The Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (ادارہ شماریات پاکستان, abbreviated as PBS) is the Government of Pakistan government agency commissioned charged with the national statistical services and to provide solid and comprehensive statistical research.

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Paleobiology

Paleobiology (UK & Canadian English: palaeobiology) is a growing and comparatively new discipline which combines the methods and findings of the natural science biology with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology.

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Paleoecology

Paleoecology (also spelled palaeoecology) is the study of interactions between organisms and/or interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales.

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Panel data

In statistics and econometrics, panel data or longitudinal data are multi-dimensional data involving measurements over time.

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Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College

Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic (P.G.D.A.V.) is a college in Delhi.

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Pao-Lu Hsu

Pao-Lu Hsu (September 1, 1910 – December 18, 1970) was a Chinese mathematician noted for his work in probability theory and statistics.

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Paola Sebastiani

Paola Sebastiani is a biostatistician and a Professor at Boston University working in the field of genetic epidemiology, building prognostic models that can be used for the dissection of complex traits.

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Parabolic fractal distribution

In probability and statistics, the parabolic fractal distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution in which the logarithm of the frequency or size of entities in a population is a quadratic polynomial of the logarithm of the rank (with the largest example having rank 1).

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Parameter

A parameter (from the Ancient Greek παρά, para: "beside", "subsidiary"; and μέτρον, metron: "measure"), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc.

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Parameter identification problem

In statistics and econometrics, the parameter identification problem is the inability in principle to identify a best estimate of the value(s) of one or more parameters in a regression.

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Parameter space

In science, a parameter space is the set of all possible combinations of values for all the different parameters contained in a particular mathematical model.

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Parametric model

In statistics, a parametric model or parametric family or finite-dimensional model is a family of distributions that can be described using a finite number of parameters.

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Parapsychology

Parapsychology is the study of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims.

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Parental investment

Parental investment (PI), in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, is any parental expenditure (time, energy, etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness,Clutton-Brock, T.H. 1991.

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Paris Institute of Statistics

Institut de Statistiques de l'Université de Paris (ISUP, roughly translated as "Paris Institute of Statistics" or literally to "Institute of Statistics of the University of Paris") is a graduate school of statistics based in Paris, near the Place d'Italie.

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Parking Generation

Parking Generation is a document prepared by the Institute of Transportation Engineers that summarizes a collection of parking demand data observations made all over the world by land use type.

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Part III of the Mathematical Tripos

Part III of the Mathematical Tripos (officially Master of Mathematics/Master of Advanced Study) is a one-year Masters-level taught course in mathematics offered at the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge.

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Partha Niyogi

Partha Niyogi (July 31, 1967 – October 1, 2010) was the Louis Block Professor in Computer Science and Statistics at the University of Chicago.

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Partial correlation

In probability theory and statistics, partial correlation measures the degree of association between two random variables, with the effect of a set of controlling random variables removed.

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Partial least squares regression

Partial least squares regression (PLS regression) is a statistical method that bears some relation to principal components regression; instead of finding hyperplanes of maximum variance between the response and independent variables, it finds a linear regression model by projecting the predicted variables and the observable variables to a new space.

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Partial leverage

In regression analysis, partial leverage is a measure of the contribution of the individual independent variables to the leverage of each observation.

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Partial regression plot

In applied statistics, a partial regression plot attempts to show the effect of adding another variable to a model already having one or more independent variables.

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Partial residual plot

In applied statistics, a partial residual plot is a graphical technique that attempts to show the relationship between a given independent variable and the response variable given that other independent variables are also in the model.

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Particle filter

Particle filters or Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are a set of genetic, Monte Carlo algorithms used to solve filtering problems arising in signal processing and Bayesian statistical inference.

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Partition function (statistical mechanics)

In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Path analysis (computing)

Path analysis, is the analysis of a path, which is a portrayal of a chain of consecutive events that a given user or cohort performs during a set period of time while using a website, online game, or eCommerce platform.

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Path analysis (statistics)

In statistics, path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables.

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Pathological (mathematics)

In mathematics, a pathological phenomenon is one whose properties are considered atypically bad or counterintuitive; the opposite is well-behaved.

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Patience Latting

Patience Sewell Latting (August 27, 1918 – December 29, 2012) was an American politician who served as Mayor of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, from 1971 to 1983.

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Patil (surname)

Patil is a surname used in Maharashtra, India.

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Patrick Billingsley

Patrick Paul Billingsley (May 3, 1925 – April 22, 2011) was an American mathematician and stage and screen actor, noted for his books in advanced probability theory and statistics.

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Patrick J. Curran

Patrick James Curran (born May 9, 1965) is an American statistician and professor of quantitative psychology at the University of North Carolina, where he is also a faculty member at the Center for Developmental Science.

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Pattern formation

The science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind similar patterns in nature.

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Pattern recognition (psychology)

In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory.

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Pattern theory

Pattern theory, formulated by Ulf Grenander, is a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns.

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Paul F. Velleman

Paul F. Velleman (born April 16, 1949) is a Professor of statistics at Cornell University.

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Paul Halmos

Paul Richard Halmos (Halmos Pál; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a Hungarian-Jewish-born American mathematician who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces).

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Paul Kline

Paul Kline (1937 – 25 September 1999) was a psychologist at the University of Exeter.

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Paul Meier (statistician)

Paul Meier (July 24, 1924 – August 7, 2011) was a statistician who promoted the use of randomized trials in medicine.

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Paul Milgrom

Paul Robert Milgrom (born April 20, 1948) is an American economist.

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Paul Ormerod

Paul Andrew Ormerod (born 20 March 1950) is a British economist who is a partner at Volterra Partners consultancy.

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Paul Otlet

Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was a Belgian author, entrepreneur, visionary, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science, a field he called "documentation".

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Paul Samuelson

Paul Anthony Samuelson (15 May 1915 – 13 December 2009) was an American economist and the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

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Paul Zweifel

Paul Zweifel (30 June 1848 in Höngg, near Zürich, Switzerland &ndash; 13 August 1927 in Leipzig, Germany) was a German gynecologist and physiologist.

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Pauperism

Pauperism (Lat. pauper, poor) is a term meaning poverty or generally the state of being poor, but in English usage particularly the condition of being a "pauper", i.e. in receipt of relief administered under the English Poor Laws.

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Pavel Dolukhanov

Pavel Dolukhanov (January 1, 1937, Leningrad, USSR – December 6, 2009, Newcastle, UK) was a doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor, Emeritus Professor (2002), Russian and British paleogeographer and archaeologist at the Institute of History of Material Culture (IHMC), RAS (1959–1989) and the University of Newcastle, United Kingdom (1990–2009), a specialist in archaeology and paleoenvironment of Northern Eurasia.

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Pavement Condition Index

The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a numerical index between 0 and 100 which is used to indicate the general condition of a pavement.

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Pólya urn model

In statistics, a Pólya urn model (also known as a Pólya urn scheme or simply as Pólya's urn), named after George Pólya, is a type of statistical model used as an idealized mental exercise framework, unifying many treatments.

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Pearson correlation coefficient

In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y. It has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.

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Pearson's chi-squared test

Pearson's chi-squared test (χ) is a statistical test applied to sets of categorical data to evaluate how likely it is that any observed difference between the sets arose by chance.

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PECOTA

PECOTA, an acronym for Player Empirical Comparison and Optimization Test Algorithm, is a sabermetric system for forecasting Major League Baseball player performance.

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Peltarion Synapse

Synapse was a component-based development environment for neural networks and adaptive systems.

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Penfield High School

Penfield High School is a public high school located in Penfield, New York, a suburb of Rochester, New York.

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Peng Zhao (businessman)

Peng Zhao (simplified Chinese: 赵鹏; pinyin: Zhào Péng) is a Chinese-American businessman known as the CEO of Citadel Securities.

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Pentti Saikkonen

Pentti Juhani Saikkonen (born 12 February 1952) is a Finnish statistician specializing in time series analysis.

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Per capita

Per capita is a Latin prepositional phrase: per (preposition, taking the accusative case, meaning "by means of") and capita (accusative plural of the noun caput, "head").

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Per Martin-Löf

Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (born May 8, 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician.

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Per-comparison error rate

In statistics, per-comparison error rate (PCER) is the probability of a Type I error in the absence of any multiple hypothesis testing correction.

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Percentile

A percentile (or a centile) is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall.

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Percept (information technology)

A percept in the information technology industry is a term used in the pricing of data transfer.

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Performance measurement

Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component.

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Persi Diaconis

Persi Warren Diaconis (born January 31, 1945) is an American mathematician of Greek descent and former professional magician.

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PERT distribution

In probability and statistics, the PERT distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined by the minimum (a), most likely (b) and maximum (c) values that a variable can take.

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Peter Armitage

Peter Armitage CBE (born 15 July 1924) is a statistician specialising in medical statistics.

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Peter Bossaerts

Peter L. Bossaerts (10 January 1960 in Belgium) is a Belgian-American economist.

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Peter Coles

Peter Coles (born 1963) is a theoretical cosmologist at Cardiff University and Maynooth University.

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Peter Donnelly

Peter James Donnelly, (born 15 May 1959) is an Australian mathematician and Professor of Statistical Science at the University of Oxford.

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Peter Gavin Hall

Peter Gavin Hall (20 November 1951 – 9 January 2016) was an Australian researcher in probability theory and mathematical statistics.

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Peter Huybers

Peter Huybers (born 1974) is an American climate scientist, and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University, in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

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Peter J. Bickel

Peter John Bickel (born 1940) is an American statistician, Professor of Statistics at the University of California, Berkeley, who is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Peter J. Huber

Peter Jost Huber (born 25 March 1934) is a Swiss statistician.

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Peter McCullagh

Peter McCullagh (born 8 January 1952) is an Irish statistician and John D. MacArthur Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Statistics at the University of Chicago.

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Peter Nemenyi

Peter Björn Nemenyi (April 14, 1927 – May 20, 2002) was an American mathematician, who worked in statistics and probability theory.

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Peter Schönemann

Peter H. Schönemann (July 15, 1929 – April 7, 2010) was a German born psychometrician and statistical expert.

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Peter Turchin

Peter Valentinovich Turchin (Пётр Валенти́нович Турчи́н; born 1957) is a Russian-American scientist, specializing in cultural evolution and "cliodynamics" — mathematical modeling and statistical analysis of the dynamics of historical societies.

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Petros Serghiou Florides

Petros Serghiou Florides is a Greek Cypriot mathematical physicist whose career has been based in Ireland.

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Pharmacist

Pharmacists, also known as chemists (Commonwealth English) or druggists (North American and, archaically, Commonwealth English), are health professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use.

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Pharmacy

Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs.

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PhD in management

PhD in management is the highest academic degree awarded in the study of management science.

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Phenotypic trait

A phenotypic trait, or simply trait, is a distinct variant of a phenotypic characteristic of an organism; it may be either inherited or determined environmentally, but typically occurs as a combination of the two.

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Phi

Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; ϕεῖ pheî; φι fi) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science

The Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science is given annually by the Phi Beta Kappa Society to authors of significant books in the fields of science and mathematics.

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Phi coefficient

In statistics, the phi coefficient (or mean square contingency coefficient and denoted by φ or rφ) is a measure of association for two binary variables.

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Philip R. N. Sutton

Philip R. N. Sutton (1915 &ndash; March 12, 1995) was an Australian dental researcher and statistician.

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Philippe Véron

Philippe Véron (2 March 1939 – 7 August 2014) was a French astronomer.

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Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus

The Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus (PSHS-WVC), one of the campuses of the Philippine Science High School System, is located at Brgy.

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Philippine Statistics Authority

The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) was created on September 12, 2013 when the Philippine Statistical Act of 2013 (Republic Act No. 10625) was signed by President Benigno S. Aquino III.

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Phillip Kott

Phillip S. Kott (born 1952) is an American statistician.

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Phillips–Perron test

In statistics, the Phillips–Perron test (named after Peter C. B. Phillips and Pierre Perron) is a unit root test.

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Philosophy of space and time

Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.

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Philosophy of statistics

The philosophy of statistics involves the meaning, justification, utility, use and abuse of statistics and its methodology, and ethical and epistemological issues involved in the consideration of choice and interpretation of data and methods of statistics.

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Photographic film

Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals.

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Phylogeography

Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals.

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Pi

The number is a mathematical constant.

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Piedmont High School (California)

Piedmont High School is a public high school located in Piedmont, California, United States.

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Pierre Émile Levasseur

Pierre Émile Levasseur (8 December 1828 – 10 July 1911), was a French economist, historian, Professor of geography, history and statistics in the Collège de France, at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers and at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, known as the founders and promoters of the study of commercial geography.

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Pilot (Numbers)

"Pilot" is the first episode of the American television show Numb3rs.

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Pink noise

Pink noise or noise is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density (energy or power per frequency interval) is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal.

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Pitambar Pant

Pitambar Pant was an Indian independence activist, civil service officer and writer, best known for his contributions for the establishment of the Central Statistics Office and for changing Indian system of measurement to metric system.

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Pivotal quantity

In statistics, a pivotal quantity or pivot is a function of observations and unobservable parameters such that the function's probability distribution does not depend on the unknown parameters (including nuisance parameters).

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Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.

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Plant disease epidemiology

Plant disease epidemiology is the study of disease in plant populations.

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Plant evolution

Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants.

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Plot (graphics)

A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables.

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Podium

A podium (plural podiums or podia) is a platform used to raise something to a short distance above its surroundings.

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Point estimation

In statistics, point estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a single value (known as a point estimate or statistic) which is to serve as a "best guess" or "best estimate" of an unknown population parameter (for example, the population mean).

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Point particle

A point particle (ideal particle or point-like particle, often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics.

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Point process

In statistics and probability theory, a point process or point field is a collection of mathematical points randomly located on some underlying mathematical space such as the real line, the Cartesian plane, or more abstract spaces.

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Point process notation

In probability and statistics, point process notation comprises the range of mathematical notation used to symbolically represent random objects known as point processes, which are used in related fields such as stochastic geometry, spatial statistics and continuum percolation theory and frequently serve as mathematical models of random phenomena, representable as points, in time, space or both.

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Point process operation

In probability and statistics, a point process operation or point process transformation is a type of mathematical operation performed on a random object known as a point process, which are often used as mathematical models of phenomena that can be represented as points randomly located in space.

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Pointwise mutual information

Pointwise mutual information (PMI), or point mutual information, is a measure of association used in information theory and statistics.

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Poisson binomial distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson binomial distribution is the discrete probability distribution of a sum of independent Bernoulli trials that are not necessarily identically distributed.

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Poisson distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution (in English often rendered), named after French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant rate and independently of the time since the last event.

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Poisson point process

In probability, statistics and related fields, a Poisson point process or Poisson process (also called a Poisson random measure, Poisson random point field or Poisson point field) is a type of random mathematical object that consists of points randomly located on a mathematical space.

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Poisson regression

In statistics, Poisson regression is a generalized linear model form of regression analysis used to model count data and contingency tables.

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Polangui General Comprehensive High School

Polangui General Comprehensive High School (PGCHS) is the flagship secondary school of the municipality of Polangui and one of the leading schools in the province of Albay.

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Polarization (waves)

Polarization (also polarisation) is a property applying to transverse waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.

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Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law, to protect people and property, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.

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Policy analysis

Policy Analysis is a technique used in public administration to enable civil servants, activists, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials.

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Policy capturing

Policy capturing or "the PC technique" is a statistical method used in social psychology to quantify the relationship between a person's judgement and the information that was used to make that judgement.

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Political methodology

Political methodology is a subfield of Political science that studies the quantitative methods used to study politics.

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Political positions of Pat Buchanan

The political positions of Pat Buchanan (born 1938), an American politician, columnist and news analyst, can generally be described as paleoconservative, and many of his views, particularly his opposition to American imperialism and the managerial state, echo those of the Old Right Republicans of the first half of the 20th century.

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Political science

Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior.

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Pollyanna Creep

Pollyanna Creep is a phrase that originated in 2004 with John Williams, a California-based economic analyst and statistician.

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Poly-Weibull distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the poly-Weibull distribution is a continuous probability distribution.

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Polychoric correlation

In statistics, polychoric correlation is a technique for estimating the correlation between two theorised normally distributed continuous latent variables, from two observed ordinal variables.

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Polykay

In statistics, a polykay, or generalised k-statistic, (denoted k_) is a statistic defined as a linear combination of sample moments.

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Polymer

A polymer (Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.

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Polynomial least squares

In mathematical statistics, polynomial least squares comprises a broad range of statistical methods for estimating an underlying polynomial that describes observations.

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Polynomial regression

In statistics, polynomial regression is a form of regression analysis in which the relationship between the independent variable x and the dependent variable y is modelled as an nth degree polynomial in x. Polynomial regression fits a nonlinear relationship between the value of x and the corresponding conditional mean of y, denoted E(y |x), and has been used to describe nonlinear phenomena such as the growth rate of tissues, the distribution of carbon isotopes in lake sediments, and the progression of disease epidemics.

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Polynomial sequence

In mathematics, a polynomial sequence is a sequence of polynomials indexed by the nonnegative integers 0, 1, 2, 3,..., in which each index is equal to the degree of the corresponding polynomial.

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Polyphonic HMI

Polyphonic HMI is a music analysis company jointly founded in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain by Mike McCready and an artificial intelligence firm called Grupo AIA.

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Polytech Group (France)

The Polytech Group (Réseau des écoles Polytech in French) is a French network of 13 graduate schools of engineering within France's leading technological universities.

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Pooled analysis

A pooled analysis is a statistical technique for combining the results of multiple epidemiological studies.

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Pooled variance

In statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined, composite, or overall variance) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same.

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Popex

Popex was a free Internet-based game in which players, using virtual money, bought "shares" of musicians and bands, similar to a stock market.

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Population biology

Population biology is an interdisciplinary field combining the areas of ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Population ecology

Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.

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Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan

The Michigan Population Studies Center is a demography center in the United States, with an extensive record in both domestic and international population research and training.

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Population viability analysis

Population viability analysis (PVA) is a species-specific method of risk assessment frequently used in conservation biology.

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Pordata

Pordata is the Contemporary Portugal Database equipped with official and certified statistics about Portugal and Europe.

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Portland State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

Portland State College of Liberal Arts and Sciences is a part of Portland State University in Portland, Oregon, United States.

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Portmanteau test

A portmanteau test is a type of statistical hypothesis test in which the null hypothesis is well specified, but the alternative hypothesis is more loosely specified.

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Positive and negative predictive values

The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV respectively) are the proportions of positive and negative results in statistics and diagnostic tests that are true positive and true negative results, respectively.

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Positive political theory

Positive political theory or explanatory political theory is the study of politics using formal methods such as social choice theory, game theory, and statistical analysis.

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Positive-definite function

In mathematics, a positive-definite function is, depending on the context, either of two types of function.

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Positive-definite matrix

In linear algebra, a symmetric real matrix M is said to be positive definite if the scalar z^Mz is strictly positive for every non-zero column vector z of n real numbers.

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Postal addresses in Gibraltar

The British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar has introduced the postcode GX11 1AA.

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Power law

In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another.

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Power transform

In statistics, a power transform is a family of functions that are applied to create a monotonic transformation of data using power functions.

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PowerDNS

PowerDNS is a DNS server, written in C++ and licensed under the GPL.

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Prayer

Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship, typically a deity, through deliberate communication.

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Precast concrete lifting anchor system

This information sets out some of the basic considerations taken into account by the lifting design engineer.

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Precision (statistics)

In statistics, precision is the reciprocal of the variance, and the precision matrix (also known as concentration matrix) is the matrix inverse of the covariance matrix.

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Precision and recall

In pattern recognition, information retrieval and binary classification, precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the retrieved instances, while recall (also known as sensitivity) is the fraction of relevant instances that have been retrieved over the total amount of relevant instances.

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Precision Machined Products Association

The Precision Machined Products Association (PMPA) is an international trade association which exists to represent the interests of the precision machined products industry.

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Prediction

A prediction (Latin præ-, "before," and dicere, "to say"), or forecast, is a statement about a future event.

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Prediction by partial matching

Prediction by partial matching (PPM) is an adaptive statistical data compression technique based on context modeling and prediction.

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Predictive genomics

Predictive genomics is at the intersection of multiple disciplines: predictive medicine, personal genomics and translational bioinformatics.

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Preprint

In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal.

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Prescriptive analytics

Prescriptive analytics is the third and final phase of business analytics, which also includes descriptive and predictive analytics.

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Presidency University, Kolkata

Presidency University, Kolkata, formerly Hindu College and Presidency College, is a public state university located in College Street, Kolkata.

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PRESS statistic

In statistics, the predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) statistic is a form of cross-validation used in regression analysis to provide a summary measure of the fit of a model to a sample of observations that were not themselves used to estimate the model.

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Pricing science

Pricing science is the application of social and business science methods to the problem of setting prices.

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Primary FRCA

The Primary FRCA is more fully called the Primary Examination of the Diploma of Fellowship of the British Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA).

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Principal axis theorem

In the mathematical fields of geometry and linear algebra, a principal axis is a certain line in a Euclidean space associated with an ellipsoid or hyperboloid, generalizing the major and minor axes of an ellipse or hyperbola.

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Principal component regression

In statistics, principal component regression (PCR) is a regression analysis technique that is based on principal component analysis (PCA).

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Principal stratification

Principal stratification is a statistical technique used in causal inference when adjusting results for post-treatment covariates.

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Principle of marginality

In statistics, the principle of marginality is the fact that the average (or main) effects, of variables in an analysis are marginal to their interaction effect—that is, the main effect of one explanatory variable captures the effect of that variable averaged over all values of a second explanatory variable whose value influences the first variable's effect.

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Prior-free mechanism

A prior-free mechanism (PFM) is a mechanism in which the designer does not have any information on the agents' valuations, not even that they are random variables from some unknown probability distribution.

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Probabilistic causation

Probabilistic causation is a concept in a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory.

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Probabilistic classification

In machine learning, a probabilistic classifier is a classifier that is able to predict, given an observation of an input, a probability distribution over a set of classes, rather than only outputting the most likely class that the observation should belong to.

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Probabilistic logic

The aim of a probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) is to combine the capacity of probability theory to handle uncertainty with the capacity of deductive logic to exploit structure of formal argument.

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Probability

Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.

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Probability and statistics

Probability and Statistics or also called Statistics and Probability are two related but separate academic disciplines.

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Probability distribution

In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is a mathematical function that provides the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment.

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Probability integral transform

In statistics, the probability integral transform or transformation relates to the result that data values that are modelled as being random variables from any given continuous distribution can be converted to random variables having a standard uniform distribution.

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Probability mass function

In probability and statistics, a probability mass function (pmf) is a function that gives the probability that a discrete random variable is exactly equal to some value.

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Probability of error

In statistics, the term "error" arises in two ways.

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Probability of kill

Computer games, simulations, models, and operations research programs often require a mechanism to determine statistically whether the engagement between a weapon and a target resulted in a kill, or the probability of kill.

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Probability plot

In statistics, a probability plot is a graphical technique for comparing two data sets, either two sets of empirical observations, one empirical set against a theoretical set, or (more rarely) two theoretical sets against each other.

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Probability plot correlation coefficient plot

Many statistical analyses are based on distributional assumptions about the population from which the data have been obtained.

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Probability theory

Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.

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Probability vector

In mathematics and statistics, a probability vector or stochastic vector is a vector with non-negative entries that add up to one.

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Probable error

In statistics, probable error defines the half-range of an interval about a central point for the distribution, such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside.

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Probal Chaudhuri

Probal Chaudhuri (born 1963) is an Indian statistician.

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Probit

In probability theory and statistics, the probit function is the quantile function associated with the standard normal distribution, which is commonly denoted as N(0,1).

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Probit model

In statistics, a probit model is a type of regression where the dependent variable can take only two values, for example married or not married.

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ProbOnto

ProbOnto is a knowledge base and ontology of probability distributions.

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Procedural generation

In computing, procedural generation is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually.

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Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society

Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Mathematical Society.

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Procrustes analysis

In statistics, Procrustes analysis is a form of statistical shape analysis used to analyse the distribution of a set of shapes.

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Prodrazvyorstka

Prodrazvyorstka (p, short for развёрстка, food apportionment) was a Bolshevik policy and campaign of confiscation of grain and other agricultural products from the peasants at nominal fixed prices according to specified quotas (the noun razvyorstka,, and the verb razverstat' refer to the partition of the requested total amount as obligations from the suppliers).

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Product lifetime

Product lifetime or product lifespan is the time interval from when a product is sold to when it is discarded.

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Professional Risk Managers' International Association

The Professional Risk Managers' International Association (PRMIA) is a professional organization focused on the "promotion of sound risk management standards and practices globally", and "the integration of practice and theory"; it was founded in 2002 as a non-profit.

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Programming with Big Data in R

Programming with Big Data in R (pbdR) is a series of R packages and an environment for statistical computing with big data by using high-performance statistical computation.

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Project Blue Book

Project Blue Book was one of a series of systematic studies of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) conducted by the United States Air Force.

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Project Euclid

Project Euclid is a collaborative partnership between Cornell University Library and Duke University Press which seeks to advance scholarly communication in theoretical and applied mathematics and statistics through partnerships with independent and society publishers.

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Projection matrix

In statistics, the projection matrix \mathbf, sometimes also called the influence matrix or hat matrix \mathbf, maps the vector of response values (dependent variable values) to the vector of fitted values (or predicted values).

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Projection pursuit regression

In statistics, projection pursuit regression (PPR) is a statistical model developed by Jerome H. Friedman and Werner Stuetzle which is an extension of additive models.

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Propagation of uncertainty

In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them.

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Propensity score matching

In the statistical analysis of observational data, propensity score matching (PSM) is a statistical matching technique that attempts to estimate the effect of a treatment, policy, or other intervention by accounting for the covariates that predict receiving the treatment.

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Proper linear model

In statistics, a proper linear model is a linear regression model in which the weights given to the predictor variables are chosen in such a way as to optimize the relationship between the prediction and the criterion.

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Proportional hazards model

Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics.

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Protocol (science)

In the natural sciences a protocol is a predefined written procedural method in the design and implementation of experiments.

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Proxy (statistics)

In statistics, a proxy or proxy variable is a variable that is not in itself directly relevant, but that serves in place of an unobservable or immeasurable variable.

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Pseudo-determinant

In linear algebra and statistics, the pseudo-determinant is the product of all non-zero eigenvalues of a square matrix.

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Pseudomedian

In statistics, the pseudomedian is a measure of centrality for data-sets and populations defined as the median of all of the midpoints of pairs of observations.

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Pseudorandomness

A pseudorandom process is a process that appears to be random but is not.

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PSPP

PSPP is a free software application for analysis of sampled data, intended as a free alternative for IBM SPSS Statistics.

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Psychodermatology

Psychodermatology is the treatment of skin disorders using psychological and psychiatric techniques.

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Psychological research

Leon Festinger, Henry W. Riecken, & Stanley Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the End of the World (University of Minnesota Press, 1956).

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Psychometric software

Psychometric software is software that is used for psychometric analysis of data from tests, questionnaires, or inventories reflecting latent psychoeducational variables.

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Psychometrika

Psychometrika is the primary journal published by the Psychometric Society, a professional body devoted to psychometrics and quantitative psychology.

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Public administration

Public Administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service.

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Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses

Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA) is a programme of HM Treasury in the United Kingdom.

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Public health surveillance

Public health surveillance (also epidemiological surveillance, clinical surveillance or syndromic surveillance) is, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.", World Health Organization (accessed January 14, 2016).

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Public policy school

Public policy schools are typically university programs which teach students policy analysis, policy studies, public policy, political economy, urban planning, public administration, public affairs, and public management.

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Purdue University College of Science

The Purdue University College of Science is one of eight major academic divisions, or Colleges, of Purdue University.

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Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (Пётр Петрович Семёнов-Тян-Шанский) (2 January (New style: 14 January), 1827 &ndash; 26 February (New style: March 11), 1914) was a Russian geographer and statistician who managed the Russian Geographical Society for more than 40 years.

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Q-function

In statistics, the Q-function is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution.

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QIIME

QIIME (an abbreviation for Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) is a bioinformatic pipeline designated for the task of analysing microbial communities that were sampled through marker gene (e.g. 16S or 18S rRNA genes) amplicon sequencing.

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QResearch

QResearch is a large consolidated UK database derived from the anonymised health records of over 18 million patients.

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Quadrant count ratio

The quadrant count ratio (QCR) is a measure of the association between two quantitative variables.

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Quaid-i-Azam University

The Quaid-i-Azam University (جامعہ قائداعظم; simply QAU) is a public research university in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Qualitative comparative analysis

In statistics, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a data analysis technique for determining which logical conclusions a data set supports.

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Quality Engineering (journal)

Quality Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on quality control and quality assurance management through use of physical technology, standards information, and statistical tools.

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Quantification (science)

In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into quantities.

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Quantile function

In probability and statistics, the quantile function specifies, for a given probability in the probability distribution of a random variable, the value at which the probability of the random variable is less than or equal to the given probability.

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Quantitative

Quantitative information or data is based on quantities obtained using a quantifiable measurement process.

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Quantitative analysis

Quantitative analysis may refer to.

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Quantitative analyst

A quantitative analyst (or, in financial jargon, a quant) is a person who specializes in the application of mathematical and statistical methods – such as numerical or quantitative techniques – to financial and risk management problems.

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Quantitative ecology

Quantitative ecology is the application of advanced mathematical and statistical tools to any number of problems in the field of ecology.

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Quantitative history

Quantitative history is an approach to historical research that makes use of quantitative, statistical and computer tools.

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Quantitative marketing research

Quantitative marketing research is the application of quantitative research techniques to the field of marketing.

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Quantitative parasitology

In parasitology, the quantitative study of parasitism in a host population involves the use of statistics to draw meaningful conclusions from observations of the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection.

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Quantitative psychological research

Quantitative psychological research is defined as psychological research which performs mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference or a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship between variables.

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Quantitative psychology

Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of human or animal psychological processes.

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Quantitative research

In natural sciences and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

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Quantities of information

The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information.

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Quartile

A quartile is a type of quantile.

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Quartile coefficient of dispersion

In statistics, the quartile coefficient of dispersion is a descriptive statistic which measures dispersion and which is used to make comparisons within and between data sets.

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Quasi-arithmetic mean

In mathematics and statistics, the quasi-arithmetic mean or generalised f-mean is one generalisation of the more familiar means such as the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean, using a function f. It is also called Kolmogorov mean after Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov.

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Quasi-likelihood

In statistics, quasi-likelihood estimation is one way of allowing for overdispersion, that is, greater variability in the data than would be expected from the statistical model used.

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Quertle

Quertle is a biomedical and life science big data analytics company specializing in knowledge discovery and literature searching.

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Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.

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Qufu Normal University

Qufu Normal University is a public university located in the cities of Qufu, which is the ancient home of Confucius, and in Rizhao, Shandong province, China.

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Quinn McNemar

Quinn Michael McNemar (February 20, 1901 – July 3, 1986) was an American psychologist and statistician.

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Quota Elimination

Quota Elimination is an initiative to eliminate the use of quotas in all textile and clothing trade between nations which are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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R score

The R score (cote de rendement au collégial, CRC or cote R in French) is a statistical method which classifies college students' academic performances in Quebec.

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R v Adams

R v Adams 2 Cr App R 467, Crim LR 898, CA and R v Adams 1 Cr App R 377, The Times, 3 November 1997, CA, are rulings that ousted explicit Bayesian statistics from the reasoning admissible before a jury in DNA cases.

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R. A. Fisher Lectureship

The R. A. Fisher Lectureship is a very high recognition of achievement and scholarship in statistical science, and recognizes the highly significant impact of statistical methods on scientific investigations.

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R. G. D. Allen

Sir Roy George Douglas Allen, CBE, FBA (3 June 1906 – 29 September 1983) was an English economist, mathematician and statistician, also member of the International Statistical Institute.

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R. Scott Morris

R.

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Rabi Bhattacharya

Rabindra Nath Bhattacharya (born January 11, 1937) is a mathematician/statistician at the University of Arizona.

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Rachel Riley

Rachel Annabelle Riley (born 11 January 1986) is an English television presenter who currently co-presents the Channel 4 daytime puzzle show Countdown and its comedy spin-off 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown.

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Rademacher distribution

No description.

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Radford M. Neal

Radford M. Neal is a professor at the Department of Statistics and Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, where he holds a Research Chair in statistics and machine learning.

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Radical Statistics

The Radical Statistics Group, usually known as "Radical Statistics" or "Radstats", is a group of statisticians based in Britain, which was initiated in 1975 following on the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science (BSSRS).

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RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol, operating on port 1812 that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA or Triple A) management for users who connect and use a network service.

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RAF Bomber Command

RAF Bomber Command controlled the RAF's bomber forces from 1936 to 1968.

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Raghu Raj Bahadur

Raghu Raj Bahadur (30 April 1924 – 7 July 1997) was an Indian statistician considered by peers to be "one of the architects of the modern theory of mathematical statistics".

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Raised cosine distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the raised cosine distribution is a continuous probability distribution supported on the interval.

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Raised-relief map

A raised-relief map or terrain model is a three-dimensional representation, usually of terrain, materialized as a physical artifact.

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Rajah R.S.R.K. Ranga Rao College

Rajah R.S.R.K. Ranga Rao College populary known as Rajah's collge established in the year 1962.This college has a great reputation in Vizianagaram district and has highly experienced faculty.

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Ralph Gordon Stanton

Ralph Gordon Stanton (21 October 1923 – 21 April 2010) was a Canadian mathematician, teacher, scholar, and pioneer in mathematics and computing education.

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Ramkrishna Mukherjee

Ramkrishna Mukherjee (14 November 1917 - 15 November 2015) was a scientist at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, President of the Indian Sociological Society (1973–75) and recipient of the Indian Sociological Society's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.

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Ramon Torres National High School

The Ramon Torres National High School (RTNHS) (Filipino: Pambansang Mataas na Paaralang Ramon Torres) is one of the 7 functioning public secondary schools of Bago City.

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Ramp function

The ramp function is a unary real function, whose graph is shaped like a ramp.

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Ramsey RESET test

In statistics, the Ramsey Regression Equation Specification Error Test (RESET) test is a general specification test for the linear regression model.

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Rand index

The Rand index or Rand measure (named after William M. Rand) in statistics, and in particular in data clustering, is a measure of the similarity between two data clusterings.

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Random assignment

Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g., a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization, such as by a chance procedure (e.g., flipping a coin) or a random number generator.

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Random coil

A random coil is a polymer conformation where the monomer subunits are oriented randomly while still being bonded to adjacent units.

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Random effects model

In statistics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is a statistical model where the model parameters are random variables.

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Random number table

Random number tables have been in statistics for tasks such as selected random samples.

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Random sequence

The concept of a random sequence is essential in probability theory and statistics.

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Random variate

In the mathematical fields of probability and statistics, a random variate is a particular outcome of a random variable: the random variates which are other outcomes of the same random variable might have different values.

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Randomness

Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.

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Randy Jirtle

Randy Jirtle (born November 9, 1947) is an American biologist noted for his pioneering research in epigenetics, the branch of biology that deals with inherited information that does not reside in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

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Range (statistics)

In statistics, the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values.

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Rank correlation

In statistics, a rank correlation is any of several statistics that measure an ordinal association—the relationship between rankings of different ordinal variables or different rankings of the same variable, where a "ranking" is the assignment of the ordering labels "first", "second", "third", etc.

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Rank test

In statistics, a rank test is any test involving ranks.

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Ranking

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either 'ranked higher than', 'ranked lower than' or 'ranked equal to' the second.

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Rankings of universities in the United States

College and university rankings in the United States are rankings of US colleges and universities ordered by various combinations of various contributing factors which vary greatly depending on the organization performing the ranking.

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Rankit

In statistics, rankits of a set of data are the expected values of the order statistics of a sample from the standard normal distribution the same size as the data.

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Ranklet

In statistics, a ranklet is an orientation-selective non-parametric feature which is based on the computation of Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW) rank-sum test statistics.

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Rao–Blackwell theorem

In statistics, the Rao–Blackwell theorem, sometimes referred to as the Rao–Blackwell–Kolmogorov theorem, is a result which characterizes the transformation of an arbitrarily crude estimator into an estimator that is optimal by the mean-squared-error criterion or any of a variety of similar criteria.

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Rasch model

The Rasch model, named after Georg Rasch, is a psychometric model for analyzing categorical data, such as answers to questions on a reading assessment or questionnaire responses, as a function of the trade-off between (a) the respondent's abilities, attitudes, or personality traits and (b) the item difficulty.

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Rational quadratic covariance function

In statistics, the rational quadratic covariance function is used in spatial statistics, geostatistics, machine learning, image analysis, and other fields where multivariate statistical analysis is conducted on metric spaces.

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Ravindra Khattree

Ravindra Khattree (born 1959) is an Indian-American statistician and professor of statistics at Oakland University.

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Raw data

Raw data, also known as primary data, is data (e.g., numbers, instrument readings, figures, etc.) collected from a source.

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Raw score

In statistics and data analysis, a raw score is an original datum that has not been transformed.

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Ray Hyman

Ray Hyman (born June 23, 1928, Chelsea, Massachusetts) is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, and a noted critic of parapsychology.

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Rayleigh distribution

No description.

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Rayleigh fading

Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.

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Rayleigh mixture distribution

In probability theory and statistics a Rayleigh mixture distribution is a weighted mixture of multiple probability distributions where the weightings are equal to the weightings of a Rayleigh distribution.

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Raymond J. Carroll

Raymond James Carroll is an American statistician, and Distinguished Professor of Statistics, Nutrition and Toxicology at Texas A&M University.

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Raymond Thayer Birge

Raymond Thayer Birge (March 13, 1887 – March 22, 1980) was a physicist.

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Réseau Sentinelles

The Réseau Sentinelles or the French GPs' Sentinelles Network is a network of 1 314 volunteer general practitioners and 116 pediatricians, working throughout the metropolitan regions of France (respectively 2.1% and 4.3% of the total general practitioners and pediatricians in these regions).

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Résumé parsing

Resume parsing, also known as CV parsing, resume extraction, or CV extraction, allows for the automated storage and analysis of resume data.

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Readability survey

A readability survey is a statistical survey of the ability of people to read given passages of text, written, formatted and/or laid-out in a variety of styles.

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Real-time polymerase chain reaction

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

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Realization (probability)

In probability and statistics, a realization, observation, or observed value, of a random variable is the value that is actually observed (what actually happened).

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Reanalysis

Reanalysis is a new analysis of something.

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Rebecca Goldin

Rebecca Freja Goldin is an American mathematician who works as a professor of mathematical sciences at George Mason University and director of the Statistical Assessment Service, a nonprofit organization associated with GMU that aims to improve the use of statistics in journalism.

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Record value

In statistics, a record value or record statistic is the largest or smallest value obtained from a sequence of random variables.

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Recurrence plot

In descriptive statistics and chaos theory, a recurrence plot (RP) is a plot showing, for a given moment in time, the times at which a phase space trajectory visits roughly the same area in the phase space.

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Recursive partitioning

Recursive partitioning is a statistical method for multivariable analysis.

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Red Brigades

The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse, often abbreviated BR) was a left-wing terrorist organization, based in Italy, responsible for numerous violent incidents, including assassinations, kidnapping and robberies during the so-called "Years of Lead".

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Redescending M-estimator

In statistics, Redescending M-estimators are Ψ-type M-estimators which have ψ functions that are non-decreasing near the origin, but decreasing toward 0 far from the origin.

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Reduced form

In statistics, and particularly in econometrics, the reduced form of a system of equations is the result of solving the system for the endogenous variables.

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Reference class problem

In statistics, the reference class problem is the problem of deciding what class to use when calculating the probability applicable to a particular case.

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Reference software

Reference software is software which emulates and expands upon print reference forms including the dictionary, translation dictionary, encyclopaedia, thesaurus, and atlas.

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Regional Planning Councils

Regional Planning Councils (RPCs) are quasi-governmental organizations that are designated by Florida law (Ch. 186, Florida Statutes) to address problems and plan solutions that are of greater-than-local concern or scope, and are to be recognized by local governments as one of the means to provide input into state policy development.

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Regional science

Regional science is a field of the social sciences concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are specifically urban, rural, or regional.

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Regions of Thailand

Thailand is variably divided into different sets of regions, the most notable of which are the six-region grouping used in geographic studies, and the four-region grouping consistent with the Monthon administrative regional grouping system formerly used by the Ministry of Interior.

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Registration district

A registration district in the United Kingdom is a type of administrative region which exists for the purpose of civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths and civil partnerships.

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Regression diagnostic

In statistics, a regression diagnostic is one of a set of procedures available for regression analysis that seek to assess the validity of a model in any of a number of different ways.

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Regression discontinuity design

In statistics, econometrics, political science, epidemiology, and related disciplines, a regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design that elicits the causal effects of interventions by assigning a cutoff or threshold above or below which an intervention is assigned.

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Regression toward the mean

In statistics, regression toward (or to) the mean is the phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

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Regression validation

In statistics, regression validation is the process of deciding whether the numerical results quantifying hypothesized relationships between variables, obtained from regression analysis, are acceptable as descriptions of the data.

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Regression-kriging

In applied statistics, regression-kriging (RK) is a spatial prediction technique that combines a regression of the dependent variable on auxiliary variables (such as parameters derived from digital elevation modelling, remote sensing/imagery, and thematic maps) with kriging of the regression residuals.

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Regularization (mathematics)

In mathematics, statistics, and computer science, particularly in the fields of machine learning and inverse problems, regularization is a process of introducing additional information in order to solve an ill-posed problem or to prevent overfitting.

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Rehman Malik

Abdul Rehman Malik (Urdu: رحمان ملک; b. 12 December 1951) ''NI'', is a Pakistani politician and retired bureaucrat, having served as the Interior minister from being appointed on 25 March 2008 until 16 March 2013.

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Reification (statistics)

In statistics, reification is the use of an idealized model of a statistical process.

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Reinforcement learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviourist psychology, concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward.

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Relationships among probability distributions

In probability theory and statistics, there are several relationships among probability distributions.

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Relative risk

In statistics and epidemiology, relative risk or risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring (for example, developing a disease, being injured) in an exposed group to the probability of the event occurring in a comparison, non-exposed group.

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Reliability (statistics)

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure.

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Reliability of Wikipedia

The reliability of Wikipedia (predominantly of the English-language edition) has been frequently questioned and often assessed.

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Renmin University of China

Renmin University of China, often referred to as RUC, or colloquially Renda, is a public research university located in Haidian District of Beijing, China.

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Replication (statistics)

In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated.

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RepRap Fisher

The RepRap Fisher is an open-source fused deposition modeling 3D printer and is part of the RepRap project.

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Reproducibility

Reproducibility is the closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same measurand carried out under changed conditions of measurement.

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Resampling (statistics)

In statistics, resampling is any of a variety of methods for doing one of the following.

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Rescaled range

The rescaled range is a statistical measure of the variability of a time series introduced by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst (1880–1978).

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Research & Education Association

Research & Education Association, known as REA, publishes test preparation materials and study guides, both in print and electronic form.

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Research and development

Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.

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Residual sum of squares

In statistics, the residual sum of squares (RSS), also known as the sum of squared residuals (SSR) or the sum of squared errors of prediction (SSE), is the sum of the squares of residuals (deviations predicted from actual empirical values of data).

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Restricted maximum likelihood

In statistics, the restricted (or residual, or reduced) maximum likelihood (REML) approach is a particular form of maximum likelihood estimation that does not base estimates on a maximum likelihood fit of all the information, but instead uses a likelihood function calculated from a transformed set of data, so that nuisance parameters have no effect.

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Restricted randomization

In statistics, restricted randomization occurs in the design of experiments and in particular in the context of randomized experiments and randomized controlled trials.

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Result

A result (also called upshot) is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events expressed qualitatively or quantitatively.

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Revista Colombiana de Estadística

The Revista Colombiana de Estadística (English: Colombian Journal of Statistics) is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal on statistics published by the National University of Colombia.

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Revive Adserver

Revive Adserver is an open-source advertising server that is licensed under the GNU General Public License.

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REVSTAT

REVSTAT is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistics.

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Reward management

Reward management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organization.

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Rho

Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; ῥῶ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Rhode Island Math League

The Rhode Island Mathematics League (RIML) competition consists of four meets spanning the entire year.

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Rhonda Hatcher

Rhonda Lee Hatcher is an American mathematician whose research topics include analytic number theory and L-functions as well as topics in recreational mathematics.

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Riaz Ahsan

Dr. Prof. Riaz Ahsan (25 December 1951 – 8 September 2008) was a Pakistani statistician and mathematician who has worked in applied statistics, applied analysis, applications of special functions.

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Ricardo A. Olea

Ricardo Antonio Olea is a Chilean American research mathematical statistician with the United States Geological Survey since 2006.

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Rice University Electrical and Computer Engineering

The Rice University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering is one of nine academic departments at the George R. Brown School of Engineering at Rice University.

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Richard Arnold Epstein

Richard Arnold Epstein (born March 5, 1927, Los Angeles), also known under the pseudonym E. P. Stein, is an American game theorist.

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Richard Carson

Richard Taylor Carson (born February 24, 1955, Jackson, Mississippi) is a professor of economics at the University of California, San Diego.

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Richard Gisser

Richard Gisser (born 11 July 1939 in Vienna) is an Austrian demographer who held leading positions at his country's statistical office until his retirement.

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Richard Jantz

Richard L. Jantz is an American anthropologist.

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Richard Jones (U.S. diplomat)

Richard Henry Jones (born August 26, 1950) is an American diplomat and the former Deputy Executive Director of the International Energy Agency.

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Richard M. Dudley

Richard Mansfield Dudley (born 1938) is Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Richard Peto

Sir Richard Peto (born 14 May 1943) is Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology at the University of Oxford, England.

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Richard Roll

Richard Roll (born October 31, 1939) is an American economist, best known for his work on portfolio theory and asset pricing, both theoretical and empirical.

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Richard Stone

Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 – 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist, educated at Westminster School, Cambridge University (Caius and King's), who in 1984 received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale.

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Richard Tweedie

Richard Lewis Tweedie (22 August 1947 in Leeton, New South Wales, Australia–7 June 2001 in the United States) was an Australian statistician.

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Richard von Mises

Richard Edler von Mises (19 April 1883 – 14 July 1953) was a scientist and mathematician who worked on solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, aeronautics, statistics and probability theory.

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Richard Wirthlin

Richard Bitner ("Dick") Wirthlin (March 15, 1931March 16, 2011) was a prominent American pollster, who is best known as Ronald Reagan's chief strategist, serving as his political consultant and pollster for twenty years, from 1968 through the end of his presidency.

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Richmond Mayo-Smith

Richmond Mayo-Smith (February 9, 1854 – November 11, 1901) was an American economist noted for his work in statistics.

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Rician fading

Rician fading or Ricean fading is a stochastic model for radio propagation anomaly caused by partial cancellation of a radio signal by itself &mdash; the signal arrives at the receiver by several different paths (hence exhibiting multipath interference), and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).

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Riemann zeta function

The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function,, is a function of a complex variable s that analytically continues the sum of the Dirichlet series which converges when the real part of is greater than 1.

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Ripon Grammar School

Ripon Grammar School is a co-educational, selective grammar school in Ripon, North Yorkshire, England.

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Rise time

In electronics, when describing a voltage or current step function, rise time is the time taken by a signal to change from a specified low value to a specified high value.

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Risk factor

In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.

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Risk score

Risk score (or risk scoring) is the name given to a general practice in applied statistics, bio-statistics, econometrics and other related disciplines, of creating an easily calculated number (the score) that reflects the level of risk in the presence of some risk factors (e.g. risk of mortality or disease in the presence of symptoms or genetic profile, risk financial loss considering credit and financial history, etc.). Risk scores are designed to be.

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Risk-limiting audit

A risk limiting post-election audit is one of several types of election audits.

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Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica

The Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica (English: "Italian Review of Economics Demography and Statistics") is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access academic journal published by the Italian society of economics demography and statistics.

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Rivne Oblast

Rivne Oblast (Рівненська область, translit. Rivnenska oblast, Obwód rówieński) is an oblast (province) of Ukraine.

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Rizal Technological University

Rizal Technological University (RTU) is a state university located at Mandaluyong, Philippines.

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RKWard

RKWard is a transparent front-end to the R programming language, a scripting-language with a strong focus on statistics functions.

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Rmetrics

Rmetrics is a free, open source and open development software project for teaching computational finance.

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Rob J. Hyndman

Robin John "Rob" Hyndman (born 2 May 1967) is an Australian statistician known for his work on forecasting.

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Robbins lemma

In statistics, the Robbins lemma, named after Herbert Robbins, states that if X is a random variable having a Poisson distribution with parameter &lambda;, and f is any function for which the expected value E(f(X)) exists, then Robbins introduced this proposition while developing empirical Bayes methods.

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Robert Abelson

Robert Paul Abelson (September 12, 1928 – July 13, 2005) was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic.

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Robert Dorfman

Robert Dorfman (27 October 1916 – 24 June 2002) was emeritus professor of political economy at Harvard University.

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Robert E. Forsythe

Robert E. Forsythe is an American economist.

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Robert F. Hale

Robert F. Hale (born 1947) was the United States Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) from 2009 until 2014 and before that the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management and Comptroller).

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Robert G. Jahn

Robert George Jahn (April 1, 1930 – November 15, 2017) was an American plasma physicist, Professor of Aerospace Science, and Dean of Engineering at Princeton University.

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Robert Gentleman (statistician)

Robert Clifford Gentleman (born 1959) is a Canadian statistician and bioinformatician currently vice president of computational biology at 23andMe.

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Robert Groves

Robert Martin Groves (born September 27, 1948) is an American sociologist and expert in survey methodology who has served as the Provost of Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. since August 2012.

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Robert H. Frank

Robert Harris Frank (born January 2, 1945) is the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and a Professor of Economics at the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University.

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Robert Hall (economist)

Robert Ernest "Bob" Hall (born August 13, 1943) is an American economist and a Robert and Carole McNeil Senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.

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Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs

The Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, commonly known as the La Follette School, is a public graduate public policy school at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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Robert McKenzie (psephologist)

Robert Trelford McKenzie (11 September 1917 – 12 October 1981) was a Canadian professor of politics and sociology, and a psephologist (one who does statistical analysis of elections).

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Robert R. Sokal

Robert Reuven Sokal (January 13, 1926 in Vienna, Austria &ndash; April 9, 2012 in Stony Brook, New York) was an Austrian-American biostatistician and entomologist.

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Robert Solow

Robert Merton Solow, GCIH (born August 23, 1924), is an American economist, particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him.

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Robert Tibshirani

Robert Tibshirani (born July 10, 1956) is a Professor in the Departments of Statistics and Health Research and Policy at Stanford University.

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Robert V. Hogg

Robert Vincent ("Bob") Hogg (8 November 1924 – 23 December 2014) was an American statistician and professor of statistics of the University of Iowa.

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Robin Kibuuka

Robin Kibuuka is a Ugandan economist.

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Robin Plackett

Robin L. Plackett (3 September 1920 – 23 June 2009) was a statistician best known for his contributions to the history of statistics and to experimental design, most notably the Plackett–Burman designs.

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Robin Sibson

Robin Sibson (4 May 1944 &ndash; 19 March 2017) was a British mathematician and educator.

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Robust Bayesian analysis

In statistics, robust Bayesian analysis, also called Bayesian sensitivity analysis, is a type of sensitivity analysis applied to the outcome from Bayesian inference or Bayesian optimal decisions.

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Robust confidence intervals

In statistics a robust confidence interval is a robust modification of confidence intervals, meaning that one modifies the non-robust calculations of the confidence interval so that they are not badly affected by outlying or aberrant observations in a data-set.

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Robust measures of scale

In statistics, a robust measure of scale is a robust statistic that quantifies the statistical dispersion in a set of numerical data.

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Robust optimization

Robust optimization is a field of optimization theory that deals with optimization problems in which a certain measure of robustness is sought against uncertainty that can be represented as deterministic variability in the value of the parameters of the problem itself and/or its solution.

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Robust statistics

Robust statistics are statistics with good performance for data drawn from a wide range of probability distributions, especially for distributions that are not normal.

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Rocket science in finance

"Rocket science" in finance is a metaphor for activity carried out by specialised quantitative staff to provide detailed output from mathematical modeling and computational simulations to support investment decisions.

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Rodger's method

Rodger’s method is a statistical procedure for examining research data post hoc following an 'omnibus' analysis (e.g., after an analysis of variance – anova).

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Rodolfo Benini

Rodolfo Benini (11 June 1862, Cremona, Italy – 12 February 1956, Rome, Italy) was an Italian statistician and demographer.

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Roger Hui

Roger Hui (born 1953) is a computer scientist and codeveloper of the programming language J. In 1953, he was born in Hong Kong.

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Roger Thatcher

Arthur Roger Thatcher (22 October 1926 – 13 February 2010), commonly known as Roger Thatcher or sometimes as A. Roger Thatcher, was a British statistician.

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Rogue wave

Rogue waves (also known as freak waves, monster waves, episodic waves, killer waves, extreme waves, and abnormal waves) are large, unexpected and suddenly appearing surface waves that can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships such as ocean liners.

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Roman numerals

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages.

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Ronald DeVore

Ronald Alvin DeVore (born May 14, 1941) is an American mathematician and academic.

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Ronald Does

Ronaldus Joannes Michael Maria "Ronald" Does (born 13 January 1955 in Haarlem) is a Dutch mathematician, known for several contributions to statistics and Lean Six Sigma.

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Ronald Fisher

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962), who published as R. A. Fisher, was a British statistician and geneticist.

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Ronald Fisher bibliography

The Ronald Fisher bibliography contains the works published by the English statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher (1890–1962).

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ROOT

ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN.

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Root mean square

In statistics and its applications, the root mean square (abbreviated RMS or rms) is defined as the square root of the mean square (the arithmetic mean of the squares of a set of numbers).

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Roots: The Next Generations

Roots: The Next Generations is an American television miniseries, introduced in 1979, continuing, from 1882 to the 1960s, the fictionalized story of the family of Alex Haley and their life in Henning, Lauderdale County, Tennessee, USA.

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Rothamsted Research

Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843.

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Rough set

In computer science, a rough set, first described by Polish computer scientist Zdzisław I. Pawlak, is a formal approximation of a crisp set (i.e., conventional set) in terms of a pair of sets which give the lower and the upper approximation of the original set.

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Roy C. Geary

Robert (Roy) Charles Geary (April 11, 1896 – February 8, 1983) was an Irish statistician and founder of both the Central Statistics Office and the Economic and Social Research Institute.

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Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (RBKC) is an inner London borough of royal status.

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Royal Medal

A Royal Medal, known also as The King's Medal or The Queen's Medal, depending on the gender of the monarch at the time of the award, is a silver-gilt medal, of which three are awarded each year by the Royal Society, two for "the most important contributions to the advancement of natural knowledge" and one for "distinguished contributions in the applied sciences", done within the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Royal Society of Thailand

The Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา), formerly known as the Royal Society of Siam, is the national academy of Thailand in charge of academic works of the government.

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Rubin causal model

The Rubin causal model (RCM), also known as the Neyman–Rubin causal model, is an approach to the statistical analysis of cause and effect based on the framework of potential outcomes, named after Donald Rubin.

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Rudolf Hentze

Ferdinand August Rudolf Hentze (born 12 June 1888 in Kassel, died 8 November 1960) was a German officer in the Wehrmacht.

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Rudolf Kruse

Rudolf Kruse (born 12 September 1952 in Rotenburg/Wümme) is a German computer scientist and mathematician.

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Rule of three (statistics)

In statistical analysis, the rule of three states that if a certain event did not occur in a sample with subjects, the interval from 0 to 3/ is a 95% confidence interval for the rate of occurrences in the population.

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Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Федеральная служба государственной статистики, Federal'naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki) (also known as Rosstat) is the governmental statistics agency in Russia.

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Rutgers University

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, commonly referred to as Rutgers University, Rutgers, or RU, is an American public research university and is the largest institution of higher education in New Jersey.

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Rutherford Aris bibliography

This bibliography of Rutherford Aris contains a comprehensive listing of the scientific publications of Aris, including books, journal articles, and contributions to other published material.

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Ryukyuan people

The; also Lewchewan or) are the indigenous peoples of the Ryukyu Islands between the islands of Kyushu and Taiwan. Politically, they live in either Okinawa Prefecture or Kagoshima Prefecture. Their languages make up the Ryukyuan languages, considered to be one of the two branches of the Japonic language family, the other being Japanese and its dialects. Ryukyuans are not a recognized minority group in Japan, as Japanese authorities consider them just a subgroup of the Japanese people, akin to the Yamato people and Ainu. Although unrecognized, Ryukyuans constitute the largest ethnolinguistic minority group in Japan, with 1.3 million living in Okinawa Prefecture alone. There is also a considerable Ryukyuan diaspora. As many as 600,000 more ethnic Ryukyuans and their descendants are dispersed elsewhere in Japan and worldwide; mostly in Hawaii and, to a lesser extent, in other territories where there is also a sizable Japanese diaspora. In the majority of countries, the Ryukyuan and Japanese diaspora are not differentiated so there are no reliable statistics for the former. Recent genetic and anthropological studies indicate that the Ryukyuans are significantly related to the Ainu people and share the ancestry with the indigenous prehistoric Jōmon period (pre 10,000–1,000 BCE) people, who arrived from Southeast Asia, and with the Yamato people who are mostly an admixture of the Yayoi period (1,000 BCE–300 CE) migrants from East Asia (specifically China and the Korean peninsula). The Ryukyuans have a specific culture with some matriarchal elements, native religion, and cuisine which had fairly late 12th century introduction of rice. The population lived on the islands in isolation for many centuries, and in the 14th century from the three divided Okinawan political polities emerged the Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) which continued the maritime trade and tributary relations started in 1372 with Ming dynasty China. In 1609 the kingdom was invaded by Satsuma Domain which allowed its independence being in vassal status because the Tokugawa Japan was prohibited to trade with China, being in dual subordinate status between both China and Japan. During the Meiji period, the kingdom became Ryukyu Domain (1872–1879), after which it was politically annexed by the Empire of Japan. In 1879, after the annexation, the territory was reorganized as Okinawa Prefecture with the last king Shō Tai forcibly exiled to Tokyo. China renounced its claims to the islands in 1895. During this period, Okinawan ethnic identity, tradition, culture and language were suppressed by the Meiji government, which sought to assimilate the Ryukyuan people as Japanese (Yamato). After World War II, the Ryūkyū Islands were occupied by the United States between 1945–1950 and 1950–1972. During this time, there were many violations of human rights. Since the end of World War II, there exists strong resentment against the Japanese government and US military facilities stationed in Okinawa, as seen in the Ryukyu independence movement. United Nations special rapporteur on discrimination and racism Doudou Diène in his 2006 report, noted perceptible level of discrimination and xenophobia against the Ryukyuans, with the most serious discrimination they endure linked to their dislike of American military installations in the archipelago. An investigation into fundamental human rights was suggested.

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S. Kumarasamy

S.

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S. R. Patil

The minister has changed.

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Saddlepoint approximation method

The saddlepoint approximation method, initially proposed by Daniels (1954) is a specific example of the mathematical saddlepoint technique applied to statistics.

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Safety engineer

The scope of a safety engineer is to perform their professional functions.

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SAGA GIS

System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA GIS) is a geographic information system (GIS) computer program, used to edit spatial data.

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SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment)

SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment, or sometimes Russian-American Gallium Experiment) is a collaborative experiment devised by several prominent physicists to measure the solar neutrino flux.

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SageMath

SageMath (previously Sage or SAGE, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation") is a computer algebra system with features covering many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, graph theory, numerical analysis, number theory, calculus and statistics.

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Salem Hanna Khamis

Salem Hanna Khamis (سالم حنا خميس) (November 22, 1919 &ndash; June 16, 2005) was a Palestinian economic statistician for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization who helped formalise the Geary-Khamis method of computing purchasing power parity of currencies.

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Salstat

Salstat is a free software application for the statistical analysis of numeric data with an emphasis on ease-of-use.

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Sample (statistics)

In statistics and quantitative research methodology, a data sample is a set of data collected and/or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure.

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Sample maximum and minimum

In statistics, the sample maximum and sample minimum, also called the largest observation and smallest observation, are the values of the greatest and least elements of a sample.

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Sample space

In probability theory, the sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that experiment.

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Sampling (statistics)

In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

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Sampling bias

In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

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Sampling distribution

In statistics, a sampling distribution or finite-sample distribution is the probability distribution of a given random-sample-based statistic.

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Sampling error

In statistics, sampling error is incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population.

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Sampling frame

In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn.

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Sampling in order

In statistics, some Monte Carlo methods require independent observations in a sample to be drawn from a one-dimensional distribution in sorted order.

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Sampling probability

In statistics, in the theory relating to sampling from finite populations, the sampling probability (also known as inclusion probability) of an element or member of the population, is its probability of becoming part of the sample during the drawing of a single sample.

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Samuel Kotz

Samuel Kotz (30 August 1930 in Harbin, China – 16 March 2010 in Silver Spring, Maryland, US) was a professor and research scholar in the Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science at The George Washington University since 1997 until his death on March 16, 2010.

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Samuel Merrill III

Samuel Merrill III (born 1939) is a mathematician and political scientist best known for his work on alternative voting systems, voter behavior, party competition, and arbitration.

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Samuel R. Gross

Samuel R. Gross is an American lawyer and the Thomas and Mabel Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School.

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Samuel Sanford Shapiro

Samuel Sanford Shapiro (born July 13, 1930) is an American statistician and engineer.

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Samuelson's inequality

In statistics, Samuelson's inequality, named after the economist Paul Samuelson, also called the Laguerre&ndash;Samuelson inequality, after the mathematician Edmond Laguerre, states that every one of any collection x1,..., xn, is within uncorrected sample standard deviations of their sample mean.

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San Gabriel High School

San Gabriel High School is a public high school located around the border of San Gabriel and Alhambra, California and run by the Alhambra Unified School District.

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San Juan National High School

The San Juan National High School (SJNHS) (Filipino: Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng San Juan) is a public secondary school in the Municipality of Kalayaan.

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Sana Mir

Sana Mir (born 5 January 1986) is a cricketer and the Former Captain of the Pakistan national women's cricket team in ODIs and T20Is.

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Sand whiting

The sand whiting (Sillago ciliata), also known as the summer whiting, yellowfin whiting or blue-nose whiting, is a common species of coastal marine fish of the family Sillaginidae, the smelt-whitings.

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Sander Greenland

Sander Greenland (born January 16, 1951) is an American statistician and epidemiologist known for his contributions to epidemiologic methods, meta-analysis, Bayesian inference and causal inference, among other topics.

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Sankhya (journal)

Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal on statistics published by the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI).

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Sanskritirani Desai

Sanskritirani Desai is Gujarati poet from India.

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Santa Cruz High School

Santa Cruz High School is a comprehensive public school in Santa Cruz, California which originally opened in 1897 and now serves an enrollment of about 1,040 students in grades nine through twelve.

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Sapienza University of Rome

The Sapienza University of Rome (Italian: Sapienza – Università di Roma), also called simply Sapienza or the University of Rome, is a collegiate research university located in Rome, Italy.

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Sarah Bridle

Sarah Louise Bridle is a professor in the Extragalactic astronomy and Cosmology research group in the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, part of the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester.

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Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science

Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science is a 2001 documentary television film by Producer and noted wildlife researcher Doug Hajicek.

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SAT

The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States.

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SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1

The SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1 (formerly known as Math I or MathIC (the "C" representing the use of a calculator)) is the name of a one-hour multiple choice test given on algebra, geometry, basic trigonometry, algebraic functions, elementary statistics and basic foundations of calculus by The College Board.

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SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2

In the U.S., the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 (formerly known as Math II or Math IIC, the "C" representing the sanctioned use of a calculator) is a one-hour multiple choice test.

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SAT Subject Tests

SAT Subject Tests are 20 multiple-choice standardized tests given by the College Board on individual subjects.

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Satellite galaxy

A satellite galaxy is a smaller companion galaxy that travels on bound orbits within the gravitational potential of a more massive and luminous host galaxy (also known as the primary galaxy).

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Satish K. Tripathi

Satish K. Tripathi is an Indian-American computer scientist and academic administrator.

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Sato–Tate conjecture

In mathematics, the Sato–Tate conjecture is a statistical statement about the family of elliptic curves Ep over the finite field with p elements, with p a prime number, obtained from an elliptic curve E over the rational number field, by the process of reduction modulo a prime for almost all p. If Np denotes the number of points on Ep and defined over the field with p elements, the conjecture gives an answer to the distribution of the second-order term for Np.

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Sauer–Shelah lemma

In combinatorial mathematics and extremal set theory, the Sauer–Shelah lemma states that every family of sets with small VC dimension consists of a small number of sets.

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Sauk Rapids-Rice High School

Sauk Rapids-Rice High School, often abbreviated SRRHS, is a high school located in Sauk Rapids, Minnesota.

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Saul Sternberg

Saul Sternberg is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology and former Paul C. Williams Term Professor (1993–1998) at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Saurashtra University

The Saurashtra University is one of the significant universities in Gujarat state in India.

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Savitzky–Golay filter

A Savitzky–Golay filter is a digital filter that can be applied to a set of digital data points for the purpose of smoothing the data, that is, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio without greatly distorting the signal.

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Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban

Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (1 May 163330 March 1707), commonly referred to as Vauban, was a French military engineer who rose in the service to the king and was commissioned as a Marshal of France.

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Søren Johansen

Søren Johansen (born 6 November 1939) is a Danish Statistician and Econometrician who is known for his contributions to the theory of Cointegration.

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Scale analysis (statistics)

In statistics, scale analysis is a set of methods to analyze survey data, in which responses to questions are combined to measure a latent variable.

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Scale invariance

In physics, mathematics, statistics, and economics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor, thus represent a universality.

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Scale parameter

In probability theory and statistics, a scale parameter is a special kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of probability distributions.

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Scaled correlation

In statistics, scaled correlation is a form of a coefficient of correlation applicable to data that have a temporal component such as time series.

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Scan statistic

In statistics, a scan statistic or window statistic is a problem relating to the clustering of randomly positioned points.

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Scatterplot smoothing

In statistics, several scatterplot smoothing methods are available to fit a function through the points of a scatterplot to best represent the relationship between the variables.

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Schaum's Outlines

Schaum's Outlines is a series of supplementary texts for American high school, AP, and college-level courses, currently published by McGraw-Hill Education Professional, a subsidiary of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Scheffé's method

In statistics, Scheffé's method, named after the American statistician Henry Scheffé, is a method for adjusting significance levels in a linear regression analysis to account for multiple comparisons.

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School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales; also known as EHESS) is a French grande école (élite higher-education establishment that operates outside the regulatory framework of the public university system) specialised in the social sciences and often considered as the most prestigious institution for the social sciences in France.

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School health and nutrition services

School health and nutrition services are services provided through the school system to improve the health and well-being of children and in some cases whole families and the broader community.

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Schrödinger method

In combinatorial mathematics and probability theory, the Schrödinger method, named after the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, is used to solve some problems of distribution and occupancy.

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Schwartz set

In voting systems, the Schwartz set is the union of all Schwartz set components.

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Science

R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.

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Science & Vie Junior

Science & Vie Junior is a French science magazine targeting children.The magazine is published by Mondadori France, a subsidiary of the Italian media company Mondadori.

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Science and invention in Birmingham

Birmingham is one of England's principal industrial centres and has a history of industrial and scientific innovation.

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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), previously Science, Math, Engineering, and Technology (SMET), is a term used to group together these academic disciplines.

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Scientific calculator

A scientific calculator is a type of electronic calculator, usually but not always handheld, designed to calculate problems in science, engineering, and mathematics.

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Scientific evidence

Scientific evidence is evidence which serves to either support or counter a scientific theory or hypothesis.

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Scientific method

Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.

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Scientific modelling

Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology, racial biology, or race realism) is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Scilab

Scilab is a free and open-source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language.

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Score (statistics)

In statistics, the score, score function, efficient score or informant indicates how sensitive a likelihood function \mathcal L(\theta; X) is to its parameter \theta.

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Scoring algorithm

Scoring algorithm, also known as Fisher's scoring, is a form of Newton's method used in statistics to solve maximum likelihood equations numerically, named after Ronald Fisher.

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Scratchcard

A scratchcard (also called a scratch off, scratch ticket, scratcher, scratchie, scratch-it, scratch game, scratch-and-win, instant game or instant lottery in different places) is a small card, often made of thin paper-based card for competitions and plastic to conceal PINs, where one or more areas contain concealed information which can be revealed by scratching off an opaque covering.

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Screening (medicine)

Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms.

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SDI Tools

SDI Tools is a set of commercial software add-in tools for Microsoft Excel developed and distributed by Statistical Design Institute, LLC., a privately owned company located in Texas, United States.

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SDMX

SDMX, which stands for Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange is an international initiative that aims at standardising and modernising (“industrialising”) the mechanisms and processes for the exchange of statistical data and metadata among international organisations and their member countries.

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Sean Murphy (cryptographer)

Sean Murphy is a cryptographer, currently a professor at Royal Holloway, University of London.

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Search algorithm

In computer science, a search algorithm is any algorithm which solves the search problem, namely, to retrieve information stored within some data structure, or calculated in the search space of a problem domain.

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Seasonal adjustment

Seasonal adjustment is a statistical method for removing the seasonal component of a time series that exhibits a seasonal pattern.

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Sebastian Thrun

Sebastian Thrun (born May 14, 1967) is an innovator, entrepreneur educator, and computer scientist from Germany.

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Second-language acquisition classroom research

Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational settings.

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Secondary education in the United States

In most jurisdictions, secondary education in the United States refers to the last four years of statutory formal education (grade nine through grade twelve) either at high school or split between a final year of 'junior high school' and three in high school.

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Secretary problem

The secretary problem is a famous problem that demonstrates a scenario involving the optimal stopping theory.

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Seed-based d mapping

Seed-based d mapping (formerly Signed differential mapping) or SDM is a statistical technique created by Joaquim Radua for meta-analyzing studies on differences in brain activity or structure which used neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, VBM, DTI or PET.

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SegReg

In statistics and data analysis the application software SegReg is a free and user-friendly tool for linear segmented regression analysis to determine the breakpoint where the relation between the dependent variable and the independent variable changes abruptly.

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SEIFA

Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (commonly known by its acronym, SEIFA) is a product that enables the assessment of the welfare of Australian communities.

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Seismic inversion

Seismic inversion, in geophysics (primarily in oil-and-gas exploration/development), is the process of transforming seismic reflection data into a quantitative rock-property description of a reservoir.

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Selection bias

Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.

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Selestino Babungi

Selestino Babungi is an accountant and corporate executive in Uganda, the third-largest economy in the East African Community.

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Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal

The Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal is an objection to the Doomsday argument (that there is only a 5% chance of more than twenty times the historic number of humans ever being born) by arguing that the chance of being born is not one, but is an increasing function of the number of people who will be born.

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Self-selection bias

In statistics, self-selection bias arises in any situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with nonprobability sampling.

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Selim Peabody

Selim Hobart Peabody (1829–1903) was an American educator, born at Rockingham, Vermont He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1852, during the following years held professorships of mathematics, physics, and engineering at several colleges, and from 1880 to 1891 was president of the University of Illinois.

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Semantic mapping (statistics)

Semantic mapping (SM) is a method in statistics for dimensionality reduction that can be used in a set of multidimensional vectors of features to extract a few new features that preserves the main data characteristics.

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Semiparametric model

In statistics, a semiparametric model is a statistical model that has parametric and nonparametric components.

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Semiparametric regression

In statistics, semiparametric regression includes regression models that combine parametric and nonparametric models.

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SEMMA

SEMMA is an acronym that stands for Sample, Explore, Modify, Model, and Assess.

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Semyon Korsakov

Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov (Семён Николаевич Корсаков, Semyon Nikolayevich Korsakov) (January 14, 1787 &ndash; December 1, 1853 OS) was a Russian government official, noted both as a homeopath and an inventor who was involved with an early version of information technology.

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Sensitive urban zone

A sensitive urban zone (Zone urbaine sensible, ZUS) is an urban area in France defined by the authorities to be a high-priority target for city policy, taking into consideration local circumstances related to the problems of its residents.

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Sensory analysis

Sensory analysis (or sensory evaluation) is a scientific discipline that applies principles of experimental design and statistical analysis to the use of human senses (sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing) for the purposes of evaluating consumer products.

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Seoul National University

Seoul National University (SNU;, colloquially Seouldae) is a national research university located in Seoul, South Korea.

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Separation (statistics)

In statistics, separation is a phenomenon associated with models for dichotomous or categorical outcomes, including logistic and probit regression.

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Separation test

A separation test is a statistical procedure for early-phase research, to decide whether to pursue further research.

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Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) is an Indonesian public university located in Surabaya, East Java, with a strong emphasis on scientific, engineering, and technological education and research.

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Sequential analysis

In statistics, sequential analysis or sequential hypothesis testing is statistical analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance.

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Sequential estimation

In statistics, sequential estimation refers to estimation methods in sequential analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance.

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Sergio Albeverio

Sergio Albeverio (born 17 January 1939) is a Swiss mathematician and mathematical physicist working in numerous fields of mathematics and its applications.

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Sergio Della Pergola

Sergio Della Pergola (born Trieste, Italy, September 7, 1942) is an Italian-born Israeli demographer and statistician.

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Serial killer

A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people,A serial killer is most commonly defined as a person who kills three or more people for psychological gratification; reliable sources over the years agree.

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Series (mathematics)

In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, a description of the operation of adding infinitely many quantities, one after the other, to a given starting quantity.

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Serious Organised Crime Agency

The Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) was a non-departmental public body of the Government of the United Kingdom which existed from 1 April 2006 until 7 October 2013.

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Set estimation

In statistics, a random vector x is classically represented by a probability density function.

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SETAR (model)

In statistics, Self-Exciting Threshold AutoRegressive (SETAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow for higher degree of flexibility in model parameters through a regime switching behaviour.

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Sex differences in cognition

Sex differences in cognition, or mental abilities, are widely established in the current scientific literature.

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Sex differences in human physiology

Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans.

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Sex differences in humans

Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields.

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Sexual dimorphism measures

Although the subject of sexual dimorphism is not in itself controversial, the measures by which it is assessed differ widely.

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Seymour Geisser

Seymour Geisser (October 5, 1929 – March 11, 2004) was a statistician noted for emphasizing predictive inference.

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SGPTA PU College

SGPTA PU College is a pre-university college in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

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Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology also known as SUST is a state supported university located in Sylhet, Bangladesh.

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Shalem College

Shalem College (המרכז האקדמי שלם, HaMerkaz HaAkademi Shalem) is Israel's first liberal arts college, located in Jerusalem, Israel.

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Shanghai Finance University

Shanghai Finance University (SFU), formerly known as Shanghai Banking School, was launched in 2003 through the joint efforts of the Shanghai Municipal Government and the People's Bank of China.

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Shape factor

Shape factor refers to a value that is affected by an object's shape but is independent of its dimensions.

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Shape of a probability distribution

In statistics, the concept of the shape of a probability distribution arises in questions of finding an appropriate distribution to use to model the statistical properties of a population, given a sample from that population.

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Shape parameter

In probability theory and statistics, a shape parameter is a kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of probability distributions.

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Shapiro–Wilk test

The Shapiro–Wilk test is a test of normality in frequentist statistics.

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Shark

Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.

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Shaul Ladany

Shaul Paul Ladany (שאול לדני; born April 2, 1936) is an Israeli Holocaust survivor, racewalker and two-time Olympian.

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SHAZAM (software)

SHAZAM is a comprehensive econometrics and statistics package for estimating, testing, simulating and forecasting many types of econometrics and statistical models.

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Sheldon Glueck

Sheldon Glueck (August 15, 1896 – March 10, 1980) was a Polish-American criminologist.

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Sherburne F. Cook

Sherburne Friend Cook was a physiologist by training, and served as professor and chairman of the department of physiology at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Shing-Tung Yau

Shing-Tung Yau (born April 4, 1949) is a chinese and naturalized American mathematician.

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Shlomo Sawilowsky

Shlomo S. Sawilowsky is professor of educational statistics and Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, where he has received teaching, mentoring, and research awards.

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Shmuel Gal

Shmuel Gal (שמואל גל) is a mathematician and professor of statistics at the University of Haifa in Israel.

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Shrinkage (statistics)

In statistics, shrinkage has two meanings.

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Shrinkage estimator

In statistics, a shrinkage estimator is an estimator that, either explicitly or implicitly, incorporates the effects of shrinkage.

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Shyamaprasad Mukherjee

Shyamaprasad Mukherjee, FNASc, known as S. P. Mukherjee (born 16 June 1939), is an Indian statistician and the former Centenary Professor of Statistics at the University of Calcutta.

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Siegel–Tukey test

In statistics, the Siegel–Tukey test, named after Sidney Siegel and John Tukey, is a non-parametric test which may be applied to data measured at least on an ordinal scale.

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Sieve estimator

In statistics, sieve estimators are a class of non-parametric estimator which use progressively more complex models to estimate an unknown high-dimensional function as more data becomes available, with the aim of asymptotically reducing error towards zero as the amount of data increases.

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Sigma

Sigma (upper-case Σ, lower-case σ, lower-case in word-final position ς; σίγμα) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.

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Sigma-algebra

In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a σ-algebra (also σ-field) on a set X is a collection Σ of subsets of X that includes the empty subset, is closed under complement, and is closed under countable unions and countable intersections.

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SigmaXL

SigmaXL is a graphical and statistical add-in tool for Microsoft Excel.

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Signal magnitude area

In mathematics, the signal magnitude area (abbreviated SMA or sma) is a statistical measure of the magnitude of a varying quantity.

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Significance (magazine)

Significance, established in 2004, is a bimonthly magazine published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society (RSS) and the American Statistical Association (ASA).

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Significance analysis of microarrays

Significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) is a statistical technique, established in 2001 by Virginia Tusher, Robert Tibshirani and Gilbert Chu, for determining whether changes in gene expression are statistically significant.

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Sillaginidae

The Sillaginidae, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fish in the order Perciformes.

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Simalto

SIMALTO – SImultaneous Multi-Attribute Trade Off – is a survey based statistical technique used in market research that helps determine how people prioritise and value alternative product and/or service options of the attributes that make up individual products or services.

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Simón Bolívar University

The Simón Bolívar University (Universidad Simón Bolívar in Spanish) or USB, is a public institution located in Miranda State, Venezuela with scientific and technological orientation.

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Similarity learning

Similarity learning is an area of supervised machine learning in artificial intelligence.

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Similarity measure

In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects.

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SIMMON

SIMMON (SIMulation MONitor) was a proprietary software testing system developed in the late 1960s in the IBM Product Test Laboratory, then at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. It was designed for the then-new line of System/360 computers as a vehicle for testing the software that IBM was developing for that architecture.

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Simon Kuznets

Simon Smith Kuznets (p; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was a Russo-American economist and statistician who received the 1971 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development." Kuznets made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an empirical science and to the formation of quantitative economic history.

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Simon Newcomb

Simon Newcomb (March 12, 1835 – July 11, 1909) was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician and autodidactic polymath, who was Professor of Mathematics in the U.S. Navy and at Johns Hopkins.

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Simon Tavaré

Simon Tavaré (born 1952), is Director of the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Professor of Cancer Research at the Department of Oncology and Professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) at the University of Cambridge.

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Simple linear regression

In statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable.

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Simple random sample

In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population).

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Simpson's paradox

Simpson's paradox, or the Yule–Simpson effect, is a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

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Simulation

Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system.

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Sine and cosine transforms

In mathematics, the Fourier sine and cosine transforms are forms of the Fourier integral transform that do not use complex numbers.

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Single-linkage clustering

In statistics, single-linkage clustering is one of several methods of hierarchical clustering.

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Singular-value decomposition

In linear algebra, the singular-value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix.

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Sinkov statistic

Sinkov statistics, also known as log-weight statistics, is a specialized field of statistics that was developed by Abraham Sinkov, while working for the small Signal Intelligence Service organization, the primary mission of which was to compile codes and ciphers for use by the U.S. Army.

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Sinusoidal model

In statistics, signal processing, and time series analysis, a sinusoidal model to approximate a sequence Yi is: where C is constant defining a mean level, α is an amplitude for the sine wave, ω is the frequency, Ti is a time variable, φ is the phase, and Ei is the error sequence in approximating the sequence Yi by the model.

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Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet

The Rt Hon Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster, 1st Baronet MP FRS FRSE FLS LLD (10 May 1754 – 21 December 1835) was a Scottish politician, a writer on both finance and agriculture, and the first person to use the word statistics in the English language, in his vast, pioneering work, Statistical Account of Scotland, in 21 volumes.

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Siraj ud Daula College

Siraj ud Daula College (سراج الدولہ کالج) is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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Six Sigma

Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement.

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Sixto Ríos

Sixto Ríos García (Pelahustán, Toledo, January 4, 1913 – Madrid, July 8, 2008), was a Spanish mathematician, known as the father of Spanish statistics.

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Size

Size is the magnitude or dimensions of a thing.

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Size (disambiguation)

Size is the concept of something being big or small.

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Size (statistics)

In statistics, the size of a test is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis.

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Skeptic (US magazine)

Skeptic, colloquially known as Skeptic magazine, is a quarterly science education and science advocacy magazine published internationally by The Skeptics Society, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting scientific skepticism and resisting the spread of pseudoscience, superstition, and irrational beliefs.

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Skew normal distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the skew normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that generalises the normal distribution to allow for non-zero skewness.

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Skewed generalized t distribution

In probability and statistics, the skewed generalized “t” distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions.

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Skewness

In probability theory and statistics, skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean.

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Sklar Brothers

Farrell Randal "Randy" Sklar and Jason Nathan Sklar (born January 12, 1972), professionally known as the Sklar Brothers, are American identical twin comedians and actors.

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Skorokhod's representation theorem

In mathematics and statistics, Skorokhod's representation theorem is a result that shows that a weakly convergent sequence of probability measures whose limit measure is sufficiently well-behaved can be represented as the distribution/law of a pointwise convergent sequence of random variables defined on a common probability space.

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Sleep epidemiology

Sleep epidemiology is an emerging branch of the discipline of epidemiology.

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Sliced inverse regression

Sliced inverse regression (SIR) is a tool for dimension reduction in the field of multivariate statistics.

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Slope

In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of the line.

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Small area estimation

Small area estimation is any of several statistical techniques involving the estimation of parameters for small sub-populations, generally used when the sub-population of interest is included in a larger survey.

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Small-scale whiting

The small-scale whiting (Sillago parvisquamis) (also known as the blue whiting), is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae.

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SmallBASIC

SmallBASIC is a BASIC programming language dialect with interpreters released as free software under the GNU General Public License version 2.

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Smallpox vaccine

Smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, was introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796.

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SmartPLS

SmartPLS is a software with graphical user interface for variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) using the partial least squares (PLS) path modeling method.

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Smithman Qualitative Index

The Smithman Qualitative Soccer Index (SQS Index or Smithman Index) is a mathematical system for the ranking of amateur athletes in competitive team sports.

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Smoothing

In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena.

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Smoothing problem (stochastic processes)

The Smoothing problem (not to be confused with smoothing in statistics, image processing and other contexts) refers to Recursive Bayesian estimation also known as Bayes filter is the problem of estimating an unknown probability density function recursively over time using incremental incoming measurements.

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Smoothness (probability theory)

In probability theory and statistics, smoothness of a density function is a measure which determines how many times the density function can be differentiated, or equivalently the limiting behavior of distribution’s characteristic function.

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Snowball sampling

In sociology and statistics research, snowball sampling (or chain sampling, chain-referral sampling, referral sampling) is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

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Sobel test

In statistics, the Sobel test is a method of testing the significance of a mediation effect.

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Social and Decision Sciences (Carnegie Mellon University)

The Department of Social and Decision Sciences (SDS) is an interdisciplinary academic department within the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Social complexity

In sociology, social complexity is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of society.

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Social engineering (political science)

Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.

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Social fact

In sociology, social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.

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Social media

Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.

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Social media mining

Social media mining is the process of representing, analyzing, and extracting actionable patterns and trends from raw social media data.

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Social network

A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors.

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Social psychology

Social psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Social research

Social research is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan.

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Social science

Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.

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Social statistics

Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment.

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Society for American Baseball Research

The Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) is a membership organization dedicated to fostering the research and dissemination of the history and record of baseball.

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Society of Actuaries

The Society of Actuaries (SOA) is a global professional organization for actuaries.

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Socioeconomic decile

In the New Zealand education system, decile is a key measure of socioeconomic status used to target funding and support schools.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

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Sociology of health and illness

The sociology of health and illness, alternatively the sociology of health and wellness (or simply health sociology), examines the interaction between society and health.

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Socratic.org

Socratic, or Socratic.org, is an education tech company that offers a mobile app for students.

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SOFA Statistics

SOFA Statistics is an open-source statistical package.

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Soft independent modelling of class analogies

Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) is a statistical method for supervised classification of data.

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Software analytics

Software analytics refers to analytics specific to the domain of software systems taking into account source code, static and dynamic characteristics (e.g., software metrics) as well as related processes of their development and evolution.

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Software forensics

Software forensics is the science of analyzing software source code or binary code to determine whether intellectual property infringement or theft occurred.

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Sonny Moore Power Ratings

Sonny Moore's Power Ratings are a sports rating system devised in 1974.

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SORT (journal)

SORT or Statistics and Operations Research Transactions is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to statistics.

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Space-time adaptive processing

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal processing technique most commonly used in radar systems.

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Spanish Statistics and Operations Research Society

The Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa (SEIO, Statistics and Operations Research Society) is the professional non-profit society for the scientific fields of Statistics and Operations Research in Spain.

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Sparsity-of-effects principle

In the statistical analysis of the results from factorial experiments, the sparsity-of-effects principle states that a system is usually dominated by main effects and low-order interactions.

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Spatial analysis

Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.

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Spatial Demography (journal)

Spatial Demography is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of social science published by Springer.

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Spatial network

A spatial network (sometimes also geometric graph) is a graph in which the vertices or edges are spatial elements associated with geometric objects, i.e. the nodes are located in a space equipped with a certain metric.

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Spatial scale

In sciences such as physics, geography, astronomy, meteorology and statistics, the term scale or spatial scale is used for describing or classifying with large approximation the extent or size of a length, distance or area studied or described.

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SPC XL

SPC XL is a statistical add-in for Microsoft Excel.

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Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

In statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient or Spearman's rho, named after Charles Spearman and often denoted by the Greek letter \rho (rho) or as r_s, is a nonparametric measure of rank correlation (statistical dependence between the rankings of two variables).

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Spectral line shape

Spectral line shape describes the form of a feature, observed in spectroscopy, corresponding to an energy change in an atom, molecule or ion.

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Spectral power distribution

In radiometry, photometry and color science, a spectral power distribution (SPD) measurement describes the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination (radiant exitance).

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Speculative fiction

Speculative fiction is an umbrella genre encompassing narrative fiction with supernatural and/or futuristic elements.

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Spherical design

A spherical design, part of combinatorial design theory in mathematics, is a finite set of N points on the d-dimensional unit ''d''-sphere Sd such that the average value of any polynomial f of degree t or less on the set equals the average value of f on the whole sphere (that is, the integral of f over Sd divided by the area or measure of Sd).

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SpinRite

SpinRite is a computer program for scanning magnetic data storage devices such as hard disks, recovering data from them and refreshing their surfaces.

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Split normal distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the split normal distribution also known as the two-piece normal distribution results from joining at the mode the corresponding halves of two normal distributions with the same mode but different variances.

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Split Up (expert system)

Split Up is an intelligent decision support system, which makes predictions about the distribution of marital property following divorce in Australia.

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Sports betting systems

Sports betting systems are sets of events that when combined for a particular game for a particular sport represent a profitable betting scenario.

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Sports rating system

A sports rating system is a system that analyzes the results of sports competitions to provide ratings for each team or player.

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Sports24ghana.com

Sports24ghana.com is an English language website providing a variety of news and statistics about sports in Ghana including coverage of news about Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople.

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Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form.

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Sprott School of Business

The Sprott School of Business is a faculty of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

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SPSS

SPSS Statistics is a software package used for interactive, or batched, statistical analysis.

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Spurious correlation of ratios

In statistics, spurious correlation of ratios is a form of spurious correlation that arises between ratios of absolute measurements which themselves are uncorrelated.

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Spurious relationship

In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are not causally related to each other, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they are, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking variable").

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Square (algebra)

In mathematics, a square is the result of multiplying a number by itself.

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Square root biased sampling

Square root biased sampling is a sampling method proposed by William H. Press, a computer scientist and computational biologist, for use in airport screenings.

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Squared deviations from the mean

Squared deviations from the mean (SDM) are involved in various calculations.

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Sri Gowthami Degree and PG College

Sri Gowthami Degree and PG College is a pioneering Under graduate and Post Graduate College at Darsi in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, South India.

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Sri Pratap College

Sri Pratap College commonly known as SP College is an academic and professional college in Kashmir.

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St Crispin's School

St Crispin's School, founded in 1953, is a co-educational comprehensive school in Wokingham, Berkshire, England, catering for pupils between 11 and 18 years of age.

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St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide

St Peter's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the South Australian capital of Adelaide.

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St. Anthony's College, Shillong

St.

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St. Ursula Academy (Toledo, Ohio)

St.

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Standard deviation

In statistics, the standard deviation (SD, also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.

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Standard normal deviate

A standard normal deviate (or standard normal variable) is a normally distributed random variable with expected value 0 and variance 1.

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Standard score

In statistics, the standard score is the signed number of standard deviations by which the value of an observation or data point differs from the mean value of what is being observed or measured.

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Standard Test Data Format

Standard Test Data Format (STDF) is a proprietary file format for semiconductor test information originally developed by Teradyne, but it is now a de facto standard widely used throughout the semiconductor industry.

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Standardized coefficient

In statistics, standardized coefficients or beta coefficients are the estimates resulting from a regression analysis that have been standardized so that the variances of dependent and independent variables are 1.

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Standardized mean of a contrast variable

In statistics, the standardized mean of a contrast variable (SMCV or SMC), is a parameter assessing effect size.

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Standardized moment

In probability theory and statistics, the standardized moment of a probability distribution is a moment (normally a higher degree central moment) that is normalized.

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Standardized rate

Standardized rates are a statistical measure of any rates in a population.

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Stanisław Trybuła

Stanisław Czesław Trybuła (2 January 1932 in Rafałówka, Poland &ndash; 28 January 2008 in Wrocław, Poland) was a Polish mathematician and statistician.

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Stanislaus S. Uyanto

Stanislaus S. Uyanto is an Indonesian statistician.

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Stanislav Strumilin

Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin (Strumillo-Petrashkevich) (Станисла́в Гу́ставович Струми́лин (Струми́лло-Петрашке́вич); 29 January 1877, Dashkovtsy, Podolia Governorate – 25 January 1974, Moscow) was a Soviet economist.

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Stanley Lebergott

Stanley Lebergott (July 22, 1918 – July 24, 2009) was a prominent American government economist and Professor Emeritus of economics at Wesleyan University.

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Stanley Newman

Stanley Newman (born July 19, 1952) is an American puzzle creator, editor, and publisher.

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Stanley Wasserman

Stanley Wasserman (born August 29, 1951) is an American statistician and Rudy Professor of Statistics, Psychology, and Sociology at Indiana University Bloomington and Academic Supervisor of the International laboratory for Applied Network Research at Moscow's National Research University – Higher School of Economics (since 2014).

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Star count

Star counts are bookkeeping surveys of stars and the statistical and geometrical methods used to correct the survey data for bias.

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STAR model

In statistics, Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow for higher degree of flexibility in model parameters through a smooth transition.

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STAT

STAT, stat, etc., may refer to.

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Stat padding

In sports, stat padding is an action that improves a player's statistics despite being of little benefit to his or her team or its chance of winning.

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Stata

Stata is a general-purpose statistical software package created in 1985 by StataCorp.

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StatCrunch

StatCrunch is a Web-based statistical software application from Pearson Education.

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State Farm Research and Development Center

The State Farm Research and Development Center opened in January 2005 at the University of Illinois’ Research Park.

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STATEC

STATEC (officially in French: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg) is the government statistics service of Luxembourg.

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Statgraphics

Statgraphics is a statistics package that performs and explains basic and advanced statistical functions.

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Stationary distribution

Stationary distribution may refer to.

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Stationary process

In mathematics and statistics, a stationary process (a strict/strictly stationary process or strong/strongly stationary process) is a stochastic process whose unconditional joint probability distribution does not change when shifted in time.

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Statista

Statista is an online statistics, market research and business intelligence portal.

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Statistic

A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is a single measure of some attribute of a sample (e.g. its arithmetic mean value).

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Statistica

Statistica is an advanced analytics software package originally developed by StatSoft which was acquired by Dell in March 2014.

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Statistica (journal)

Statistica is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering all areas of statistics.

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Statistical Abstract of the United States

The Statistical Abstract of the United States was a publication of the United States Census Bureau, an agency of the United States Department of Commerce.

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Statistical and Applied Mathematical Sciences Institute

Statistical and Applied Mathematical Sciences Institute (SAMSI) is an applied mathematics and statistics research organization based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

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Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology

Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the application of statistics to problems in computational biology.

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Statistical assembly

In statistics, for example in statistical quality control, a statistical assembly is a collection of parts or components which makes up a statistical unit.

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Statistical assumption

Statistics, like all mathematical disciplines, does not infer valid conclusions from nothing.

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Statistical benchmarking

In statistics, benchmarking is a method of using auxiliary information to adjust the sampling weights used in an estimation process, in order to yield more accurate estimates of totals.

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Statistical classification

In machine learning and statistics, classification is the problem of identifying to which of a set of categories (sub-populations) a new observation belongs, on the basis of a training set of data containing observations (or instances) whose category membership is known.

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Statistical data type

In statistics, groups of individual data points may be classified as belonging to any of various statistical data types, e.g. categorical ("red", "blue", "green"), real number (1.68, -5, 1.7e+6),odd number(1,3,5) etc.

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Statistical database

A statistical database is a database used for statistical analysis purposes.

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Statistical disclosure control

Statistical disclosure control (SDC), also known as statistical disclosure limitation (SDL) or disclosure avoidance, is a technique used in data-driven research to ensure no person or organization is identifiable from the results of an analysis of survey or administrative data, or in the release of microdata.

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Statistical dispersion

In statistics, dispersion (also called variability, scatter, or spread) is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed.

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Statistical distance

In statistics, probability theory, and information theory, a statistical distance quantifies the distance between two statistical objects, which can be two random variables, or two probability distributions or samples, or the distance can be between an individual sample point and a population or a wider sample of points.

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Statistical epidemiology

Statistical epidemiology is an emerging branch of the disciplines of epidemiology and biostatistics that aims to.

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Statistical graphics

Statistical graphics, also known as graphical techniques, are graphics in the field of statistics used to visualize quantitative data.

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Statistical hypothesis testing

A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, is a hypothesis that is testable on the basis of observing a process that is modeled via a set of random variables.

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Statistical Institute of Catalonia

The Statistical Institute of Catalonia (in Catalan: Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya, usually referred to by its acronym IDESCAT) is the official body responsible for collecting and publishing statistics in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

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Statistical Lab

The computer program Statistical Lab (Statistiklabor) is an explorative and interactive toolbox for statistical analysis and visualization of data.

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Statistical language acquisition

Statistical language acquisition, is a branch of developmental psycholinguistics, that studies the process by which humans develop the ability to perceive, produce, comprehend, and communicate with natural language in all of its aspects (phonological, syntactic, lexical, morphological, semantic) through the use of general learning mechanisms operating on statistical patterns in the linguistic input.

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Statistical learning in language acquisition

Statistical learning is the ability for humans and other animals to extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment.

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Statistical learning theory

Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learning drawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis.

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Statistical literacy

Statistical literacy is the ability to understand and reason with statistics and data.

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Statistical Methods for Research Workers

Statistical Methods for Research Workers is a classic book on statistics, written by the statistician R. A. Fisher.

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Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Statistical Methods in Medical Research is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the fields of Health Care and Medical Informatics.

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Statistical murder

When a business or regulator uses limited funds to take an action that saves a limited number of lives, instead of an alternative action that would save more lives, this decision is sometimes called statistical murder.

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Statistical parametric mapping

Statistical parametric mapping or SPM is a statistical technique created by Karl Friston for examining differences in brain activity recorded during functional neuroimaging experiments using neuroimaging technologies such as fMRI or PET.

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Statistical physics

Statistical physics is a branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.

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Statistical population

In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment.

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Statistical process control

Statistical process control (SPC) is a method of quality control which employs statistical methods to monitor and control a process.

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Statistical regularity

Statistical regularity is a notion in statistics and probability theory that random events exhibit regularity when repeated enough times or that enough sufficiently similar random events exhibit regularity.

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Statistical risk

Statistical risk is a quantification of a situation's risk using statistical methods.

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Statistical Science

Statistical Science is a review journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.

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Statistical semantics

In linguistics, statistical semantics applies the methods of statistics to the problem of determining the meaning of words or phrases, ideally through unsupervised learning, to a degree of precision at least sufficient for the purpose of information retrieval.

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Statistical shape analysis

Statistical shape analysis is an analysis of the geometrical properties of some given set of shapes by statistical methods.

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Statistical signal processing

Statistical signal processing is an approach to signal processing which treats signals as stochastic processes, utilizing their statistical properties to perform signal processing tasks.

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Statistical Society of Australia

The Statistical Society of Australia (SSA) is the main professional organization for statisticians and related professionals in Australia.

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Statistical Society of Canada

The Statistical Society of Canada (SSC) (Société statistique du Canada) is a professional organization whose mission is to promote the use and development of statistics and probability.

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Statistical stability

The phenomenon of statistical stability is one of the most surprising physical phenomena consists in weak dependence of statistics (i.e., functions of the sample) on the sample size, if this size is large.

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Statistical study of energy data

Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or renewable energy sources (biomass, geothermal, wind or solar energy), when they are used for the energy they contain.

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Statistical syllogism

A statistical syllogism (or proportional syllogism or direct inference) is a non-deductive syllogism.

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Statistical theory

The theory of statistics provides a basis for the whole range of techniques, in both study design and data analysis, that are used within applications of statistics.

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Statistician

A statistician is a person who works with theoretical or applied statistics.

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Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry, abbreviated to PSI, is an organisation for the promotion of statistical thinking in order to improve the quality of research and development in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Statistics (disambiguation)

Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

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Statistics and Computing

Statistics and Computing is a peer-reviewed academic journal that deals with statistics and computing.

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Statistics and Its Interface

Statistics and Its Interface is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the interface between the field of statistics and other disciplines.

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Statistics Canada

Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the Government of Canada government agency commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture.

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Statistics Denmark

Statistics Denmark (Danmarks Statistik) is a Danish governmental organization under the Ministry for Economic and Interior Affairs.

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Statistics education

Statistics education is the practice of teaching and learning of statistics, along with the associated scholarly research.

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Statistics Estonia

Statistics Estonia (Statistikaamet) is the Estonian government agency responsible for producing official statistics regarding Estonia.

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Statistics Finland

Statistics Finland (Tilastokeskus, Statistikcentralen) is the national statistical institution in Finland, established in 1865 to serve as an information service and to provide statistics and expertise in the statistical sciences.

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Statistics Mauritius

Statistics Mauritius formerly known as the Central Statistics Office (CSO) is the national statistical agency of Mauritius.

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Statistics New Zealand

Statistics New Zealand (Tatauranga Aotearoa), branded as Stats NZ, is the public service department of New Zealand charged with the collection of statistics related to the economy, population and society of New Zealand.

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Statistics Online Computational Resource

The Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR) is an online multi-institutional research and education organization.

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Statistics South Africa

Statistics South Africa (frequently shortened to Stats SA) is the national statistical service of South Africa, with the goal of producing timely, accurate, and official statistics in order to advance economic growth, development, and democracy.

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Statistics Surveys

Statistics Surveys is an open-access electronic journal, founded in 2007, that is jointly sponsored by the American Statistical Association, the Bernoulli Society, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the Statistical Society of Canada.

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Statistics Sweden

Statistics Sweden (Statistiska centralbyrån, SCB) is the Swedish government agency responsible for producing official statistics regarding Sweden.

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Statistics Without Borders

Statistics Without Borders (SWB) is an organization of volunteer statisticians that provides pro bono statistical consulting and assistance to organizations or governments to help deal with health issues.

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StatsDirect

StatsDirect is a statistical software package designed for biomedical, public health, and general health science uses.

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StatSheet

StatSheet was an online sports content network powered by an automated publishing platform.

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Statsmodels

Statsmodels is a Python package that allows users to explore data, estimate statistical models, and perform statistical tests.

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StatSoft

StatSoft is the original developer of Statistica.

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StatView

StatView is a statistics application originally released for Apple Macintosh computers in 1985.

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Stein's method

Stein's method is a general method in probability theory to obtain bounds on the distance between two probability distributions with respect to a probability metric.

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Stein's unbiased risk estimate

In statistics, Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE) is an unbiased estimator of the mean-squared error of "a nearly arbitrary, nonlinear biased estimator." In other words, it provides an indication of the accuracy of a given estimator.

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Step detection

In statistics and signal processing, step detection (also known as step smoothing, step filtering, shift detection, jump detection or edge detection) is the process of finding abrupt changes (steps, jumps, shifts) in the mean level of a time series or signal.

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Stephen Fienberg

Stephen Elliott Fienberg (27 November 1942 – 14 December 2016) was a Professor Emeritus (formerly the Maurice Falk University Professor of Statistics and Social Science) in the Department of Statistics, the Machine Learning Department, Heinz College, and Cylab at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Stephen Jay Gould

Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science.

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Stephen L. Morgan

Stephen Lawrence Morgan (born 1971) is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Education at the Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences and Johns Hopkins School of Education.

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Stephen Stigler

Stephen Mack Stigler (born August 10, 1941) is Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago.

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Stephen Ziliak

Stephen T. Ziliak (born October 17, 1963) is an American professor of economics whose research and essays span disciplines from statistics and beer brewing to medicine and poetry.

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Stepwise regression

In statistics, stepwise regression is a method of fitting regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure.

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Stereographic projection

In geometry, the stereographic projection is a particular mapping (function) that projects a sphere onto a plane.

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Stereology

Stereology is the three-dimensional interpretation of two-dimensional cross sections of materials or tissues.

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Stereotypes of animals

When anthropomorphising an animal there are stereotypical traits which commonly tend to be associated with particular species.

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Steve Kuhn (executive)

Steve Kuhn (born 1969) is an American financial executive.

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Steve McIntyre

Steven McIntyre (born 1947) is a Canadian mining exploration company director, a former minerals prospector and semi-retired mining consultant whose work has included statistical analysis.

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Steven Barkan

Steven Barkan (born 1951), an American sociologist, is Professor and chairperson of the Sociology department at the University of Maine.

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Steven L. Peck

Steven L. Peck (born July 25, 1957) is an evolutionary biologist, blogger, poet, and novelist.

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Steven Soderbergh

Steven Andrew Soderbergh (born January 14, 1963) is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer.

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Steven Vajda

Steven Vajda (August 20, 1901 - December 10, 1995) played an important role in the development of mathematical programming and operational research for more than fifty years.

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Stigler's law of eponymy

Stigler's law of eponymy is a process proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler’s law of eponymy".

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Stochastic block model

The stochastic block model is a generative model for random graphs.

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Stochastic equicontinuity

In estimation theory in statistics, stochastic equicontinuity is a property of estimators (estimation procedures) that is useful in dealing with their asymptotic behaviour as the amount of data increases.

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Stochastic forensics

Stochastic forensics is a method to forensically reconstruct digital activity lacking artifacts, by analyzing emergent properties resulting from the stochastic nature of modern computers.

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Stochastic gradient descent

Stochastic gradient descent (often shortened to SGD), also known as incremental gradient descent, is an iterative method for optimizing a differentiable objective function, a stochastic approximation of gradient descent optimization.

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Stochastic grammar

A stochastic grammar (statistical grammar) is a grammar framework with a probabilistic notion of grammaticality.

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Stochastic matrix

In mathematics, a stochastic matrix (also termed probability matrix, transition matrix, substitution matrix, or Markov matrix) is a square matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov chain.

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Stochastic optimization

Stochastic optimization (SO) methods are optimization methods that generate and use random variables.

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Stochastic ordering

In probability theory and statistics, a stochastic order quantifies the concept of one random variable being "bigger" than another.

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Stochastic Processes and Their Applications

Stochastic Processes and Their Applications is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier for the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability.

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Stock market education

To become a professional securities broker in the United States, an individual must take and pass the General Securities Representative Exam (Series 7) and in most states, the Uniform Securities Agent State Law Examination (Series 63).

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Stockholm School of Economics

The Stockholm School of Economics, SSE (Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, HHS) is one of Europe's leading business schools.

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Story Musgrave

Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D. (born August 19, 1935) is an American physician and a retired NASA astronaut.

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Straight Statistics

Straight Statistics is a United Kingdom based pressure group established by journalists and statisticians with the aim of detecting and exposing the distortion and misuse of statistical information, and identifying those responsible in order to restore public confidence in statistics.

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Stratified sampling

In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population.

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Strictly standardized mean difference

In statistics, the strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD) is a measure of effect size.

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Structural engineering theory

Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of loads, physics and materials to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads.

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Structural Equation Modeling (journal)

Structural Equation Modeling is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing methodological and applied papers on structural equation modeling, a blend of multivariate statistical methods from factor analysis to systems of regression equations, with applications across a broad spectrum of social sciences as well as biology.

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Structural load

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components.

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Structured data analysis (statistics)

Structured data analysis is the statistical data analysis of structured data.

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Stuart Turnbull

Stuart McLean Turnbull (born 1947) is a finance academic and practitioner, best known for the Jarrow–Turnbull model for pricing credit derivatives.

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Student's t-distribution

In probability and statistics, Student's t-distribution (or simply the t-distribution) is any member of a family of continuous probability distributions that arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown.

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Student's t-test

The t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's ''t''-distribution under the null hypothesis.

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Studentization

In statistics, Studentization, named after William Sealy Gosset, who wrote under the pseudonym Student, is the adjustment consisting of division of a first-degree statistic derived from a sample, by a sample-based estimate of a population standard deviation.

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Studentized range

In statistics, the studentized range is the difference between the largest and smallest data in a sample measured in units of sample standard deviations, so long as the standard deviation used is independent of the data.

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Studentized range distribution

No description.

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Studentized residual

In statistics, a studentized residual is the quotient resulting from the division of a residual by an estimate of its standard deviation.

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Students for Liberty

Students For Liberty (SFL) is an international pro liberty non-profit organization (with origins in the United States) whose stated mission is "to educate, develop, and empower the next generation of leaders of liberty." Formed in 2008 after a meeting at which students shared ideas and experiences about classical liberal student groups, SFL has since grown into a full organization with various programs and a network of affiliated student groups.

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Studies on intercessory prayer

Some religions claim that praying for somebody who is sick can have positive effects on the health of the person being prayed for.

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Study heterogeneity

In statistics, study heterogeneity is a problem that can arise when attempting to undertake a meta-analysis.

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Stylometry

Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style, usually to written language, but it has successfully been applied to music and to fine-art paintings as well.

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Su Guaning

Su Guaning is a Singaporean academic and the President Emeritus of Nanyang Technological University (NTU).

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Subfields of psychology

Psychology encompasses a vast domain, and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior.

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Subindependence

In probability theory and statistics, subindependence is a weak form of independence.

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Sudipto Banerjee

Sudipto Banerjee (born October 23, 1972) is an Indian-American statistician best known for his work on Bayesian hierarchical modeling and inference for spatial data analysis.

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Sufficient dimension reduction

In statistics, sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) is a paradigm for analyzing data that combines the ideas of dimension reduction with the concept of sufficiency.

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Sufficient statistic

In statistics, a statistic is sufficient with respect to a statistical model and its associated unknown parameter if "no other statistic that can be calculated from the same sample provides any additional information as to the value of the parameter".

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Sum of squares

In mathematics, statistics and elsewhere, sums of squares occur in a number of contexts.

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Sums of powers

In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts.

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Super Crunchers

Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-by-Numbers Is the New Way to be Smart is a book written by Ian Ayres, a law professor at Yale Law School, about how quantitative analysis of social behaviour and natural experiment can be creatively deployed to reveal insights in all areas of life, often in unexpected ways.

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Superkoora

Superkoora (Arabic: سوبر كورة) is a pan-Arab internet-based sports statistics portal that proved to be the most searched website in Google's 2008 Zeitgeist or annual report from Egypt.

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Superposed epoch analysis

Superposed epoch analysis (SPE or SEA), also called Chree analysis after a paper by Charles Chree that employed the technique, is a statistical tool used in data analysis either to detect periodicities within a time sequence or to reveal a correlation (usually in time) between two data sequences (usually two time series).

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SUPSI

The University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (italic, SUPSI) is one of the Universities of Applied Sciences of the Swiss Confederation.

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Surana PU College

Surana PU College is a pre-university college in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

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Surface metrology

Surface metrology is the measurement of small-scale features on surfaces, and is a branch of metrology.

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Survey methodology

A field of applied statistics of human research surveys, survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection, such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys.

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Survey Methodology

Survey Methodology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that publishes papers related to the development and application of survey techniques.

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Survey sampling

In statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey.

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Survival analysis

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics for analyzing the expected duration of time until one or more events happen, such as death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems.

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Survivorship bias

Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically because of their lack of visibility.

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Susan Dennard

Susan Dennard (born February 25, 1984) is an American ''New York Times'' bestselling author.

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Syed Mohammad Ahsan

Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan (ﺴﻴﺩ ﻣﺤﻣﺪ ﺍﺣﺴﻦ b. 1920 – d. 1989), often known as S. M. Ahsan, was a three-star rank admiral in the Pakistan Navy, politician, and the Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Navy, serving under President Ayub Khan from 1966 until 1969.

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Symmetric function

In mathematics, a symmetric function of n variables is one whose value given n arguments is the same no matter the order of the arguments.

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Symmetric probability distribution

In statistics, a symmetric probability distribution is a probability distribution&mdash;an assignment of probabilities to possible occurrences&mdash;which is unchanged when its probability density function or probability mass function is reflected around a vertical line at some value of the random variable represented by the distribution.

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Symmetry

Symmetry (from Greek συμμετρία symmetria "agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement") in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.

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Synthese

Synthese is a scholarly periodical edited by Otávio Bueno, Wiebe van der Hoek, Gila Sher, and Catarina Dutilh Novaes specializing in papers in epistemology, methodology, and philosophy of science.

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SYSTAT (software)

SYSTAT is a statistics and statistical graphics software package, developed by Leland Wilkinson in the late 1970s, who was at the time an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

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System identification

The field of system identification uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from measured data.

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System of bilinear equations

In algebra, systems of bilinear equations are collections of equations, each one of which is written as a bilinear form, for which a common solution is sought.

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System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012: Central Framework - final, official publication 2012, UN, EC, IMF, OECD and World Bank, United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Bank 2012, 378 pp.

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Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered sampling frame.

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Systems engineering

Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles.

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Systems Modeling Language

The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications.

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T-statistic

In statistics, the t-statistic is the ratio of the departure of the estimated value of a parameter from its hypothesized value to its standard error.

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T. Tony Cai

T.

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Tacito Augusto Farias

Tacito Augusto Farias (born Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, economist, professor of economics, statistics applied to social sciences, sociology at the Federal University of Sergipe- UFS,Former pro-rector of the graduate research and extension,Was Chief of the Economics Department also UFS,Former Professor Econometrics, Macroeconomics,Microeconomics, Statistics Applied to operations research, History of economic thought - Director of the Division of Social Sciences at Universidade Federal de Roraima,Former Professor, Department of Mathematics Universidade de Pernambuco- 1988,Was Advisor of Budget and Finances-Professor of Department Applied Mathematics,Computer Science, Statistics and Economics at Federal University of Pernambuco-1987.

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Tad Waddington

Tad Waddington, Ph.D. (文达德) is a business leader and author.

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Taguchi methods

Taguchi methods (タグチメソッド) are statistical methods, or sometimes called robust design methods, developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising.

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Talend Open Studio for Data Quality

Talend Open Studio for Data Quality is an open source computer software project for data profiling.

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Tanzania media service Act, 2016

The Government of United Republic of Tanzania has enacted four Acts concerning the control of freedom and regulation of media in the country.

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Tanzania Media Service Act, 2016

The Government of United Republic of Tanzania has enacted four Acts concerning with the control of freedom and regulation of media in the country.

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Tata Subba Rao

Tata Subba Rao was a professor of statistics in the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester.

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Taylor's law

Taylor's law (also known as Taylor's power law) is an empirical law in ecology that relates the variance of the number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat to the corresponding mean by a power law relationship.

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Technical University of Dortmund

TU Dortmund University (Technische Universität Dortmund) is a university in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany with over 30,000 students, and over 6,000 staff, offering around 80 Bachelor's and master's degree programs.

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Technometrics

Technometrics is a journal of statistics for the physical, chemical, and engineering sciences, published quarterly since 1959 by the American Society for Quality and the American Statistical Association.

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Teletraffic engineering

Telecommunications traffic engineering, teletraffic engineering, or traffic engineering is the application of traffic engineering theory to telecommunications.

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Tensor rank decomposition

In multilinear algebra, the tensor rank decomposition or canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) may be regarded as a generalization of the matrix singular value decomposition (SVD) to tensors, which has found application in statistics, signal processing, psychometrics, linguistics and chemometrics.

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Tepper School of Business

The Tepper School of Business is the business school of Carnegie Mellon University.

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Teradata Warehouse Miner

Teradata Warehouse Miner (TWM) is a software application provided by Teradata for achieving data mining inside RDBMS databases without the need for migrating the data from the data warehouse.

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Terry Speed

Terence Paul "Terry" Speed (born 14 March 1943), FAA FRS is an Australian statistician.

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Tertiary education fees in Australia

Tertiary education fees in Australia are payable for courses at tertiary education institutions.

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Test (assessment)

A test or examination (informally, exam or evaluation) is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs).

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Test and learn

Test and Learn is a set of practices followed by retailers, banks and other consumer-focused companies to test ideas in a small number of locations or customers to predict impact.

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Test execution engine

A test execution engine is a type of software used to test software, hardware or complete systems.

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TeX

TeX (see below), stylized within the system as TeX, is a typesetting system (or "formatting system") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978.

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Texas A&M College of Science

The Texas A&M College of Science is the science college of Texas A&M University in College Station.

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Texas Instruments Business Analyst

The Texas Instruments Business Analyst series is a product line of financial calculators introduced in 1976.

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Texas Tech University College of Arts & Sciences

The Texas Tech University College of Arts & Sciences was founded in 1925 as one of Texas Tech University's four original colleges.

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Text mining

Text mining, also referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, is the process of deriving high-quality information from text.

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Thadomal Shahani Engineering College

Thadomal Shahani Engineering College (TSEC) is an engineering and research institute in Mumbai, India.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.

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The Accounting Review

The Accounting Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Accounting Association (AAA) that covers accounting with a scope encompassing any accounting-related subject and any research methodology.The Accounting Review is one of the oldest accounting journals, and recent studies considered it to be one of the leading academic journals in accounting.

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The Altruist

The Altruist is a 2004 thriller film, written and directed by Mick McCleery.

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The American Statistician

The American Statistician is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering statistics published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the American Statistical Association.

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The Annals of Applied Statistics

The Annals of Applied Statistics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, covering all areas of statistics, featuring papers in the applied half of this range.

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The Better Angels of Our Nature

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined is a 2011 book by Steven Pinker, in which the author argues that violence in the world has declined both in the long run and in the short run and suggests explanations as to why this has occurred.

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The Black Book: Imbalance of Power and Wealth in the Sudan

The Black Book: Imbalance of Power and Wealth in the Sudan, known commonly as the Black Book (Arabic: الكتاب الأسود al-kitab al-aswad), is a manuscript detailing a pattern of disproportionate political control by the people of northern Sudan and marginalization of the rest of the country.

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The Black Onyx

is a 1984 role-playing video game released in Japan, developed by Bullet-Proof Software, with development led by Henk Rogers.

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The Bridge University

The Bridge University (TBU) is a university in South Sudan.

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The Canon (Natalie Angier book)

The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science is a book written by American science author Natalie Angier.

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The Center for Study of Gene Structure and Function

The Center for Study of Gene Structure and Function (Gene Center) is a consortium of fifty-three researchers (twelve from minority groups underrepresented in the sciences).

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The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance

"The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance" is a scientific paper by Ronald Fisher which was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1918, (volume 52, pages 399–433).

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The Data Incubator

The Data Incubator is an 8-week educational fellowship preparing students with Master's degrees and PhDs for careers in big data and data science.

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The Design of Experiments

The Design of Experiments is a 1935 book by the English statistician Ronald Fisher about the design of experiments and is considered a foundational work in experimental design.

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The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection is a book by Ronald Fisher which combines Mendelian genetics with Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, with Fisher being the first to argue that "Mendelism therefore validates Darwinism" and stating with regard to mutations that "The vast majority of large mutations are deleterious; small mutations are both far more frequent and more likely to be useful", thus refuting orthogenesis.

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The Lady Tasting Tea

The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century is a book by David Salsburg about the history of modern statistics and the role it played in the development of science and industry.

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The Library Quarterly

The Library Quarterly is a quarterly double-blind peer-reviewed academic journal covering library science, including historical, sociological, statistical, bibliographical, managerial, psychological, and educational aspects of the field.

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The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America is a Pulitzer Prize-winning 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History.

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The Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research

The Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research (in Dutch Vereniging voor Statistiek en Operationele Research (VVS+OR)) is a Dutch professional association for Statistics and Operations Research.

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The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008), 2nd ed., is an eight-volume reference work on economics, edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume and published by Palgrave Macmillan.

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The Philadelphia Negro

The Philadelphia Negro is a sociological study of African Americans in Philadelphia written by W. E. B. Du Bois.

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The Piggott School

The Piggott School is a Church of England academy secondary school in Wargrave in Berkshire, England.

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The Race Question

The Race Question is the first of four UNESCO statements about issues of race.

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The rich get richer and the poor get poorer

"The rich get richer and the poor get poorer" is a catchphrase and aphorism sometimes evoked, with variations in wording, when discussing economic inequality.

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The Romance of Science

The Romance of Science was a Canadian scientific docudrama television series which aired on CBC Television in 1960.

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The Saudi Repatriates Report

The Saudi Repatriates Report is a statistics analysis of the cases of 24 repatriated Saudi prisoners released from the Guantanamo Bay naval station since the first planeload of detainees arrived on 11 January 2003.

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The Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy

The Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy is a graduate and undergraduate program at the College of William and Mary, founded in 1987.

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The Tiger That Isn't

The Tiger That Isn't is a statistics book written by Michael Blastland and Andrew Dilnot, the creator and presenter of BBC Radio 4's More or Less.

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The Universality of the French Language

On June 3, 1784, Antoine de Rivarol was awarded the Berlin Academy Prize for his essay The Universality of the French Language (Discours sur l'universalité de la langue française).

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The Unknown Citizen

"The Unknown Citizen" is a poem written by W. H. Auden in 1939, shortly after he moved from England to the United States.

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The William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management

The William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management is an academic faculty of the Technion and the oldest such department in Israel.

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Theodore O. Yntema

Theodore Otte Yntema (1900 – September 18, 1985) was an American economist specializing in the field of quantitative analysis in finance.

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Theoretical computer science

Theoretical computer science, or TCS, is a subset of general computer science and mathematics that focuses on more mathematical topics of computing and includes the theory of computation.

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Theoretical psychology

Theoretical psychology is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of psychology.

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Theory

A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

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Theory of Probability and Its Applications

Theory of Probability and Its Applications is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

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Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics

Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics is a cover-to-cover translation into English of the Ukrainian scientific journal "Teoriya Imovirnostei ta Matematichna Statistika" which is published by Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

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Theralizumab

Theralizumab (also known as TGN1412, CD28-SuperMAB, and TAB08) is an immunomodulatory drug developed by Professor Thomas Hünig of the University of Würzburg.

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There ain't no such thing as a free lunch

"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch" (alternatively, "There is no such thing as a free lunch" or other variants) is a popular adage communicating the idea that it is impossible to get something for nothing.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Thom S. Rainer

Thom S. Rainer (born July 16, 1955) is an American writer, researcher, speaker, and current president and CEO of LifeWay Christian Resources, an entity of the Southern Baptist Convention in Nashville, Tennessee.

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Thomas Bayes

Thomas Bayes (c. 1701 7 April 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem.

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Thomas Bond Sprague Prize

The Thomas Bond Sprague Prize is a prize awarded annually to the student or students showing the greatest distinction in actuarial science, finance, insurance, mathematics of operational research, probability, risk and statistics in the Master of Mathematics/Master of Advanced Studies examinations of the University of Cambridge, also known as Part III of the Mathematical Tripos.

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Thomas E. Kurtz

Thomas Eugene Kurtz (born February 22, 1928) is a retired Dartmouth professor of mathematics and computer scientist, who along with his colleague John G. Kemeny set in motion the then revolutionary concept of making computers as freely available to college students as library books were, by implementing the concept of time-sharing at Dartmouth College.

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Thomas H. Greco Jr.

Thomas Henry Greco Jr. (born October 9, 1936) is a community economist, who blogs, writes, and speaks on the subject of free market alternative currency and monetary systems.

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Thomas H. Leonard

Thomas Hoskyns Leonard (born 1948) is a British statistician and author.

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Thomas Hartwell Horne

Thomas Hartwell Horne (20 October 1780 – 27 January 1862) was an English theologian and librarian.

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Thomas Kuczynski

Thomas Kuczynski (born 12 November 1944) is a German statistician and economist.

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Thomas M. Cover

Thomas M. Cover (August 7, 1938 &ndash; March 26, 2012) was an information theorist and professor jointly in the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Statistics at Stanford University.

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Thomas Mesenbourg

Thomas L. Mesenbourg is an American statistician and economist who was the acting director of the United States Census Bureau since August 12, 2012.

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Thomas Nettleton

Thomas Nettleton (1683&ndash;1742) was an English physician who carried out some of the earliest systematic programmes of smallpox inoculation and who went on to statistical investigation of the outcomes.

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Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal

The Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal is awarded at most every two years by the Australian Academy of Science to a mathematician or physicist for his or her outstanding research accomplishments.

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Thomas Royen

Thomas Royen (born July 6, 1947 in Frankfurt am Main) is a retired German professor of statistics who has been affiliated with the University of Applied Sciences Bingen.

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Thorvald N. Thiele

Thorvald Nicolai Thiele (24 December 1838 – 26 September 1910) was a Danish astronomer and director of the Copenhagen Observatory.

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TI-35

Texas Instruments TI-35 was a series of scientific calculators by Texas Instruments.

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TI-36

Texas Instruments TI-36 is a series of scientific calculators distributed by Texas Instruments.

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TI-59 / TI-58

The TI-59 is an early programmable calculator, that was manufactured by Texas Instruments from 1977.

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TI-68

The TI-68 was a scientific pocket/desktop calculator produced by Texas Instruments.

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TI-92 series

The TI-92 series of graphing calculators are a line of calculators produced by Texas Instruments.

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TI-95

The TI-95, also called the TI-95 Procalc, is a keystroke programmable calculator and was introduced in 1987 by Texas Instruments.

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Tikhonov regularization

Tikhonov regularization, named for Andrey Tikhonov, is the most commonly used method of regularization of ill-posed problems.

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Tilde

The tilde (in the American Heritage dictionary or; ˜ or ~) is a grapheme with several uses.

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Time series

A time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order.

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Time-varying covariate

A time-varying covariate (also called time-dependent covariate) is a term used in statistics, particularly in survival analyses.

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Timeline of cryptography

Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography.

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Timeline of London

The following is a timeline of the history of London, the capital of England in the United Kingdom.

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Timeline of Polish science and technology

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century.

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Timeline of probability and statistics

A timeline of probability and statistics.

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Timothy C. Lethbridge

Timothy Christian (Tim) Lethbridge (born 1963) is a British/Canadian computer scientists and Professor of Computer Science and Software Engineering at University of Ottawa, known for his contributions in the fields of software engineering, knowledge management and computer animation, and the development of Umple.

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Titchfield

Titchfield is a village in southern Hampshire, by the River Meon.

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Tjalling Koopmans

Tjalling Charles Koopmans (August 28, 1910 – February 26, 1985) was a Dutch American mathematician and economist.

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Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565

The Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565, is a piece of organ music written, according to its oldest extant sources, by Johann Sebastian Bach.

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Tom Juravich

Tom Juravich is a professor of Labor Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Tom Snijders

Tom A. B. Snijders (born September 26, 1949) is professor of Statistics in the Social Sciences at Nuffield College, Oxford, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford (since October 1, 2006).

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Toni Tennille

Cathryn Antoinette "Toni" Tennille (born May 8, 1940) is an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist, best known as one-half of the 1970s duo Captain & Tennille with her former husband Daryl Dragon; their signature song is "Love Will Keep Us Together".

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Tony Bruno

Tony Bruno (born June 13, 1952) is an American sports talk radio personality from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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Top-coded

In econometrics and statistics, a top-coded data observation is one for which data points whose values are above an upper bound are censored.

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Topic Continuity in Discourse

Topic Continuity in Discourse—subtitled A Quantitative Cross Language Study—is a book edited by Talmy Givón, with contributions by himself and other experts in various languages.

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Torah Academy of Bergen County

Torah Academy of Bergen County (commonly referred to as TABC) is a four-year yeshiva high school located in Teaneck, in Bergen County, New Jersey.

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Total least squares

In applied statistics, total least squares is a type of errors-in-variables regression, a least squares data modeling technique in which observational errors on both dependent and independent variables are taken into account.

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Total operating characteristic

The Total Operating Characteristic (TOC) is a statistical method to compare a Boolean variable versus a rank variable.

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Total quarterback rating

Total quarterback rating (abbreviated as total QBR or simply QBR) is a proprietary statistic created by ESPN in 2011 to measure the performance of quarterbacks in American football.

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Total sum of squares

In statistical data analysis the total sum of squares (TSS or SST) is a quantity that appears as part of a standard way of presenting results of such analyses.

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Toxicogenomics

Toxicogenomics is a subdiscipline of pharmacology that deals with the collection, interpretation, and storage of information about gene and protein activity within a particular cell or tissue of an organism in response to exposure to toxic substances.

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Trace (linear algebra)

In linear algebra, the trace of an n-by-n square matrix A is defined to be the sum of the elements on the main diagonal (the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right) of A, i.e., where aii denotes the entry on the ith row and ith column of A. The trace of a matrix is the sum of the (complex) eigenvalues, and it is invariant with respect to a change of basis.

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Tracking signal

In statistics and management science, a tracking signal monitors any forecasts that have been made in comparison with actuals, and warns when there are unexpected departures of the outcomes from the forecasts.

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Trade in services statistics

Trade in services statistics are economic statistics which detail international trade in services.

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Traffic model

A traffic model is a mathematical model of real-world traffic, usually, but not restricted to, road traffic.

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Translational research informatics

Translational research informatics (TRI) is a sister domain to or a sub-domain of biomedical informatics or medical informatics concerned with the application of informatics theory and methods to translational research.

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Transparency report

A transparency report is a statement issued on a regular basis by a company, disclosing a variety of statistics related to requests for user data, records, or content.

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Trapezoidal distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the trapezoidal distribution is a continuous probability distribution the graph of whose probability density function resembles a trapezoid. Likewise, trapezoidal distributions also roughly resemble mesas or plateaus. Each trapezoidal distribution has a lower bound a and an upper bound d, where a, beyond which no values or events on the distribution can occur (i.e. beyond which the probability is always zero). In addition, there are two sharp bending points (non-differentiable discontinuities) within the probability distribution, which we will call b and c, which occur between a and d, such that a \leq b \leq c \leq d. The image to the right shows a perfectly linear trapezoidal distribution. However, not all trapezoidal distributions are so precisely shaped. In the standard case, where the middle part of the trapezoid is completely flat, and the side ramps are perfectly linear, all of the values between c and d will occur with equal frequency, and therefore all such points will be modes (local frequency maxima) of the distribution. On the other hand, though, if the middle part of the trapezoid is not completely flat, or if one or both of the side ramps are not perfectly linear, then the trapezoidal distribution in question is a generalized trapezoidal distribution, and more complicated and context-dependent rules may apply. The side ramps of a trapezoidal distribution are not required to be symmetric in the general case, just as the sides of trapezoids in geometry are not required to be symmetric. Special cases of the trapezoidal distribution include the uniform distribution (with a.

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Trend analysis

Trend analysis is the widespread practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern.

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Trend stationary

In the statistical analysis of time series, a stochastic process is trend stationary if an underlying trend (function solely of time) can be removed, leaving a stationary process.

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Trendalyzer

Trendalyzer is an information visualization software for animation of statistics that was initially developed by Hans Rosling's Gapminder Foundation in Sweden.

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Triangular distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the triangular distribution is a continuous probability distribution with lower limit a, upper limit b and mode c, where a \left.\begin f(x) &.

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Trimean

In statistics the trimean (TM), or Tukey's trimean, is a measure of a probability distribution's location defined as a weighted average of the distribution's median and its two quartiles: This is equivalent to the average of the median and the midhinge: The foundations of the trimean were part of Arthur Bowley's teachings, and later popularized by statistician John Tukey in his 1977 book which has given its name to a set of techniques called exploratory data analysis.

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Trimmed estimator

In statistics, a trimmed estimator is an estimator derived from another estimator by excluding some of the extreme values, a process called truncation.

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Trispectrum

In mathematics, in the area of statistical analysis, the trispectrum is a statistic used to search for nonlinear interactions.

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Truncated distribution

In statistics, a truncated distribution is a conditional distribution that results from restricting the domain of some other probability distribution. Truncated distributions arise in practical statistics in cases where the ability to record, or even to know about, occurrences is limited to values which lie above or below a given threshold or within a specified range. For example, if the dates of birth of children in a school are examined, these would typically be subject to truncation relative to those of all children in the area given that the school accepts only children in a given age range on a specific date. There would be no information about how many children in the locality had dates of birth before or after the school's cutoff dates if only a direct approach to the school were used to obtain information. Where sampling is such as to retain knowledge of items that fall outside the required range, without recording the actual values, this is known as censoring, as opposed to the truncation here.

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Truncated mean

A truncated mean or trimmed mean is a statistical measure of central tendency, much like the mean and median.

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Truncated regression model

Truncated regression models arise in many applications of statistics, for example in econometrics, in cases where observations with values in the outcome variable below or above certain thresholds are systematically excluded from the sample.

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Truncation (statistics)

In statistics, truncation results in values that are limited above or below, resulting in a truncated sample.

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Tsallis distribution

In statistics, a Tsallis distribution is a probability distribution derived from the maximization of the Tsallis entropy under appropriate constraints.

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Tschuprow's T

In statistics, Tschuprow's T is a measure of association between two nominal variables, giving a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive).

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Tukey's test of additivity

In statistics, Tukey's test of additivity, named for John Tukey, is an approach used in two-way ANOVA (regression analysis involving two qualitative factors) to assess whether the factor variables are additively related to the expected value of the response variable.

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Tukey–Duckworth test

In statistics, the Tukey–Duckworth test is a two-sample location test – a statistical test of whether one of two samples was significantly greater than the other.

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Tulane University School of Science and Engineering

The Tulane University School of Science and Engineering (SSE) was established in the fall of 2005 as part of the Tulane Renewal Plan, when the Faculty of the Liberal Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering were reorganized into two schools, the School of Liberal Arts and the School of Science and Engineering.

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TURF Analysis

TURF Analysis, an acronym for "Total Unduplicated Reach and Frequency", is a type of statistical analysis used for providing estimates of media or market potential and devising optimal communication and placement strategies given limited resources.

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Turkish Statistical Institute

Turkish Statistical Institute (commonly known as TurkStat; Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu or TÜİK) is the Turkish government agency commissioned with producing official statistics on Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture.

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Tweedie distribution

In probability and statistics, the Tweedie distributions are a family of probability distributions which include the purely continuous normal and gamma distributions, the purely discrete scaled Poisson distribution, and the class of mixed compound Poisson–gamma distributions which have positive mass at zero, but are otherwise continuous.

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Twelvefold way

In combinatorics, the twelvefold way is a systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets, which include the classical problems of counting permutations, combinations, multisets, and partitions either of a set or of a number.

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Twin study

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins.

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Two-way analysis of variance

In statistics, the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an extension of the one-way ANOVA that examines the influence of two different categorical independent variables on one continuous dependent variable.

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Two-way indicator species analysis

Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) is a Fortran-based statistical analysis method widely used in ecological research.

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Type I and type II errors

In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a "false positive" finding), while a type II error is failing to reject a false null hypothesis (also known as a "false negative" finding).

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Typology (archaeology)

In archaeology a typology is the result of the classification of things according to their physical characteristics.

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Tyranny of averages

The tyranny of averages is a phrase used in applied statistics to describe the often overlooked fact that the mean does not provide any information about the shape of the probability distribution of a data set or skewness, and that decisions or analysis based on only the mean—as opposed to median and standard deviation—may be faulty.

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U-quadratic distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the U-quadratic distribution is a continuous probability distribution defined by a unique convex quadratic function with lower limit a and upper limit b.

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U. Narayan Bhat

U.

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UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science

The College of Letters and Science (L&S) is the largest of the 14 colleges at the University of California, Berkeley and encompasses the liberal arts.

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Uche Jombo

Uche Jombo Rodriguez (born December 28, 1979), is a Nigerian actress, screenwriter and film producer.

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UCL School of Management

The UCL School of Management is the business school of University College London (UCL) and is located in Canary Wharf and Bloomsbury, London.

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Ufuk University

Ufuk University (Ufuk Üniversitesi), located in Ankara, Turkey, was established by the Turkish Foundation of Traffic Accidents in 1999.

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UK Data Archive

The UK Data Archive is a national centre of expertise in data archiving in the United Kingdom (UK).

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UKCDR

The United Kingdom Collaboration for a Digital Repository (UKCDR) was a software design project.

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Ulf Grenander

Ulf Grenander (23 July 1923 – 12 May 2016) was a Swedish statistician and professor of applied mathematics at Brown University.

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UMBC College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences

The University of Maryland, Baltimore County College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences focuses in the areas of life science, including Biology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Marine Biology, and Physics.

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Umeå Centre for Global Health Research

The Umeå Centre for Global Health Research (CGH) is a Centre of Excellence within Umeå University in Northern Sweden.

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UN Competitive Examination

The United Nations Competitive Recruitment Examination is a competitive examination, part of three step selection process for a permanent position with the United Nations consisting of: a written examination, interview, and two year probationary post.

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UN M.49

UN M.49 is a standard for area codes used by the United Nations for statistical purposes, developed and maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.

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Unbiased estimation of standard deviation

In statistics and in particular statistical theory, unbiased estimation of a standard deviation is the calculation from a statistical sample of an estimated value of the standard deviation (a measure of statistical dispersion) of a population of values, in such a way that the expected value of the calculation equals the true value.

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Uncertainty

Uncertainty has been called "an unintelligible expression without a straightforward description".

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Uncertainty coefficient

In statistics, the uncertainty coefficient, also called proficiency, entropy coefficient or Theil's U, is a measure of nominal association.

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Uncertainty Principle (Numbers)

"Uncertainty Principle" is the second episode of the first season of the American television series Numb3rs.

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Uncertainty quantification

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and reduction of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications.

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Uncorrelated random variables

In probability theory and statistics, two real-valued random variables, X,Y, are said to be uncorrelated if their covariance, E(XY) &minus; E(X)E(Y), is zero.

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Unevenly spaced time series

In statistics, signal processing, and econometrics, an unevenly (or unequally or irregularly) spaced time series is a sequence of observation time and value pairs (tn, Xn) with strictly increasing observation times.

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Uniform convergence in probability

Uniform convergence in probability is a form of convergence in probability in statistical asymptotic theory and probability theory.

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Uniform distribution (continuous)

In probability theory and statistics, the continuous uniform distribution or rectangular distribution is a family of symmetric probability distributions such that for each member of the family, all intervals of the same length on the distribution's support are equally probable.

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Unimodality

In mathematics, unimodality means possessing a unique mode.

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Unistat

The Unistat computer program is a statistical data analysis tool featuring two modes of operation: The stand-alone user interface is a complete workbench for data input, analysis and visualization while the Microsoft Excel add-in mode extends the features of the mainstream spreadsheet application with powerful analytical capabilities.

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Unit of observation

In statistics, a unit of observation is the unit described by the data that one analyzes.

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Unit root

In probability theory and statistics, a unit root is a feature of some stochastic processes (such as random walks) that can cause problems in statistical inference involving time series models.

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Unit root test

In statistics, a unit root test tests whether a time series variable is non-stationary and possesses a unit root.

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Unit-weighted regression

In statistics, unit-weighted regression is a simplified and robust version (Wainer & Thissen, 1976) of multiple regression analysis where only the intercept term is estimated.

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United Kingdom labour law

United Kingdom labour law regulates the relations between workers, employers and trade unions.

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United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine

The United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM) is the United States Air Force (USAF) organization focused on education, research, and worldwide operational consultation in aerospace and operational medicine.

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United States Census of Agriculture

The Census of Agriculture is a census conducted every five years by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) that provides the only source of uniform, comprehensive agricultural data for every county in the United States.

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United States Fire Administration

The United States Fire Administration (USFA) is a division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency which in turn is managed by the Department of Homeland Security located in unincorporated Frederick County, Maryland, near Emmitsburg.

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Univariate

In mathematics, univariate refers to an expression, equation, function or polynomial of only one variable.

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Univariate analysis

Univariate analysis is perhaps the simplest form of statistical analysis.

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Univariate distribution

In statistics, a univariate distribution is a probability distribution of only one random variable.

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Universal Decimal Classification

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a bibliographic and library classification representing the systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked.

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Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo

See also Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino The Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) (Autonomous University of Santo Domingo) is the public university system in the Dominican Republic with its flagship campus in the Ciudad Universitaria of Santo Domingo and with regional campuses in many cities of the Republic.

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University at Albany, SUNY

The State University of New York at Albany, also known as University at Albany, SUNY Albany or UAlbany, is a public research university with campuses in Albany, Guilderland, and Rensselaer, New York, United States.

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University for Development Studies

The University for Development Studies, Tamale was established in 1992 as a multi-campus institution.

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University of Aleppo

University of Aleppo (جامعة حلب, also called Aleppo University) is a public university located in Aleppo, Syria.

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University of Bologna

The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna, UNIBO), founded in 1088, is the oldest university in continuous operation, as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe.

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University of California Citrus Experiment Station

The University of California Citrus Experiment Station is the founding unit of the University of California, Riverside campus in Riverside, California, United States.

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University of Central Florida College of Sciences

The University of Central Florida College of Sciences is the largest academic college of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States.

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University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science

The Faculty of Science (Det Natur- og Biovidenskabelige Fakultet) at the University of Copenhagen houses 12 departments, including the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

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University of Development Alternative

The University Of Development Alternative (UODA) is a private university in Bangladesh.

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University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

The University of Florida College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) is the college for the liberal arts and sciences of the University of Florida, and the largest of the university's 16 academic colleges.

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University of Florida Marston Science Library

The University of Florida Marston Science Library (MSL) is the science and engineering library of the University of Florida located in Gainesville, Florida, and is administered by the university's George A. Smathers Libraries system.

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University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopisto, Helsingfors universitet, Universitas Helsingiensis, abbreviated UH) is a university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but was founded in the city of Turku (in Swedish Åbo) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo, at that time part of the Swedish Empire.

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University of Innsbruck

The University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck; Universitas Leopoldino Franciscea) is a public university in Innsbruck, the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded in 1669.

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University of Karachi

The University of Karachi (جامعۂ كراچى; ڪراچي يونيورسٽي; or KU) is a public university university located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

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University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences

The College of Arts and Sciences (A&S) is the liberal arts and sciences unit of the University of Kentucky, located in Lexington, Kentucky.

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University of Konstanz

The University of Konstanz (Universität Konstanz) is a university in the city of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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University of Kragujevac Faculty of Economics

The Faculty of Economics at the University of Kragujevac is an educational and scientific institution in the city of Kragujevac.

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University of Kurdistan (Iran)

University of Kurdistan (دانشگاه كردستان, زانستگای كوردستان) is the largest university in Iranian Kurdistan Province, located in south of Sanandaj.

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University of Lagos

The University of Lagos &ndash; popularly known as Unilag &ndash; is a federal government research university in Lagos State, southwestern Nigeria.

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University of Lisbon (1911–2013)

The University of Lisbon (UL) (Universidade de Lisboa,; Latin Universitas Olisiponensis) was a public university in Lisbon, Portugal.

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University of Macau

The University of Macau (UM, UMac or UMacau, Universidade de Macau) is a public research university in Macau and the leading tertiary institution in the city.

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University of Medicine 1, Yangon

The University of Medicine 1, Yangon (ဆေးတက္ကသိုလ်(၁) ရန်ကုန်; formerly the Institute of Medicine 1), located in Yangon, it is the oldest medical school in Myanmar.

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University of Medicine 2, Yangon

The University of Medicine 2, Yangon (ဆေးတက္ကသိုလ်(၂) ရန်ကုန်; formerly, Institute of Medicine 2) is a university of medicine, located in North Okkalapa, Yangon, Myanmar.

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University of Medicine, Magway

The University of Medicine, Magway (ဆေးတက္ကသိုလ် (မကွေး)) located in Magway, is one of five universities of medicine in Myanmar.

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University of Medicine, Taunggyi

The University of Medicine, Taunggyi (ဆေးတက္ကသိုလ် (တောင်ကြီး)) located in Taunggyi, Shan State is one of universities of medicine in Myanmar.

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University of Messina

The University of Messina (Università degli Studi di Messina, UNIME) is a public university located in Messina, Italy.

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University of Michigan Institute for Social Research

The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan is the largest academic social research and survey organization in the world, established in 1949.

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University of Milano-Bicocca

The University of Milano-Bicocca (Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, UNIMIB) is a public university located in Milan, Italy, providing undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate education.

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University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts

The University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts is the largest college of the University of Minnesota in the Twin Cities of Minnesota.

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University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering

The College of Science and Engineering (CSE) is one of the colleges of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

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University of Mumbai

The University of Mumbai, informally known as Mumbai University (MU), is one of the earliest state universities in India and the oldest in Maharashtra.

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University of Nottingham Medical School

The University of Nottingham Medical School is the medical school of the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

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University of Paris-Saclay

The University of Paris-Saclay (Université Paris-Saclay) is a French federal research university system which is currently under development.

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University of Piraeus

The University of Piraeus (UniPi; Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς, ΠαΠει) is a Greek public university located in Piraeus, Greece with a total of nine academic departments focused mainly on Statistics, Economics, Finance, Business Management and Information Technology.

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University of Rochester College of Arts Sciences and Engineering

The College of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering is one of the primary units of the University of Rochester, encompassing the majority of the undergraduate and graduate enrollment.

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University of Science and Culture

The University of Science and Culture (in Persian: Daneshgah Elm va Farhang) is located in Tehran, Iran.The Iran University of Science and Culture is a research institution and university of engineering, science and art, offering both undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

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University of Siena

The University of Siena (Università degli Studi di Siena, abbreviation: UNISI) in Siena, Tuscany is one of the oldest and first publicly funded universities in Italy.

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University of Texas at San Antonio College of Sciences

The College of Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio is a college in research and science education.

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University of the Aegean

The University of the Aegean (Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου) is a state, multi-campus university located in Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Rhodes, Syros and Lemnos, Greece.

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University of the Philippines Diliman

The University of the Philippines Diliman (also referred to as UPD, UP Diliman, or simply UP) is a coeducational, research state university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

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University of the Philippines Los Baños

The University of the Philippines Los Baños (also referred to as UPLB, UP Los Baños, or colloquially, Elbi) is a public university located in the towns of Los Baños and Bay in the province of Laguna, some 64 kilometers southeast of Manila.

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University of the Philippines Los Baños College of Arts and Sciences

The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is one of the eleven degree-granting units of the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

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University of the Philippines Visayas

The University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV or UP Visayas) is a public research university in the Philippines.

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University of Trieste

The University of Trieste (Università degli Studi di Trieste, or UNITS) is a medium-sized university in Trieste in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in northeast Italy.

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University of Tripoli

The University of Tripoli (UOT) (Arabic: جامعة طرابلس), is the largest university in Libya and is located in the capital Tripoli.

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University of Utah College of Science

The College of Science at the University of Utah is an academic college of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah.

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University of Valle

The University of Valle (Universidad del Valle), also called Univalle, is a public, departmental, coeducational, research university based primarily in the city of Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

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University of Virginia College of Arts and Sciences

The University of Virginia College and Graduate School of Arts & Sciences is the largest of the University of Virginia's ten schools.

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University of Waterloo Faculty of Mathematics

The Faculty of Mathematics is one of six faculties of the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.

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University of West Florida College of Arts and Sciences

The University of West Florida College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the liberal arts college at the University of West Florida.

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University of Zanjan

The University of Zanjan (ZNU) (Persian: دانشگاه زنجان Dāneshgāh-e Zanjan) is located in Zanjan, Iran.

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University of Zimbabwe

The University of Zimbabwe (UZ) in Harare, is the oldest and top ranked university in Zimbabwe.

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University Preparatory Academy

University Preparatory Academy (UPA) is a charter school located in San Jose, California, emphasizing hands-on learning for all ethnicities; its charter was approved by the Santa Clara Board of Trustees.

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Unsupervised learning

Unsupervised machine learning is the machine learning task of inferring a function that describes the structure of "unlabeled" data (i.e. data that has not been classified or categorized).

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UPRRP College of Business Administration

The College of Business Administration, previously College of Commerce, was established on University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras in 1926 with a roll of 70 students on a nocturnal program.

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Urmia University

Urmia University (دانشگاه ارومیه turkic: اورمو بیلیم یوردو) (also known as University of Urmia) is a public university in West Azerbaijan province, Iran.

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Urn problem

In probability and statistics, an urn problem is an idealized mental exercise in which some objects of real interest (such as atoms, people, cars, etc.) are represented as colored balls in an urn or other container.

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Uses of trigonometry

Amongst the lay public of non-mathematicians and non-scientists, trigonometry is known chiefly for its application to measurement problems, yet is also often used in ways that are far more subtle, such as its place in the theory of music; still other uses are more technical, such as in number theory.

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V. S. Huzurbazar

Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar (15 September 1919 – 15 November 1991) was an Indian statistician from Kolhapur.

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Valerie Isham

Valerie Susan Isham (born 1947) is a British applied probabilist and President of the Royal Statistical Society 2011–12.

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Validated learning

Validated learning is a unit of progress process and describes learnings generated by trying out an initial idea and then measuring it against potential customers to validate the effect.

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Value at risk

Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss for investments.

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Van Houtum distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the Van Houtum distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after prof.

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Variable (mathematics)

In elementary mathematics, a variable is a symbol, commonly an alphabetic character, that represents a number, called the value of the variable, which is either arbitrary, not fully specified, or unknown.

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Variable kernel density estimation

In statistics, adaptive or "variable-bandwidth" kernel density estimation is a form of kernel density estimation in which the size of the kernels used in the estimate are varied depending upon either the location of the samples or the location of the test point.

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Variable rules analysis

In linguistics, variable rules analysis is a set of statistical analysis methods commonly used in sociolinguistics and historical linguistics to describe patterns of variation between alternative forms in language use.

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Variable-order Markov model

In stochastic processes, variable-order Markov (VOM) models are an important class of models that extend the well known Markov chain models.

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Variance

In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean.

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Variance function

In statistics, the variance function is a smooth function which depicts the variance of a random quantity as a function of its mean.

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Variance inflation factor

In statistics, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is the ratio of variance in a model with multiple terms, divided by the variance of a model with one term alone.

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Variance-stabilizing transformation

In applied statistics, a variance-stabilizing transformation is a data transformation that is specifically chosen either to simplify considerations in graphical exploratory data analysis or to allow the application of simple regression-based or analysis of variance techniques.

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Varimax rotation

In statistics, a varimax rotation is used to simplify the expression of a particular sub-space in terms of just a few major items each.

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Víctor Aguirre-Torres

Victor M. A. Aguirre-Torres is an internationally recognized econometrician, professor and researcher of the Academic Department of Statistics at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM).

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Vector (mathematics and physics)

When used without any further description, vector usually refers either to.

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Vector autoregression

Vector autoregression (VAR) is a stochastic process model used to capture the linear interdependencies among multiple time series.

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Vector generalized linear model

In statistics, the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLMs) was proposed to enlarge the scope of models catered for by generalized linear models (GLMs).

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Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, and the flesh of any other animal), and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter.

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Venezuelan presidential election, 2006

The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela held presidential elections on 3 December 2006, to choose a president for the six-year term to begin on 10 January 2007.

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Venn diagram

A Venn diagram (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets.

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Verification bias

In statistics, verification bias is a type of measurement bias in which the results of a diagnostic test affect whether the gold standard procedure is used to verify the test result.

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Vernon Chinchilli

Vernon M. Chinchilli (born March 12, 1952) is an American biostatistician and Distinguished Professor of Public Health Sciences at the Penn State College of Medicine, where he is also Chair of the Department of Public Health Sciences.

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Versine

The versine or versed sine is a trigonometric function already appearing in some of the earliest trigonometric tables.

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Very Short Introductions

Very Short Introductions (VSI) are a book series published by the Oxford University Press (OUP).

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Veterinary education in France

Veterinary education in France is ensured by four specialised grandes écoles, the veterinary schools, located in Lyon, Maisons-Alfort, Nantes and Toulouse.

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Viatron

Viatron Computer Systems, or simply Viatron was an American computer company headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, and later Burlington, Massachusetts.

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Victor Niederhoffer

Victor Niederhoffer (born December 10, 1943) is a hedge fund manager, champion squash player, bestselling author and statistician.

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Victoria Stodden

Victoria Stodden is a statistician and professor of statistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

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Victorino Mapa High School

Victorino Mapa High School (Mataas na Paaralang Victorino Mapa) (formerly Manila East High School), situated in San Miguel, Manila, is one of the oldest public high schools in the city.

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Vidyasagar University

Vidyasagar University was established by an Act of the West Bengal legislature which was notified in the Calcutta Gazette on 24 June 1981.

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Vidyodaya PU College

Vidyodaya PU College is a pre-university college in Tumkur, Karnataka, India.

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Vienna Institute of Demography

University building Welthandelsplatz 2 Entrance to VID The Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) (until 2002: Institut für Demographie/IfD) is a research institute of the division for humanities and social sciences within the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) and part of the three "pillar institutions" of the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital.

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Vienna University of Economics and Business

The Vienna University of Economics and Business (Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien or WU) is the largest university focusing on business and economics in Europe and, in terms of student body, one of the largest universities in Austria.

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Vikas Pre-University College, Mangalore

Vikas Pre University College is an educational institution run by Vikas Education Trust, in Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

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Vincent average

In applied statistics, Vincentization was described by Ratcliff (1979), and is named after biologist S. B. Vincent (1912), who used something very similar to it for constructing learning curves at the beginning of the 1900s.

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Vincent Sheu

Vincent Sheu (born October 1, 1990) is an Asian-American speedcuber or Rubik's Cube solver from Saratoga, California known for organizing international Rubik’s Cube competitions and setting world records in both the Fewest Moves Competition and the 2x2x2 single solve.

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Virgil I. Grissom High School

Virgil I. Grissom High School, more commonly referred to as Grissom High School, is a public high school in Huntsville, Alabama, United States with approximately 2000 students in grades 9-12 from Southeast Huntsville.

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VisIt

VisIt is an open source interactive parallel visualization and graphical analysis tool for viewing scientific data.

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Vivekananda Degree College, Kukatpally

Vivekananda Degree College, Kukatpally is an education institution in Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India named after Swami Vivekananda.

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Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya

Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya is a general degree college with postgraduate in chemistry in Bardhaman, in the Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India.

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Vladimir branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

Vladimir branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration or Vladimir branch of the RANEPA (Russian: Владимирский филиал Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации), is one out of 64 branches of the federal state-funded institution of higher professional learning - the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

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Vladimir Gorodetski

Vladimir Ivanovich Gorodetski (1937) is a Russian Professor of Computer Science, Senior Researcher in Intelligent Systems Laboratory of the St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Science.

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Vladimir Pletser

Vladimir Pletser (born 28 February 1956) is Visiting Professor – Scientific Adviser at the Technology and Engineering Centre for Space Utilization (CSU) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China, since April 2016.

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Vladimir Vapnik

Vladimir Naumovich Vapnik (Владимир Наумович Вапник; born 6 December 1936) is one of the main developers of the Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory of statistical learning, and the co-inventor of the support vector machine method, and support vector clustering algorithm.

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Vlastimil Dlab

Vlastimil Dlab (born 5 August 1932) is a Czech-born Canadian mathematician who has worked in Czechoslovakia, Sudan, Australia and especially Canada where he founded and led an influential department of modern mathematics.

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Volker Strassen

Volker Strassen (born April 29, 1936) is a German mathematician, a professor emeritus in the department of mathematics and statistics at the University of Konstanz.

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Vortex-induced vibration

In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by – or the motion producing – periodical irregularities on this flow.

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Vox populi

Vox populi"".

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Vuong's closeness test

In statistics, the Vuong closeness test is likelihood-ratio-based test for model selection using the Kullback-Leibler information criterion.

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W-test

In statistics, the W-test is designed to test the distributional differences between cases and controls for categorical variable set, which can be a single SNP, SNP-SNP, or SNP-environment pairs.

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W. M. S. Russell

William Moy Stratton Russell, aka Bill Russell, (1925 – 2006) was a British zoologist, best known for writing, along with R. L. Burch (1926-1996) The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959), a landmark in the humane use of animals in research, education and testing.

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Wake Island

Wake Island (also known as Wake Atoll) is a coral atoll in the western Pacific Ocean in the northeastern area of the Micronesia subregion, east of Guam, west of Honolulu and southeast of Tokyo.

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Wald's maximin model

In decision theory and game theory, Wald's maximin model is a non-probabilistic decision-making model according to which decisions are ranked on the basis of their worst-case outcomes – the optimal decision is one with the least worst outcome.

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Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution (named after Kenneth Ted Wallenius) is a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution where items are sampled with bias.

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Walter A. Shewhart

Walter Andrew Shewhart (pronounced like "shoe-heart", March 18, 1891 &ndash; March 11, 1967) was an American physicist, engineer and statistician, sometimes known as the father of statistical quality control and also related to the Shewhart cycle.

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Walter Francis Willcox

Walter Francis Willcox (March 22, 1861 – October 30, 1964) was an American statistician.

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Ward's method

In statistics, Ward's method is a criterion applied in hierarchical cluster analysis.

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WarpPLS

WarpPLS is a software with graphical user interface for variance-based and factor-based structural equation modeling (SEM) using the partial least squares and factor-based methods.

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Warren Weaver

Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894 – November 24, 1978) was an American scientist, mathematician, and science administrator.

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Wartime Law on Industrial Property (Japan)

Wartime Law on Industrial Property (Kogyo Shoyuken Senji Ho) was a special law enacted by the Government of Japan in 1917, which declared that any patents owned by the nationals of countries in a state of war with Japan no longer had effect.

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Wash rack

A wash rack is a partly enclosed platform that is used to wash vehicles, heavy equipment, tools, and parts by removing dirt, grime, chemicals, invasive species, and other contaminants with a pressure washer in order to prevent corrosion and promote longer equipment lifespan.

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Watanabe–Akaike information criterion

In statistics, the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC), also known as Watanabe–Akaike information criterion, is the generalized version of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) onto singular statistical models.

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Water quality

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water.

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Waterfall chart

A waterfall chart is a form of data visualization that helps in understanding the cumulative effect of sequentially introduced positive or negative values.

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Wayne Fuller

Wayne Arthur Fuller (born June 15, 1931) is an American statistician who has specialised in econometrics, survey sampling and time series analysis.

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WBIC

WBIC may refer to.

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Weak ontology

In computer science, a weak ontology is an ontology that is not sufficiently rigorous to allow software to infer new facts without intervention by humans (the end users of the software system).

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Weather and Forecasting

Weather and Forecasting is a scientific journal published by the American Meteorological Society.

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Weibull distribution

No description.

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Weibull fading

Weibull fading, named after Waloddi Weibull, is a simple statistical model of fading used in wireless communications and based on the Weibull distribution.

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Weight function

A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set.

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Weighted geometric mean

In statistics, given a set of data, and corresponding weights, the weighted geometric mean is calculated as Note that if all the weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is the same as the geometric mean.

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Weighted median

In statistics, a weighted median of a sample is the 50% weighted percentile.

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Weighted statistics

In statistics, there are many applications of "weighting".

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Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences

The Judd A. and Marjorie Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences (WCAS or Weinberg College) is the largest of the twelve schools comprising Northwestern University, located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago, Illinois.

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Welch's t-test

In statistics, Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test, is a two-sample location test which is used to test the hypothesis that two populations have equal means.

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Welch–Satterthwaite equation

In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance.

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Wendy Chung (lyricist)

Wendy Chung (鍾晴)) is an award-winning Hong Kong pop and C-Pop lyricist, who was born in Hong Kong.

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WEPP

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model is a physically based erosion simulation model built on the fundamentals of hydrology, plant science, hydraulics, and erosion mechanics.

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Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience

The Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN) is the common platform for systems neuroscience at the University of Tübingen in Germany.

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Wesley Clair Mitchell

Wesley Clair Mitchell (August 5, 1874 – October 29, 1948) was an American economist known for his empirical work on business cycles and for guiding the National Bureau of Economic Research in its first decades.

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West Bengal State University

West Bengal State University (WBSU) also known as Barasat University, is a public university situated in Berunanpukuria, 6 km off form Barasat city, North 24 Paraganas, near the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

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West Milford High School

West Milford High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from West Milford, in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, operating as the lone secondary school of the West Milford Township Public Schools.

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West Vancouver Memorial Library

The West Vancouver Memorial Library (WVML) is a public library that serves the District of West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

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Western Asia

Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia.

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Western culture

Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.

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Westmoor High School

Westmoor High School is a public high school in Daly City, California, United States.

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White noise

In signal processing, white noise is a random signal having equal intensity at different frequencies, giving it a constant power spectral density.

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White stork

The white stork (Ciconia ciconia) is a large bird in the stork family Ciconiidae.

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White test

In statistics, the White test is a statistical test that establishes whether the variance of the errors in a regression model is constant: that is for homoskedasticity.

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Whiting School of Engineering

The G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering, is a division of the Johns Hopkins University located in the university's Homewood campus in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.

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Whittle likelihood

In statistics, Whittle likelihood is an approximation to the likelihood function of a stationary Gaussian time series.

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Wiener filter

In signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter used to produce an estimate of a desired or target random process by linear time-invariant (LTI) filtering of an observed noisy process, assuming known stationary signal and noise spectra, and additive noise.

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Wiesław Kuc

Wiesław Stefan Kuc (born 2 September 1949 in Sokołów Podlaski) is a Polish politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for LU, is the economist and agriculture expert of EP delegation of Self-Defense and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.

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Wilcoxon

Wilcoxon is a surname, and may refer to.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.

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Wilks's lambda distribution

In statistics, Wilks's lambda distribution (named for Samuel S. Wilks), is a probability distribution used in multivariate hypothesis testing, especially with regard to the likelihood-ratio test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

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William A. Dembski

William Albert "Bill" Dembski (born July 18, 1960) is an American mathematician, philosopher and theologian.

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William Douglass (physician)

William Douglass (c. 1691–1752) was a physician in 18th-century Boston, Massachusetts, who wrote pamphlets on medicine, economics and politics that were often polemical.

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William Gemmell Cochran

William Gemmell Cochran (15 July 1909 – 29 March 1980) was a prominent statistician.

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William H. Jefferys

William H. "Bill" Jefferys (born 1940) is an American astronomer.

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William J. Youden

William John Youden (April 12, 1900 &ndash; March 31, 1971) was a statistician who formulated new statistical techniques in statistical analysis and in design of experiments.

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William Mitchinson Hicks

William Mitchinson Hicks, FRS (23 September 1850, Launceston, Cornwall &ndash; 17 August 1934, Crowhurst, Sussex) was a British mathematician and physicist.

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William Palin Elderton

Sir William Palin Elderton KBE PhD (Oslo) (1877–1962) was a British actuary who served as president of the Institute of Actuaries (1932–1934).

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William Perry Briggs

Dr William Perry Briggs (physician and surgeon) was the Medical Officer of Health for both the Wigton Rural District Sanitary Board and the Aspatria Urban District Council from the early 1880s to the time of his death in 1928.

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William Petty

Sir William Petty FRS (Romsey, 26 May 1623 – 16 December 1687) was an English economist, physician, scientist and philosopher.

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William Schooling

Sir William Schooling (16 December 1860–18 February 1936) was a British expert on insurance and statistics.

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William Shadish

William Raymond Shadish Jr. (November 3, 1949 – March 27, 2016) was an American psychologist and statistician who was a distinguished professor and founding faculty member at the University of California, Merced.

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William Thompson (physician)

Sir William John Thompson (May 1861 – June 9, 1929) was a physician who became Registrar General for Ireland from 1909 to 1926.

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Win–stay, lose–switch

In psychology, game theory, statistics, and machine learning, win–stay, lose–switch (also win–stay, lose–shift) is a heuristic learning strategy used to model learning in decision situations.

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Window function

In signal processing, a window function (also known as an apodization function or tapering function) is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval.

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Windows Calculator

Windows Calculator is a software calculator included in all versions of Windows.

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Winsorized mean

A winsorized mean is a winsorized statistical measure of central tendency, much like the mean and median, and even more similar to the truncated mean.

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Winsorizing

Winsorizing or winsorization is the transformation of statistics by limiting extreme values in the statistical data to reduce the effect of possibly spurious outliers.

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Winston C. Doby

Winston Churchill Doby (February 20, 1940 – November 10, 2011) was one of UCLA’s vice chancellors.

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Wishart distribution

In statistics, the Wishart distribution is a generalization to multiple dimensions of the chi-squared distribution, or, in the case of non-integer degrees of freedom, of the gamma distribution.

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Wold's theorem

In statistics, Wold's decomposition or the Wold representation theorem (not to be confused with the Wold theorem that is the discrete-time analog of the Wiener–Khinchin theorem), named after Herman Wold, says that every covariance-stationary time series Y_ can be written as the sum of two time series, one deterministic and one stochastic.

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others.

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Wombling

In statistics, Wombling is any of a number of techniques used for identifying zones of rapid change, typically in some quantity as it varies across some geographical or Euclidean space.

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Working–Hotelling procedure

In statistics, particularly regression analysis, the Working–Hotelling procedure, named after Holbrook Working and Harold Hotelling, is a method of simultaneous estimation in linear regression models.

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Workplace respirator testing

To protect workers from air contaminants employers often used respirators.

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World Energy Outlook

The annual World Energy Outlook is the International Energy Agency's flagship publication, widely recognised as the most authoritative source for global energy projections and analysis.

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World Happiness Report

The World Happiness Report is an annual publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network which contains rankings of national happiness and analysis of the data from various perspectives.

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World Ocean Atlas

The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.). The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean.

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World Programming System

The World Programming System, also known as WPS Analytics or WPS, is a software product developed by a company called World Programming.

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World Travel Monitor

The World Travel Monitor (WTM) / European Travel Monitor (ETM) is a worldwide tourism information system detailing the foreign (outbound) travel behaviour practiced by a country’s respective resident population.

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Wren Blackberry

A children's fiction author, Wren Blackberry emerged with the publication of the Métrico Mesh series.

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Wrongful execution

Wrongful execution is a miscarriage of justice occurring when an innocent person is put to death by capital punishment.

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WSSUS model

The WSSUS (Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering) model provides a statistical description of the transmission behavior of wireless channels.

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Wu Chinese-speaking people

The Wu Chinese people, also known as Wuyue people, (Shanghainese) Jiang-Zhe people (江浙民系) or San Kiang (三江) are a major subgroup of the Han Chinese.

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Wyoming High School (Michigan)

Wyoming High School is a public high school located in Wyoming, Michigan and is part of the Wyoming Public Schools District in Kent County, Michigan.

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Wyoming High School (Ohio)

Wyoming High School (WHS) is a public high school located in Wyoming, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati.

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X-bar chart

In industrial statistics, the X-bar chart is a type of Shewhart control chart that is used to monitor the arithmetic means of successive samples of constant size, n. This type of control chart is used for characteristics that can be measured on a continuous scale, such as weight, temperature, thickness etc.

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Xiao-Li Meng

Xiao-Li Meng (born 1963) is a Chinese American statistician, and the Whipple V. N. Jones Professor of Statistics at Harvard University.

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Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics

Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics is a university in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.

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XLfit

XLfit is a Microsoft Excel-based plug-in which performs Regression, curve fitting and statistical analysis.

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Yadolah Dodge

Yadolah Dodge (born 30 March 1944) is an Iranian and Swiss statistician.

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Yair Tauman

Yair Tauman (born January 20, 1948) is a Professor of Economics at State University of New York, Stony Brook and the Director of the.

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Yangon Institute of Economics

The Yangon Institute of Economics (also the Institute of Economics, Yangon; ရန်ကုန် စီးပွားရေး တက္ကသိုလ်) is the premier university of economics and business in Myanmar.

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Yarmouk University

Yarmouk University (جامعة اليرموك), also abbreviated YU is a public university, comprehensive and state supported university located near city center of Irbid in northern Jordan.

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Yashwant Trivedi

Yashwant Trivedi is a Gujarati poet, essayist and critic from Gujarat, India.

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Yates analysis

In statistics, a Yates analysis is an approach to analyzing data obtained from a designed experiment, where a factorial design has been used.

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Yates's correction for continuity

In statistics, Yates's correction for continuity (or Yates's chi-squared test) is used in certain situations when testing for independence in a contingency table.

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Yenka

Yenka is a suite of educational software products which lets students simulate scientific experiments, create mathematical models, design electronic circuits or learn computer programming.

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Yeungnam University

Yeungnam University is a private research university, located in Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang, South Korea.

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Yoav Benjamini

Yoav Benjamini (born January 5, 1949) is an Israeli statistician best known for development (with Yosef Hochberg) of the “false discovery rate” criterion.

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Yoshitaka Fujii

is a Japanese researcher in anesthesiology, who in 2012 was found to have fabricated data in at least 183 scientific papers, setting what is believed to be a record for the number of papers by a single author requiring retractions.

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Yuan Yida

Yuan Yida is a researcher from the Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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Yuk-Wing Lee

Yuk-Wing Lee (李郁荣) (April 14, 1904 – November 8, 1989) was a Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Yule–Simon distribution

In probability and statistics, the Yule–Simon distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Udny Yule and Herbert A. Simon.

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Z-factor

The Z-factor is a measure of statistical effect size.

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Z-test

A Z-test is any statistical test for which the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal distribution.

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Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury

is a fighting game released on the PlayStation 2.

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Zbyněk Šidák

Zbyněk Šidák (October 24, 1933 – November 12, 1999) was a Czech mathematician.

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Zelen's design

Zelen's design is an experimental design for randomized clinical trials proposed by Harvard School of Public Health statistician Marvin Zelen (1927-2014).

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Zero degrees of freedom

In statistics, the non-central chi-squared distribution with zero degrees of freedom can be used in testing the null hypothesis that a sample is from a uniform distribution on the interval (0, 1).

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Zero-inflated model

In statistics, a zero-inflated model is a statistical model based on a zero-inflated probability distribution, i.e. a distribution that allows for frequent zero-valued observations.

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Zero-order process (statistics)

In probability theory and statistics, a zero-order process is a stochastic process in which each observation is independent of all previous observations.

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Zeta distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the zeta distribution is a discrete probability distribution.

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Zhiliang Ying

Zhiliang Ying (born April 1960) is a Professor of Statistics in the Department of Statistics, Columbia University.

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Zillow

Zillow Group, or simply Zillow, is an online real estate database company that was founded in 2006, and was created by Rich Barton and Lloyd Frink, former Microsoft executives and founders of Microsoft spin-off Expedia.

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Zipf–Mandelbrot law

No description.

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Zvi Eckstein

Zvi Eckstein (צבי אקשטיין, born April 9, 1949) is a full professor, dean, Arison School of Business and Tiomkin School of Economics at The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya - IDC.

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Zygmunt Wilhelm Birnbaum

Zygmunt Wilhelm Birnbaum (18 October 1903 – 15 December 2000) was a Polish-American mathematician and statistician who contributed to functional analysis, nonparametric testing and estimation, probability inequalities, survival distributions, competing risks, and reliability theory.

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... but the clouds ...

...

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1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)

1 vs.

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1.96

In probability and statistics, 1.96 is the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the normal distribution.

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1662

No description.

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1662 in England

Events from the year 1662 in England.

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1662 in science

The year 1662 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1791 in Great Britain

Events from the year 1791 in Great Britain.

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1791 in science

The year 1791 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1791 in Scotland

Events from the year 1791 in Scotland.

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1812 in science

The year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1930 Úrvalsdeild

Statistics of Úrvalsdeild in the 1930 season.

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1951 in Pakistan

Events from the year 1951 in Pakistan.

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1984 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's Slalom

This is a list of statistics for the Men's Slalom in the World Cup 1983/1984.

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1994 Topps

This a list with brief descriptions of Topps trading card products for 1994.

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39P/Oterma

39P/Oterma is a currently inactive periodic comet in the Solar System with an orbital period of nearly 20 years.

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4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature

UNESCO Nomenclature (more properly UNESCO nomenclature for fields of science and technology) is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations.

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68–95–99.7 rule

In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within a band around the mean in a normal distribution with a width of two, four and six standard deviations, respectively; more accurately, 68.27%, 95.45% and 99.73% of the values lie within one, two and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.

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95 (number)

95 (ninety-five) is the natural number following 94 and preceding 96.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics

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