Communication

2723 relations: A Thief in the Night (Cornwell book), A8 (Croatia), AAI Aerosonde, Abbott Lawrence Rotch, Abderhalden's drying pistol, Abies concolor, Abies grandis, Abiotic stress, Absolute hot, Absolute magnitude, Absolute scale, Absorption spectroscopy, Accentuation effect, Accumulated thermal unit, AccuWeather, Acetic acid, Acetone imine, Achrioptera fallax, Acid dissociation constant, Acre (state), Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, Active layer, Adailou, Adaptation to extrauterine life, Adiabatic flame temperature, Adiabatic wall, Adolfo Bartoli, AdS/CFT correspondence, AdS/CMT correspondence, Advanced Test Reactor, AERCO International, Aerobraking, Aerodynamics, Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere, Aerospace engineering, Aeschynanthus, Agate Lake, Aggression in cattle, Agriculture in Iran, Air conditioning, Air current, Air mass, Air sanitizer, Air source heat pumps, Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay, Airport reference temperature, Al Souda, Al-Kafrun, Al-Qunaya, Albania, ..., Aldabra, Alexander Vyssotsky, Algorithmic cooling, Ali Adde, Ali Sabieh Region, Allotropes of iron, Allotropy, Alloy, Almorada (Omdurman), Alonizing, Alpha Sagittae, Alpine climate, Alpine vegetation of Tasmania, Alpine-steppe, Altitudinal zonation, Altos, Paraguay, Aluminium alloy inclusions, Aluminium chloride, Alvarado (municipality), Ametrine, Ampacity, Ampullae of Lorenzini, Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Anaesthetic machine, Analog signal, Analog temperature controlled crystal oscillator, Analog-to-digital converter, Analyser, Analytical chemistry, Anatoly Vlasov, Anaximander, Anders Celsius, Andersen thermostat, Andrija Mohorovičić, Anechoic chamber, Angelo Battelli, Anhinga, Animals in the Bible, Annealing (glass), Annealing (metallurgy), Annealing by short circuit, Annular fin, Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, Anthropogenic cloud, Antoine equation, Anton de Haen, Anyon, Aphid, Apogon maculatus, Apparent temperature, Application of silicon-germanium thermoelectrics in space exploration, Approximation error, April 1920 tornado outbreak, Aqua (satellite), Aquarium, Aqueous two-phase system, Aracaju, Aramid, Arang, Archean subduction, Archie's law, Archimedes number, Architectural lighting design, Arcminute Microkelvin Imager, Argillic alteration, Argo (oceanography), Ariana Governorate, Art exhibition, Articulatory phonetics, Arundo donax, ASHRAE 55, Ashtamudi Lake, Aspasia (plant), Assamo, Asthenosphere, Astro Blaster, Astrochemistry, Astroecology, Astronomy, Astrophysical maser, Astrophysical plasma, Astrophysics, Asymptotic giant branch, Atchison, Kansas, Atmosphere of Titan, Atmospheric chemistry observational databases, Atmospheric escape, Atmospheric instability, Atmospheric lidar, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Atmospheric refraction, Atmospheric sounding, Atmospheric temperature, Atmospheric thermodynamics, Atmospheric tide, Atmospheric water generator, Atmospheric wave, Atom, Atom vibrations, Atomic line filter, Atomic units, Atomic-terrace low-angle shadowing, Audichron, Audichron Company, Audio therapy, Ausforming, Australia (continent), Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2012, Austroicetes frater, Autoacceleration, Automated airport weather station, Automated conveyor roller condition monitoring, Automatic transmission system, Automatic weather station, AUV-150, Aviation medicine, Avogadro's law, Ayaks, Azad Road, Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, Ørsted (satellite), Bağbanlı, Quba, Bacillus safensis, Backtesting, Bacterial oxidation, Bad Oeynhausen, Bagoong, Bake-out, Balance point temperature, Ball valve, Balmer jump, Banat Air Flight 166, Bandarawela, Bant (Omdurman), Barber–Layden–Power effect, Barbuda, Barium iodate, Barrel Man (Denver Broncos), Baryancistrus xanthellus, Basal metabolic rate, Basarabeasca District, Base conditions, Base unit (measurement), Batch reactor, Bathythermograph, Battery management system, Battle of Arbuzovka, Béja Governorate, Beckmann thermometer, BeerXML, Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident, Beijing, Belgorod, Below, Ben Arous Governorate, Benthic zone, Benzenediol, Berijam Lake, Berlin scientific balloon flights, Bernoulli's principle, Beta (plasma physics), Beverly Clock, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bifrenaria, Big Bang, Bigeye thresher, Binodal, Biodegradable polymer, Biodiversity, Biological soil crust, Biological thermodynamics, Biometeorology, Biophysics, Biorock, Biostasis, Biotite, Bird feeder, Bizerte Governorate, Black body, Black hole, Black hole thermodynamics, Black tea, Black-banded rainbowfish, Black-body radiation, Bleed air, Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage), Blueschist, BlueTec, Bo, Sierra Leone, Bog body, Boiler water, Boiling, Boltzmann constant, Boltzmann machine, Boltzmann relation, Bomb, Borehole, Boring Billion, Boron group, Borra Caves, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Bose gas, Bose–Einstein condensate, Bose–Einstein statistics, Boson, Bottom water, Bouncing ball, Bouvardia, Bovine serum albumin, Bovista dermoxantha, Boxing Day Dip, Boyle's law, Braer Storm of January 1993, Branches of physics, Brasília National Park, Brazil–Malvinas Confluence, Bread, Bread machine, Breed method, Bridgeville, New York, Bridgman's thermodynamic equations, Brightness temperature, British K-class submarine, Brownian motion, Brownian ratchet, Bubble point, Bugesera District, Building automation, Bulk modulus, Bulk temperature, Bullet, Bullet Cluster, Burn rate (chemistry), Burn-in, Butene, C4 carbon fixation, Cabbeling, Cable barrier, Cabrales cheese, Cabrils, Cadec-online.com, CalCOFI, Calculation of buoyancy flows and flows inside buildings, Callinectes similis, Calliphora latifrons, Callosobruchus maculatus, Calorimeter, Calorimeter constant, Calorimetry, Candy thermometer, Cantonnier Lode, Cape gopher snake, Car seat, Car wash, Carbon in pulp, Carbon nanotube, Carbon Sciences, Carbonate compensation depth, Carbonate platform, Cardamom Hills, Cardinal utility, Carex firma, Cariñena (DO), Carl von Liebermeister, Carnedd Dafydd, Carotid body, Carrier generation and recombination, Carryover cooking, Cartridge (respirator), Case Closed (season 2), Cataclysmic variable star, Catagenesis (geology), Cathedral Gorge State Park, Catopsilia pomona, CD36, Cell culture, Celsius, Central England temperature, Central Pollution Control Board, Centrifugal compressor, Centrifugal fan, Centurion (tank), Cerebrospinal fluid, Cerisy-la-Forêt, Chak No.285-GB, District Toba Tek Singh, Chalk stream, Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Chandler wobble, Chanmaguri, Charcoal, Charge-transfer complex, Charles's law, Chattanooga Corporation, Chem-e-car, Chemical affinity, Chemical Control Superfund Site, Chemical ecology, Chemical element, Chemical equilibrium, Chemical fouling inhibitors, Chemical kinetics, Chemical plant, Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction network theory, Chemical substance, Chemiosmosis, 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Gerty, Chromosphere, Chromotherapy, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Cigar, CII protein, Circular dichroism, Clabber (food), Claude Pouillet, Clausius theorem, Clausius–Clapeyron relation, Clausius–Duhem inequality, Clear ice, Clear Lake AVA, Clearcutting, Cleve, South Australia, Climate, Climate change and gender, Climate change in Scotland, Climate change in Sweden, Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions, Climate Data Analysis Tool, Climate of Anchorage, Climate of Antarctica, Climate of Azerbaijan, Climate of Bihar, Climate of Greece, Climate of Houston, Climate of Mars, Climate of Milwaukee, Climate of New York, Climate of South Carolina, Climate of Sydney, Climate of the Alps, Climograph, Cline (hydrology), Clinopyroxene thermobarometry, Clipper barb, Clothes line, Cloud, Cloud base, Cloud feedback, Cloud physics, Cloud point, Coastal-Marine Automated Network, Cobalt, Cold, Cold chain, Cold front, Cold liquor tank, Cold sizing, Cold start (automotive), Cold urticaria, Cold-cranking simulator, Cold-shock domain, Collaborative for High Performance Schools, Collections care, Collections management (museum), Collision frequency, Collision theory, Collisionality, Colombia, Colombia (cocktail), Colonization of Venus, Color in Chinese culture, Color index, Color temperature, Color–color diagram, Combined cycle, Combined forced and natural convection, Combined gas law, Common bottlenose dolphin, Common goldfish, Common nightingale, Community-acquired pneumonia, Compact Linear Collider, Comparison of sensory perception in species, Compensation (engineering), Compensatory hyperhidrosis, Complex fluid, Compressed fluid, Compressibility, Compressibility factor, Compressor, Computer simulation, Conceptual space, Condensed matter physics, Conductive anodic filament, Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, Congruent melting, Conjugate variables (thermodynamics), Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects, Conservation and restoration of clocks, Conservation and restoration of flags and banners, Conservation and restoration of herbaria, Conservation and restoration of ivory objects, Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks, Conservation and restoration of performance art, Conservation and restoration of photographic plates, Conservation and restoration of textiles, Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts, Conservation of energy, Conservation of South Asian household shrines, Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage, Constantan, Constantin Carathéodory, Constanza, Dominican Republic, Context-aware services, Continental Army, Continuous distillation, Continuous fever, Contour line, Control valve, Controlled atmosphere, Controlled burn, Controlled-environment agriculture, Convection zone, Convective available potential energy, Convective inhibition, Convective instability, Convective temperature, Conversion of units, Conversion of units of temperature, Cool, Cool tropics paradox, Cooler, Coomber's relationship, Copper(I) oxide, Cordotomy, Core sample, Coriolis (satellite), Coro, Venezuela, Corona, COROT-13b, CorrOcean, Corrosion, Cortisol, COSHH, Cosmetic packaging, COSPAR international reference atmosphere, Costas Varotsos, Cot filtration, County Kilkenny, Cracking (chemistry), Creative visualization, Cresol, Critical mass, Croaking gourami, Crocco's theorem, Crookes radiometer, Crucible, Cryobiology, Cryochemistry, Cryogenics, Cryopreservation, Cryoseism, Cryosphere, Cryosurgery, Cryovolcano, Cryptobiosis, Crystal, Crystallization, CTD (instrument), Cultural heritage management, Cumulus humilis cloud, CuproBraze, Curie's law, Current loop, Current transformer, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Custody transfer, Cyclocomputer, Cyclol, Cyclone, Cylindrospermopsin, Cypripedioideae, Cytoplasmic streaming, D-DIA, Daganzo de Arriba, Dajia District, Dalaman, Damper (flow), Daphnia, Dartos, Dashpot timer, Data assimilation, Data center environmental control, Data logger, Dauer larva, Davao River, David Sims (biologist), DayCent, Dayton Miller, De Laval nozzle, Dead Sea, Deamidation, Dean–Stark apparatus, Death and culture, Debye–Hückel equation, Decomposition, Deep ocean water, Deep sea community, Deep-focus earthquake, Defining equation (physical chemistry), Deflagration to detonation transition, Degenerate matter, Degree (temperature), Degree day, Degree of frost, Degree symbol, Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), Deicing, Deinococcus ficus, Delisle scale, DEMOnstration Power Station, Denaturation (biochemistry), Denaturation midpoint, Density, Density altitude, Density meter, Density ratio, Dental implant, DePriester chart, Deputatsky, Sakha Republic, Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations, Desert, Desert ecology, Desert pupfish, Desiccant, Desizing, Detailed balance, Dew, Dew point, Dew point depression, Diagenesis, Diamond anvil cell, Diamond enhancement, Diamond v. Diehr, Diapause, Diathermal wall, Dielectric heating, Dielectric spectroscopy, Diesel generator, Differential scanning calorimetry, Diffusion, Diffusion creep, Diffusion damping, Digenea, Digifant engine management system, Digital signal conditioning, Dikhil, Dikhil Region, Dimensional analysis, Dimensionless quantity, Dinoroseobacter shibae, Diode, Dioon edule, Dip slide, Direct TPMS, Director X, Disappearing-filament pyrometer, Discontinuous gas exchange, Discrete Fourier transform, Disgregation, Dishwasher, Disk enclosure, Disko Bay, Dissipation, Dissociated sensory loss, Dissociation constant, Distributed feedback laser, Distributed temperature sensing, Dithiothreitol, Diving physics, Djibouti (city), DNA, DO-160, Dockapps, Dolbear's law, Dome A, Domestic rabbit, Donnayite-(Y), Doppler broadening, Doppler cooling, Dormancy, Double dip, Drag reducing agent, Drainage research, Drifter (floating device), Drinking bird, Drochia District, Dropsonde, Drosophila, Drought in Canada, Drought Research Initiative, Drug overdose, Dry grassland, Dry line, Dry ski slope, Dry-bulb temperature, Ductility (Earth science), Dulong–Petit law, Durango City, Dwarf gourami, Dwarf nova, Dwarf planet, Dwarka, Dye, Dye 3, Dyeing, Dynamic combinatorial chemistry, Dynamic global vegetation model, Dynamic mechanical analysis, Dynamical heterogeneity, Dyspanopeus sayi, Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence, Earth analog, Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology, East Branch Fishing Creek, Eastern dwarf tree frog, Eötvös rule, Ecological debt, Ecological forecasting, Ecology, Ecology of the Rocky Mountains, Economics of climate change mitigation, Economizer, Ecophysiology, Ecoregions of Zambia, Edward Tufte, Edwin Hall, Effective temperature, Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity, Effects of global warming on human health, Effects of weather on sport, Egain forecasting, Egg incubation, Egg taphonomy, Ehrenfest equations, Ehrenfest–Tolman effect, Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis, Einstein coefficients, Eismitte, Elangakurichy, Elaphe bimaculata, Electric arc, Electric current, Electric jacket, Electric Tokamak, Electrical conductivity meter, Electrical engineering, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Electricity pricing, Electrochemistry, Electron temperature, Electronic band structure, Electronic Diesel Control, Electronic engineering, Electronic scoring system, Electrothermal feedback, Elevation, Elimination reaction, Elinvar, Ellipse Law, Elz, Hesse, Emagram, Emergence, Emission spectrum, EN 50155, Encantadia, Endotherm, Endress+Hauser, Energy, Energy development, Energy level, Energy monitoring and targeting, Energy system, Energy tower (downdraft), Engine, Engine test stand, English Engineering units, Enthalpy, Enthalpy of fusion, Enthalpy of neutralization, Enthalpy of sublimation, Entropy, Entropy (arrow of time), Entropy (astrophysics), Entropy (energy dispersal), Entropy (order and disorder), Entropy (statistical thermodynamics), Entropy of entanglement, Environment of Karachi, Environment of Pakistan, Environmental causes of aviation stress, Environmental control system (aircraft), Environmental error, Environmental factor, Environmental gradient, Environmental impact of agriculture, Environmental indicator, Environmental stress cracking, Enzyme, Eocene, Equation of state, Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines, Equilibrium constant, Equilibrium level, Equilibrium moisture content, Equipartition theorem, Equivalent potential temperature, Equivalent series resistance, Equivalent temperature, Escalante, Utah, Esso Longford gas explosion, Estuarine water circulation, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, European Climate Assessment and Dataset, Eutectic system, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Event horizon, Evertune, Evolution of fish, Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes, Evolutionary history of plants, Ex vivo, Excess chemical potential, Excessive heat warning, Excessive heat watch, Excited state, Exciton, Exergy, Exonuclease III, Expanding Monomers, Expansion chamber, Exploration of Uranus, Explorer 15, Explorer 32, Explorer 50, Explorer 51, Explosion, Explosive material, Exponential decay, Exponential distribution, Extended discrete element method, Extent of reaction, External ballistics, External water spray system, Extinction (astronomy), Extreme environment, Extreme pressure additive, Extremes on Earth, Extremozyme, Eyring equation, Ștefan Vodă District, Face, Factories Act 1961, Factors of polymer weathering, Fahrenheit, False diffusion, Fan heater, Fanny Gates, Fantastic Caverns, Fatigue (material), Fauna of Colombia, Fermentation in winemaking, Fermi energy, Fermi gas, Fermi–Dirac statistics, Fermionic condensate, Ferroelectric ceramics, Ferruginous hawk, Fiber Bragg grating, Fiber optic sensor, Fichtel Mountains, Field (physics), Field, power, and root-power quantities, Filtered Rayleigh scattering, Fin (extended surface), Finite pointset method, Finite volume method for unsteady flow, Fir of Hotovë-Dangelli National Park, Fire, Fire brick, Fire-resistance rating, Firewalking, First-order fluid, Fish preservation, Fishguard, Fishkeeping, Fizeau interferometer, Flame, Flame-Sim, Flameless ration heater, Flammability limit, Flange, Flash point, Flash-gas (petroleum), Flash-gas (refrigeration), Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft), Float (oceanographic instrument platform), Floating cities and islands in fiction, Flood basalt, Flora of Colombia, Florianópolis, Flory–Huggins solution theory, Flow tracer, Flower, Flower robot, Fluid Components International, Fluid dynamics, Fluid mechanics, Flushing (physiology), Flux pumping, Flycatcher (radar), Flying ice cube, Foehn wind, Food packaging, Force, Forecastfox Weather, Forecasting (heating), Foreplay, Forest fire weather index, Forest pathology, Forests of the Iberian Peninsula, Formylmethanofuran—tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase, Foster-Miller TALON, FourU thermometer, Fractional distillation, Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, Francis Thomas Bacon, Frank Washington Very, Fredericton, Free convective layer, Free energy perturbation, Free entropy, Free recoil, Freezing, Freezing level, Frenkel line, Frequency drift, Fresco, Friction, Fries rearrangement, Frigorific mixture, Front (oceanography), Frost, Frost (temperature), Frying, Fuel viscosity control, Fulufjället National Park, Function of several real variables, Furnace Creek, California, Fusarium patch, Fusion power, Fuzzy control system, Gafsa Governorate, Gaia hypothesis, Galaxy groups and clusters, Galdieria sulphuraria, Galipeau Island, Galleria mellonella, Gameplay of Stars!, Garmash, Gas constant, Gas exchange, Gas hydrate stability zone, Gas in a box, Gas in a harmonic trap, Gas kinetics, Gas laws, Gas Mark, Gas meter, Gas meter prover, Gas thermometer, Gas-pak, Gauge (instrument), Gauge factor, Gay-Lussac's law, GE Measurement & Control, Gemini 1, Gemini Planet Imager, General circulation model, General somatic afferent fibers, Generalized Helmholtz theorem, Genetic screen, Gentamicin protection assay, Geochemical modeling, Geochemical Ocean Sections Study, Geodetic astronomy, Geographic range limit, Geography of Hamilton, Ontario, Geography of Kuwait, Geography of Saskatchewan, Geography of the Dominican Republic, Geography of Yukon, Geology of the Alps, George F. Stewart, George Smoot, Geothermal energy, Geothermal gradient, Geothermal power in the United Kingdom, Germination, Gerris lacustris, Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics, Gibbons–Hawking effect, Gibbs free energy, Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, Gilbert Walker, Gino Claudio Segrè, Giovanni Francesco Sagredo, Giovanni Marliani, Glacier, Glacier morphology, Glaciology, Gliese 581 planetary system, Gliese 581d, Gliese 581g, Gliese 876, Gliese 876 b, Gliese 876 c, Global cooling, Global Historical Climatology Network, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars, Global storm activity of 2006, Global storm activity of 2010, Global temperature record, Globe valve, Globular cluster, Glomeris marginata, Glossary of aerospace engineering, Glossary of chemistry terms, Glossary of civil engineering, Glossary of classical physics, Glossary of ecology, Glossary of engineering, Glossary of fuel cell terms, Glossary of meteorology, Glossary of physics, Glossary of structural engineering, Glossary of tornado terms, Gnathia pilosus, Gold Flex, Goldman equation, Gonepteryx rhamni, Gossberg (Hunsrück), Grain filler, Grain growth, Grand potential, Grand unification epoch, Granulite, Gravitational compression, Gray molasses, Great Storm of 1975, Greater Blue Mountains Area, Green urbanism, Green wood, Greenbrier River Watershed Association, GRIB, Grigori Perelman, Groasis Waterboxx, Ground state, Guanshan, Taitung, Gubbata, Guided meditation, Guillaume Amontons, Guqin construction, Guyra, New South Wales, H I region, H-factor, H.R. 4801 (113th Congress), Habitat, Hadrurus spadix, Haemolysin expression modulating protein family, Hall effect, Haller's organ, Halocline, Hand boiler, Hand-colouring of photographs, Hans Berger, Hard water, Hardware stress test, Harlequin-type ichthyosis, Hastings, Ontario, Hawking radiation, Haynes–Shockley experiment, Hōjicha, HD 142415, HD 15558, HD 168443 b, HD 173417, HD 259431, HD 28185 b, HD 40307 b, HD 40307 c, HD 40307 d, Heard Island glaciers, Heat, Heat advisory, Heat burst, Heat capacity, Heat capacity rate, Heat death paradox, Heat deflection temperature, Heat engine, Heat equation, Heat index, Heat kernel, Heat sealer, Heat transfer, Heat transfer through fins, Heated glass, Heating degree day, Heinrich Bruns, Helen Czerski, Heliciculture, Helicoverpa zea, Heliox (cryogenic equipment), Helium-3 refrigerator, Hellmuth Walter, Helmholtz free energy, Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics), Hemodynamics, Hemorheology, Henry Louis Le Chatelier, HEPES, Herring–Nabarro creep, High pressure, High-density polyethylene, High-performance liquid chromatography, Highlands, North Carolina, Hilbert space, History of astronomy, History of chemistry, History of entropy, History of heat, History of microeconomics, History of numerical weather prediction, History of quantum mechanics, History of superconductivity, History of The Weather Channel, History of thermodynamics, Hodograph, Hollomon–Jaffe parameter, Holmium, Homeostasis, Homologous temperature, Horizontal branch, Hot chocolate, Hot water reset, Hounsfield scale, Houtman Abrolhos, Hovmöller diagram, Hs and Ts, Hualien City, Human brain, Human parainfluenza viruses, Human scale, Human skin, Humidex, Humidistat, Humidity, Husk, Hydrargyrum quartz iodide, Hydration system, Hydraulic analogy, Hydraulic head, Hydraulic seal, Hydrocarbon dew point, Hydrodesulfurization, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrogen safety, Hydrological modelling, Hydrology of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River), Hydrosere, Hygrometer, Hyperloop pod competition, Hypersonic speed, Hyperthermia, Hyperthermia therapy, Hypobaric chamber, Hypsometric equation, I Got a Rocket, ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, Ice calving, Ice cave, Ice crystals, Ice fog, Ice lens, Ice segregation, Icephobicity, Icing (nautical), Idaho Batholith ecoregion, Ideal gas, Ideal gas law, Identical particles, Igneous petrology, Igneous rock, Ignition Component, Ignition timing, Iguanita Wildlife Refuge, Immobilized enzyme, Imotski, Implicit solvation, In-gel digestion, Incubator (culture), Index of aerospace engineering articles, Index of electrical engineering articles, Index of meteorology articles, Index of physics articles (T), India Water Portal, Indigenous architecture, Indotyphlops braminus, Industrial data processing, Industrial fermentation, Industrial fire, Industrial oven, Inexact differential, Infant bathing, Infection control, Infiltration (hydrology), Infrared, Infrared signature, Infrared Space Observatory, Ingelheim am Rhein, Inline process refractometer, Instability strip, Instrumental temperature record, Instrumentation in petrochemical industries, Insulated pipe, Insulation system, Integrated computational materials engineering, Integrating factor, Integumentary system, Intelligent Platform Management Interface, Intensive and extensive properties, Intermediate value theorem, Intermittent claudication, Intermittent fever, Internal ballistics, Internal combustion engine, Internal energy, Internal pressure, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, International Programme for Antarctic Buoys, International Reference Ionosphere, International Standard Atmosphere, International System of Units, Intertidal ecology, Intertidal zone, Introduction to entropy, Introduction to general relativity, Inyokern, California, Ion-mobility spectrometry, Ionosphere, IOS 10, Ironsand, Isan, Isentropic process, Isle of Portland, Isochoric process, Isopentane, Isothermal flow, Isothermal process, Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance, Istria County, ITER, IVT, Ixodes ricinus, Ixora coccinea, ΔT (disambiguation), Jacketed vessel, Jaeger-LeCoultre, Jakob von Uexküll, James Prescott Joule, Jane Barbe, Jaraguá do Sul, JASCO Applied Sciences, Jatene procedure, Jaynagar Majilpur, Jean Messagier, Jeans instability, Jerry Huckaby, Jet standard atmosphere, Jicamarca Radio 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Hamaker, John Harrison, John Herapath, Johnson–Nyquist noise, Jonathan Homer Lane, Joseph Jules Dejerine, Joule heating, Jubilee Church, Jules-Auguste Béclard, Junction City, Kansas, Kaidi Finland, Kalpana-1, Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts, Kaolinite, Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park, Karkar Geothermal Power Plant, Katabatic wind, Katsuura, Chiba, Keith Tyson, Kelvin, Kelvin equation, Kepler-283c, Kepler-89e, Kerosene lamp, Khanaspur, Khanka Nature Reserve, Khibiny Mountains, Khizergarh, Kilflynn, Kilkenny, Kiln, Kinesis (biology), Kinetic theory of gases, Kip Siegel, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, Kirstine Meyer, Klaus von Klitzing, Knightscope, Knudsen absolute manometer, Kobar, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, Kootenai National Forest, Kot lalu, Krafft temperature, Kramers' opacity law, Krotite, KT (energy), Kukës, Kutno, La Superba, Labial thermistor clip, Laboratory, Lactase, Lactobacillus pontis, Laguna de Santa Rosa, Lake, Lake Chillisquaque, Lake chub, Lake County wine, Lake Hévíz, Lake James (Indiana), Lake Khanka, Lake of the Woods (Oregon), Lake Perris, Lambda point, Lamm equation, Land surface effects on climate, Landfill gas monitoring, Landing, Langmuir–Blodgett film, Lapse rate, Laser cooling, Laser drilling, Laser schlieren deflectometry, Last universal common ancestor, Late embryogenesis abundant proteins, Latin letters used in mathematics, Law of Maximum, Laws of thermodynamics, Lazarus effect, Léon Teisserenc de Bort, López de Micay, Lōʻihi Seamount, Le Chatelier's principle, Le Puy Mine, Le Sage's theory of gravitation, Leak, Leak detection, Lee wave, Lefortovo Tunnel, Lego RoboRiders, Leidenfrost effect, Lenticel, Leova District, Lethbridge, Leucyl aminopeptidase, Level of free convection, Level sensor, Life extension, Life on Earth (TV series), Lifted condensation level, Lifted index, Lightning injuries, Lightning rod, Ligusticum scoticum, Limiting factor, Limiting pressure velocity, Limnic eruption, Linckia multifora, Lincoln Sea, Lipid microdomain, Liquation, Liquefied petroleum gas, Liqueur Muscat, Liquid crystal thermometer, Liquid metal, Lisbon Astronomical Observatory, List of Blaze and the Monster Machines episodes, List of breakfast drinks, List of British innovations and discoveries, List of common astronomy symbols, List of common physics notations, List of coolest stars, List of current National Football League stadiums, List of dairy products, List of Dutch inventions and discoveries, List of eponymous laws, List of GIS data sources, List of glaciers, List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, List of Hot 100 Airplay number-one singles of the 2000s, List of hottest stars, List of house types, List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning, List of kigo, List of letters used in mathematics and science, List of locations with a subtropical climate, List of medical abbreviations: T, List of Mega Man characters, List of MeSH codes (G03), List of MeSH codes (H01), List of methylphenidate analogues, List of Minnesota weather records, List of North Carolina weather records, List of ovens, List of physical quantities, List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula, List of prehistoric insects, List of refractive indices, List of Russian biologists, List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units, List of scientists whose names are used as SI units, List of software palettes, List of Solar System extremes, List of states of matter, List of thermal conductivities, List of United States Navy ratings, List of unsolved problems in physics, Listener fatigue, Living mulch, Llogara National Park, Lm sensors, LO-NOx burner, Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation, Long range shooting, Long-term stability, Lorenz system, Louis Winslow Austin, Loutrochori, Pella, Low-cycle fatigue, Low-pressure area, Lowest temperature recorded on Earth, Lucas Oil Stadium, Lumped element model, Luna programme, Lunar soil, Luther Burbank, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, 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A Thief in the Night (Cornwell book)

A Thief in The Night is a 1989 book by British historian and journalist John Cornwell on Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories in which the author challenges previous writings on the subject by David Yallop.

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A8 (Croatia)

The A8 motorway (Autocesta A8) is a toll motorway in Croatia.

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AAI Aerosonde

The AAI Aerosonde is a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to collect weather data, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and wind measurements over oceans and remote areas.

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Abbott Lawrence Rotch

Abbott Lawrence Rotch (January 6, 1861 – April 7, 1912) was an American meteorologist and founder of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, the longest continually operating observation site in the United States and an important site for world climatology.

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Abderhalden's drying pistol

Abderhalden's drying pistol is a piece of laboratory glassware used to free samples from traces of water, or other impurities.

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Abies concolor

Abies concolor, the white fir, is a coniferous tree in the pine family Pinaceae.

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Abies grandis

Abies grandis (grand fir, giant fir, lowland white fir, great silver fir, western white fir, Vancouver fir, or Oregon fir) is a fir native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California of North America, occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,800 m.

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Abiotic stress

Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment.

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Absolute hot

Absolute hot is a concept of temperature that postulates the existence of a highest attainable temperature of matter.

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Absolute magnitude

Absolute magnitude is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object, on a logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale.

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Absolute scale

An absolute scale is a system of measurement that begins at a minimum, or zero point, and progresses in only one direction.

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Absorption spectroscopy

Absorption spectroscopy refers to spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation, as a function of frequency or wavelength, due to its interaction with a sample.

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Accentuation effect

Accentuation effect occurs when something (be it a person, place or thing) is placed into a category, and aspects of it which match the stereotypes of that category are emphasized and perceived to be greater than they are, i.e. the similarities of an individual to the group are accentuated.

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Accumulated thermal unit

An accumulated thermal unit is a unit of measurement used to describe the cumulative effect of temperature over time.

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AccuWeather

AccuWeather Inc. is an American media company that provides commercial weather forecasting services worldwide.

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Acetic acid

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2).

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Acetone imine

Acetone imine, or 2-propanimine is an organic compound and an imide with the chemical formula (CH3)2CNH.

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Achrioptera fallax

Achrioptera fallax is a stick insect species found in Madagascar.

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Acid dissociation constant

An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

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Acre (state)

Acre is a state located in the northern region of Brazil.

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Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (chemical formula (C8H8)x·(C4H6)y·(C3H3N)z) is a common thermoplastic polymer.

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Active layer

In environments containing permafrost, the active layer is the top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during the autumn.

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Adailou

Adailou (أديلو) is a town in the Tadjoura region of Djibouti.

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Adaptation to extrauterine life

At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother.

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Adiabatic flame temperature

In the study of combustion, there are two types of adiabatic flame temperature depending on how the process is completed, constant volume and constant pressure, describing the temperature that the combustion products theoretically reach if no energy is lost to the outside environment.

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Adiabatic wall

In thermodynamics, an adiabatic wall between two thermodynamic systems does not allow heat or matter to pass across it.

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Adolfo Bartoli

Adolfo Bartoli (19 March 1851 – 18 July 1896) was an Italian physicist, who is best known for introducing the concept of radiation pressure from thermodynamical considerations.

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AdS/CFT correspondence

In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories.

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AdS/CMT correspondence

In theoretical physics, anti-de Sitter/condensed matter theory correspondence is the program to apply string theory to condensed matter theory using the AdS/CFT correspondence.

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Advanced Test Reactor

The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) is a research reactor at the Idaho National Laboratory, located east of Arco, Idaho.

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AERCO International

AERCO International, Inc. is a manufacturer and supplier of commercial condensing boilers, high efficiency water heating equipment and energy recovery systems in the HVAC/plumbing industry across a variety of markets including education, lodging, government, office buildings, healthcare, industrial and multifamily housing.

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Aerobraking

Aerobraking is a spaceflight maneuver that reduces the high point of an elliptical orbit (apoapsis) by flying the vehicle through the atmosphere at the low point of the orbit (periapsis).

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Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics, from Greek ἀήρ aer (air) + δυναμική (dynamics), is the study of the motion of air, particularly its interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing.

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Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere

The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) is a satellite to conduct a 26-month study of noctilucent clouds (NLCs).

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Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.

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Aeschynanthus

Aeschynanthus is a genus of about 150 species of evergreen subtropical plants in the family Gesneriaceae.

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Agate Lake

Agate Lake is a reservoir located above sea level in Jackson County, Oregon, United States.

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Aggression in cattle

Aggression in cattle is usually a result of fear, learning, and hormonal state, however, many other factors can contribute to aggressive behaviors in cattle.

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Agriculture in Iran

Roughly one-third of Iran's total surface area is suited for farmland, but because of poor soil and lack of adequate water distribution in many areas, most of it is not under cultivation.

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Air conditioning

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.

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Air current

Air currents are concentrated areas of winds.

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Air mass

In meteorology, an air mass is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content.

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Air sanitizer

An air sanitizer is a sanitizer that acts on airborne microbiological organisms or microorganisms.

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Air source heat pumps

An air source heat pump (ASHP) is a system which transfers heat from outside to inside a building, or vice versa.

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Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay

Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) is a program initiated by the World Meteorological Organization.

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Airport reference temperature

Airport reference temperature is defined as the monthly mean of average daily temperature (Ta) for the hottest month of the year plus one-third the difference of this temperature (Ta) and the monthly mean of the maximum daily temperature (Tm) for the same month of the year.

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Al Souda

Al SoudaAl Souda (جبل السودة في ابها) is a tourist village in the Abha region of Saudi Arabia, located about from the city of Abha.

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Al-Kafrun

Al-Kafrun (الكفرون; also spelled Kafroun) is a Syrian village in the Tartous Governorate.

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Al-Qunaya

Al-Qunaya (القنية, Syriac: ܩܢܙܐ,, also spelled Quniya) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively belonging to the Idlib Governorate, located northwest of Idlib, 35 km north of Jisr ash-Shugur, and is in between Lattakia and Aleppo. Al-Qunaya is situated 450 meters (1476 ft) above sea level.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.

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Aldabra

Aldabra is the world's second-largest coral atoll.

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Alexander Vyssotsky

Alexander Nikolayevich Vyssotsky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Высо́тский, 23 May 1888 – December 31, 1973) was a Russian-American astronomer.

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Algorithmic cooling

Algorithmic cooling is an algorithmic method for transferring heat (or entropy) from some qubits to others or outside the system and into the environment, which results in a cooling effect.

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Ali Adde

Ali Adde (Cali Cadde, أدى على) is a town in Djibouti.

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Ali Sabieh Region

Ali Sabieh Region (إقليم على صبيح, Gobolka Cali Sabiix) is a region in southern Djibouti.

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Allotropes of iron

Iron represents perhaps the best-known example for allotropy in a metal.

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Allotropy

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of these elements.

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Alloy

An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.

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Almorada (Omdurman)

Almorada (''' الموردة '''. / transliterated) is an ancient district in Omdurman city, Khartoum State, Sudan.

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Alonizing

Alonizing is a diffusion metallizing process in that it is a thermochemical treatment that involves enriching the surface layer of an object with one or more metallic elements.

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Alpha Sagittae

Alpha Sagittae (α Sagittae, abbreviated Alpha Sge, α Sge), also named Sham, is a star in the constellation of Sagitta.

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Alpine climate

Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.

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Alpine vegetation of Tasmania

Alpine vegetation refers to the zone of vegetation between the altitudinal limit for tree growth and the nival zone.

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Alpine-steppe

The Alpine-steppe is a high altitude natural alpine grassland, which is a part of the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome.

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Altitudinal zonation

Altitudinal zonation in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions.

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Altos, Paraguay

Altos is a city and district of the Cordillera Department, Paraguay.

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Aluminium alloy inclusions

An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy.

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Aluminium chloride

Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) is the main compound of aluminium and chlorine.

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Alvarado (municipality)

Alvarado Municipality is one of the 212 municipalities of the Mexican state of Veracruz which municipal seat is established in the city of Alvarado.

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Ametrine

Ametrine, also known as trystine or by its trade name as bolivianite, is a naturally occurring variety of quartz.

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Ampacity

Ampacity is a portmanteau for ampere capacity defined by National Electrical Safety Codes, in some North American countries.

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Ampullae of Lorenzini

The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores.

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Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower

The Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower (CCT) is a 34-meter research tower installed in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway, for the study of various physical parameters in the boundary layer of the lower troposphere.

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Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the Earth.

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Anaesthetic machine

The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used independently by physician anaesthesiologists and nurse anaesthetists.

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Analog signal

An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.

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Analog temperature controlled crystal oscillator

In physics, an Analog Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillator or Analogue Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (ATCXO) uses analog sampling techniques to correct the temperature deficiencies of a crystal oscillator circuit, its package and its environment.

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Analog-to-digital converter

In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.

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Analyser

An analyser or analyzer (see spelling differences) is a person or device that analyses given data.

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Analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.

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Anatoly Vlasov

Anatoly Alexandrovich Vlasov (Анато́лий Алекса́ндрович Вла́сов; – 22 December 1975) was a Russian theoretical physicist prominent in the fields of statistical mechanics, kinetics, and especially in plasma physics.

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Anaximander

Anaximander (Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros; was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in Chambers's Encyclopædia.

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Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius (27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician.

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Andersen thermostat

The Andersen thermostat is a proposal in molecular dynamics simulation for maintaining constant temperature conditions.

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Andrija Mohorovičić

Andrija Mohorovičić (23 January 1857 – 18 December 1936) was a Croatian meteorologist and seismologist.

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Anechoic chamber

An anechoic chamber (an-echoic meaning "non-reflective, non-echoing, echo-free") is a room designed to completely absorb reflections of either sound or electromagnetic waves.

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Angelo Battelli

Angelo Battelli (28 March 1862 – 11 December 1916) was an Italian scientist, notable for having measured temperatures and heats of fusion of non-metallic substances, metallic conductivities and thermoelectric effects in magnetic metals, and the Thomson effect.

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Anhinga

The anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), sometimes called snakebird, darter, American darter, or water turkey, is a water bird of the warmer parts of the Americas.

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Animals in the Bible

The Bible names over 120 species of animals by current interpretive standards.

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Annealing (glass)

Annealing of glass is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture.

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Annealing (metallurgy)

Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable.

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Annealing by short circuit

Annealing by short circuit is a method of efficiently annealing copper wire which employs a controlled electrical short circuit.

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Annular fin

In thermal engineering, an annular fin is a specific type of fin used in heat transfer that varies, radially, in cross-sectional area.

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Antarctic Circumpolar Wave

The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) is a coupled ocean/atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean in approximately eight years at.

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Anthropogenic cloud

A homogenitus, anthropogenic or artificial cloud, is a cloud induced by human activity.

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Antoine equation

The Antoine equation is a class of semi-empirical correlations describing the relation between vapor pressure and temperature for pure components.

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Anton de Haen

Anton de Haen (December 8, 1704 – September 5, 1776) was an Austrian physician of Dutch ancestry born in the Hague.

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Anyon

In physics, an anyon is a type of quasiparticle that occurs only in ''two''-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons.

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Aphid

Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea.

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Apogon maculatus

The flamefish (Apogon maculates) is a cardinalfish from the western Atlantic.

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Apparent temperature

Apparent temperature is the temperature equivalent perceived by humans, caused by the combined effects of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed.

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Application of silicon-germanium thermoelectrics in space exploration

Silicon-germanium (SiGe) thermoelectrics have been used for converting heat into power in spacecraft designed for deep-space NASA missions since 1976.

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Approximation error

The approximation error in some data is the discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it.

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April 1920 tornado outbreak

The April 1920 tornado outbreak was a multi-day severe weather event that affected the Southeastern United States on April 19–21, 1920.

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Aqua (satellite)

Aqua (EOS PM-1) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth, studying the precipitation, evaporation, and cycling of water.

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Aquarium

An aquarium (plural: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed.

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Aqueous two-phase system

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.

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Aracaju

Aracaju is the capital of the State of Sergipe, Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country on the coast, about 350 km (217 mi) north of Salvador.

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Aramid

Aramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers.

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Arang

Arang is a town and a Nagar Palika in Raipur District in the state of Chhattisgarh, India.

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Archean subduction

Archean subduction is a contentious topic involving the possible existence and nature of subduction in the Archean, a geologic eon extending from 4.0-2.5 billion years ago.

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Archie's law

In petrophysics, Archie's law relates the in-situ electrical conductivity of a sedimentary rock to its porosity and brine saturation: Here, \phi\,\! denotes the porosity, C_t the electrical conductivity of the fluid saturated rock, C_w represents the electrical conductivity of the brine, S_w is the brine saturation, m is the cementation exponent of the rock (usually in the range 1.8–2.0 for sandstones), n is the saturation exponent (usually close to 2) and a is the tortuosity factor.

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Archimedes number

In viscous fluid dynamics, the Archimedes number (Ar) (not to be confused with Archimedes' constant, π), named after the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes is used to determine the motion of fluids due to density differences.

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Architectural lighting design

Architectural lighting design is a field within architecture, interior design and electrical engineering that is concerned with the design of lighting systems, including natural light, electric light, or both, to serve human needs.

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Arcminute Microkelvin Imager

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) consists of a pair of interferometric radio telescopes - the Small and Large Arrays - located at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory near Cambridge.

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Argillic alteration

Argillic alteration is hydrothermal alteration of wall rock which introduces clay minerals including kaolinite, smectite and illite.

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Argo (oceanography)

Argo is an international program that uses profiling floats to observe temperature, salinity, currents, and, recently, bio-optical properties in the Earth's oceans; it has been operational since the early 2000s.

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Ariana Governorate

Ariana Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates (provinces) of Tunisia.

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Art exhibition

An art exhibition is traditionally the space in which art objects (in the most general sense) meet an audience.

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Articulatory phonetics

The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics.

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Arundo donax

Arundo donax, giant cane, is a tall perennial cane, is one of several so-called reed species.

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ASHRAE 55

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy is an American National Standard published by ASHRAE that establishes the ranges of indoor environmental conditions to achieve acceptable thermal comfort for occupants of buildings.

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Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake (Ashtamudi Kayal), in the Kollam District of the Indian state of Kerala, is the most visited backwater and lake in the state.

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Aspasia (plant)

Aspasia, abbreviated as Asp. in the horticultural trade, is a genus of 7 species of orchids occurring from southern Mexico to southern Brazil.

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Assamo

Assamo (أسامو), also known as Ina ‘Assamo, was an Afar (ethnic group) town in south of The republic of Djibouti, that the government decided to annex it to Ali Sabieh Region of Djibouti.

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Asthenosphere

The asthenosphere (from Greek ἀσθενής asthenḗs 'weak' + "sphere") is the highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth.

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Astro Blaster

Astro Blaster is a fixed shooter arcade game released by Sega in 1981.

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Astrochemistry

Astrochemistry is the study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in the Universe, and their interaction with radiation.

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Astroecology

Astroecology concerns the interactions of biota with space environments.

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Astronomy

Astronomy (from ἀστρονομία) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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Astrophysical maser

An astrophysical maser is a naturally occurring source of stimulated spectral line emission, typically in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Astrophysical plasma

An astrophysical plasma is a plasma (highly ionized gas) that occurs beyond the solar system.

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Astrophysics

Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the astronomical objects, rather than their positions or motions in space".

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Asymptotic giant branch

The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars.

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Atchison, Kansas

Atchison is a city and county seat of Atchison County, Kansas, United States, and situated along the Missouri River.

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Atmosphere of Titan

The atmosphere of Titan is the layer of gases surrounding Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.

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Atmospheric chemistry observational databases

Over the last two centuries many environmental chemical observations have been made from a variety of ground-based, airborne, and orbital platforms and deposited in databases.

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Atmospheric escape

Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space.

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Atmospheric instability

Atmospheric instability is a condition where the Earth's atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable and as a result the weather is subjected to a high degree of variability through distance and time.

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Atmospheric lidar

Atmospheric lidar is a class of instruments that uses laser light to study atmospheric properties from the ground up to the top of the atmosphere.

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Atmospheric radiative transfer codes

An Atmospheric radiative transfer model, code, or simulator calculates radiative transfer of electromagnetic radiation through a planetary atmosphere, such as the Earth's.

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Atmospheric refraction

Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height.

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Atmospheric sounding

An atmospheric sounding is a measurement of vertical distribution of physical properties of the atmospheric column such as pressure, temperature, wind speed and wind direction (thus deriving wind shear), liquid water content, ozone concentration, pollution, and other properties.

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Atmospheric temperature

Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Atmospheric thermodynamics

Atmospheric thermodynamics is the study of heat-to-work transformations (and their reverse) that take place in the earth's atmosphere and manifest as weather or climate.

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Atmospheric tide

Atmospheric tides are global-scale periodic oscillations of the atmosphere.

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Atmospheric water generator

An atmospheric water generator (AWG) is a device that extracts water from humid ambient air.

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Atmospheric wave

An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling wave) or not (standing wave).

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Atom

An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.

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Atom vibrations

The atoms and ions of a crystalline lattice, which are bonded with each other with considerable inter molecular forces, are not motionless.

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Atomic line filter

An atomic line filter (ALF) is an advanced optical band-pass filter used in the physical sciences for filtering electromagnetic radiation with precision, accuracy, and minimal signal strength loss.

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Atomic units

Atomic units (au or a.u.) form a system of natural units which is especially convenient for atomic physics calculations.

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Atomic-terrace low-angle shadowing

Atomic Terrace Low Angle Shadowing (ATLAS) is a surface science technique which enables the growth of planar nanowire or nanodot arrays using molecular beam epitaxy on a vicinal surface.

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Audichron

Audichron was a talking clock, or a time announcer which was developed and produced by the Audichron Company, starting in the 1930s.

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Audichron Company

Audichron Company was a company founded in the 1930s by John Franklin in Doraville, Georgia, to produce the Audichron, a talking clock.

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Audio therapy

Audio therapy is the clinical use of recorded sound, music, or spoken words, or a combination thereof, recorded on a physical medium such as a compact disc (CD), or a digital file, including those formatted as MP3, which patients or participants play on a suitable device, and to which they listen with intent to experience a subsequent beneficial physiological, psychological, or social effect.

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Ausforming

Ausforming also known as Low and High temperature thermomechanical treatments is a method used to increase the hardness and toughness of an alloy by simultaneously tempering, rapid cooling, deforming and quenching to change its shape and refine the microstructure.

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Australia (continent)

The continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul, Australinea or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia, consists of the land masses which sit on Australia's continental shelf.

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Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics

The Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG) is a research organisation focusing on improving the resistance of wheat and barley to hostile environmental conditions, using functional genomics technologies.

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Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2012

The Pakistani cricket team played a home series against Australia from 28 August to 10 September 2012 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

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Austroicetes frater

The southern austroicetes (Austroicetes frater) is an Australian grasshopper in the genus Austroicetes.

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Autoacceleration

Autoacceleration (gel effect, Trommsdorff–Norrish effect) is a dangerous reaction behavior that can occur in free-radical polymerization systems.

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Automated airport weather station

Automated airport weather stations are automated sensor suites which are designed to serve aviation and meteorological observing needs for safe and efficient aviation operations, weather forecasting and climatology.

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Automated conveyor roller condition monitoring

Automated conveyor roller condition monitoring is an emerging field that has risen out of the need to make bulk handling conveyors more reliable.

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Automatic transmission system

An automatic transmission system (or occasionally automated transmission system, to avoid confusion with the automatic transmission of an automobile) is an automated system designed to keep a radio transmitter and antenna system running without direct human oversight or attention for long periods.

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Automatic weather station

An automatic weather station (AWS) is an automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labour or to enable measurements from remote areas.

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AUV-150

AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) - 150 is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) being developed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) scientists in Durgapur in the Indian state of West Bengal.

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Aviation medicine

Aviation medicine, also called flight medicine or aerospace medicine, is a preventive or occupational medicine in which the patients/subjects are pilots, aircrews, or astronauts.

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Avogadro's law

Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present.

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Ayaks

The Ayaks (АЯКС, meaning also Ajax) is a hypersonic waverider aircraft program started in the Soviet Union and currently under development by the Hypersonic Systems Research Institute (HSRI) of Leninetz Holding Company in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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Azad Road

Azad Road (ஆசாத் ரோடு) is a traditional village in Trichirapalli District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Étienne Stéphane Tarnier

Stéphane Étienne Tarnier (29 April 1828 – 23 November 1897) was a French obstetrician who was a native of Aiserey.

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Ørsted (satellite)

Ørsted is Denmark's first satellite, named after Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), a Danish physicist and professor at the University of Copenhagen.

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Bağbanlı, Quba

Bağbanlı is a village and municipality in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan.

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Bacillus safensis

Bacillus safensis is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and rod bacterium, originally isolated from a spacecraft in Florida and California.

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Backtesting

Backtesting is a term used in modeling to refer to testing a predictive model on historical data.

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Bacterial oxidation

Bacteria biooxidation is an oxidation process caused by microbes where the valuable metal remains (but becomes enriched) in the solid phase.In this process, the metal remains in the solid phase and the liquid can be discarded.

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Bad Oeynhausen

Bad Oeynhausen (Low German: Bad Öinusen) is a spa town on the southern edge of the Wiehengebirge in the district of Minden-Lübbecke in the East-Westphalia-Lippe region of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Bagoong

Bagoóng (Ilocano: bugguong) is a Philippine condiment partially or completely made of either fermented fish (bagoóng isdâ) or krill (bagoóng alamáng) with salt.

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Bake-out

Bake-out, in several areas of technology and fabrication, and in building construction, refers to the process of using high heat temperature (heat), and possibly vacuum, to remove volatile compounds from materials and objects before placing them into situations where the slow release of the same volatile compounds would contaminate the contents of a container or vessel, spoil a vacuum, or cause discomfort (odor or irritation) or illness.

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Balance point temperature

The building balance point temperature is the outdoor air temperature when the heat gains of the building are equal to the heat losses.

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Ball valve

A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it.

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Balmer jump

Balmer jump or Balmer discontinuity is the difference of intensity of the stellar continuum spectrum on both sides of the limit of the Balmer series of hydrogen at 364.6 nm.

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Banat Air Flight 166

Banat Air Flight 166 was an Antonov Antonov An-24 (registration) chartered on 13 December 1995 from Romavia by Banat Air.

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Bandarawela

Bandarawela (Sinhala: බණ්ඩාරවෙල, pronounced; Tamil: பண்டாரவளை) is the second largest town in the Badulla District which is away from Badulla.

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Bant (Omdurman)

Bant ('''بانت'''. / transliterated) is an affluent district in Omdurman city, Khartoum State, Sudan.

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Barber–Layden–Power effect

The Barber–Layden–Power effect (BLP effect or colloquially Bleep) is a blast wave phenomenon observed in the immediate aftermath of the successful functioning of air-delivered high-drag ordnance at the target.

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Barbuda

Barbuda is a small island located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the sovereign Commonwealth nation of Antigua and Barbuda.

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Barium iodate

Barium iodate is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula Ba(IO3)2.

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Barrel Man (Denver Broncos)

Barrel Man, real name Tim McKernan (September 5, 1940 – December 5, 2009), was a superfan of the Denver Broncos.

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Baryancistrus xanthellus

Baryancistrus xanthellus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil.

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Basal metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.

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Basarabeasca District

Basarabeasca is a district (raion) in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Basarabeasca.

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Base conditions

Base conditions, also known as standard conditions, consist of a specified absolute pressure and temperature.

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Base unit (measurement)

A base unit (also referred to as a fundamental unit) is a unit adopted for measurement of a base quantity.

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Batch reactor

The batch reactor is the generic term for a type of vessel widely used in the process industries.

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Bathythermograph

The bathythermograph, or BT, also known as the Mechanical Bathythermograph, or MBT; is a small torpedo-shaped device that holds a temperature sensor and a transducer to detect changes in water temperature versus depth down to a depth of approximately 285 meters (935 feet).

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Battery management system

A battery management system (BMS) is any electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery (cell or battery pack), such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its Safe Operating Area, monitoring its state, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling its environment, authenticating it and / or balancing it.

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Battle of Arbuzovka

The Battle of Arbuzovka was fought between 22 and 25 December 1942 in the valley of Arbuzovka (near Chertkovo, Russia), between Italian and German forces and Soviet forces, as part of the Battle of Stalingrad.

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Béja Governorate

Béja Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia.

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Beckmann thermometer

A Beckmann thermometer is a device used to measure small differences of temperature, but not absolute temperature values.

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BeerXML

BeerXML is a free, fully defined XML data description standard designed for the exchange of beer brewing recipes and other brewing data.

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Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident

This page describes how uranium dioxide nuclear fuel behaves during both normal nuclear reactor operation and under reactor accident conditions, such as overheating.

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Beijing

Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.

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Belgorod

Belgorod (p) is a city and the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the Seversky Donets River north of the border with Ukraine.

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Below

Below may refer to.

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Ben Arous Governorate

Ben Arous Governorate is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia.

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Benthic zone

The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.

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Benzenediol

Benzenediols or dihydroxybenzenes are organic chemical compounds in which two hydroxyl groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.

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Berijam Lake

Berijam Lake is a reservoir near Kodaikanal town in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, South India.

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Berlin scientific balloon flights

The Berlin scientific balloon flights (Berliner wissenschaftliche Luftfahrten) were a series of 65 manned and 29 unmanned balloon flights carried out between 1888 and 1899 by the German Society for the Promotion of Aeronautics to investigate the atmosphere above the planetary boundary layer.

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Bernoulli's principle

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

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Beta (plasma physics)

The beta of a plasma, symbolized by β, is the ratio of the plasma pressure (p.

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Beverly Clock

The Beverly Clock is a clock situated in the 3rd floor lift foyer of the Department of Physics at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

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Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary

Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary in Bihar in the south west of Munger district.

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Bifrenaria

Bifrenaria, abbreviated Bif. in horticultural trade, is a genus of plants in family Orchidaceae.

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Big Bang

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.

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Bigeye thresher

The bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus) is a species of thresher shark, family Alopiidae, found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide.

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Binodal

In thermodynamics, the binodal, also known as the coexistence curve or binodal curve, denotes the condition at which two distinct phases may coexist.

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Biodegradable polymer

Biodegradable polymers are a specific type of polymer that breaks down after its intended purpose to result in natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are found both naturally and synthetically made, and largely consist of ester, amide, and ether functional groups. Their properties and breakdown mechanism are determined by their exact structure. These polymers are often synthesized by condensation reactions, ring opening polymerization, and metal catalysts. There are vast examples and applications of biodegradable polymers. Bio-based packaging materials have been introduced as a green alternative in the past decades, among which, edible films have gained more attention due to their environmentally-friendly characteristics, vast variety and availability, non-toxicity, and low cost.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.

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Biological soil crust

Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems.

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Biological thermodynamics

Biological thermodynamics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in or between living organisms, structures, and cells and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions.

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Biometeorology

Biometeorology is the interdisciplinary field of science that studies the interactions between the biosphere and the Earth's atmosphere on time scales of the order of seasons or shorter (by opposition to bioclimatology).

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems.

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Biorock

Biorock, also known as Seacrete or Seament, is a trademark name used by Biorock, Inc.

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Biostasis

Biostasis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them.

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Biotite

Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula.

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Bird feeder

A birdfeeder, bird feeder, bird table, or tray feeder are devices placed outdoors to supply bird food to birds (bird feeding).

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Bizerte Governorate

Bizerte Governorate (ولاية بنزرت) is the northernmost of the 24 governorates of Tunisia.

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Black body

A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.

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Black hole thermodynamics

In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black-hole event horizons.

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Black tea

Black tea is a type of tea that is more oxidized than oolong, green, and white teas.

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Black-banded rainbowfish

The black-banded rainbowfish (Melanotaenia nigrans) is a species of rainbow fish belonging to the Melanotaeniidae family.

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Black-body radiation

Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within or surrounding a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, or emitted by a black body (an opaque and non-reflective body).

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Bleed air

Bleed air produced by gas turbine engines is compressed air that is taken from the compressor stage of those engines, which is upstream of the fuel-burning sections.

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Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)

A blue dwarf is a predicted class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply.

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Blueschist

Blueschist, also called glaucophane schist, is a metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures (200 to ~500 degrees Celsius), approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers.

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BlueTec

BlueTEC is Daimler AG's marketing name for engines equipped with advanced NOx reducing technology for vehicle emissions control in diesel-powered vehicles.

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Bo, Sierra Leone

Bo, also commonly referred to as Bo Town, is the third largest city in Sierra Leone by population (after Freetown and Kenema) and the largest city in the Southern Province.

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Bog body

A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified in a peat bog.

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Boiler water

Boiler water is the liquid phase of steam within a boiler.

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Boiling

Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere.

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Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant, which is named after Ludwig Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas with the temperature of the gas.

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Boltzmann machine

A Boltzmann machine (also called stochastic Hopfield network with hidden units) is a type of stochastic recurrent neural network (and Markov random field).

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Boltzmann relation

In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation describes the number density of an isothermal charged particle fluid when the thermal and the electrostatic forces acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium.

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Bomb

A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy.

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Borehole

A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally.

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Boring Billion

The Boring Billion is a term coined by palaeontologist Martin Brasier to refer to the approximately one billion-year period between 1.8 and 0.8 Ga in Earth's history that is characterized by environmental, evolutionary, and lithospheric stability.

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Boron group

The boron group are the chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table, comprising boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized nihonium (Nh).

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Borra Caves

The Borra Caves, also called Borra Guhalu (Borra means hole in Odia language and guhalu means caves in Telugu language), are located on the East Coast of India, in the Ananthagiri hills of the Araku Valley (with hill ranges' elevation varying from) of the Visakhapatnam district in Andhra Pradesh.

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Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megye,; Boršodsko-abovsko-zemplínska) is an administrative county (comitatus or megye) in north-eastern Hungary (commonly called "Northern Hungary"), on the border with Slovakia.

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Bose gas

An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical phase of matter, analogous to a classical ideal gas.

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Bose–Einstein condensate

A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero.

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Bose–Einstein statistics

In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics (or more colloquially B–E statistics) is one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states, at thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Boson

In quantum mechanics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.

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Bottom water

Bottom water is the lowermost water mass in a water body, by its bottom, with distinct characteristics, in terms of physics, chemistry, and ecology.

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Bouncing ball

The physics of a bouncing ball concerns the physical behaviour of bouncing balls, particularly its motion before, during, and after impact against the surface of another body.

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Bouvardia

Bouvardia is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family.

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Bovine serum albumin

Bovine serum albumin (also known as BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows.

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Bovista dermoxantha

Bovista dermoxantha is a small, white, nearly round puffball, recognized when young by a cottony-felty outer surface that becomes inconspicuously warted, eventually leaving fine, pallid, scales on an ochre to brown endoperidium.

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Boxing Day Dip

The Boxing Day Dip is a charity event where many of the swimmers are in fancy dress swim in the sea on Boxing Day.

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Boyle's law

Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law) is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases.

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Braer Storm of January 1993

The Braer Storm of January 1993 was the most intense extratropical cyclone ever recorded over the northern Atlantic Ocean.

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Branches of physics

Physics deals with the combination of matter and energy.

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Brasília National Park

The Brasília National Park (Parque Nacional de Brasília) is a national park from the centre of Brasília, in the Federal District, in the Center-West Region of Brazil.

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Brazil–Malvinas Confluence

The Brazil–Malvinas Confluence Zone (also called the Brazil–Falkland Confluence Zone or the Brazil–Falklands Confluence Zone) is a very energetic region of water just off the coast of Argentina and Uruguay where the warm poleward flowing Brazil Current and the cold equatorward flowing Malvinas Current converge.

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Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking.

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Bread machine

A bread making machine or bread maker is a home appliance for baking bread.

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Breed method

Breed method is a laboratory technique used for counting microorganisms in milk.

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Bridgeville, New York

Bridgeville is a hamlet southeast of Monticello, New York (the county seat) located in the southern Catskill Mountains in the Town of Thompson, County of Sullivan, and State of New York, United States.

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Bridgman's thermodynamic equations

In thermodynamics, Bridgman's thermodynamic equations are a basic set of thermodynamic equations, derived using a method of generating a large number of thermodynamic identities involving a number of thermodynamic quantities.

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Brightness temperature

Brightness temperature or radiance temperature is the temperature a black body in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings would have to be to duplicate the observed intensity of a grey body object at a frequency \nu.

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British K-class submarine

The K-class submarines were a class of steam-propelled submarines of the Royal Navy designed in 1913.

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Brownian motion

Brownian motion or pedesis (from πήδησις "leaping") is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.

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Brownian ratchet

In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet is a thought experiment about an apparent perpetual motion machine first analysed in 1912 by Polish physicist Marian SmoluchowskiM.

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Bubble point

In thermodynamics, the bubble point is the temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed when heating a liquid consisting of two or more components.

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Bugesera District

Bugesera is a district (akarere) in Eastern Province, Rwanda.

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Building automation

Building automation is the automatic centralized control of a building's heating, ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and other systems through a building management system or building automation system (BAS).

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Bulk modulus

The bulk modulus (K or B) of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compressibility that substance is.

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Bulk temperature

In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts.

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Bullet

A bullet is a kinetic projectile and the component of firearm ammunition that is expelled from the gun barrel during shooting.

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Bullet Cluster

The Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-558) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies.

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Burn rate (chemistry)

In chemistry, the burn rate (or burning rate) is a measure of the linear combustion rate of a compound or substance such as a candle or a solid propellant.

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Burn-in

Burn-in is the process by which components of a system are exercised prior to being placed in service (and often, prior to the system being completely assembled from those components).

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Butene

Butene, also known as butylene, is a series of alkenes with the general formula C4H8.

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C4 carbon fixation

C4 carbon fixation or the Hatch-Slack pathway is a photosynthetic process in some plants.

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Cabbeling

Cabbeling is when two separate water parcels mix to form a third which sinks below both parents.

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Cable barrier

A cable barrier, sometimes referred to as guard cable or wire rope safety barrier (WRSB), is a type of roadside or median safety traffic barrier/guard rail.

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Cabrales cheese

Cabrales (Spanish: queso de Cabrales) is a blue cheese made in the artisan tradition by rural dairy farmers in Asturias, Spain.

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Cabrils

Cabrils is a city and municipality in the comarca of Maresme in the province of Barcelona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

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Cadec-online.com

cadec-online.com is a multilingual web application that performs analysis of composite materials and is used primarily for teaching, especially within the disciplines of aerospace engineering, materials science, naval engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering.

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CalCOFI

CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) is a multi-agency partnership formed in 1949 to investigate the collapse of the sardine population off California.

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Calculation of buoyancy flows and flows inside buildings

Buoyancy force is the defined as the force exerted on the body or an object when inserted in a fluid.

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Callinectes similis

Callinectes similis, sometimes called the lesser blue crab or dwarf crab, is a West Atlantic species of blue crab.

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Calliphora latifrons

Calliphora latifrons is a species of blue bottle fly.

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Callosobruchus maculatus

Callosobruchus maculatus is a species of beetles known commonly as the cowpea weevil or cowpea seed beetle.

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Calorimeter

A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.

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Calorimeter constant

A calorimeter constant (denoted Ccal) is a constant that quantifies the heat capacity of a calorimeter.

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Calorimetry

Calorimetry is the science or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes of its state due, for example, to chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under specified constraints.

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Candy thermometer

A candy thermometer, also known as a sugar thermometer, or jam thermometer is a cooking thermometer used to measure the temperature and therefore the stage of a cooking sugar solution.

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Cantonnier Lode

The Cantonnier lode formed in the Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite, part of the basement rocks of the northwestern Massif Central in France.

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Cape gopher snake

The cape gopher snake or Baja gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer vertebralis) is a subspecies of nonvenomous colubrid endemic to extreme southern Baja California Sur, Mexico.

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Car seat

A car seat is the seat used in automobiles.

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Car wash

A car wash (also written as "carwash") or auto wash is a facility used to clean the exterior and, in some cases, the interior of motor vehicles.

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Carbon in pulp

Carbon in pulp (CIP) is an extraction technique for recovery of gold which has been liberated into a cyanide solution as part of the gold cyanidation process.

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Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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Carbon Sciences

Carbon Sciences is a public corporation based in Santa Barbara.

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Carbonate compensation depth

Calcite compensation depth (CCD) is the depth in the oceans below which the rate of supply of calcite (calcium carbonate) lags behind the rate of solvation, such that no calcite is preserved.

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Carbonate platform

A carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonous calcareous deposits (Wilson, 1975).

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Cardamom Hills

The Cardamom Hills or Yela Mala are mountain range of southern India and part of the southern Western Ghats located in southeast Kerala and southwest Tamil Nadu in South India.

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Cardinal utility

In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations.

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Carex firma

Carex firma is a species of sedge that grows in the mountains of southern and central Europe.

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Cariñena (DO)

Cariñena is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) for wines located in Cariñena in the province of Zaragoza (Aragón, Spain).

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Carl von Liebermeister

Carl von Liebermeister (2 February 1833 – 24 December 1901) was a German internist who was a native of Ronsdorf.

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Carnedd Dafydd

Carnedd Dafydd is a mountain peak in the Carneddau range in Snowdonia, North Wales, and is the third highest peak in Wales, or the fourth if Crib y Ddysgl on the Snowdon ridge is counted.

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Carotid body

The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat).

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Carrier generation and recombination

In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated.

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Carryover cooking

Carryover cooking (sometimes referred to as resting) is the phenomenon that food retains heat and continues to cook even after being removed from the source of heat.

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Cartridge (respirator)

A respirator cartridge or canister is a container that cleans pollution from air.

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Case Closed (season 2)

The second season of the Case Closed anime was directed by Kenji Kodama and produced by TMS Entertainment and Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation.

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Cataclysmic variable star

Cataclysmic variable stars (CV) are stars which irregularly increase in brightness by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state.

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Catagenesis (geology)

Catagenesis is a term used in petroleum geology to describe the cracking process which results in the conversion of organic kerogens into hydrocarbons.

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Cathedral Gorge State Park

Cathedral Gorge State Park is a public recreation area and geologic preserve featuring a dramatic landscape of eroded soft bentonite clay covering more than in Lincoln County, Nevada.

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Catopsilia pomona

Catopsilia pomona, the common emigrant or lemon emigrant, is a medium-sized pierid butterfly found in Asia and parts of Australia.

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CD36

CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD36 gene.

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Cell culture

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.

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Celsius

The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).

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Central England temperature

The Central England Temperature (CET) record is a meteorological dataset originally published by Professor Gordon Manley in 1953 and subsequently extended and updated in 1974, following many decades of painstaking work.

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Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is a statutory organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoE,FCC).

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Centrifugal compressor

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes termed radial compressors, are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.

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Centrifugal fan

A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

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Centurion (tank)

The Centurion was the primary British main battle tank of the post-Second World War period.

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Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerisy-la-Forêt

Cerisy-la-Forêt is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.

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Chak No.285-GB, District Toba Tek Singh

Chak # 285 GB (Muhammadabad, Urdu:محمد آباد) is a large size village of tehsil & District Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Chalk stream

Chalk streams are streams that flow through chalk hills towards the sea.

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Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve

The Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve is a nature reserve on the Pacific coast of the Mexican state of Jalisco.

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Chandler wobble

The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891.

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Chanmaguri

Chanmaguri (Sonmaguri in ancient time, Chanmaguri in the modern era) is a village in India and is located in the Rangia mandal/tehsil, Kamrup district, in the state of Assam.

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Charcoal

Charcoal is the lightweight black carbon and ash residue hydrocarbon produced by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

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Charge-transfer complex

A charge-transfer complex (CT complex) or electron-donor-acceptor complex is an association of two or more molecules, or of different parts of one large molecule, in which a fraction of electronic charge is transferred between the molecular entities.

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Charles's law

Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated.

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Chattanooga Corporation

Chattanooga Corporation is an American developer of technology for unconventional oil, particularly for tar sands and shale oil extraction.

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Chem-e-car

Chem-E-Car is an annual college competition for students majoring in Chemical Engineering.

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Chemical affinity

In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds.

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Chemical Control Superfund Site

The Chemical Control Corporation superfund site is located at 22 South Front St.

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Chemical ecology

Chemical ecology examines the role of chemical interactions between living organisms and their environment, as the consequences of those interactions on the ethology and evolution of the organisms involved.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).

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Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.

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Chemical fouling inhibitors

Chemical fouling inhibitors are products that are mixtures of fouling and corrosion inhibitors use in boiler feedwater treatment.

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Chemical kinetics

Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes.

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Chemical plant

A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures (or otherwise processes) chemicals, usually on a large scale.

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Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

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Chemical reaction network theory

Chemical reaction network theory is an area of applied mathematics that attempts to model the behaviour of real world chemical systems.

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.

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Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.

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Chemocline

A chemocline is a cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of water.

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Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System

Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System (CBIBS) is a network of observational buoys that are deployed throughout the Chesapeake Bay to observe the estuary's changing conditions and to serve as way points along the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail.

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Chills

Chills is a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever, but sometimes is also a common symptom which occurs alone in specific people.

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Chimney fire

A chimney fire is the combustion (burning) of residue deposits referred to as soot or creosote, on the inner surfaces of chimney tiles, flue liners, stove pipes, etc.

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Chinnapuram

Chinnapuram is a village in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

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Chinook wind

Chinook winds, or simply Chinooks, are föhn winds in the interior West of North America, where the Canadian Prairies and Great Plains meet various mountain ranges, although the original usage is in reference to wet, warm coastal winds in the Pacific Northwest.

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Chip log

A chip log, also called common log, ship log, or just log, is a navigation tool mariners use to estimate the speed of a vessel through water.

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Chittenango ovate amber snail

The Chittenango ovate amber snail, scientific name Novisuccinea chittenangoensis, is a species of small air-breathing land snail in the family Succineidae, the amber snails.

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Choke valve

In an internal combustion engine, a choke valve modifies the air pressure in the intake manifold, thereby altering the ratio of fuel and air quantity entering the engine.

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Choked flow

Choked flow is a compressible flow effect.

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Chott el Djerid

Chott el Djerid (شط الجريد) also spelled Sciott Gerid and Shott el Jerid, is a large endorheic salt lake in southern Tunisia.

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Christopher E. Gerty

Christopher E. Gerty (born October 19, 1975) is an American aerospace engineer who worked on NASA's Constellation Program.

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Chromosphere

The chromosphere (literally, "sphere of color") is the second of the three main layers in the Sun's atmosphere and is roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers deep.

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Chromotherapy

Chromotherapy, sometimes called color therapy, colorology or cromatherapy, is an alternative medicine method, which is considered pseudoscience.

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Chrysopogon zizanioides

Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver (derived from the Tamil: வெட்டிவேர் veṭṭivēr) is a perennial bunchgrass of the Poaceae family, native to India.

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Cigar

A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked.

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CII protein

cII or transcriptional activator II is a DNA-binding protein and important transcription factor in the life cycle of lambda phage.

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Circular dichroism

Circular dichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light.

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Clabber (food)

Clabber is a type of soured milk.

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Claude Pouillet

Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet (16 February 1790 – 14 June 1868) was a French physicist and a professor of physics at the Sorbonne and member of the French Academy of Sciences (elected 1837).

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Clausius theorem

# The Clausius theorem (1855) states that for a system exchanging heat with external reservoirs and undergoing a cyclic process, one that ultimately returns a system to its original state, where \delta Q is the infinitesimal amount of heat absorbed by the system from the reservoir and T is the temperature of the external reservoir at a particular instant in time.

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Clausius–Clapeyron relation

The Clausius–Clapeyron relation, named after Rudolf Clausius and Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron, is a way of characterizing a discontinuous phase transition between two phases of matter of a single constituent.

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Clausius–Duhem inequality

The Clausius–Duhem inequality is a way of expressing the second law of thermodynamics that is used in continuum mechanics.

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Clear ice

Clear ice refers to a solid precipitation which forms when air temperature is between and and there are supercooled, relatively large drops of water (from freezing fog).

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Clear Lake AVA

The Clear Lake AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Lake County, California.

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Clearcutting

Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down.

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Cleve, South Australia

Cleve is a small agriculturally based town on Central Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.

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Climate

Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.

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Climate change and gender

Climate change and gender is concerned with gender differences in the context of climate change and the complex and intersecting power relations arising from it.

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Climate change in Scotland

The mitigation of anthropogenic climate change in the nation of Scotland is a matter for the devolved Scottish Parliament.

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Climate change in Sweden

The issue of climate change in Sweden has received significant public and political attention and the mitigation of its effects has been high on the agenda of the three latest Governments of Sweden, the former Cabinet of Göran Persson (−2006), the previous Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt (2006–2014) and the current Löfven cabinet (2014–).

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Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions

Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges and Decisions was a conference on Climate Change held at the Bella Center by the University of Copenhagen.

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Climate Data Analysis Tool

The Climate Data Analysis Tool (CDAT) is plotting software used in atmospheric sciences and climatology.

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Climate of Anchorage

Anchorage, Alaska has a subarctic climate with the code Dfc according to the Köppen climate classification due to its short, cool summers.

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Climate of Antarctica

Antarctica has the coldest climate on the Earth.

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Climate of Azerbaijan

The climate of Azerbaijan is very diverse.

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Climate of Bihar

Bihar completely lies in the Sub Tropical region of Temperate zone and its climatic type is Humid Sub Tropical (Cwa).

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Climate of Greece

The climate in Greece is predominantly Mediterranean.

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Climate of Houston

The climate of Houston is classified as humid subtropical, although it has a strong influence from the tropics.

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Climate of Mars

The climate of the planet Mars has been an issue of scientific curiosity for centuries, in part because it is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be directly observed in detail from the Earth with help from a telescope.

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Climate of Milwaukee

Milwaukee has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa), with four distinct seasons and wide variations in temperature and precipitation in short periods of time.

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Climate of New York

The climate of New York state is generally humid continental, while the extreme southeastern portion of the state (New York City area) lies in the warm Humid Subtropical climate zone.

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Climate of South Carolina

South Carolina has a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters.

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Climate of Sydney

The climate of Sydney is humid subtropical (Köppen ''Cfa''), shifting from mild and cool in winter to warm and hot in the summer, with no extreme seasonal differences as the weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean.

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Climate of the Alps

The climate of the Alps is the climate, or average weather conditions over a long period of time, of the exact middle Alpine region of Europe.

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Climograph

A climograph is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location.

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Cline (hydrology)

In hydrology and related sciences and technologies, a cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance.

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Clinopyroxene thermobarometry

In petrology, the mineral clinopyroxene is used for temperature and pressure calculations of the magma that produced igneous rock containing this mineral.

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Clipper barb

The clipper barb (Enteromius callipterus) or Congo barb is a freshwater and brackish tropical fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae).

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Clothes line

A clothes line or washing line is any type of rope, cord, or twine that has been stretched between two points (e.g. two sticks), outside or indoors, above the level of the ground.

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Cloud

In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of minute liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body.

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Cloud base

The cloud base (or the base of the cloud) is the lowest altitude of the visible portion of the cloud.

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Cloud feedback

Cloud feedback is the coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature where a surface air temperature change leads to a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation.

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Cloud physics

Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds.

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Cloud point

In the petroleum industry, cloud point refers to the temperature below which wax in diesel or biowax in biodiesels forms a cloudy appearance.

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Coastal-Marine Automated Network

The Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) is a meteorological observation network along the coastal United States.

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Cobalt

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.

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Cold

Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere.

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Cold chain

A cold chain or cool chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain.

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Cold front

A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air, replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air, which lies within a fairly sharp surface trough of low pressure.

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Cold liquor tank

Cold liquor tanks, cold water tanks as they called in the brewery.

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Cold sizing

Cold sizing is a squeezing operation performed at temperatures significantly below the melting point to finish the surface of a workpiece to ensure better dimensional accuracy and surface finish.

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Cold start (automotive)

A cold start is an attempt to start a vehicle's engine when it is cold, relative to its normal operating temperature, often due to normal cold weather.

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Cold urticaria

Cold urticaria (essentially meaning "cold hives") is a disorder where hives (urticaria) or large red welts form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus.

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Cold-cranking simulator

The cold-cranking simulator (CCS) is a device used to determine the low temperature performance of lubricants, when starting a cold engine (i.e. cold-cranking).

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Cold-shock domain

In molecular biology, the cold-shock domain (CSD) is a protein domain of about 70 amino acids which has been found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.

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Collaborative for High Performance Schools

The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) is the United States' first green building rating program especially designed for K-12 schools.

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Collections care

Collections care, which is sometimes called preventive conservation, involves any actions taken to prevent or delay the deterioration of cultural heritage.

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Collections management (museum)

Collections management involves the development, storage, and preservation of collections and cultural heritage.

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Collision frequency

Collision frequency is defined in chemical kinetics and collision theory, in the background of theoretical kinetics.

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Collision theory

Collision theory is a theory proposed independently by Max Trautz in 1916 and William Lewis in 1918, that qualitatively explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different reactions.

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Collisionality

In plasma physics of tokamaks, collisionality is a dimensionless parameter which expresses the ratio of the electron-ion collision frequency to the banana orbit frequency.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.

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Colombia (cocktail)

The Colombia is a cocktail containing vodka and curaçao.

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Colonization of Venus

The colonization of Venus has been a subject of many works of science fiction since before the dawn of spaceflight, and is still discussed from both a fictional and a scientific standpoint.

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Color in Chinese culture

Color in Chinese culture refers to the certain values that Chinese culture attaches to colors, like which colors are considered auspicious (吉利) or inauspicious (不利).

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Color index

In astronomy, the color index is a simple numerical expression that determines the color of an object, which in the case of a star gives its temperature.

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Color temperature

The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of a color comparable to that of the light source.

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Color–color diagram

In astronomy, color–color diagrams are a means of comparing the apparent magnitudes of stars at different wavelengths.

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Combined cycle

In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators.

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Combined forced and natural convection

Combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat.

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Combined gas law

The combined gas law is a gas law that combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law.

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Common bottlenose dolphin

The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), or Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, is the most well-known species from the family Delphinidae.

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Common goldfish

The common goldfish, also known as a feeder goldfish, is a breed of goldfish with no other differences from its ancestor, the Prussian carp, other than its color and shape.

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Common nightingale

The common nightingale or simply nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), also known as rufous nightingale, is a small passerine bird best known for its powerful and beautiful song.

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Community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia (any of several lung diseases) contracted by a person with little contact with the healthcare system.

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Compact Linear Collider

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier.

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Comparison of sensory perception in species

Category:Perception.

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Compensation (engineering)

In engineering, compensation is planning for side effects or other unintended issues in a design.

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Compensatory hyperhidrosis

Compensatory hyperhidrosis is a form of neuropathy.

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Complex fluid

Complex fluids are binary mixtures that have a coexistence between two phases: solid–liquid (suspensions or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (granular), liquid–gas (foams) or liquid–liquid (emulsions).

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Compressed fluid

A compressed fluid (also called a compressed or unsaturated liquid, subcooled fluid or liquid) is a fluid under mechanical or thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a liquid.

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Compressibility

In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.

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Compressibility factor

The compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior.

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Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

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Computer simulation

Computer simulation is the reproduction of the behavior of a system using a computer to simulate the outcomes of a mathematical model associated with said system.

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Conceptual space

A conceptual space is a geometric structure that represents a number of quality dimensions, which denote basic features by which concepts and objects can be compared, such as weight, color, taste, temperature, pitch, and the three ordinary spatial dimensions.

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Condensed matter physics

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter.

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Conductive anodic filament

Conductive anodic filament, also called CAF, is a metallic filament that forms from an electrochemical migration process and is known to cause printed circuit board (PCB) failures.

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Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), also called hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV, is an extremely rare inherited disorder of the nervous system which prevents the sensation of pain, heat, cold, or any real nerve-related sensations (including feeling the need to urinate); however, patients can still feel pressure.

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Congruent melting

Congruent melting occurs during melting of a compound when the composition of the liquid that forms is the same as the composition of the solid.

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Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy or pressure and volume.

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Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects

The conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects is the preservation of objects made from or containing these organic materials by preventative methods and treatments.

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Conservation and restoration of clocks

The conservation and restoration of clocks refers to the care given to a clock to either prevent or resolve issues faced during its life cycle.

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Conservation and restoration of flags and banners

The conservation and restoration of flags and banners is the process by which conservators work to preserve and restore flags and banners from future deterioration and damage.

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Conservation and restoration of herbaria

The conservation and restoration of herbaria includes the preventative care, repair, and restoration of herbarium specimens.

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Conservation and restoration of ivory objects

The conservation and restoration of ivory objects is activities dedicated to the preservation and projection of ivory object that have a value either historically or personally.

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Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks

The conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks is the activity dedicated to the preservation and protection of artworks that are exhibited or permanently installed outside.

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Conservation and restoration of performance art

The conservation and restoration of performance art is the process of documenting, collecting, and prolonging the life of Performance Art.

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Conservation and restoration of photographic plates

The conservation and restoration of photographic plates is the process of caring for and maintaining photographic plates in order to preserve their materials and content.

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Conservation and restoration of textiles

The conservation and restoration of textiles refers to the processes by which textiles are cared for and maintained to be preserved from future damage.

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Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts

The conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts refers to the preservation of art and artifacts made of wood.

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Conservation of energy

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant, it is said to be ''conserved'' over time.

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Conservation of South Asian household shrines

The Conservation of South Asian household shrines is an activity dedicated to the preservation of household shrines from South Asia.

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Conservation-restoration of cultural heritage

The conservation-restoration of cultural heritage focuses on protection and care of tangible cultural heritage, including artworks, architecture, archaeology, and museum collections.

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Constantan

Constantan is a copper–nickel alloy also known as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry.

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Constantin Carathéodory

Constantin Carathéodory (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Καραθεοδωρή Konstantinos Karatheodori; 13 September 1873 – 2 February 1950) was a Greek mathematician who spent most of his professional career in Germany.

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Constanza, Dominican Republic

Constanza is a town and municipality in La Vega Province, Dominican Republic.

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Context-aware services

Context-aware services is a computing technology which incorporates information about the current location of a mobile user to provide more relevant services to the user.

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Continental Army

The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.

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Continuous distillation

Continuous distillation, a form of distillation, is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously (without interruption) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams.

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Continuous fever

Continuous fever is a type or pattern of fever in which temperature does not touch the baseline and remains above normal throughout the day.

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Contour line

A contour line (also isocline, isopleth, isarithm, or equipotential curve) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value, so that the curve joins points of equal value.

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Control valve

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller.

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Controlled atmosphere

A controlled atmosphere is an agricultural storage method in which the concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, as well as the temperature and humidity of a storage room are regulated.

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Controlled burn

A controlled or prescribed burn, also known as hazard reduction burning, backfire, swailing, or a burn-off, is a wildfire set intentionally for purposes of forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.

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Controlled-environment agriculture

Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food production.

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Convection zone

A convection zone, convective zone or convective region of a star is a layer which is unstable to convection.

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Convective available potential energy

In meteorology, convective available potential energy (CAPE), is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere.

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Convective inhibition

Convective inhibition (CIN or CINH) is a numerical measure in meteorology that indicates the amount of energy that will prevent an air parcel from rising from the surface to the level of free convection.

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Convective instability

In meteorology, convective instability or stability of an air mass refers to its ability to resist vertical motion.

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Convective temperature

The convective temperature (CT or Tc) is the approximate temperature that air near the surface must reach for cloud formation without mechanical lift.

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Conversion of units

Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors.

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Conversion of units of temperature

This is a compendium of temperature conversion formulas and comparisons among eight different temperature scales, several of which have long been obsolete.

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Cool

Cool refers to a moderately low temperature.

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Cool tropics paradox

The cool tropics paradox refers to an apparent difference between modeled estimates of tropical temperatures during warm, ice-free periods of the Cretaceous and Eocene, and the colder temperatures which proxies suggested were present.

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Cooler

A cooler, portable ice chest, ice box, cool box, chilly bin (in New Zealand), or esky (Australia) is an insulated box used to keep food or drink cool.

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Coomber's relationship

Coomber's relationship can be used to describe how the internal pressure and dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid are related.

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Copper(I) oxide

Copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Cu2O.

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Cordotomy

Cordotomy (or chordotomy) is a surgical procedure that disables selected pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord, in order to achieve loss of pain and temperature perception.

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Core sample

A core sample is a cylindrical section of (usually) a naturally occurring substance.

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Coriolis (satellite)

The Coriolis satellite is a Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Earth and space observation satellite launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, on 2003-01-06 at 14:19 GMT.

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Coro, Venezuela

Coro is the capital of Falcón State and the oldest city in the west of Venezuela.

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Corona

A corona (Latin, 'crown') is an aura of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other stars.

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COROT-13b

CoRoT-13b is a transiting exoplanet found by the CoRoT space telescope on 12 July 2010.

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CorrOcean

CorrOcean was a corporation that produces monitoring technology systems related to conventional and subsea oil and gas wells and industrial process piping.

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Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.

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Cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones.

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COSHH

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, as amended is a United Kingdom Statutory Instrument that states general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning.

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Cosmetic packaging

The term cosmetic packaging is used for cosmetic containers (primary packaging) and secondary packaging of cosmetic products.

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COSPAR international reference atmosphere

The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) is an empirical model of the atmosphere of Earth.

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Costas Varotsos

Costas Varotsos (Κώστας Βαρώτσος; born 14 August 1956) is a Greek physicist known from his contribution to the global climate-dynamics research and remote sensing.

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Cot filtration

C0t filtration, or CF, is a technique that uses the principles of DNA renaturation kinetics (i.e. Cot analysis) to separate the repetitive DNA sequences that dominate many eukaryotic genomes from "gene-rich" single/low-copy sequences.

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County Kilkenny

County Kilkenny (Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland.

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Cracking (chemistry)

In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors.

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Creative visualization

Creative visualization is the cognitive process of purposefully generating visual mental imagery, with eyes open or closed, simulating or recreating visual perception, in order to maintain, inspect, and transform those images, consequently modifying their associated emotions or feelings, with intent to experience a subsequent beneficial physiological, psychological, or social effect, such as expediting the healing of wounds to the body, minimizing physical pain, alleviating psychological pain including anxiety, sadness, and low mood, improving self-esteem or self-confidence, and enhancing the capacity to cope when interacting with others.

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Cresol

Cresols (also hydroxytoluene) are organic compounds which are methylphenols.

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Critical mass

A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction.

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Croaking gourami

The croaking gourami (Trichopsis vittata) is a species of small freshwater labyrinth fish of the gourami family.

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Crocco's theorem

Crocco's theorem is an aerodynamic theorem relating the flow velocity, vorticity, and stagnation pressure (or entropy) of a potential flow.

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Crookes radiometer

The Crookes radiometer, also known as a light mill, consists of an airtight glass bulb, containing a partial vacuum.

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Crucible

A crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass, and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes.

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Cryobiology

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science.

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Cryochemistry

Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below.

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Cryogenics

In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.

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Cryopreservation

Cryo-preservation or cryo-conservation is a process where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures (typically −80 °C using solid carbon dioxide or −196 °C using liquid nitrogen).

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Cryoseism

A cryoseism, also known as an ice quake or a frost quake, is a seismic event that may be caused by a sudden cracking action in frozen soil or rock saturated with water or ice.

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Cryosphere

The cryosphere (from the Greek κρύος kryos, "cold", "frost" or "ice" and σφαῖρα sphaira, "globe, ball") is those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).

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Cryosurgery

Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation.

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Cryovolcano

A cryovolcano (sometimes informally called an ice volcano) is a type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock.

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Cryptobiosis

Cryptobiosis is an ametabolic state of life entered by an organism in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Crystallization

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.

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CTD (instrument)

A CTD or Sonde is an oceanography instrument used to measure the conductivity, temperature, and pressure of seawater (the D stands for "depth," which is closely related to pressure).

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Cultural heritage management

Cultural heritage management (CHM) is the vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage.

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Cumulus humilis cloud

Cumulus humilis are cumuliform clouds with little vertical extent, common in the summer, that are often referred to as "fair weather cumulus".

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CuproBraze

CuproBraze is a copper-alloy heat exchanger technology for harsh temperature and pressure environments such as those in the latest generations of cleaner diesel engines mandated by global environmental regulations.

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Curie's law

In a paramagnetic material, the magnetization of the material is (approximately) directly proportional to an applied magnetic field.

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Current loop

In electrical signalling an analog current loop is used where a device must be monitored or controlled remotely over a pair of conductors.

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Current transformer

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current (AC).

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Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes disease on a variety of plants.

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Custody transfer

Custody Transfer in the oil and gas industry refers to the transactions involving transporting physical substance from one operator to another.

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Cyclocomputer

A cyclocomputer, cycle computer, cycling computer or cyclometer (obs.) is a device mounted on a bicycle that calculates and displays trip information, similar to the instruments in the dashboard of a car.

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Cyclol

The cyclol hypothesis is the first structural model of a folded, globular protein.

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Cyclone

In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure.

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Cylindrospermopsin

Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria.

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Cypripedioideae

Lady's slipper orchids (also known as lady slipper orchids or slipper orchids) are orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioideae, which comprises the genera Cypripedium, Mexipedium, Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium and Selenipedium.

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Cytoplasmic streaming

Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around fungal and plant cells.

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D-DIA

The D-DIA or deformation-DIA is an apparatus used for high pressure and high temperature deformation experiments.

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Daganzo de Arriba

Daganzo de Arriba is a Spanish municipality in the Comarca de Alcalá, located in the east of Autonomous Community of Madrid.

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Dajia District

Dajia District is a coastal suburban district in Taichung, Taiwan.

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Dalaman

Dalaman is a district, as well as the central town of that district, situated on the southwestern coast of Turkey, in the Muğla Province.

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Damper (flow)

A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air-handling equipment.

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Daphnia

Daphnia, a genus of small planktonic crustaceans, are in length.

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Dartos

The dartos fascia or simply dartos is a layer of connective tissue found in the penile shaft, foreskin, and scrotum.

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Dashpot timer

The first automatic timer, the dashpot timer has been used in many different machines and has many variations.

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Data assimilation

Data assimilation is a mathematical discipline that seeks to optimally combine theory (usually in the form of a numerical model) with observations.

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Data center environmental control

Data center environmental control is a constructive generic framework for maintaining temperature, humidity, and other physical qualities of air within a specific range in order to allow the equipment housed in a data center to perform optimally throughout its lifespan.

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Data logger

A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors.

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Dauer larva

Dauer (German "die dauer", "the enduring", from A.G. Fuchs (1937) Neue parasitische und halbparasitischa Nematoden bei Borkenkäfern und einige andere Nematoden) describes an alternative developmental stage of nematode worms, particularly rhabditids including Caenorhabditis elegans, whereby the larva goes into a type of stasis and can survive harsh conditions.

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Davao River

The Davao River catchment is the third largest river catchment on the Southern Philippines Island of Mindanao.

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David Sims (biologist)

David Sims (born 1969) is a British marine biologist who is Senior Research Fellow and Deputy Director at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association (MBA) in Plymouth, and a Professor of Marine Ecology in the at the, U.K. He works in the field of animal ecology researching movement, behaviour and dispersal processes, particularly of sharks.

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DayCent

Daycent is a daily time series biogeochemical model used in agroecosystems to simulates fluxes of carbon and nitrogen between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil.

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Dayton Miller

Dayton Clarence Miller (March 13, 1866 – February 22, 1941) was an American physicist, astronomer, acoustician, and accomplished amateur flautist.

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De Laval nozzle

A de Laval nozzle (or convergent-divergent nozzle, CD nozzle or con-di nozzle) is a tube that is pinched in the middle, making a carefully balanced, asymmetric hourglass shape.

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Dead Sea

The Dead Sea (יָם הַמֶּלַח lit. Sea of Salt; البحر الميت The first article al- is unnecessary and usually not used.) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west.

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Deamidation

Deamidation is a chemical reaction in which an amide functional group in the side chain of the amino acids asparagine or glutamine is removed or converted to another functional group.

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Dean–Stark apparatus

Collection vessel The Dean–Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor.

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Death and culture

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death, such as martyrdom, suicide and euthanasia.

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Debye–Hückel equation

The chemists Peter Debye and Erich Hückel noticed that solutions that contain ionic solutes do not behave ideally even at very low concentrations.

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Decomposition

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter.

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Deep ocean water

Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans.

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Deep sea community

A deep sea community is any community of organisms associated by a shared habitat in the deep sea.

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Deep-focus earthquake

A deep-focus earthquake in seismology (also called a plutonic earthquake) is an earthquake with a hypocenter depth exceeding 300 km.

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Defining equation (physical chemistry)

In physical chemistry, there are numerous quantities associated with chemical compounds and reactions; notably in terms of amounts of substance, activity or concentration of a substance, and the rate of reaction.

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Deflagration to detonation transition

Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) refers to a phenomenon in ignitable mixtures of a flammable gas and air (or oxygen) when a sudden transition takes place from a deflagration type of combustion to a detonation type of explosion.

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Degenerate matter

Degenerate matter is a highly dense state of matter in which particles must occupy high states of kinetic energy in order to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle.

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Degree (temperature)

The term degree is used in several scales of temperature.

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Degree day

A degree day is a measure of heating or cooling.

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Degree of frost

A degree of frost is a non-standard unit of measure for air temperature meaning degrees below melting point (also known as "freezing point") of water (0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit).

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Degree symbol

The degree symbol (°) is a typographical symbol that is used, among other things, to represent degrees of arc (e.g. in geographic coordinate systems), hours (in the medical field), degrees of temperature, alcohol proof, or diminished quality in musical harmony.

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Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)

In physics, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system.

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Deicing

De-icing is the process of removing snow, ice or frost from a surface.

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Deinococcus ficus

Deinococcus ficus strain CC-FR2-10T is a recently discovered gram-positive bacteria which plays a role in the production of nitrogen fertilizer.

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Delisle scale

The Delisle scale (°D) is a temperature scale invented in 1732 by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (1688–1768).

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DEMOnstration Power Station

DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Station) is a proposed nuclear fusion power station that is intended to build upon the ITER experimental nuclear fusion reactor.

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Denaturation (biochemistry)

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.

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Denaturation midpoint

Assuming two-state protein folding, denaturation midpoint is defined as that temperature (Tm) or denaturant concentration (Cm) at which both the folded and unfolded states are equally populated at equilibrium.

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Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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Density altitude

The density altitude is the altitude relative to standard atmospheric conditions at which the air density would be equal to the indicated air density at the place of observation.

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Density meter

A density meter, also known as a densimeter, is a device that measures the density.

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Density ratio

The density ratio of a column of seawater is a measure of the relative contributions of temperature and salinity in determining the density gradient.

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Dental implant

A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is a surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor.

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DePriester chart

DePriester Charts provide an efficient method to find the vapor-liquid equilibrium ratios for different substances at different conditions of pressure and temperature.

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Deputatsky, Sakha Republic

Deputatsky (Депута́тский; Депутатскай) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Ust-Yansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located in the Nemkuchansky Range, about north-northeast of Yakutsk, the capital of the republic.

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Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations

The intent of this article is to highlight the important points of the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as its application and formulation for different families of fluids.

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Desert

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

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Desert ecology

Desert ecology is the study of interactions between both biotic and abiotic components of desert environments.

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Desert pupfish

The desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) is a rare species of bony fish in the family Cyprinodontidae.

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Desiccant

A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity; it is the opposite of a humectant.

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Desizing

Desizing is the process of removing the size material from the warp yarns after the textile fabric is woven.

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Detailed balance

The principle of detailed balance is formulated for kinetic systems which are decomposed into elementary processes (collisions, or steps, or elementary reactions): At equilibrium, each elementary process should be equilibrated by its reverse process.

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Dew

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin, exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation.

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Dew point

The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor.

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Dew point depression

The dew point depression (T-Td) is the difference between the temperature and dew point temperature at a certain height in the atmosphere.

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Diagenesis

Diagenesis is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation (lithification), at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks.

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Diamond anvil cell

A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a high-pressure device used in scientific experiments.

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Diamond enhancement

Diamond enhancements are specific treatments, performed on natural diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into gems), which are designed to improve the visual gemological characteristics of the diamond in one or more ways.

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Diamond v. Diehr

Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court decision which held that controlling the execution of a physical process, by running a computer program did not preclude patentability of the invention as a whole.

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Diapause

Diapause, when referencing animal dormancy, is the delay in development in response to regularly and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions.

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Diathermal wall

In thermodynamics, a diathermal wall between two thermodynamic systems allows heat but not matter to pass across it.

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Dielectric heating

Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, RF (radio frequency) heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.

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Dielectric spectroscopy

Dielectric spectroscopy (which falls in a subcategory of impedance spectroscopy) measures the dielectric properties of a medium as a function of frequency.

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Diesel generator

A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate electrical energy.

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Differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry, or DSC, is a thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature.

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.

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Diffusion creep

Diffusion creep refers to the deformation of crystalline solids by the diffusion of vacancies through their crystal lattice.

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Diffusion damping

In modern cosmological theory, diffusion damping, also called photon diffusion damping, is a physical process which reduced density inequalities (anisotropies) in the early universe, making the universe itself and the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) more uniform.

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Digenea

Digenea (Gr. Dis – double, Genos – race) is a class of trematodes in the Platyhelminthes phylum, consisting of parasitic flatworms (known as flukes) with a syncytial tegument and, usually, two suckers, one ventral and one oral.

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Digifant engine management system

The Digifant engine management system is an electronic engine control unit (ECU), which monitors and controls the fuel injection and ignition systems in petrol engines, designed by Volkswagen Group, in cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH.

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Digital signal conditioning

In digital instrumentation system, especially in digital electronics, digital computers have taken a major role in near every aspect of life in our modern world.

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Dikhil

Dikhil (دخيل) is a town in the western Dikhil Region of Djibouti.

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Dikhil Region

The Dikhil Region (إقليم دخيل, Gobolka Dikhil, Dikhil Rakaakay) is a region in southern Djibouti.

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Dimensional analysis

In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.

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Dimensionless quantity

In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.

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Dinoroseobacter shibae

Dinoroseobacter shibae is a facultative anaerobic anoxygenic photoheterotroph belonging to the family, Rhodobacteraceae.

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Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

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Dioon edule

Dioon edule, the chestnut dioon, is a cycad native to Mexico, also known as palma de la virgen.

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Dip slide

A dip slide (or dipslide) is a test for the presence of microorganisms in liquids.

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Direct TPMS

Direct TPMS, or direct tire pressure monitoring systems (direct sensor TPMS) refers to the use of a pressure sensor directly mounted on the wheels or tires of a vehicle.

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Director X

Julien Christian Lutz (born October 31, 1975), credited professionally as Director X, is a Canadian film and music video director.

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Disappearing-filament pyrometer

The disappearing-filament pyrometer is an optical pyrometer, in which the temperature of a glowing incandescent object is measured by comparing it to the light of a heated filament.

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Discontinuous gas exchange

Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGC), also called discontinuous ventilation or discontinuous ventilatory cycles, follow one of several patterns of arthropod gas exchange that have been documented primarily in insects; they occur when the insect is at rest.

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Discrete Fourier transform

In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) converts a finite sequence of equally-spaced samples of a function into a same-length sequence of equally-spaced samples of the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), which is a complex-valued function of frequency.

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Disgregation

In the history of thermodynamics, disgregation was defined in 1862 by Rudolf Clausius as the magnitude of the degree in which the molecules of a body are separated from each other.

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Dishwasher

A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishware and cutlery.

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Disk enclosure

A disk enclosure is a specialized casing designed to hold and power disk drives while providing a mechanism to allow them to communicate to one or more separate computers.

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Disko Bay

Disko Bay (Qeqertarsuup tunua; DiskobugtenChristensen, N.O. & al. "". Arctic Circular, Vol. 4 (1951), pp. 83–85. Op. cit. "Northern News". Arctic, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Mar 1952), pp. 58–59.) is a bay on the western coast of Greenland.

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Dissipation

Dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that takes place in homogeneous thermodynamic systems.

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Dissociated sensory loss

Dissociated sensory loss is a pattern of neurological damage caused by a lesion to a single tract in the spinal cord which involves selective loss of fine touch and proprioception without loss of pain and temperature, or vice versa.

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Dissociation constant

In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (K_d) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions.

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Distributed feedback laser

A distributed feedback laser (DFB) is a type of laser diode, quantum cascade laser or optical fiber laser where the active region of the device is periodically structured as a diffraction grating.

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Distributed temperature sensing

Distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are optoelectronic devices which measure temperatures by means of optical fibres functioning as linear sensors.

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Dithiothreitol

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent also known as Cleland's reagent.

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Diving physics

Diving Physics are the aspects of physics which directly affect the underwater diver and which explain the effects that divers and their equipment are subject to underwater which differ from the normal human experience out of water.

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Djibouti (city)

Djibouti City (also called Djibouti; مدينة جيبوتي, Ville de Djibouti, Magaalada Jabuuti, Magaala Gabuuti) is the eponymous capital and largest city of Djibouti.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DO-160

DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment is a standard for the environmental testing of avionics hardware.

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Dockapps

Dockapps, or docked applications are computer programs which appear to reside inside an icon rather than a window in graphical computer systems, normally in a part of the user interface known as the dock.

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Dolbear's law

Dolbear's law states the relationship between the air temperature and the rate at which crickets chirp.

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Dome A

Dome A or Dome Argus is the loftiest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau, located inland.

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Domestic rabbit

A domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus forma domesticus), more commonly known as a pet rabbit, a bunny, or a bunny rabbit is any of the domesticated varieties of the European rabbit species.

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Donnayite-(Y)

Donnayite-(Y) is a rare-earth carbonate mineral containing the rare-earth metal yttrium.

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Doppler broadening

In atomic physics, Doppler broadening is the broadening of spectral lines due to the Doppler effect caused by a distribution of velocities of atoms or molecules.

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Doppler cooling

Doppler cooling is a mechanism that can be used to trap and slow the motion of atoms to cool a substance.

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Dormancy

Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped.

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Double dip

Double dip may refer to:;Food.

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Drag reducing agent

Drag-reducing agents (DRA), or drag-reducing polymers (DRP's), are additives in pipelines that reduce turbulence in a pipe.

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Drainage research

Drainage research is the study of agricultural drainage systems and their effects to arrive at optimal system design.

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Drifter (floating device)

A drifter (not to be confused with a float) is an oceanographic device floating on the surface to investigate ocean currents and other parameters like temperature or salinity.

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Drinking bird

Drinking birds, also known as insatiable birdies, dunking birds, drinky birds or dipping birds, are toy heat engines that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source.

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Drochia District

Drochia district is a district in the north of Moldova.

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Dropsonde

A dropsonde is an expendable weather reconnaissance device created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), designed to be dropped from an aircraft at altitude over water to measure (and therefore track) storm conditions as the device falls to the surface.

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Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

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Drought in Canada

Prolonged, large-area droughts are among Canada’s costliest natural disasters having major impacts on a wide range of sectors including agriculture, forestry, industry, municipalities, recreation, human health, society and ecosystems.

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Drought Research Initiative

The Drought Research Initiative(DRI) was established to better understand the physical characteristics of and processes influencing Canadian Prairie droughts, and to contribute to their better prediction, through a focus on the recent severe drought that began in 1999 and largely ended in 2005.

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Drug overdose

The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced.

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Dry grassland

The key characteristic of dry grasslands is that they have low-growing plants, causing the area to be quite open.

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Dry line

A dry line (also called a dew point line, or Marfa front, after Marfa, Texas) is an imaginary line across a continent that separates moist air from an eastern body of water and dry desert air from the west.

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Dry ski slope

A dry ski slope or artificial ski slope is a ski slope that mimics the attributes of snow using materials that are stable at room temperature, to enable people to ski, snowboard or snow tube in places where natural, snow-covered slopes are inconvenient or unavailable.

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Dry-bulb temperature

The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.

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Ductility (Earth science)

In Earth science, as opposed to Materials Science, Ductility refers to the capacity of a rock to deform to large strains without macroscopic fracturing.

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Dulong–Petit law

The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic law proposed in 1819 by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states the classical expression for the molar specific of certain chemical elements.

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Durango City

Durango, officially Victoria de Durango and also known as Ciudad de Durango, is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Durango.

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Dwarf gourami

The dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius) is a species of gourami native to South Asia.

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Dwarf nova

A U Geminorum-type variable star, or dwarf nova (pl. novae) is a type of cataclysmic variable star consisting of a close binary star system in which one of the components is a white dwarf that accretes matter from its companion.

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Dwarf planet

A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite.

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Dwarka

Dwarka is an ancient city and a municipality of Devbhoomi Dwarka district in the state of Gujarat in northwestern India.

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Dye

A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.

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Dye 3

Dye 3 is an ice core site and previously part of the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line, located at (2480 masl) in Greenland.

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Dyeing

Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics.

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Dynamic combinatorial chemistry

Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC); also known as constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC) is a method to the generation of new molecules formed by reversible reaction of simple building blocks under thermodynamic control.

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Dynamic global vegetation model

A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) is a computer program that simulates shifts in potential vegetation and its associated biogeochemical and hydrological cycles as a response to shifts in climate.

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Dynamic mechanical analysis

Dynamic mechanical analysis (abbreviated DMA, also known as dynamic mechanical spectroscopy) is a technique used to study and characterize materials.

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Dynamical heterogeneity

Dynamical heterogeneity describes the behavior of glass-forming materials when undergoing a phase transition from the liquid state to the glassy state.

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Dyspanopeus sayi

Dyspanopeus sayi is a species of mud crab that is native to the Atlantic coast of North America.

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Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence

The early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence was a major severe weather event that affected much of the Central United States on May 5–8, 1965.

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Earth analog

An Earth analog (also referred to as an Earth twin or Earth-like planet, though this latter term may refer to any terrestrial planet) is a planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth.

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Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology

Earth Revealed: Introductory Geology, originally titled Earth Revealed, is a 26-part video instructional series covering the processes and properties of the physical Earth, with particular attention given to the scientific theories underlying geological principles.

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East Branch Fishing Creek

East Branch Fishing Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Columbia County and Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Eastern dwarf tree frog

The eastern dwarf tree frog or eastern sedge-frog (Litoria fallax), is a small and very common tree frog found on the eastern coast of Australia, from around Cairns, Queensland, to around Ulladulla, New South Wales.

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Eötvös rule

The Eötvös rule, named after the Hungarian physicist Loránd (Roland) Eötvös (1848–1919) enables the prediction of the surface tension of an arbitrary liquid pure substance at all temperatures.

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Ecological debt

Ecological debt refers to the accumulated debt of wealthier countries (from a defined date in the past until present) for having plundered poorer countries by the exploitation of their resources, the degradation of their natural habitat, the beggaring of local people and/or the free occupation of environmental space for waste discharge.

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Ecological forecasting

Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics, ecology and physiology to predict how ecosystems will change in the future in response to environmental factors such as climate change.

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Ecology

Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Ecology of the Rocky Mountains

The ecology of the Rocky Mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors.

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Economics of climate change mitigation

This article is about the economics of climate change mitigation.

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Economizer

Economizers (US and Oxford spelling), or economisers (UK), are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform useful function such as preheating a fluid.

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Ecophysiology

Ecophysiology (from Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia), environmental physiology or physiological ecology is a biological discipline that studies the adaptation of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions.

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Ecoregions of Zambia

The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's Global 200 classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater bioregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands.

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Edward Tufte

Edward Rolf Tufte (born March 14, 1942) is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science at Yale University.

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Edwin Hall

Edwin Herbert Hall (November 7, 1855 – November 20, 1938) was an American physicist who discovered the eponymous Hall effect.

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Effective temperature

The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.

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Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity

Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in combination with other factors.

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Effects of global warming on human health

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

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Effects of weather on sport

The effects of weather on sport are varied, with some events unable to take place while others are changed considerably.

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Egain forecasting

Egain forecasting is a method of controlling building heating by calculating demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

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Egg incubation

Incubation refers to the process by which certain oviparous (egg-laying) animals hatch their eggs; it also refers to the development of the embryo within the egg.

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Egg taphonomy

Egg taphonomy is the study of the decomposition and fossilization of eggs.

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Ehrenfest equations

Ehrenfest equations (named after Paul Ehrenfest) are equations which describe changes in specific heat capacity and derivatives of specific volume in second-order phase transitions.

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Ehrenfest–Tolman effect

The Ehrenfest–Tolman effect (also known as the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect), created by Richard C. Tolman and Paul Ehrenfest, argues that temperature is not constant in space at thermal equilibrium, but varies with the spacetime curvature.

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Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis

The Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (or ETH) is a set of ideas which purports to explain when and why an isolated quantum mechanical system can be accurately described using equilibrium statistical mechanics.

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Einstein coefficients

Einstein coefficients are mathematical quantities which are a measure of the probability of absorption or emission of light by an atom or molecule.

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Eismitte

Eismitte, in English also called Mid-Ice, was the site of an Arctic expedition in the interior of Greenland that took place from July 1930 through August 1931, and claimed the life of noted German scientist Alfred Wegener.

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Elangakurichy

Elangakurichy (இளங்காகுறிச்சி) is a traditional village in Tiruchirappalli district, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and it is located near Vaiyampatty, Manapparai and Tovarankurichchi.

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Elaphe bimaculata

Elaphe bimaculata, the twin-spotted ratsnake or Chinese cornsnake, is a small ratsnake (60–80 cm) found in China.

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Electric arc

An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces an ongoing electrical discharge.

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Electric current

An electric current is a flow of electric charge.

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Electric jacket

Electric jackets are jackets which exhibit properties similar to those possessed by electric blankets.

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Electric Tokamak

The UCLA Electric Tokamak is a low field (0.25 T) magnetic fusion tokamak device with a large aspect ratio.

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Electrical conductivity meter

An electrical conductivity meter (EC meter) measures the electrical conductivity in a solution.

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Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is a professional engineering discipline that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.

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Electrical resistivity and conductivity

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.

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Electricity pricing

Electricity pricing (sometimes referred to as electricity tariff or the price of electricity) varies widely from country to country and may vary significantly from locality to locality within a particular country.

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Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa.

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Electron temperature

Temperature is a statistical quantity.

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Electronic band structure

In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energies that an electron within the solid may have (called energy bands, allowed bands, or simply bands) and ranges of energy that it may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).

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Electronic Diesel Control

Electronic Diesel Control is a diesel engine fuel injection control system for the precise metering and delivery of fuel into the combustion chamber of modern diesel engines used in trucks and cars.

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Electronic engineering

Electronic engineering (also called electronics and communications engineering) is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and their systems.

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Electronic scoring system

Electronic scoring systems or electronic targets are automated scoring systems used for sport shooting where the shot placement and score is automatically calculated using electronics and presented on screens to the organizer and shooters.

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Electrothermal feedback

In electronics, electrothermal feedback is the interaction of the electric current and the temperature in a device with a temperature-dependent electrical resistance.

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Elevation

The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum).

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Elimination reaction

An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism.

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Elinvar

Elinvar is a nickel-iron alloy notable for having a modulus of elasticity which does not change much with temperature changes.

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Ellipse Law

The Law of the Ellipse, or Stodola's cone law, provides a method for calculating the highly nonlinear dependence of extraction pressures with a flow for multistage turbine with high backpressure, when the turbine nozzles are not choked.

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Elz, Hesse

Elz is a community in Limburg-Weilburg district in western Hesse, Germany, on the boundary with Rhineland-Palatinate.

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Emagram

An emagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams used to display temperature lapse rate and moisture content profiles in the atmosphere.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.

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Emission spectrum

The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an atom or molecule making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state.

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EN 50155

EN 50155:2017 is an international standard covering electronic equipment used on rolling stock for railway applications.

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Encantadia

Encantadia is a Filipino fantasy franchise produced and published by GMA Network.

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Endotherm

An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον endon "within" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat set free by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat.

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Endress+Hauser

Endress+Hauser (Endress and Hauser) is a Swiss-based instrumentation and process automation company.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Energy development

Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources.

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Energy level

A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.

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Energy monitoring and targeting

Energy monitoring and targeting (M&T) is an energy efficiency technique based on the standard management axiom stating that “you cannot manage what you cannot measure”.

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Energy system

An energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users.

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Energy tower (downdraft)

The energy tower is a device for producing electrical power.

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Engine

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.

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Engine test stand

An engine test stand is a facility used to develop, characterize and test engines.

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English Engineering units

Some fields of engineering in the United States use a system of measurement of physical quantities known as the English Engineering units.

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system.

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Enthalpy of fusion

The enthalpy of fusion of a substance, also known as (latent) heat of fusion, is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.

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Enthalpy of neutralization

The enthalpy of neutralization (ΔHn) is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and one equivalent of a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt.

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Enthalpy of sublimation

The enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to change one mole of a substance from solid state to gaseous state at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP).

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Entropy

In statistical mechanics, entropy is an extensive property of a thermodynamic system.

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Entropy (arrow of time)

Entropy is the only quantity in the physical sciences (apart from certain rare interactions in particle physics; see below) that requires a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time.

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Entropy (astrophysics)

In astrophysics, what is referred to as "entropy" is actually the adiabatic constant derived as follows.

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Entropy (energy dispersal)

In physics education, the concept of entropy is traditionally introduced as a quantitative measure of disorder.

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Entropy (order and disorder)

In thermodynamics, entropy is commonly associated with the amount of order, disorder, or chaos in a thermodynamic system.

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Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)

In classical statistical mechanics, the entropy function earlier introduced by Rudolf Clausius is interpreted as statistical entropy using probability theory.

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Entropy of entanglement

The entropy of entanglement is an entanglement measure for a many-body quantum state.

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Environment of Karachi

Karachi has many environmental issues, severely affecting its biophysical environment as well as human health.

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Environment of Pakistan

This article discusses topics related to the environment of Pakistan.

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Environmental causes of aviation stress

In aviation, a source of stress that comes from the environment is known as an environmental stressor.

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Environmental control system (aircraft)

The environmental control system (ECS) of an aircraft provides air supply, thermal control and cabin pressurization for the crew and passengers.

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Environmental error

An environmental error is an error in calculations that are being a part of observations due to environment.

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Environmental factor

Environmental factor or ecological factor or eco factor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms.

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Environmental gradient

An environmental gradient is a gradual change in abiotic factors through space (or time).

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Environmental impact of agriculture

The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices.

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Environmental indicator

Environmental indicators are simple measures that tell us what is happening in the environment.

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Environmental stress cracking

Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) is one of the most common causes of unexpected brittle failure of thermoplastic (especially amorphous) polymers known at present.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Eocene

The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.

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Equation of state

In physics and thermodynamics, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature (PVT), or internal energy.

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Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines

Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines is an article published by Nicholas Metropolis, Arianna W. Rosenbluth, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Augusta H. Teller, and Edward Teller in the Journal of Chemical Physics in 1953.

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Equilibrium constant

The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the value of its reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium, a state approached by a dynamic chemical system after sufficient time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards further change.

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Equilibrium level

In meteorology, the equilibrium level (EL), or level of neutral buoyancy (LNB), or limit of convection (LOC), is the height at which a rising parcel of air is at the same temperature as its environment.

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Equilibrium moisture content

The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of a hygroscopic material surrounded at least partially by air is the moisture content at which the material is neither gaining nor losing moisture.

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Equipartition theorem

In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies.

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Equivalent potential temperature

Equivalent potential temperature, commonly referred to as theta-e \left(\theta_e \right), is a quantity that is conserved during changes to an air parcel's pressure (that is, during vertical motions in the atmosphere), even if water vapor condenses during that pressure change.

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Equivalent series resistance

Practical capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance.

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Equivalent temperature

In atmospheric science, equivalent temperature is the temperature of an air parcel from which all the water vapor has been extracted by an adiabatic process.

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Escalante, Utah

Escalante is a city in Garfield County, Utah, United States located along Utah Scenic Byway 12 (SR-12) in the south central part of the state.

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Esso Longford gas explosion

The Esso Longford gas explosion was a catastrophic industrial accident which occurred at the Esso natural gas plant at Longford in the Australian state of Victoria's Gippsland region.

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Estuarine water circulation

Estuarine water circulation is controlled by the inflow of rivers, the tides, rainfall and evaporation, the wind, and other oceanic events such as an upwelling, an eddy, and storms.

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Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands

The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia.

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European Climate Assessment and Dataset

The European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECA&D) is a database of daily meteorological station observations across Europe and is gradually being extended to countries in the Middle East and North Africa.

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Eutectic system

A eutectic system from the Greek "ευ" (eu.

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Evaporation

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous phase before reaching its boiling point.

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Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere.

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Event horizon

In general relativity, an event horizon is a region in spacetime beyond which events cannot affect an outside observer.

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Evertune

EverTune is an American company that produces the EverTune bridge, designed to keep guitar strings in tune.

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Evolution of fish

The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion.

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Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes

The fifteen volcanoes that make up the eight principal islands of Hawaii are the youngest in a chain of more than 129 volcanoes that stretch across the North Pacific Ocean, called the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain.

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Evolutionary history of plants

The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today.

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Ex vivo

Ex vivo (Latin: "out of the living") means that which takes place outside an organism.

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Excess chemical potential

The excess chemical potential is defined as the difference between the chemical potential of a given species and that of an ideal gas under the same conditions (in particular, at the same pressure, temperature, and composition).

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Excessive heat warning

An Excessive-Heat Warning is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States within 12 hours of the heat index reaching one of two criteria levels.

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Excessive heat watch

An Excessive Heat Watch is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States when the heat index is expected to be greater than 105 °F (41 °C) across the northern states or 110 °F (43 °C) across the southern states during the day, and/or nighttime low temperature will be at least 75 °F (24 °C) or higher for two consecutive days.

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Excited state

In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).

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Exciton

An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force.

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Exergy

In thermodynamics, the exergy (in older usage, available work or availability) of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir.

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Exonuclease III

Exonuclease III (ExoIII) is an enzyme that belongs to the exonuclease family.

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Expanding Monomers

Expanding Monomers are monomers which are increasing in volume (expanding) during polymerization.

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Expansion chamber

On a two-stroke engine, an expansion chamber or tuned pipe is a tuned exhaust system used to enhance its power output by improving its volumetric efficiency.

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Exploration of Uranus

The exploration of Uranus has, to date, been solely through telescopes and NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft, which made its closest approach to Uranus on January 24, 1986.

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Explorer 15

Explorer 15, also called EPE-C, was an American satellite launched as part of Explorers program.

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Explorer 32

Explorer 32, also known as Atmosphere Explorer-B (AE-B), was a satellite launched by the United States to study the Earth's upper atmosphere.

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Explorer 50

Explorer 50, also known as IMP-J or IMP-8, was a NASA satellite launched to study the magnetosphere.

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Explorer 51

Explorer 51, also called as AE-C (Atmospheric Explorer C), was a NASA scientific satellite belonging to series Atmosphere Explorer, being launched on December 16, 1973 from Vandenberg AFB board a Delta 1900 rocket.

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Explosion

An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases.

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Explosive material

An explosive material, also called an explosive, is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.

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Exponential decay

A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.

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Exponential distribution

No description.

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Extended discrete element method

The extended discrete element method (XDEM) is a numerical technique that extends the dynamics of granular material or particles as described through the classical discrete element method (DEM) (Cundall and Allen) by additional properties such as the thermodynamic state, stress/strain or electro-magnetic field for each particle.

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Extent of reaction

In physical chemistry, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent in which the reaction proceeds.

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External ballistics

External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight.

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External water spray system

An External Water Spray System (EWSS) is a domestic external fire sprinkler system designed to protect homes from bushfires and wildfires.

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Extinction (astronomy)

In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.

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Extreme environment

An 'extreme environment' contains conditions that are hard to survive for most known life forms.

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Extreme pressure additive

Extreme pressure additives, or EP additives, are additives for lubricants with a role to decrease wear of the parts of the gears exposed to very high pressures.

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Extremes on Earth

This article describes extreme locations on Earth.

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Extremozyme

An extremozyme is an enzyme, often created by archaea, which are known prokaryotic extremophiles that can function under extreme environments.

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Eyring equation

The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe the variance of the rate of a chemical reaction with temperature.

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Ștefan Vodă District

Ștefan Vodă is a district (raion) in the south-east of Moldova, with the administrative center at Ștefan Vodă.

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Face

The face is a central body region of sense and is also very central in the expression of emotion among humans and among numerous other species.

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Factories Act 1961

The Factories Act 1961 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Factors of polymer weathering

The aging of natural and artificial polymeric materials is a natural phenomenon in metals, glass, minerals and other inorganic materials.

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Fahrenheit

The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Dutch-German-Polish physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).

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False diffusion

False diffusion is a type of error observed when the upwind scheme is used to approximate the convection term in convection–diffusion equations.

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Fan heater

A fan heater, also called a blow heater, is a heater that works by using a fan to pass air over a heat source (e.g. a heating element).

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Fanny Gates

Fanny Cook Gates (26 April 1872 – 24 February 1931) was an American physicist, an American Physical Society fellow and American Mathematical Society member.

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Fantastic Caverns

Fantastic Caverns is a show cave located in Springfield, Missouri.

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Fatigue (material)

In materials science, fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.

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Fauna of Colombia

The fauna of Colombia is characterized by a high biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide.

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Fermentation in winemaking

The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage.

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Fermi energy

The Fermi energy is a concept in quantum mechanics usually referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature.

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Fermi gas

A Fermi gas is a phase of matter which is an ensemble of a large number of non-interacting fermions.

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Fermi–Dirac statistics

In quantum statistics, a branch of physics, Fermi–Dirac statistics describe a distribution of particles over energy states in systems consisting of many identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle.

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Fermionic condensate

A fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic particles at low temperatures.

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Ferroelectric ceramics

Ferroelectric ceramics is a special group of minerals that have ferroelectric properties: the strong dependence of the dielectric constant of temperature, electrical field, the presence of hysteresis and others.

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Ferruginous hawk

The ferruginous hawk (ferruginous.

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Fiber Bragg grating

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is a type of distributed Bragg reflector constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others.

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Fiber optic sensor

A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors").

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Fichtel Mountains

The Fichtel Mountains (Fichtelgebirge, Smrčiny), form a small horseshoe-shaped mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany.

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Field (physics)

In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.

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Field, power, and root-power quantities

A power quantity is a power or a quantity directly proportional to power, e.g., energy density, acoustic intensity, and luminous intensity.

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Filtered Rayleigh scattering

Filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is a diagnostic technique which measures velocity, temperature, and pressure by determining Doppler shift, total intensity, and spectral line shape of laser induced Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering.

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Fin (extended surface)

In the study of heat transfer, fins are surfaces that extend from an object to increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the environment by increasing convection.

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Finite pointset method

In applied mathematics, the name finite pointset method is a general approach for the numerical solution of problems in continuum mechanics, such as the simulation of fluid flows.

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Finite volume method for unsteady flow

Unsteady flows are characterized as flows in which the properties of the fluid are time dependent.

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Fir of Hotovë-Dangelli National Park

The Fir of Hotovë-Dangelli National Park (Parku Kombëtar Bredhi i Hotovës-Dangelli) is the largest national park in Albania located in Gjirokastër County with a surface area of.

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Fire

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

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Fire brick

A fire brick, firebrick, or refractory brick is a block of refractory ceramic material used in lining furnaces, kilns, fireboxes, and fireplaces.

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Fire-resistance rating

A fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for which a passive fire protection system can withstand a standard fire resistance test.

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Firewalking

Firewalking is the act of walking barefoot over a bed of hot embers or stones.

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First-order fluid

A first-order fluid is another name for a power-law fluid with exponential dependence of viscosity on temperature.

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Fish preservation

Ancient methods of preserving fish included drying, salting, pickling and smoking.

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Fishguard

Fishguard (Abergwaun, meaning "Mouth of the River Gwaun") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, with a population of 3,419 recorded in the 2011 Census.

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Fishkeeping

Fishkeeping is a popular hobby, practiced by aquarists, concerned with keeping fish in a home aquarium or garden pond.

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Fizeau interferometer

A Fizeau interferometer is an interferometric arrangement whereby two reflecting surfaces are placed facing each other.

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Flame

A flame (from Latin flamma) is the visible, gaseous part of a fire.

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Flame-Sim

Flame-Sim is a fire department training simulation software package that is targeted toward fire departments to assist their training efforts for fireground operations.

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Flameless ration heater

A flameless ration heater, or FRH, is a water-activated exothermic chemical heater included with Meals, Ready-to-Eat (MREs), used to heat the food.

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Flammability limit

Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (such as gaseous or vaporised fuels, and some dusts) and air will burn only if the fuel concentration lies within well-defined lower and upper bounds determined experimentally, referred to as flammability limits or explosive limits.

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Flange

A flange is an external or internal ridge, or rim (lip), for strength, as the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam; or for attachment to another object, as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera; or for a flange of a rail car or tram wheel.

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Flash point

The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which vapours of the material will ignite, when given an ignition source.

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Flash-gas (petroleum)

In an oil and gas production, flash-gas is a spontaneous vapor that is produced from the heating or depressurization of the extracted oil mixture during different phases of production.

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Flash-gas (refrigeration)

In refrigeration, flash-gas is refrigerant in gas form produced spontaneously when the condensed liquid is subjected to boiling.

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Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)

Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions.

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Float (oceanographic instrument platform)

A float (not to be confused with a drifter) is an oceanographic instrument platform used for making subsurface measurements in the ocean.

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Floating cities and islands in fiction

In speculative fiction, floating cities and islands are a common trope, which range from cities and islands that float on water to ones that float in the atmosphere of a planet by scientific or magical means.

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Flood basalt

A flood basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

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Flora of Colombia

The Flora of Colombia is characterized by 130,000 species of plants that have been described within Colombian territory.

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Florianópolis

Florianópolis is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina, in the South region of Brazil.

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Flory–Huggins solution theory

Flory–Huggins solution theory is a mathematical model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing.

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Flow tracer

A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track flow.

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Flower

A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms).

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Flower robot

In home automation systems and robotics, a flower robot is a simple electromechanical device with the appearance of a common flower, with components such as stem and leaves.

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Fluid Components International

Fluid Components International (FCI), headquartered in San Marcos, California, is a manufacturer of thermal dispersion flow and level measurement instrumentation.

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Fluid dynamics

In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids - liquids and gases.

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Fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them.

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Flushing (physiology)

For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions.

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Flux pumping

Flux pumping is a method for magnetising superconductors to fields in excess of 15 teslas.

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Flycatcher (radar)

The Flycatcher (KL/MSS-6720) radarsystem is a dual I/J/K-Band short range air defense fire control system.

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Flying ice cube

In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the flying ice cube effect is a numerical integration artifact in which the energy of high-frequency fundamental modes is drained into low-frequency modes, particularly into zero-frequency motions such as overall translation and rotation of the system.

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Foehn wind

A föhn or foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range.

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Food packaging

Food packaging is packaging for food.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Forecastfox Weather

Forecastfox Weather was a Firefox browser extension created by Ensolis that displays a summary of weather forecast for a given location in the status bar, menu bar or toolbar.

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Forecasting (heating)

Forecasting is a method of controlling building heating by calculating demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

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Foreplay

In human sexual behavior, foreplay is a set of emotionally and physically intimate acts between two or more people meant to create sexual arousal and desire for sexual activity.

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Forest fire weather index

The Forest fire weather index (FWI) (French: indice forêt météo, IFM) is an estimation of the risk of wildfire computed by Météo France and the Meteorological Service of Canada.

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Forest pathology

Forest pathology is the research of both biotic and abiotic maladies affecting the health of a forest ecosystem, primarily fungal pathogens and their insect vectors.

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Forests of the Iberian Peninsula

The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Formylmethanofuran—tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase

In enzymology, a formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are formylmethanofuran and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin, whereas its two products are methanofuran and 5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.

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Foster-Miller TALON

The Foster-Miller TALON remotely operated vehicle is a small, tracked military robot designed for missions ranging from reconnaissance to combat.

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FourU thermometer

FourU thermometers are a class of non-coding RNA thermometers found in Salmonella.

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Fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.

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Fragilariopsis kerguelensis

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, is a pennate diatom native to the Southern Ocean.

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Francis Thomas Bacon

Francis Thomas Bacon OBE FREng FRS (21 December 1904 at Ramsden Hall, Billericay, Essex, England – 24 May 1992) was an English engineer who developed the first practical hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell.

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Frank Washington Very

Frank Washington Very (1852 – November 23, 1927) was a U.S. astronomer.

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Fredericton

Fredericton is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

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Free convective layer

In atmospheric sciences, the free convective layer (FCL) is the layer of conditional or potential instability in the troposphere.

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Free energy perturbation

Free energy perturbation (FEP) is a method based on statistical mechanics that is used in computational chemistry for computing free energy differences from molecular dynamics or Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations.

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Free entropy

A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy.

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Free recoil

Free recoil is a vernacular term or jargon for recoil energy of a firearm not supported from behind.

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Freezing

Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

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Freezing level

The freezing level, or 0 °C (zero-degree) isotherm, represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere (i.e. allowing reflection of the sun by snow, etc.). Any given measure is valid for only a short period of time, often less than a day.

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Frenkel line

The Frenkel line is a line of change of thermodynamics, dynamics and structure of fluids.

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Frequency drift

In electrical engineering, and particularly in telecommunications, frequency drift is an unintended and generally arbitrary offset of an oscillator from its nominal frequency.

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Fresco

Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster.

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Friction

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

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Fries rearrangement

The Fries rearrangement reaction is one of the important reactions in organic chemistry.

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Frigorific mixture

A frigorific mixture is a mixture of two or more phases in a chemical system that, so long as none of the phases is consumed during equilibration, reaches an equilibrium temperature that is independent of the starting temperature of the phases before they are mixed.

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Front (oceanography)

In oceanography, a front is a boundary between two distinct water masses.

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Frost

Frost is the coating or deposit of ice that may form in humid air in cold conditions, usually overnight.

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Frost (temperature)

Frost or freezing occurs when the temperature of air falls below the freezing point of water (0 °C, 32 °F, 273.15 K).

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Frying

Frying is the cooking of food in oil or another fat.

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Fuel viscosity control

Fuel viscosity control is a technique to control viscosity and temperature of fuel oil (FO) for efficient combustion in diesel engines of motor vessels and generators of oil-fired power plants.

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Fulufjället National Park

Fulufjället National Park (Fulufjällets nationalpark) is a national park in central Sweden.

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Function of several real variables

In mathematical analysis, and applications in geometry, applied mathematics, engineering, natural sciences, and economics, a function of several real variables or real multivariate function is a function with more than one argument, with all arguments being real variables.

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Furnace Creek, California

Furnace Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California.

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Fusarium patch

Fusarium patch is a disease in turf grass settings also called pink snow mold or Microdochium patch.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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Fuzzy control system

A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic—a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false, respectively).

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Gafsa Governorate

Gafsa Governorate is one of the 24 governorates of Tunisia.

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Gaia hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis, also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.

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Galaxy groups and clusters

Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation.

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Galdieria sulphuraria

Galdieria sulphuraria is an extremophilic unicellular species of red algae.

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Galipeau Island

Galipeau Island is a Canadian island in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron.

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Galleria mellonella

Galleria mellonella, the greater wax moth or honeycomb moth, is a moth of the family Pyralidae.

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Gameplay of Stars!

In the Gameplay of Stars!, each player begins the game with a small fleet of starting ships and one planet (or occasionally two, depending on Primary Racial Trait and universe size.) From these beginnings they develop their empire until they come into contact with the races of other players.

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Garmash

Garmash (or Harmash in Ukrainian, Belarusian), (Cyrillic: Гармаш) — is a Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) last name derived from the word гармата (Ukr., Bel. harmáta, "gun, cannon").

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Gas constant

The gas constant is also known as the molar, universal, or ideal gas constant, denoted by the symbol or and is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per mole, i.e. the pressure-volume product, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle.

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Gas exchange

Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface.

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Gas hydrate stability zone

Gas hydrate stability zone, abbreviated GHSZ, also referred to as methane hydrate stability zone (MHSZ) or hydrate stability zone (HSZ), refers to a zone and depth of the marine environment at which methane clathrates naturally exist in the Earth's crust.

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Gas in a box

In quantum mechanics, the results of the quantum particle in a box can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a box which is a box containing a large number of molecules which do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions.

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Gas in a harmonic trap

The results of the quantum harmonic oscillator can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a harmonic trap, which is a harmonic potential containing a large number of particles that do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions.

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Gas kinetics

Gas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems.

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Gas laws

The gas laws were developed at the end of the 18th century, when scientists began to realize that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.

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Gas Mark

The Gas Mark is a temperature scale used on gas ovens and cookers in Great Britain, Ireland and some Commonwealth of Nations countries.

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Gas meter

A gas meter is a specialized flow meter, used to measure the volume of fuel gases such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas.

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Gas meter prover

A gas meter prover is a device which verifies the accuracy of a gas meter.

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Gas thermometer

A gas thermometer measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas.

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Gas-pak

Gas-pak is a method used in the production of an anaerobic environment.

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Gauge (instrument)

A gauge or gage, in science and engineering, is a device used to make measurements or in order to display certain dimensional information.

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Gauge factor

Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as: Where.

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Gay-Lussac's law

Gay-Lussac's law can refer to several discoveries made by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) and other scientists in the late 18th and early 19th centuries pertaining to thermal expansion of gases and the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure.

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GE Measurement & Control

GE Measurement & Control Solutions is an affiliate business of General Electric specializing in the design and manufacture of sensing elements, devices, instruments, and systems that enable customers to monitor, protect, control, and validate the safety of their critical processes and applications.

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Gemini 1

Gemini 1 was the first unmanned test flight of the Gemini spacecraft in NASA's Gemini program.

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Gemini Planet Imager

The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high contrast imaging instrument that was built for the Gemini South Telescope in Chile.

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General circulation model

A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model.

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General somatic afferent fibers

The general somatic afferent fibers (GSA, or somatic sensory fibers) afferent fibers arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves, except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the dorsal roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures.

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Generalized Helmholtz theorem

The generalized Helmholtz theorem is the multi-dimensional generalization of the Helmholtz theorem which is valid only in one dimension.

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Genetic screen

A genetic screen or mutagenesis screen is an experimental technique used to identify and select for individuals who possess a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population.

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Gentamicin protection assay

The gentamicin protection assay or survival assay or invasion assay is a method used in microbiology.

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Geochemical modeling

Geochemical modeling is the practice of using chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, or both, to analyze the chemical reactions that affect geologic systems, commonly with the aid of a computer.

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Geochemical Ocean Sections Study

The Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) was a global survey of the three-dimensional distributions of chemical, isotopic, and radiochemical tracers in the ocean.

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Geodetic astronomy

Geodetic astronomy or astro-geodesy is the application of astronomical methods into networks and technical projects of geodesy.

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Geographic range limit

A geographic range limit is the geographic boundary beyond which a species does not occur, the limit or limits of the range of a species.

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Geography of Hamilton, Ontario

Hamilton is located on the western end of the Niagara Peninsula and wraps around the westernmost part of the Lake Ontario, most of the city including the downtown section are on the south shore.

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Geography of Kuwait

Kuwait is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

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Geography of Saskatchewan

The geography of Saskatchewan (suskăch'uwun, –wän", săs"–, –oowun"), is unique among the provinces and territories of Canada in some respects.

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Geography of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic (Spanish: República Dominicana) is a country in the West Indies that occupies the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola.

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Geography of Yukon

Yukon is in the northwestern corner of Canada and is bordered by Alaska and the Northwest Territories.

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Geology of the Alps

The Alps form part of a Cenozoic orogenic belt of mountain chains, called the Alpide belt, that stretches through southern Europe and Asia from the Atlantic all the way to the Himalayas.

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George F. Stewart

George F. Stewart (February 22, 1908-March 18, 1982) was an American food scientist who was involved in processing, preservation, chemistry, and microbiology of poultry and egg-based food products.

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George Smoot

George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist, Nobel laureate, and one of two contestants to win the 1 million prize on Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?.

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Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.

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Geothermal gradient

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

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Geothermal power in the United Kingdom

The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.

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Germination

Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.

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Gerris lacustris

Gerris lacustris, commonly known as the common pond skater or common water strider, is a species of water strider, found across Europe.

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Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics

The Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics (Italian: Museo dell'Aeronautica Gianni Caproni) is Italy's oldest aviation museum, as well as the country's oldest corporate museum.

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Gibbons–Hawking effect

The Gibbons–Hawking effect is the statement that a temperature can be associated to each solution of the Einstein field equations that contains a causal horizon.

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Gibbs free energy

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function; also known as free enthalpy to distinguish it from Helmholtz free energy) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum of reversible work that may be performed by a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure (isothermal, isobaric).

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Gibbs–Helmholtz equation

The Gibbs–Helmholtz equation is a thermodynamic equation used for calculating changes in the Gibbs energy of a system as a function of temperature.

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Gilbert Walker

Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker, CSI, FRS (14 June 1868 – 4 November 1958) was an English physicist and statistician of the 20th century.

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Gino Claudio Segrè

Gino Claudio Segrè (born October 4, 1938) is a Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Giovanni Francesco Sagredo

Giovanni Francesco Sagredo (1571– 5 March 1620) was a Venetian mathematician and close friend of Galileo, who wrote: Many years ago I was often to be found in the marvelous city of Venice, in discussions with Signore Giovanni Francesco Sagredo, a man of noble extraction and trenchant wit. Galileo Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake He was also a friend and correspondent of English scientist William Gilbert.

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Giovanni Marliani

Giovanni Marliani was an Italian physicist, doctor, philosopher and astrologer who was born and lived during the Late Medieval period in northern Italy.

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Glacier

A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries.

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Glacier morphology

Glacier morphology, or the form a glacier takes, is influenced by temperature, precipitation, topography, and other factors.

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Glaciology

Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

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Gliese 581 planetary system

The Gliese 581 planetary system is the gravitationally bound system comprising the star Gliese 581 and the objects that orbit it.

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Gliese 581d

Gliese 581d (often shortened to Gl 581d or GJ 581d) is a possible extrasolar planet orbiting within the Gliese 581 system, approximately 20.4 light-years away in the Libra constellation.

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Gliese 581g

Gliese 581g, unofficially known as Zarmina (or Zarmina's World), is an unconfirmed (and frequently disputed) exoplanet claimed to orbit within the Gliese 581 system, twenty light-years from Earth.

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Gliese 876

Gliese 876 is a red dwarf approximately 15 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Aquarius.

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Gliese 876 b

Gliese 876 b is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 876.

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Gliese 876 c

Gliese 876 c is an exoplanet orbiting the red dwarf Gliese 876, taking about 30 days to complete an orbit.

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Global cooling

Global cooling was a conjecture during the 1970s of imminent cooling of the Earth's surface and atmosphere culminating in a period of extensive glaciation.

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Global Historical Climatology Network

The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) is a database of temperature, precipitation and pressure records managed by the National Climatic Data Center, Arizona State University and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

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Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars

Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS), is an instrument on board the European satellite Envisat launched 1 March 2002.

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Global storm activity of 2006

Global storm activity of 2006 profiles the major worldwide storms, including blizzards, ice storms, and other winter events, from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006.

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Global storm activity of 2010

The global storm activity of 2010 includes major meteorological events in the Earth's atmosphere during the year, including winter storms (blizzards, ice storms, European windstorms), hailstorms, out of season monsoon rain storms, extratropical cyclones, gales, microbursts, flooding, rainstorms, tropical cyclones, and other severe weather events.

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Global temperature record

The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.

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Globe valve

A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

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Globular cluster

A globular cluster is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite.

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Glomeris marginata

Glomeris marginata is a common European species of pill millipede.

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Glossary of aerospace engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of chemistry terms

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of civil engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of classical physics

This article is a glossary of classical physics.

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Glossary of ecology

This glossary of ecology is a list of definitions of terms and topics in ecology and related fields.

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Glossary of engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of fuel cell terms

The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry.

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Glossary of meteorology

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of physics

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of structural engineering

Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself.

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Glossary of tornado terms

The following is a glossary of tornado terms.

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Gnathia pilosus

Gnathia pilosus is the eighth gnathiid species to be described from South Africa.

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Gold Flex

Gold Flex is a non-woven fabric manufactured by Honeywell from Kevlar and often used in ballistic vests and body armor.

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Goldman equation

The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz voltage equation, more commonly known as the Goldman equation, is used in cell membrane physiology to determine the reversal potential across a cell's membrane, taking into account all of the ions that are permeant through that membrane.

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Gonepteryx rhamni

Gonepteryx rhamni (known as the common brimstone) is a butterfly of the family Pieridae.

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Gossberg (Hunsrück)

The Gossberg (Goßberg) is a hill with the highest point of 483m in the municipality of Wüschheim close to the border with Hundheim in the district of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis in the low mountain range of Hunsrück in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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Grain filler

A grain filler or paste wood filler is a woodworking product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish by filling pores in the wood grain.

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Grain growth

Grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature.

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Grand potential

The grand potential is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems.

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Grand unification epoch

In physical cosmology, assuming that nature is described by a Grand Unified Theory, the grand unification epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe following the Planck epoch, starting at about 10−43 seconds after the Big Bang, in which the temperature of the universe was comparable to the characteristic temperatures of grand unified theories.

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Granulite

Granulites are a class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism.

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Gravitational compression

Gravitational compression is a phenomenon in which gravity, acting on the mass of an object, compresses it, reducing its size and increases the object's density.

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Gray molasses

There are many methods for sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms to low temperatures.

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Great Storm of 1975

The Great Storm of 1975 (also known as the Super Bowl Blizzard, Minnesota's Storm of the Century, or the Tornado Outbreak of January, 1975) was an intense storm system that impacted a large portion of the Central and Southeast United States from January 9 to January 12, 1975.

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Greater Blue Mountains Area

The Greater Blue Mountains Area is a World Heritage Site in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia.

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Green urbanism

Green urbanism has been defined as the practice of creating communities beneficial to human and the environment.

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Green wood

Green wood is wood that has been recently cut and therefore has not had an opportunity to season (dry) by evaporation of the internal moisture.

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Greenbrier River Watershed Association

The Greenbrier River Watershed Association is one of the oldest watershed associations in the state of West Virginia, currently on its 15th year of existence.

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GRIB

GRIB (GRIdded Binary or General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary form) is a concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.

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Grigori Perelman

Grigori Yakovlevich Perelman (a; born 13 June 1966) is a Russian mathematician.

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Groasis Waterboxx

The Groasis Waterboxx is a device designed to help grow trees in dry areas.

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Ground state

The ground state of a quantum mechanical system is its lowest-energy state; the energy of the ground state is known as the zero-point energy of the system.

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Guanshan, Taitung

Guanshan Township is an urban township in northern Taitung County, Taiwan.

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Gubbata

Gubbata is a locality in the Central West region of New South Wales.

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Guided meditation

Guided meditation is a process by which one or more participants meditate in response to the guidance provided by a trained practitioner or teacher, either in person or via a written text, sound recording, video, or audiovisual media comprising music or verbal instruction, or a combination of both.

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Guillaume Amontons

Guillaume Amontons (31 August 1663 – 11 October 1705) was a French scientific instrument inventor and physicist.

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Guqin construction

The construction of the guqin Chinese zither is a complex process like any other musical instrument.

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Guyra, New South Wales

Guyra is a town situated midway between Armidale and Glen Innes on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.

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H I region

An HI region or H I region (read H one) is a cloud in the interstellar medium composed of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI), in addition to the local abundance of helium and other elements.

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H-factor

H-factor is a kinetic model for the rate of delignification in kraft pulping.

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H.R. 4801 (113th Congress)

The bill is a bill that would require the United States Secretary of Energy to prepare a report on the effects that thermal insulation has on both energy consumption and systems for providing potable water in federal buildings.

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Habitat

In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.

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Hadrurus spadix

Hadrurus spadix is a large (around 15 centimeters / 5.51 inches) scorpion native to the southern deserts of North America.

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Haemolysin expression modulating protein family

In molecular biology, the haemolysin expression modulating protein family is a family of proteins.

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Hall effect

The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

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Haller's organ

Haller's organ is a complex sensory organ possessed by ticks.

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Halocline

In oceanography, a halocline (from Greek hals, halo- ‘salt’ and klinein ‘to slope’) is a subtype of chemocline caused by a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water.

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Hand boiler

A hand boiler or (less commonly) love meter is a glass sculpture used as an experimental tool to demonstrate vapour-liquid equilibrium, or as a collector's item to whimsically "measure love." It consists of a lower bulb containing a volatile liquid and a mixture of gases that is connected usually by a twisting glass tube that connects to an upper or "receiving" glass bulb.

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Hand-colouring of photographs

Hand-colouring (or hand-coloring) refers to any method of manually adding colour to a black-and-white photograph, generally either to heighten the realism of the photograph or for artistic purposes.

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Hans Berger

Hans Berger (21 May 1873 – 1 June 1941) was a German psychiatrist.

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Hard water

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water").

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Hardware stress test

Stress test (sometimes called a torture test) is a form of deliberately intense and thorough testing used to determine the stability of a given system or entity.

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Harlequin-type ichthyosis

Harlequin-type ichthyosis is a genetic disorder which results in thickened skin over nearly the entire body at birth.

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Hastings, Ontario

Hastings is an amalgamated village within the municipality of Trent Hills, Northumberland County, in the province of Ontario, Canada.

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Hawking radiation

Hawking radiation is blackbody radiation that is predicted to be released by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

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Haynes–Shockley experiment

In semiconductor physics, the Haynes–Shockley experiment was an experiment that demonstrated that diffusion of minority carriers in a semiconductor could result in a current.

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Hōjicha

is a Japanese green tea.

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HD 142415

HD 142415 is a 7th magnitude yellow main-sequence star 113 light years from Earth in the southern constellation Norma.

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HD 15558

HD 15558 (HIP 11832) is a massive O-type multiple star system in the constellation of Cassiopeia.

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HD 168443 b

HD 168443 b is a planet seven times as massive as Jupiter.

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HD 173417

HD 173417 is a 6th magnitude star in the constellation Lyra, approximately 169 light years away from Earth.

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HD 259431

HD 259431 (MWC 147 or V700 Monocerotis) is a young stellar object in the constellation of Monoceros.

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HD 28185 b

HD 28185 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 138 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus.

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HD 40307 b

HD 40307 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor.

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HD 40307 c

HD 40307 c is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years away in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor.

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HD 40307 d

HD 40307 d is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 40307, located 42 light-years from Earth in the direction of the southern constellation Pictor.

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Heard Island glaciers

The Heard Island glaciers covered 79 percent of Heard Island itself, in 1947, covering 288 km2; by 1988, this had decreased by 11 percent to 257 km2.

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Heat

In thermodynamics, heat is energy transferred from one system to another as a result of thermal interactions.

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Heat advisory

A Heat Advisory is issued by the National Weather Service of the United States..

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Heat burst

In meteorology, a heat burst is a rare atmospheric phenomenon characterized by gusty winds along with a rapid increase in temperature and decrease in dew point (moisture).

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Heat capacity

Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or removed from) an object to the resulting temperature change.

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Heat capacity rate

The heat capacity rate is heat transfer terminology used in thermodynamics and different forms of engineering denoting the quantity of heat a flowing fluid of a certain mass flow rate is able to absorb or release per unit temperature change per unit time.

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Heat death paradox

Formulated in 1862 by Lord Kelvin, Hermann von Helmholtz and William John Macquorn Rankine, the heat death paradox, also known as Clausius's paradox and thermodynamic paradox, is a reductio ad absurdum argument that uses thermodynamics to show the impossibility of an infinitely old universe.

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Heat deflection temperature

The heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (HDT, HDTUL, or DTUL) is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load.

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Heat engine

In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.

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Heat equation

The heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that describes the distribution of heat (or variation in temperature) in a given region over time.

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Heat index

The heat index (HI) or humiture is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade.

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Heat kernel

In the mathematical study of heat conduction and diffusion, a heat kernel is the fundamental solution to the heat equation on a specified domain with appropriate boundary conditions.

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Heat sealer

A heat sealer is a machine used to seal products, packaging, and other thermoplastic materials using heat.

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Heat transfer

Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.

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Heat transfer through fins

Fins are extensions on exterior surfaces of objects that increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the object by increasing convection.

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Heated glass

Heated glass is a resistance heater created when a transparent, electrically conductive coating is applied to float glass and then subjected to an electric current.

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Heating degree day

Heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to heat a building.

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Heinrich Bruns

Ernst Heinrich Bruns (4 September 1848 – 23 September 1919) was a German mathematician and astronomer, who also contributed to the development of the field of theoretical geodesy.

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Helen Czerski

Helen Czerski (born 1 November 1978) is a physicist and oceanographer and television presenter.

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Heliciculture

Heliciculture, also known as heliculture, commonly known as snail farming, is the process of raising land snails specifically for human use, either to use their flesh as edible escargot, or more recently, to obtain snail slime for use in cosmetics, or snail eggs for human consumption as a type of caviar.

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Helicoverpa zea

Helicoverpa zea, commonly known as the corn earworm, is a species (formerly in the genus Heliothis) in the family Noctuidae.

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Heliox (cryogenic equipment)

Heliox is a cryogenically cooled system produced by Oxford Instruments.

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Helium-3 refrigerator

A helium-3 refrigerator is a simple device used in experimental physics for obtaining temperatures down to about 0.2 kelvins.

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Hellmuth Walter

Hellmuth Walter (26 August 1900 – 16 December 1980) was a German engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.

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Helmholtz free energy

In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume.

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Helmholtz theorem (classical mechanics)

The Helmholtz theorem of classical mechanics reads as follows: Let be the Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system, where is the kinetic energy and is a "U-shaped" potential energy profile which depends on a parameter V. Let \left\langle \cdot \right\rangle _ denote the time average.

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Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics or hæmodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow.

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Hemorheology

Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (from the Greek ‘αἷμα, haima "blood" and rheology), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells.

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Henry Louis Le Chatelier

Henry Louis Le Chatelier (8 October 1850 – 17 September 1936) was a French chemist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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HEPES

HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) is a zwitterionic organic chemical buffering agent; one of the twenty Good's buffers.

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Herring–Nabarro creep

Nabarro–Herring creep is a mode of deformation of crystalline materials (and amorphous materials) that occurs at low stresses and held at elevated temperatures in fine-grained materials.

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High pressure

In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure.

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High-density polyethylene

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum.

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High-performance liquid chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.

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Highlands, North Carolina

Highlands is an incorporated town in Macon County in the U.S. state of North Carolina.

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Hilbert space

The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space.

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History of astronomy

Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World (see astrology and astronomy).

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History of chemistry

The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present.

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History of entropy

The concept of entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from combustion reactions is always lost to dissipation or friction and is thus not transformed into useful work.

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History of heat

The history of heat has a prominent place in the history of science.

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History of microeconomics

Microeconomics is the study of the behaviour of individuals and small impacting organisations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources.

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History of numerical weather prediction

The history of numerical weather prediction considers how current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather and future sea state (the process of numerical weather prediction) has changed over the years.

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History of quantum mechanics

The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics.

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History of superconductivity

Superconductivity is the phenomenon of certain materials exhibiting zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields below a characteristic temperature.

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History of The Weather Channel

The Weather Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Byron Allen's Entertainment Studios that focuses on national and international weather information; although in recent years, the channel has also incorporated entertainment-based programs related to weather on its schedule.

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History of thermodynamics

The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general.

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Hodograph

A hodograph is a diagram that gives a vectorial visual representation of the movement of a body or a fluid.

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Hollomon–Jaffe parameter

The Hollomon–Jaffe parameter, or HP, also generally known as the Larson-Miller parameter, describes the effect of a heat treatment at a temperature for a certain time.

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Holmium

Holmium is a chemical element with symbol Ho and atomic number 67.

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.

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Homologous temperature

Homologous temperature expresses the temperature of a material as a fraction of its melting point temperature using the Kelvin scale: T_H.

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Horizontal branch

The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's.

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Hot chocolate

Hot chocolate, also known as Chocolate tea, drinking chocolate or just cocoa is a heated beverage consisting of shaved chocolate, melted chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener.

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Hot water reset

Hot water reset is an energy-saving automatic control algorithm for hot water boilers that are typically fired with fuel oil or natural gas.

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Hounsfield scale

The Hounsfield scale or CT numbers, named after Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, is a quantitative scale for describing radiodensity.

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Houtman Abrolhos

The Houtman Abrolhos (often informally called the Abrolhos Islands) is a chain of 122 islands, and associated coral reefs, in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Australia.

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Hovmöller diagram

A Hovmöller diagram is a commonly used way of plotting meteorological data to highlight the role of waves.

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Hs and Ts

The H's and T's is a mnemonic used to aid in remembering the possible reversible causes of cardiac arrest.

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Hualien City

Hualien City is a county-controlled city and the county seat of Hualien County, Taiwan.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human parainfluenza viruses

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza.

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Human scale

Human scale is the set of physical qualities, and quantities of information, characterizing the human body, its motor, sensory, or mental capabilities, and human social institutions.

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Human skin

The human skin is the outer covering of the body.

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Humidex

The humidex (short for humidity index) is an index number used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to the average person, by combining the effect of heat and humidity.

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Humidistat

A humidistat is an electronic device analogous to a thermostat but which responds to relative humidity, not temperature.

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Humidity

Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.

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Husk

Husk (or hull) in botany is the outer shell or coating of a seed.

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Hydrargyrum quartz iodide

Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) is a trademark name of Osram's brand of metal halide lamps made for general floodlighting, arena floodlighting, shop and commercial and industrial lighting.

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Hydration system

A hydration system is an apparatus used in recreation and other sustained outdoor activities.

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Hydraulic analogy

The electronic–hydraulic analogy (derisively referred to as the drain-pipe theory by Oliver Lodge) is the most widely used analogy for "electron fluid" in a metal conductor.

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Hydraulic head

Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a geodetic datum.

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Hydraulic seal

A hydraulic seal is a relatively soft, non-metallic ring, captured in a groove or fixed in a combination of rings, forming a seal assembly, to block or separate fluid in reciprocating motion applications.

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Hydrocarbon dew point

The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature (at a given pressure) at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas, will start to condense out of the gaseous phase.

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Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.

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Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Hydrogen safety

Hydrogen safety covers the safe production, handling and use of hydrogen - particularly hydrogen gas fuel and liquid hydrogen.

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Hydrological modelling

A hydrologic model is a simplification of a real-world system (e.g., surface water, soil water, wetland, groundwater, estuary) that aids in understanding, predicting, and managing water resources.

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Hydrology of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)

This article is about the hydrology of Fishing Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River.

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Hydrosere

A hydrosere is a plant succession which occurs in an area of fresh water such as in oxbow lakes and kettle lakes.

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Hygrometer

A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the amount of humidity and water vapor in the atmosphere, in soil, or in confined spaces.

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Hyperloop pod competition

The Hyperloop Pod Competition is a competition sponsored by SpaceX in 2015–2018 where a number of student and non-student teams are participating to design—and for some, build—a subscale prototype transport vehicle to demonstrate technical feasibility of various aspects of the Hyperloop concept.

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Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that is highly supersonic.

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Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.

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Hyperthermia therapy

Hyperthermia therapy is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to higher temperatures in an effort to treat cancer.

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Hypobaric chamber

A hypobaric chamber, or altitude chamber, is a chamber used during aerospace or high terrestrial altitude research or training to simulate the effects of high altitude on the human body, especially hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypobaria (low ambient air pressure).

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Hypsometric equation

The hypsometric equation, also known as the thickness equation, relates an atmospheric pressure ratio to the equivalent thickness of an atmospheric layer under the assumptions of constant temperature and gravity.

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I Got a Rocket

I Got a Rocket is an Australian animated series centered on a boy named Vincent "Vinnie", who received a rocket for his 13th birthday.

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ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries.

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Ice calving

Ice calving, also known as glacier calving or iceberg calving, is the breaking of ice chunks from the edge of a glacier.

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Ice cave

An ice cave is any type of natural cave (most commonly lava tubes or limestone caves) that contains significant amounts of perennial (year-round) ice.

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Ice crystals

Ice crystals are solid ice exhibiting atomic ordering on various length scales and include hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates, dendritic crystals, and diamond dust.

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Ice fog

Ice fog is a type of fog consisting of fine ice crystals suspended in the air.

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Ice lens

Ice lenses are bodies of ice formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates in a localized zone.

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Ice segregation

Ice segregation is the geological phenomenon produced by the formation of ice lenses, which induce erosion when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates in a localized zone.

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Icephobicity

Icephobicity (from ice and Greek φόβος phobos "fear") is the ability of a solid surface to repel ice or prevent ice formation due to a certain topographical structure of the surface.

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Icing (nautical)

Icing on ships is a serious hazard where cold temperatures (below about) combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately on contact with the ship.

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Idaho Batholith ecoregion

The Idaho Batholith ecoregion is a Level III ecoregion designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana.

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Ideal gas

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions.

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Ideal gas law

The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas.

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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.

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Igneous petrology

Igneous petrology is the study of igneous rocks—those that are formed from magma.

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Igneous rock

Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.

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Ignition Component

(A component of the NFDRS-National Fire Danger Rating System) The Ignition Component is a number which relates the probability that a fire will result if a firebrand is introduced into a fine fuel complex.

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Ignition timing

In a spark ignition internal combustion engine, Ignition timing refers to the timing, relative to the current piston position and crankshaft angle, of the release of a spark in the combustion chamber near the end of the compression stroke.

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Iguanita Wildlife Refuge

Iguanita Wildlife Refuge is a wildlife refuge, part of the Guanacaste Conservation Area, in Guanacaste Province, northwestern Costa Rica.

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Immobilized enzyme

An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride).

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Imotski

Imotski (Imoschi; Emotha, later Imota) is a small town situated on the northern side of Biokovo massif, Dalmatian Hinterland, Croatia.

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Implicit solvation

Implicit solvation (sometimes termed continuum solvation) is a method to represent solvent as a continuous medium instead of individual “explicit” solvent molecules, most often used in molecular dynamics simulations and in other applications of molecular mechanics.

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In-gel digestion

The in-gel digestion is part of the sample preparation for the mass spectrometric identification of proteins in course of proteomic analysis.

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Incubator (culture)

In biology, an incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures.

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Index of aerospace engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to aerospace engineering.

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Index of electrical engineering articles

This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to electrical and electronics engineering.

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Index of meteorology articles

This is a list of meteorology topics.

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Index of physics articles (T)

The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.

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India Water Portal

India Water Portal is an open, inclusive website that shares knowledge and resources on water in India.

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Indigenous architecture

The recent field of Indigenous Architecture refers to the study and practice of architecture of, for and by Indigenous people.

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Indotyphlops braminus

Indotyphlops braminus, commonly known as the brahminy blind snake and other names, is a nonvenomous blind snake species found mostly in Africa and Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world.

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Industrial data processing

Industrial data processing is a branch of applied computer science that covers the area of design and programming of computerized systems which are not computers as such — often referred to as embedded systems (PLCs, automated systems, intelligent instruments, etc.). The products concerned contain at least one microprocessor or microcontroller, as well as couplers (for I/O).

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Industrial fermentation

Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as eukaryotic cells like CHO cells and insect cells, to make products useful to humans.

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Industrial fire

An Industrial fire is a type of industrial disaster involving a conflagration which occurs in an industrial setting.

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Industrial oven

Industrial ovens are heated chambers used for a variety of industrial applications, including drying, curing, or baking components, parts or final products.

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Inexact differential

An inexact differential or imperfect differential is a specific type of differential used in thermodynamics to express the path dependence of a particular differential.

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Infant bathing

Infant bathing is the practice and activity of cleaning an infant by bathing.

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Infection control

Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection, a practical (rather than academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology.

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Infiltration (hydrology)

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.

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Infrared

Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.

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Infrared signature

The term infrared signature is used by defense scientists and the military to describe the appearance of objects to infrared sensors.

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Infrared Space Observatory

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was a space telescope for infrared light designed and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), in cooperation with ISAS (part of JAXA as of 2003) and NASA.

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Ingelheim am Rhein

Ingelheim am Rhein is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany on the Rhine’s west bank.

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Inline process refractometer

Inline process refractometers are a type of refractometer designed for the continuous measurement of a fluid flowing through a pipe or inside a tank.

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Instability strip

The unqualified term instability strip usually refers to a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram largely occupied by several related classes of pulsating variable stars: Delta Scuti variables, SX Phoenicis variables, and rapidly oscillating Ap stars (roAps) near the main sequence; RR Lyrae variables where it intersects the horizontal branch; and the Cepheid variables where it crosses the supergiants.

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Instrumental temperature record

The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures.

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Instrumentation in petrochemical industries

Instrumentation in petrochemical industries basically consists of flow meters, pressure transmitters, level sensors, temperature sensors, and analysis instruments.

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Insulated pipe

Insulated pipes (called also preinsulated pipes or bonded pipe) are widely used for district heating and hot water supply in Europe.

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Insulation system

The electrical insulation system for wires used in generators, electric motors, transformers, and other wire-wound electrical components is divided into different classes by temperature and temperature rise.

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Integrated computational materials engineering

Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is an approach to design products, the materials that comprise them, and their associated materials processing methods by linking materials models at multiple length scales.

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Integrating factor

In mathematics, an integrating factor is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a given equation involving differentials.

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Integumentary system

The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.

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Intelligent Platform Management Interface

The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) is a set of computer interface specifications for an autonomous computer subsystem that provides management and monitoring capabilities independently of the host system's CPU, firmware (BIOS or UEFI) and operating system.

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Intensive and extensive properties

Physical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive quantities, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes.

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Intermediate value theorem

In mathematical analysis, the intermediate value theorem states that if a continuous function, f, with an interval,, as its domain, takes values f(a) and f(b) at each end of the interval, then it also takes any value between f(a) and f(b) at some point within the interval.

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Intermittent claudication

Intermittent claudication (Latin: claudicatio intermittens), also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest.

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Intermittent fever

Intermittent fever is a type or pattern of fever in which there is an interval where temperature is elevated for several hours followed by an interval when temperature drops back to normal.

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Internal ballistics

Internal ballistics (also interior ballistics), a subfield of ballistics, is the study of the propulsion of a projectile.

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Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

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Internal energy

In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields.

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Internal pressure

Internal pressure is a measure of how the internal energy of a system changes when it expands or contracts at constant temperature.

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International Civil Aviation Organization

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale, OACI), is a specialized agency of the United Nations.

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International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set

The International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) is a digital database of 261 million weather observations made by ships, weather ships, and weather buoys spanning the years 1662 to 2007.

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International Programme for Antarctic Buoys

The International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) is a component of the WCRP.

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International Reference Ionosphere

International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) started 1968/69.

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International Standard Atmosphere

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is an atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations.

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International System of Units

The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.

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Intertidal ecology

Intertidal ecology is the study of intertidal ecosystems, where organisms live between the low and high tide lines.

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Intertidal zone

The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (in other words, the area between tide marks).

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Introduction to entropy

Entropy is an important concept in the branch of physics known as thermodynamics.

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Introduction to general relativity

General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915.

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Inyokern, California

Inyokern (formerly Siding 16 and Magnolia) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kern County, California, United States.

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Ion-mobility spectrometry

Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used to separate and identify ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas.

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Ionosphere

The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about to altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.

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IOS 10

iOS 10 is the tenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 9.

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Ironsand

Ironsand also known as iron-sand and iron sand is a type of sand with heavy concentrations of iron.

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Isan

Isan (Isan/อีสาน,; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ऐशान aiśāna or Sanskrit ऐशान aiśāna "northeast") consists of 20 provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand.

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Isentropic process

In thermodynamics, an isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible.

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Isle of Portland

The Isle of Portland is a limestone tied island, long by wide, in the English Channel.

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Isochoric process

An isochoric process, also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant.

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Isopentane

Isopentane, C5H12, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.

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Isothermal flow

Isothermal flow is a model of compressible fluid flow whereby the flow remains at the same temperature while flowing in a conduit.

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Isothermal process

An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT.

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Isotopic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance

Isotopic analysis is one of the most difficult scientific processes in the history of man.

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Istria County

Istria County (Istarska županija; Regione istriana, "Istrian Region") is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula (out of, or 89%).

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ITER

ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.

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IVT

IVT may refer to:;In computing.

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Ixodes ricinus

Ixodes ricinus, the castor bean tick, is a chiefly European species of hard-bodied tick.

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Ixora coccinea

Ixora coccinea (also known as jungle geranium, flame of the woods or jungle flame) is a species of flowering plant in the Rubiaceae family.

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ΔT (disambiguation)

ΔT is the time difference between Universal Time, a time scale based on the Earth's non-uniform rotation, and Terrestrial Time, a uniform time scale currently based on the caesium atomic clock.

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Jacketed vessel

In chemical engineering, a jacketed vessel is a container that is designed for controlling temperature of its contents, by using a cooling or heating "jacket" around the vessel through which a cooling or heating fluid is circulated.

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Jaeger-LeCoultre

Jaeger-LeCoultre is a Swiss luxury watch and clock manufacturer based in Le Sentier, Switzerland, that dates back to the first half of the nineteenth century, founded by Antoine LeCoultre in 1833.

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Jakob von Uexküll

Jakob Johann Baron von Uexküll (8 September 1864 – 25 July 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology, animal behaviour studies, and the cybernetics of life.

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James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire.

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Jane Barbe

Jane Barbe (pronounced ˈbɑɹ.bi BAR-bee; July 29, 1928 – July 18, 2003) was an American voice actress and singer.

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Jaraguá do Sul

Jaraguá do Sul is a city located in the north of the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.

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JASCO Applied Sciences

JASCO Applied Sciences is a group of international companies that provides services and manufactures equipment to measure underwater sound.

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Jatene procedure

The Jatene procedure, arterial switch operation or arterial switch, is an open heart surgical procedure used to correct dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA); its development was pioneered by Canadian cardiac surgeon William Mustard and it was named for Brazilian cardiac surgeon Adib Jatene, who was the first to use it successfully.

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Jaynagar Majilpur

Jaynagar Majilpur, popularly known as Jaynagar, is a city and a municipality of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian State of West Bengal.

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Jean Messagier

Jean Messagier (Paris, 13 July 1920 – Montbéliard, 10 September 1999) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker and poet.

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Jeans instability

In stellar physics, the Jeans instability causes the collapse of interstellar gas clouds and subsequent star formation.

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Jerry Huckaby

Thomas Jerald Huckaby, usually known as Jerry Huckaby (born July 19, 1941), is a retired American businessman who served from 1977 to 1993 as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 5th congressional district, at the time mostly in the northeastern quadrant of the state.

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Jet standard atmosphere

Jet Standard Atmosphere is often used by jet manufactures.

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Jicamarca Radio Observatory

The Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) is the equatorial anchor of the Western Hemisphere chain of Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) observatories extending from Lima, Peru to Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland.

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Jingmen

Jingmen is a prefecture-level city in central Hubei province, People's Republic of China.

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Johann Georg Gmelin

Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.

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Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost

Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost (27 November 1715 – 2 December 1794) was a German doctor and theologian who first described the scientific phenomenon eponymously named the Leidenfrost effect.

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John D. Hamaker

John D. Hamaker (1914–1994), was an American mechanical engineer, ecologist, agronomist and science writer in the fields of soil regeneration, rock dusting, mineral cycles, climate cycles and glaciology.

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John Harrison

John Harrison (– 24 March 1776) was a self-educated English carpenter and clockmaker who invented a marine chronometer, a long-sought-after device for solving the problem of calculating longitude while at sea.

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John Herapath

John Herapath (30 May 1790 – 24 February 1868) was an English physicist who gave a partial account of the kinetic theory of gases in 1820 though it was neglected by the scientific community at the time.

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Johnson–Nyquist noise

Johnson–Nyquist noise (thermal noise, Johnson noise, or Nyquist noise) is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of the charge carriers (usually the electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied voltage.

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Jonathan Homer Lane

Jonathan Homer Lane (August 9, 1819 – May 3, 1880) was an American astrophysicist and inventor.

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Joseph Jules Dejerine

Joseph Jules Dejerine (3 August 1849 – 26 February 1917), was a French neurologist.

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Joule heating

Joule heating, also known as Ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.

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Jubilee Church

The Jubilee Church, formally known as Chiesa di Dio Padre Misericordioso (Italian for Church of God the Merciful Father), is a Roman Catholic church and community center in Tor Tre Teste in Rome.

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Jules-Auguste Béclard

Jules–Auguste Béclard (December 17, 1817 – February 9, 1887) was a French physiologist born in Paris.

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Junction City, Kansas

Junction City is a city and county seat of Geary County, Kansas, United States.

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Kaidi Finland

Kaidi Finland is a Finnish energy company that specializes in renewable energy.

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Kalpana-1

Kalpana-1 is the first dedicated meteorological satellite launched by Indian Space Research Organisation using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 2002-09-12.

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Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts

The Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts is located in Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

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Kaolinite

Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.

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Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park

The Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park (Parku Detar Karaburun-Sazan) is a marine park in Vlorë County in southwestern Albania.

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Karkar Geothermal Power Plant

The Karkar Geothermal Power Plant (Karkar GTPP) (Կարկառի երկրաջերմաէլեկտրակայան) is a proposed geothermal power plant to be constructed in Armenia.

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Katabatic wind

A katabatic wind (named from the Greek word κατάβασις katabasis, meaning "descending") is the technical name for a drainage wind, a wind that carries high-density air from a higher elevation down a slope under the force of gravity.

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Katsuura, Chiba

is a city located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

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Keith Tyson

Keith Tyson (born Keith Thomas Bower,, Mead Carney Fine Art. Retrieved 9 June 2012. 23 August 1969) is an English artist.

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Kelvin

The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.

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Kelvin equation

The Kelvin equation describes the change in vapour pressure due to a curved liquid–vapor interface, such as the surface of a droplet.

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Kepler-283c

Kepler-283c is an exoplanet orbiting the K-type star, Kepler-283 every 93 days in the circumstellar habitable zone.

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Kepler-89e

Kepler-89e, also known as KOI-94e, is an exoplanet in the constellation of Cygnus.

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Kerosene lamp

A kerosene lamp (also known as a paraffin lamp in some countries) is a type of lighting device that uses kerosene (paraffin) as a fuel.

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Khanaspur

Khanaspur (خانسپور) is one of the tourist mountain resort towns of the Galyat area of Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

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Khanka Nature Reserve

Khanka Nature Reserve (Ханкайский заповедник) (also Khankaisky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) that covers portions of the shore and waters of Lake Khanka, the largest freshwater lake in the Russian Far East.

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Khibiny Mountains

The Khibiny Massif, Khibiny Mountains, Khibinsky Mountains or Khibins, Khibinsky tundras, Khibiny (Хиби́ны) is one of the two main mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, within the Arctic Circle, located between Imandra and Umbozero lakes.

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Khizergarh

Khizergarh (Kanaur) (ਖਿਜ਼ਰਗੜ੍ਹ (ਕਨੌੜ)) is a village in Banur area of Mohali(SAS Nagar) at the 18th District in Punjab, India.

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Kilflynn

Kilflynn is a village and a civil parish in north County Kerry, Ireland.

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Kilkenny

Kilkenny.

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Kiln

A kiln (or, originally pronounced "kill", with the "n" silent) is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.

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Kinesis (biology)

Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus.

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Kinetic theory of gases

The kinetic theory describes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant rapid motion that has randomness arising from their many collisions with each other and with the walls of the container.

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Kip Siegel

Keeve M. (Kip) Siegel (1923-1975) was a US physicist.

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Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation

In heat transfer, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation refers to wavelength-specific radiative emission and absorption by a material body in thermodynamic equilibrium, including radiative exchange equilibrium.

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Kirstine Meyer

Kirstine Bjerrum Meyer (12 October 1861 – 28 September 1941) was a Danish physicist.

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Klaus von Klitzing

Klaus von Klitzing (born 28 June 1943, Schroda) is a German physicist, known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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Knightscope

Knightscope, Inc. (also known as Knightscope) was founded in 2013, and is headquartered in Silicon Valley, California.

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Knudsen absolute manometer

A Knudsen absolute manometer is an instrument to measure absolute pressures.

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Kobar

Kobar (كوبر) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the northern West Bank.

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Kodaikanal Solar Observatory

The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory is a solar observatory owned and operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.

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Kootenai National Forest

The Kootenai National Forest is a national forest located in the far northwestern section of Montana and the northeasternmost lands in the Idaho panhandle in the United States, along the Canada–US border.

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Kot lalu

Kot lalu (ڪوٽ لالُو) is a town located in Khairpur district.

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Krafft temperature

The Krafft temperature (also known as Krafft point, or critical micelle temperature) is the minimum temperature at which surfactants form micelles.

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Kramers' opacity law

Kramers' opacity law describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the absorption of light during ionization of a bound electron) or free-free absorption (the absorption of light when scattering a free ion, also called bremsstrahlung).

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Krotite

Krotite is a natural mineral composed of calcium, aluminium and oxygen, with the molecular formula CaAl2O4.

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KT (energy)

kT is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k, and the temperature, T. This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on (see Arrhenius equation, Boltzmann factor).

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Kukës

Kukës (Kukësi) is a city in the Republic of Albania.

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Kutno

Kutno is a town located in central Poland with 44,718 inhabitants (2016) and an area of.

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La Superba

La Superba (Y CVn, Y Canum Venaticorum) is a variable star in the constellation Canes Venatici, well known for its strikingly red appearance.

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Labial thermistor clip

The labial thermistor clip is a device used measure the skin temperature of the labia minora and is associated blood engorgement.

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Laboratory

A laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.

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Lactase

Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms.

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Lactobacillus pontis

Lactobacillus pontis is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive facultatively anaerobic bacterium.

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Laguna de Santa Rosa

The Laguna de Santa Rosa is a wetland complex that drains a watershed encompassing most of the Santa Rosa Plain in Sonoma County, California, USA.

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Lake

A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.

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Lake Chillisquaque

Lake Chillisquaque (also known as Montour Lake) is a lake and reservoir in Montour County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.

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Lake chub

The lake chub (Couesius plumbeus) is a freshwater cyprinid fish found in Canada and in parts of the United States.

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Lake County wine

Lake County wine is an appellation that designates wine made from grapes grown mostly in Lake County, California, located north of Napa County.

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Lake Hévíz

Lake Hévíz is located in Hévíz, Hungary, near the western end of Lake Balaton, from Keszthely.

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Lake James (Indiana)

Lake James is a natural lake located in the northeast corner of the state of Indiana in the United States.

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Lake Khanka

Lake Khanka (о́зеро Ха́нка) or Lake Xingkai, is a freshwater lake on the border between Primorsky Krai, Russia and Heilongjiang province, Northeast China (at).

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Lake of the Woods (Oregon)

Lake of the Woods is a natural lake near the crest of the Cascade Range in the Fremont–Winema National Forest in southern Oregon in the United States.

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Lake Perris

Lake Perris is an artificial lake completed in 1973.

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Lambda point

The Lambda point is the temperature at which normal fluid helium (helium I) makes the transition to superfluid helium II (approximately 2.17 K at 1 atmosphere).

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Lamm equation

The Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells.

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Land surface effects on climate

Land surface effects on climate are wide-ranging and vary by region.

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Landfill gas monitoring

Landfill gas monitoring is the process by which gases that are collected or released from landfills are electronically monitored.

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Landing

Landing is the last part of a flight, where a flying animal, aircraft, or spacecraft returns to the ground.

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Langmuir–Blodgett film

A Langmuir–Blodgett film contains one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid.

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Lapse rate

Lapse rate is the rate at which Earth's atmospheric temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude.

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Laser cooling

Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near absolute zero.

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Laser drilling

Laser drilling is the process of creating thru-holes, referred to as “popped” holes or “percussion drilled” holes, by repeatedly pulsing focused laser energy on a material.

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Laser schlieren deflectometry

Laser schlieren deflectometry (LSD) is a method for a high-speed measurement of the gas temperature in microscopic dimensions, in particular for temperature peaks under dynamic conditions at atmospheric pressure.

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Last universal common ancestor

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA), also called the last universal ancestor (LUA), cenancestor, or (incorrectlyThere is a common misconception that definitions of LUCA and progenote are the same; however, progenote is defined as an organism “still in the process of evolving the relationship between genotype and phenotype”, and it is only hypothesed that LUCA is a progenote.) progenote, is the most recent population of organisms from which all organisms now living on Earth have a common descent.

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Late embryogenesis abundant proteins

Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins (LEA proteins) are proteins in animals and plants that protect other proteins from aggregation due to desiccation or osmotic stresses associated with low temperature.

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Latin letters used in mathematics

Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, physical entities.

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Law of Maximum

The Law of Maximum also known as Law of the Maximum is a principle developed by Arthur Wallace which states that total growth of a crop or a plant is proportional to about 70 growth factors.

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Laws of thermodynamics

The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium.

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Lazarus effect

The Lazarus effect refers to semiconductor detectors; when these are used in harsh radiation environments, defects begin to appear in the semiconductor crystal lattice as atoms become displaced because of the interaction with the high-energy traversing particles.

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Léon Teisserenc de Bort

Léon Philippe Teisserenc de Bort (5 November 1855 in Paris, France – 2 January 1913 in Cannes, France) was a French meteorologist and a pioneer in the field of aerology.

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López de Micay

López de Micay is a town and municipality in the Cauca Department, Colombia.

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Lōʻihi Seamount

Lōihi Seamount (also known as Lōʻihi) is an active submarine volcano about off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii.

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Le Chatelier's principle

Le Chatelier's principle, also called Chatelier's principle or "The Equilibrium Law", can be used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on some chemical equilibria.

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Le Puy Mine

The le Puy Mine is an ancient lead mine in the northwestern Massif Central, France.

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Le Sage's theory of gravitation

Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748.

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Leak

A leak is a way (usually an opening) for fluid to escape a container or fluid-containing system, such as a tank or a ship's hull, through which the contents of the container can escape or outside matter can enter the container.

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Leak detection

Pipeline leak detection is used to determine if and in some cases where a leak has occurred in systems which contain liquids and gases.

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Lee wave

In meteorology, lee waves are atmospheric stationary waves.

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Lefortovo Tunnel

Lefortovo Tunnel (Лефо́ртовский тоннель) is a road tunnel in the Lefortovo District in Moscow, Russia, opened in 2003.

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Lego RoboRiders

The RoboRiders was a short-lived series launched in 2000 by LEGO after the Slizers.

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Leidenfrost effect

The Leidenfrost effect is a physical phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer keeping that liquid from boiling rapidly.

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Lenticel

A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of dicotyledonous flowering plants.

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Leova District

Leova District is a district (raion) in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Leova.

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Lethbridge

Lethbridge is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada, and the largest city in southern Alberta.

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Leucyl aminopeptidase

Leucyl aminopeptidases (leucine aminopeptidase, LAPs, leucyl peptidase, peptidase S, cytosol aminopeptidase, cathepsin III, L-leucine aminopeptidase, leucinaminopeptidase, leucinamide aminopeptidase, FTBL proteins, proteinates FTBL, aminopeptidase II, aminopeptidase III, aminopeptidase I) are enzymes that preferentially catalyze the hydrolysis of leucine residues at the N-terminus of peptides and proteins.

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Level of free convection

The level of free convection (LFC) is the altitude in the atmosphere where the temperature of the environment decreases faster than the moist adiabatic lapse rate of a saturated air parcel at the same level.

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Level sensor

Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface.

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Life extension

Life extension science, also known as anti-aging medicine, indefinite life extension, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan.

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Life on Earth (TV series)

Life on Earth: A Natural History by David Attenborough is a British television natural history series made by the BBC in association with Warner Bros. and Reiner Moritz Productions Productions.

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Lifted condensation level

The lifted condensation level or lifting condensation level (LCL) is formally defined as the height at which the relative humidity (RH) of an air parcel will reach 100% with respect to liquid water when it is cooled by dry adiabatic lifting.

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Lifted index

The lifted index (LI) is the temperature difference between the environment Te(p) and an air parcel lifted adiabatically Tp(p) at a given pressure height in the troposphere (lowest layer where most weather occurs) of the atmosphere, usually 500 hPa (mb).

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Lightning injuries

Lightning injuries are injuries caused by lightning strikes.

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Lightning rod

A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike.

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Ligusticum scoticum

Ligusticum scoticum, known as Scots lovage, or Scottish licorice-root, is a perennial plant of the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) found near the coasts of northern Europe and north-eastern North America.

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Limiting factor

A limiting factor is a variable of a system that, if subject to a small change, causes a non-negligible change in an output or other measure of the system.

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Limiting pressure velocity

Limiting pressure velocity is a tribological term relating to the maximum temperature and compression that an assembly with rubbing surfaces can bear without failing.

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Limnic eruption

A limnic eruption, also termed a lake overturn, is a rare type of natural disaster in which dissolved carbon dioxide suddenly erupts from deep lake waters, forming a gas cloud capable of suffocating wildlife, livestock, and humans.

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Linckia multifora

Linckia multifora is a variously colored starfish in the family Ophidiasteridae that is found in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea.

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Lincoln Sea

Lincoln Sea is a body of water in the Arctic Ocean, stretching from Cape Columbia, Canada, in the west to Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland, in the east.

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Lipid microdomain

Lipid microdomains are formed when lipids undergo lateral phase separations yielding stable coexisting lamellar domains.

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Liquation

Liquation is a metallurgical method for separating metals from an ore or alloy.

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Liquefied petroleum gas

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

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Liqueur Muscat

A Liqueur Muscat (or, to give it its correct name, Muscat) is a fortified wine made in Australia from the Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge (known locally as Brown Muscat).

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Liquid crystal thermometer

A liquid crystal thermometer, temperature strip or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid crystals in a plastic strip that change colour to indicate different temperatures.

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Liquid metal

Liquid metal consists of alloys with very low melting points which form a eutectic that is liquid at room temperature.

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Lisbon Astronomical Observatory

The Lisbon Astronomical Observatory (Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa) is an astronomical observatory located in Tapada da Ajuda, in the civil parish of Alcântara, municipality of Lisbon.

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List of Blaze and the Monster Machines episodes

The following is a list of episodes from the series Blaze and the Monster Machines.

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List of breakfast drinks

This is a list of notable breakfast drinks.

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List of British innovations and discoveries

The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom.

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List of common astronomy symbols

This is a compilation of symbols commonly used in astronomy, particularly professional astronomy.

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List of common physics notations

This is a list of common physical constants and variables, and their notations.

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List of coolest stars

This is a list of coolest stars discovered, arranged by decreasing temperature.

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List of current National Football League stadiums

This article is a list of current National Football League stadiums, sorted by capacity, their locations, their first year of usage and home teams.

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List of dairy products

This is a list of dairy products.

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List of Dutch inventions and discoveries

The Netherlands had a considerable part in the making of modern society.

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List of eponymous laws

This list of eponymous laws provides links to articles on laws, principles, adages, and other succinct observations or predictions named after a person.

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List of GIS data sources

This is a list of GIS data sources (including some geoportals) that provide information sets that can be used in geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial databases for purposes of geospatial analysis and cartographic mapping.

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List of glaciers

A glacier or is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries.

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List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System

This is a list of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to the forces of their own gravity (hydrostatic equilibrium).

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List of Hot 100 Airplay number-one singles of the 2000s

This is a list of songs which received the most airplay per week on radio stations in the United States as ranked and published by Billboard magazine on the Hot 100 Airplay chart during the 2000s.

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List of hottest stars

This is a list of hottest stars so far discovered (excluding degenerate stars), arranged by decreasing temperature.

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List of house types

This is a list of house types.

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List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning

The List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning is one of the ranges International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems codes.

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List of kigo

This is a list of kigo, which are words or phrases that are associated with a particular season in Japanese poetry.

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List of letters used in mathematics and science

Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.

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List of locations with a subtropical climate

This list of locations with a subtropical climate specifically lists locations considered within the subtropics.

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List of medical abbreviations: T

Category:Lists of medical abbreviations.

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List of Mega Man characters

This is a list of characters from the Mega Man series.

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List of MeSH codes (G03)

The following is a list of the "G" codes for MeSH.

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List of MeSH codes (H01)

The following is a list of the "H" codes for MeSH.

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List of methylphenidate analogues

This is a list of methylphenidate (MPH or MPD) analogues.

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List of Minnesota weather records

The following is a list of Minnesota weather records observed at various stations across the state during the last 100 years.

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List of North Carolina weather records

The following is a list of North Carolina weather records.

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List of ovens

This is a list of ovens.

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List of physical quantities

This is a list of physical quantity The first table lists the base quantities use in the International System of Units to define the physical dimension of physical quantities for dimensional analysis.

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List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula

This is a list of topics that are included in high school physics curricula or textbooks.

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List of prehistoric insects

Prehistoric insects are various groups of insects that lived before recorded history.

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List of refractive indices

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indexes depend strongly upon the frequency of light.

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List of Russian biologists

This list of Russian biologists includes the famous biologists from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units

Most of the physical units are named after great scientists.

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List of scientists whose names are used as SI units

List of scientists whose names are used as SI units is the list of those scientists whose names are assigned as the names of the international units by the International Committee for Weights and Measures.

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List of software palettes

Computer systems that use a 4-bit or 8-bit pixel depth can display up to 16 or 256 colors simultaneously.

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List of Solar System extremes

This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System.

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List of states of matter

Classically, states of matter are distinguished by changes in specific heat capacity, pressure, and temperature.

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List of thermal conductivities

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.

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List of United States Navy ratings

United States Navy ratings are general enlisted occupations used by the U.S. Navy from the 18th century, which consisted of specific skills and abilities.

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List of unsolved problems in physics

Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result.

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Listener fatigue

Listener fatigue (also known as listening fatigue or ear fatigue) is a phenomenon that occurs after prolonged exposure to an auditory stimulus.

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Living mulch

In agriculture, a living mulch is a cover crop interplanted or undersown with a main crop, and intended to serve the purposes of a mulch, such as weed suppression and regulation of soil temperature.

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Llogara National Park

The Llogara National Park (Parku Kombëtar i Llogarasë) is a national park centered on the Ceraunian Mountains along the Albanian Riviera in Southwestern Albania, spanning an surface area of.

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Lm sensors

lm_sensors (Linux-monitoring sensors), is a free open source software-tool for Linux that provides tools and drivers for monitoring temperatures, voltage, humidity, and fans.

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LO-NOx burner

A LO NOx burner is a type of burner that is typically used in utility boilers to produce steam and electricity.

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Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation

In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda–van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as reaction intermediate.

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Long range shooting

Long range shooting is a collective term for shooting disciplines where the shooter has to engage targets at such long distances that he has to calculate ballistics, especially in regards to wind.

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Long-term stability

The long-term stability of an oscillator is the degree of uniformity of frequency over time, when the frequency is measured under identical environmental conditions, such as supply voltage, load, and temperature.

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Lorenz system

The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by Edward Lorenz.

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Louis Winslow Austin

Louis Winslow Austin (October 30, 1867 – June 27, 1932) was an American physicist known for his research on long-range radio transmissions.

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Loutrochori, Pella

Loutrochori(on) (Λουτροχώρι(οv) meaning "bath town"; formerly Paina, Πάινα and Bania, Μπάνια meaning "baths"), Retrieved on 30 November 2016, compiled by the is a village in the Pella regional unit, of Macedonia in Greece. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 458, its area is 7.506 km2, and its population density is 62.08 per km2. The village is on a hill and thus it has a view of the surrounding countryside. Loutrochori is situated north of the Egnatia Highway (or A2, the Greek part of the E90) and south of the EO2 (or E 86). The nearest railroad (train) stations, on the OSE's Thessaloniki–Bitola railway, are east (Petrea), southeast (Episkopi) and northeast (Skydra). The Loutrochori area was famous from ancient times for its spa. The spa (iamatica loutra, ιαματικά λουτρά) of Loutrochori (spa-drinking therapy) is situated just away near the local mountain of Canber.

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Low-cycle fatigue

Low cycle fatigue has two fundamental characteristics: plastic deformation in each cycle; and low cycle phenomenon, in which the materials have finite endurance for this type of load.

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Low-pressure area

A low-pressure area, low, or depression, is a region on the topographic map where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations.

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Lowest temperature recorded on Earth

The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is in East Antartica in March 2018.

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Lucas Oil Stadium

Lucas Oil Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.

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Lumped element model

The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions.

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Luna programme

The Luna programme (from the Russian word Луна "Luna" meaning "Lunar" or "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik or Lunnik by western media, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976.

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Lunar soil

Lunar soil is the fine fraction of the regolith found on the surface of the Moon.

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Luther Burbank

Luther Burbank (March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926) was an American botanist, horticulturist and pioneer in agricultural science.

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Lysinibacillus fusiformis

Lysinibacillus fusiformis (commonly abbreviated L. fusiformis) is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lysinibacillus.

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Maceration (wine)

Maceration is the winemaking process where the phenolic materials of the grape—tannins, coloring agents (anthocyanins) and flavor compounds—are leached from the grape skins, seeds and stems into the must.

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Macroemulsion

Macroemulsions are homogenous transparent thermodynamically stable sytems(particoes sizes range from 5-140 nm,which spontenepusly when mixed in the correct ratio. Macroemulsions scatter light effectively and therefore appear milky, because their droplets are greater than a wavelength of light. They are part of a larger family of emulsions along with microemulsions. As with all emulsions, one phase serves as the dispersing agent. It is often called the continuous or outer phase. The remaining phase(s) are disperse or inner phase(s), because the liquid droplets are finely distributed amongst the larger continuous phase droplets. This type of emulsion is thermodynamically unstable, but can be stabilized for a period of time with applications of kinetic energy. Surfactants (emulsifiers) are used to reduce the interfacial tension between the two layers, and induce macroemulsion stability for a useful amount of time.

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Madhray

Madhray is a small village near Phalia city of Mandi Bahauddin District, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Magadan

Magadan (p) is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayev Bay (within Taui Bay) and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region.

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Magnesia (regional unit)

Magnesia (Μαγνησία, Magnisía), deriving from the tribe name Magnetes, is one of the regional units of Greece.

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Magnetic core

A magnetic core is a piece of magnetic material with a high magnetic permeability used to confine and guide magnetic fields in electrical, electromechanical and magnetic devices such as electromagnets, transformers, electric motors, generators, inductors, magnetic recording heads, and magnetic assemblies.

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Magnetic level gauge

A magnetic level gauge is a type of level sensor, i.e., a define used to measure the level of fluids.

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Magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields.

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Magnetic refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.

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Magnetic susceptibility

In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility (Latin: susceptibilis, "receptive"; denoted) is one measure of the magnetic properties of a material.

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Magnetosonic wave

A magnetosonic wave (also magnetoacoustic wave) is a longitudinal wave of ions (and electrons) in a magnetized plasma propagating perpendicular to the stationary magnetic field.

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Magnox (alloy)

Magnox is an alloy—mainly of magnesium with small amounts of aluminium and other metals—used in cladding unenriched uranium metal fuel with a non-oxidising covering to contain fission products in nuclear reactors.

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Magnus Blix

Magnus Gustaf Blix (25 December 1849 – 14 February 1904) was a Swedish physiologist born in the parish Säbrå, presently located in Härnösand Municipality.

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Mahoney tables

The Mahoney tables are a set of reference tables used in architecture, used as a guide to climate-appropriate design.

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Manchester Parish

The Parish of Manchester is an administrative civil parish located in west-central Jamaica, in the county of Middlesex.

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Mangavilai

Mangavilai (மங்காவிளை) is a village in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, India.

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Mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that target enzymes to lysosomes in vertebrates.

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Manouba Governorate

Manouba Governorate (ولاية منوبة) is one of the twenty-four governorates (provinces) of Tunisia and is in inland, northern Tunisia.

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Mantiqueira Mountains

The Mantiqueira Mountains (Portuguese: Serra da Mantiqueira) are a mountain range in Southeastern Brazil, with parts in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.

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Map

A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.

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Marangoni number

The Marangoni number (Ma) is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Carlo Marangoni.

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Marginal nucleus of spinal cord

The marginal nucleus of spinal cord, or posteromarginal nucleus, or Substantia Marginalis, Rexed lamina I, is located at the most dorsal aspect of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

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Marojejy National Park

Marojejy National Park is a national park in the Sava Region of northeastern Madagascar.

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Marowin Brook, New South Wales

Marowin Brook is a creek in Upper Rollins Plains, New South Wales, located at -31.183330 152.600000.

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Marrite

Marrite (mar'-ite) is depicted by the chemical formula PbAgAsS3.

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Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) is an instrument on board the Mars 2020 rover that will characterize the dust size and morphology, as well as surface weather.

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Mason–Weaver equation

The Mason–Weaver equation (named after Max Mason and Warren Weaver) describes the sedimentation and diffusion of solutes under a uniform force, usually a gravitational field.

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Mass flow sensor

A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine.

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Mass start

Mass start is a format of starting in some racing sports such as long-distance running in athletics (track and field), speed skating, long-distance cross-country skiing and biathlon.

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Mass surveillance industry

The mass surveillance industry is a multibillion-dollar economic sector which has undergone phenomenal growth rates since 2001.

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Masseira

Masseira is a unique form of traditional farming practised in Póvoa de Varzim and Esposende in Portugal.

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Master of G

The Master of G is a collection of G-Shock watches produced by Japanese corporation Casio.

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Matanao, Davao del Sur

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Match/mismatch

The match/mismatch hypothesis (MMH) was first described by David Cushing (1969).

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Material derivative

In continuum mechanics, the material derivative describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field variations of that physical quantity.

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Material properties (thermodynamics)

The thermodynamic properties of materials are intensive thermodynamic parameters which are specific to a given material.

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Materials science

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids.

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Matsu Islands

The Matsu Islands (Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently,; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣;; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under streamlined Fujian Province, Republic of China (ROC).

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Matter

In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

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Matter creation

Even restricting the discussion to physics, scientists do not have a unique definition of what matter is.

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Maturity (geology)

In petroleum geology, the maturity of a rock is a measure of its state in terms of hydrocarbon generation.

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Maximum density

The maximum density of a substance is the highest attainable density of the substance under given conditions.

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Maximum safe storage temperature

The maximum safe storage temperature (MSST) is the highest temperature to store a chemical (like an organic peroxide) above which slow decomposition and explosion may occur.

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Maxwell relations

Flow chart showing the paths between the Maxwell relations. ''P'': pressure, ''T'': temperature, ''V'': volume, ''S'': entropy, ''α'': coefficient of thermal expansion, ''κ'': compressibility, ''CV'': heat capacity at constant volume, ''CP'': heat capacity at constant pressure. Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics which are derivable from the symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials.

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Maxwell's demon

In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment created by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in which he suggested how the second law of thermodynamics might hypothetically be violated.

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Maxwell's thermodynamic surface

Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879).

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Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium, and is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.

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May 15, 1998 Minnesota storms

The May 15, 1998 Minnesota storms were several instances of severe thunderstorms that impacted much of Minnesota on May 15, 1998.

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Maya households

The ancient Mayan society was similar to other societies in regard to their social classes.

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Mayer f-function

The Mayer f-function is an auxiliary function that often appears in the series expansion of thermodynamic quantities related to classical many-particle systems.

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Mean kinetic temperature

Mean kinetic temperature (MKT) is a simplified way of expressing the overall effect of temperature fluctuations during storage or transit of perishable goods.

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Measurement

Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.

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Measurement of sea ice

Measurement of sea ice is important for safety of navigation and for monitoring the environment, particularly the climate.

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Measurement system analysis

A measurement systems analysis (MSA) is a thorough assessment of a measurement process, and typically includes a specially designed experiment that seeks to identify the components of variation in that measurement process.

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Measurement uncertainty

In metrology, measurement uncertainty is a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity.

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Measuring instrument

A measuring instrument is a device for measuring a physical quantity.

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Measuring principle

Concepts for describing aspects of nature by numbers are called physical quantities.

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Mechanical energy

In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.

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Mechanical equivalent of heat

In the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally converted to heat energy.

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MED31

Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 31 is a protein in humans encoded by the MED31 gene.

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Medical tourism in Israel

Medical tourism in Israel is medical tourism in which people travel to Israel for medical treatment, which is emerging as an important destination for medical tourists.

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Medical tricorder

A medical tricorder is a handheld portable scanning device to be used by consumers to self-diagnose medical conditions within seconds and take basic vital measurements.

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Medical University of Vienna

The Medical University of Vienna (German: Medizinische Universität Wien) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria.

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Medicine Hat

Medicine Hat is a city in southeast Alberta, Canada located along the South Saskatchewan River.

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Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is characterized by rainy winters and dry summers.

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Medium-density fibreboard

Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibres, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure.

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Megathermal

In climatology, the term megathermal (or less commonly, macrothermal) is sometimes used as a synonym for "tropical." In order for a particular place to qualify as having a megathermal climate, every single month out of the year must have an average temperature of 18°C or above.

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Melipona bicolor

Melipona bicolor, commonly known as Guaraipo or Guarupu, is a eusocial bee found primarily in South America.

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Melipona quadrifasciata

Melipona quadrifasciata is a species of eusocial, stingless bee of the order Hymenoptera.

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Melting

Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

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Melting point

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.

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Membrane method of gas concentration

The Membrane method or mixing by gas separation is a method of gas blending to produce nitrox, a breathing gas mostly used for scuba diving.

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Memory tester

Memory testers are specialized test equipment used to test and verify memory modules.

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MEMS thermal actuator

A MEMS thermal actuator is a micromechanical device that typically generates motion by thermal expansion amplification.

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Meridian circle

The meridian circle is an instrument for timing of the passage of stars across the local meridian, an event known as a culmination, while at the same time measuring their angular distance from the nadir.

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Mesonet

In meteorology (and climatology), a mesonet, portmanteau of mesoscale network, is a network of (typically) automated weather and environmental monitoring stations designed to observe mesoscale meteorological phenomena.

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Mesophile

A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between.

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Mesosphere

The mesosphere (from Greek mesos "middle" and sphaira "sphere") is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere.

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Mesothermal

In climatology, the term mesothermal is used to refer to certain forms of climate found typically in the Earth's Temperate Zones.

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MesoWest

MesoWest is an ongoing cooperative project, started in 1996, to provide access to current and archive weather observations across the United States.

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Metal-induced crystallization

Metal-induced crystallization (MIC) is a method by which amorphous carbon (a-C), amorphous silicon (a-Si), and amorphous germanium (a-Ge) can be turned into their polycrystalline phases at relatively low temperatures.

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Metallic hydrogen

Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor.

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Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

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Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy

Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), also known as organometallic vapour phase epitaxy (OMVPE) or metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), is a chemical vapour deposition method used to produce single or polycrystalline thin films.

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Metamorphic facies

A metamorphic facies is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar pressures and temperatures.

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Metamorphic zone

In geology, a metamorphic zone is an area where, as a result of metamorphism, the same combination of minerals occur in the bedrock.

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METAR

METAR is a format for reporting weather information.

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Metasomatism

Metasomatism is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids.

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Metastability

In physics, metastability is a stable state of a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.

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Meteogram

A meteogram is a graphical presentation of one or more meteorological variables with respect to time, whether observed or forecast, for a particular location.

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Meteor (satellite)

The Meteor spacecraft are weather observation satellites launched by the USSR and Russia.

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Meteorological instrumentation

Meteorological instruments are the equipment used to sample the state of the atmosphere at a given time.

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Meteorological reanalysis

A meteorological reanalysis is a meteorological data assimilation project which aims to assimilate historical observational data spanning an extended period, using a single consistent assimilation (or "analysis") scheme throughout.

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Meteorology

Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences which includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather forecasting.

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Metering pump

A metering pump moves a precise volume of liquid in a specified time period providing an accurate volumetric flow rate.

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Metocean

In offshore and coastal engineering, metocean refers to the syllabic abbreviation of meteorology and (physical) oceanography.

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MetOp

MetOp is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operated by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT).

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Metric system

The metric system is an internationally adopted decimal system of measurement.

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Metrication in the United States

Metrication (or metrification) is the process of introducing the International System of Units, also known as SI units or the metric system, to replace a jurisdiction's traditional measuring units.

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MetVUW

Metvuw Weather and Climate service is run by James McGregor.

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Micellar liquid chromatography

Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a form of reversed phase liquid chromatography that uses an aqueous micellar solutions as the mobile phase.

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Micelle

A micelle or micella (plural micelles or micellae, respectively) is an aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid colloid.

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Microbial enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a biological based technology consisting in manipulating function or structure, or both, of microbial environments existing in oil reservoirs.

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Microecosystem

Microecosystems can exist in locations which are precisely defined by critical environmental factors within small or tiny spaces.

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Microfabrication

Microfabrication is the process of fabricating miniature structures of micrometre scales and smaller.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microstate (statistical mechanics)

In statistical mechanics, a microstate is a specific microscopic configuration of a thermodynamic system that the system may occupy with a certain probability in the course of its thermal fluctuations.

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Microthermal

In climatology, the term microthermal is used to denote the continental climates of Eurasia and North America.

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Microturbine

Microturbines are 25 to 500 kilowatt gas turbines evolved from piston engine turbochargers, aircraft APUs or small jet engines, the size of a refrigerator.

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Microwave

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.

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Microwave radiometer

A microwave radiometer (MWR) is a radiometer that measures energy emitted at millimetre-to-centimetre wavelengths (frequencies of 1–1000 GHz) known as microwaves.

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Microwave sounding unit

The Microwave sounding unit was the predecessor to the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU).

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Mictyris longicarpus

Mictyris longicarpus, the light-blue soldier crab, is a species of crab that lives on sandy beaches from the Bay of Bengal to Australia; with other members of the genus Mictyris, it is "one of the most loved crabs in Australia".

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Mid-February 2014 North American winter storm

The Mid-February 2014 North American winter storm was a major snow and ice storm that affected the American South and East Coast of the United States, bringing with it up to a foot of snow and crippling ice across parts of the South.

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Millimeters, water gauge

Millimeters, water gauge, also known as a millimetre of water (US spelling millimeter of water) or millimetres water column and abbreviated to mmwg, mmH2O or mmwc, respectively, is a less commonly used unit of pressure.

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Miltonia

Miltonia, abbreviated Milt. in the horticultural trade, is an orchid genus comprising nine epiphyte species and eight natural hybrids inhabitants of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one species reaching the northeast of Argentina and east of Paraguay.

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Mineral physics

Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth.

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Minimum depth of occurrence

The minimum depth of occurrence (MDO) is the shallowest depth in the ocean at which a species is observed.

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Minimum energy performance standard

A MEPS (Minimum Energy Performance Standard) is a specification, containing a number of performance requirements for an energy-using device, that effectively limits the maximum amount of energy that may be consumed by a product in performing a specified task.

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Minimum resolvable temperature difference

Minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) is a measure for assessing the performance of infrared cameras, and is inversely proportional to the modulation transfer function.

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Mist

Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of water suspended in air.

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Mixed oxidant

Mixed oxidant solution is a kind of Disinfection which is used for disinfecting, sterilization and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in water and in many other applications.

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Mixing length model

In fluid dynamics, the mixing length model is a method attempting to describe momentum transfer by turbulence Reynolds stresses within a Newtonian fluid boundary layer by means of an eddy viscosity.

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Mobile wireless sensor network

A mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN)T.

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Moca, Dominican Republic

Moca is the capital of Espaillat province, in the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic, and is the tenth-largest city of the country with a population of 173,442 inhabitants.

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Model output statistics

Model Output Statistics (MOS) is a multiple linear regression technique in which predicands, often near-surface quantities, such as 2-meter (AGL) air temperature, horizontal visibility, and wind direction, speed and gusts, are related statistically to one or more predictors.

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Modeling and simulation of batch distillation unit

Aspen Plus, Aspen HYSYS, ChemCad and MATLAB, PRO are the commonly used process simulators for modeling, simulation and optimization of a distillation process in the chemical industries.

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MODFLOW

MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation.

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Modifications (genetics)

Modifications are changes or differences between organisms in the same species that are due to differences in their environment.

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Mohali

Mohali, Ajitgarh or Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar is a city in the Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district (SAS Nagar) in Punjab, India, which is a commercial hub lying south-west to the Union Territory of Chandigarh.

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Moisture advection

Moisture advection is the horizontal transport of water vapor by the wind.

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Moisture analysis

Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring moisture content in both high level and trace amounts in solids, liquids, or gases.

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Molar concentration

Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.

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Molar mass

In chemistry, the molar mass M is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance (chemical element or chemical compound) divided by the amount of substance.

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Molar refractivity

Molar refractivity, A, is a measure of the total polarizability of a mole of a substance and is dependent on the temperature, the index of refraction, and the pressure.

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Molar volume

The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound) at a given temperature and pressure.

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Molecular diffusion

Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero.

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Molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for studying the physical movements of atoms and molecules.

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Molecular-weight size marker

A molecular-weight size marker, also referred to as a protein ladder, DNA ladder, or RNA ladder, is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel during electrophoresis, using the principle that molecular weight is inversely proportional to migration rate through a gel matrix.

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Molecules in stars

Stellar molecules are molecules that exist or form in or around stars.

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Molten globule

The term 'molten globule' (MG) was first coined by A. Wada and M. Ohgushi in 1983.

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Monsanto process

The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol.

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Monsoon

Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.

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Monte Viso Tunnel

The Monte Viso Tunnel (Italian: Buco di Viso; French: Pertuis du Viso) is an Alpine pedestrian tunnel excavated in the rock during the Renaissance and located eight kilometres north of Monviso (Cottian Alps), northern Italy.

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More Product, Less Process

"More Product, Less Process: Revamping Traditional Archival Processing" is a 2005 archival science article written by Mark A. Greene and Dennis Meissner that first appeared in the Fall/Winter 2005 issue of The American Archivist.

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Morpholine

Morpholine is an organic chemical compound having the chemical formula O(CH2CH2)2NH.

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Morris S. Kharasch

Morris Selig Kharasch (August 24, 1895 – October 9, 1957) was a pioneering organic chemist best known for his work with free radical additions and polymerizations.

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Morse code abbreviations

Morse code abbreviations are used to speed up Morse communications by foreshortening textual words and phrases.

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Mortimer Forest

Mortimer Forest is a forest on the Shropshire/Herefordshire border in England, near the town of Ludlow.

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Motherboard

A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, baseboard, planar board or logic board, or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in general purpose microcomputers and other expandable systems.

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Motion (physics)

In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time.

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Moucha Island

Moucha Island is a small coral island off the coast of Djibouti.

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Mount Adams (Washington)

Mount Adams, known by some Native American tribes as Pahto or Klickitat, is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range.

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Mouse-tailed bat

Mouse-tailed bats are a group of insectivorous bats of the family Rhinopomatidae with only three to six species, all contained in the single genus Rhinopoma.

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Moving crack (metalworking)

A moving crack is a crack that propagates with some speed due to loading and unloading of a metal work material.

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Moving shock

In fluid dynamics, a moving shock is a shock wave that is travelling through a fluid (often gaseous) medium with a velocity relative to the velocity of the fluid already making up the medium.

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Mpemba effect

The Mpemba effect is a process in which hot water can freeze faster than cold water.

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Mr. Coffee

Mr.

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MSU temperature measurements

Microwave sounding unit temperature measurements have been obtained from the troposphere since 1979, when they were included within NOAA weather satellites.

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Muffle furnace

A muffle furnace (sometimes retort furnace in historical usage) is a furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion, including gases and flying ash.

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Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit.

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Multiple-effect humidification

Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water.

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Muntinlupa

Muntinlupa, officially the City of Muntinlupa (Lungsod ng Muntinlupa) is the southernmost highly urbanized city of the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines.

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Muon-catalyzed fusion

Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a process allowing nuclear fusion to take place at temperatures significantly lower than the temperatures required for thermonuclear fusion, even at room temperature or lower.

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Murchison Semliki Landscape

The Murchison Semliki Landscape is a conservation priority landscape situated east of Lake Albert in western Uganda.

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Museum integrated pest management

Museum integrated pest management is the practice of monitoring and managing pest and environmental information with pest control methods to prevent pest damage to collections and cultural heritage.

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Muzzle velocity

Muzzle velocity is the speed of a projectile at the moment it leaves the muzzle of a gun.

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Mycotoxin

A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικόν toxikon, "poison") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.

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Myingyan

Myingyan is a city and district in the Mandalay Division of central Myanmar, previously, it was a district in the Meiktila Division of Upper Burma.

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Nainital Lake

Nainital Lake, a natural freshwater body, situated amidst the township of Nainital in Uttarakhand State of India, tectonic in origin, is kidney shaped or crescent shaped and has an outfall at the southeastern end.

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Nankai Trough gas hydrate site

Nankai Methane Hydrate Site (or Japanese Methane Hydrate R&D Program at Nankai, Nankai Trough Methane Hydrate Site) is located in the Nankai Trough, Japan.

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Nanofluids in solar collectors

Nanofluid-based direct solar collectors are solar thermal collectors where nanoparticles in a liquid medium can scatter and absorb solar radiation.

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Nanogenerator

A Nanogenerator is a type of technology that converts mechanical/thermal energy as produced by small-scale physical change into electricity.

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Nanosensor

Nanosensors are sensors whose active elements include nanomaterials.

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Nansen bottle

A Nansen bottle is a device for obtaining samples of seawater at a specific depth.

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Napier Shaw

Sir William Napier Shaw FRS HFRSE LLD (March 4, 1854 – March 23, 1945), was a British meteorologist.

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Nappe

In geology, a nappe or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than or above a thrust fault from its original position.

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Nastic movements

Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are usually associated with plants.

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National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center

The National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) is located at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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National Collegiate Weather Forecasting Contest

The National Collegiate Weather Forecasting Contest, or NCWFC, was a yearly competition among colleges and Universities in the US run by Penn State.

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National Data Buoy Center

The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS).

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National Physical Laboratory of India

The National Physical Laboratory of India, situated in New Delhi, is the measurement standards laboratory of India.

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National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka

National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka (also called Colombo Zoo or Dehiwala Zoo) is a zoological garden in Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, founded in 1936.

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Natural environment

The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.

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Natural stress

In regard to agriculture, Abiotic stress is stress produced by natural environment factors such as extreme temperatures, wind, drought, and salinity.

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Natural units

In physics, natural units are physical units of measurement based only on universal physical constants.

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Navesink Highlands

The Navesink Highlands, sometimes referred to as the Highlands of Navesink and also known as the Atlantic Highlands, are a range of low hills and upland areas located along the United States Atlantic coast in New Jersey.

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Navier–Stokes equations

In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations, named after Claude-Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes, describe the motion of viscous fluid substances.

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Néel temperature

The Néel temperature or magnetic ordering temperature, TN, is the temperature above which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic—that is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the microscopic magnetic ordering within the material.

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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System (as well as other planetary systems).

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Needle ice

Needle ice is a phenomenon that occurs when the temperature of the soil is above and the surface temperature of the air is below.

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Negative mass

In theoretical physics, negative mass is matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg.

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Negative number

In mathematics, a negative number is a real number that is less than zero.

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Negative temperature

In physics, certain systems can achieve negative temperature; that is, their thermodynamic temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the Kelvin or Rankine scales.

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Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Indian lotus, sacred lotus, bean of India, Egyptian bean or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae.

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Neomorphism

Neomorphism refers to the wet metamorphic process in which diagenetic alterations systematically transform minerals into either polymorphs or crystalline structures that are structurally identical to the rock(s) from which they developed.

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Neopentane

Neopentane, also called 2,2-dimethylpropane, is a double-branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.

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Nephelescope

A nephelescope is a device invented by James Pollard Espy to measure the drop in temperature of a gas from a reduction in pressure; originally used to explore the formation of clouds.

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Nephrops norvegicus

Nephrops norvegicus, known variously as the Norway lobster, Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine (compare langostino) or scampi, is a slim, orange-pink lobster which grows up to long, and is "the most important commercial crustacean in Europe".

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Neritic zone

The neritic zone is the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately in depth.

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Nernst effect

In physics and chemistry, the Nernst effect (also termed first Nernst–Ettingshausen effect, after Walther Nernst and Albert von Ettingshausen) is a thermoelectric (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon observed when a sample allowing electrical conduction is subjected to a magnetic field and a temperature gradient normal (perpendicular) to each other.

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Nestedness

Nestedness is a measure of structure in an ecological system, usually applied to species-sites systems (describing the distribution of species across locations), or species-species interaction networks (describing the interactions between species, usually as bipartite networks such as hosts-parasites, plants-pollinators, etc.). A system (usually represented as a matrix) is said to be nested when the elements that have a few items in them (locations with few species, species with few interactions) have a subset of the items of elements with more items.

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Neuil mine

The Neuil Mine, in French Mine de Neuil, is a mine emplaced in paragneisses of the northwestern Massif Central.

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Neuralgia

Neuralgia (Greek neuron, "nerve" + algos, "pain") is pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves, as in intercostal neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

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Neutral density

The neutral density (\gamma^n\) or empirical neutral density is a density variable used in oceanography, introduced in 1997 by David R. Jackett and Trevor McDougall.

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Neutrino decoupling

In Big Bang cosmology, neutrino decoupling refers to the epoch at which neutrinos ceased interacting with baryonic matter, and thereby ceased influencing the dynamics of the universe at early times.

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Neutron moderator

In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235 or a similar fissile nuclide.

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Neville Robinson

Frank Neville Hosband Robinson (13 April 1925, West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England – 19 October 1996, Colmar, France) was an English physicist.

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New Siberian Islands

The New Siberian Islands (r; translit) are an archipelago in the Extreme North of Russia, to the North of the East Siberian coast between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea north of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.

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Newton's law of cooling

Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its surroundings provided the temperature difference is small and the nature of radiating surface remains same. As such, it is equivalent to a statement that the heat transfer coefficient, which mediates between heat losses and temperature differences, is a constant.

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Nicholas A. Peppas

Nicholas (Nikolaos) A. Peppas (Νικόλαος Α. Πέππας; born in Athens, Greece on August 25, 1948) is a chemical and biomedical engineer whose leadership in biomaterials science and engineering, drug delivery, bionanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, chemical and polymer engineering has provided seminal foundations based on the physics and mathematical theories of nanoscale, macromolecular processes and drug/protein transport and has led to numerous biomedical products or devices.

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Nicholas Metropolis

Nicholas Constantine Metropolis (Greek: Νικόλαος Μητρόπουλος, June 11, 1915 – October 17, 1999) was a Greek-American physicist.

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Nigronia serricornis

Nigronia serricornis has many common names including; hellgrammites or fishflies or saw-combed fishfies.

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Nikolay Beketov

Nikolay Nikolayevich Beketov (Николай Николаевич Бекетов; Alferevka (now Novaya Beketovka, Penza Oblast) – St. Petersburg) was a Russian physical chemist and metallurgist.

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Nile crocodile

The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is an African crocodile, the largest freshwater predator in Africa, and may be considered the second-largest extant reptile and crocodilian in the world, after the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus).

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Nimbus 1

Nimbus 1 (also called Nimbus-A) was an meteorological satellite.

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Nimbus 6

Nimbus 6 (also called Nimbus G) was a meteorological satellite.

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Nimbus 7

Nimbus 7 (also called Nimbus G) was an meteorological satellite.

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Nitrogen inversion

In chemistry, nitrogen inversion is a fluxional process in nitrogen and amines, whereby the molecule "turns inside out".

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No. 1300 Flight RAF

No.

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NOAA Weather Radio

NOAA Weather Radio (NWR; also known as NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards) is an automated 24-hour network of VHF FM weather radio stations in the United States that broadcast weather information directly from a nearby National Weather Service office.

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NOAA Weather Radio broadcast routine

The NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards network has a multi-tier concept for forecasting or alerting the public to all types of weather.

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NOAA-2

NOAA-2, also known as ITOS-D was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

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NOAA-5

NOAA-5, also known as ITOS-H was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

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NOAAS Delaware II (R 445)

The NOAA Ship Delaware II (R 445) is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) fisheries research vessel that was in commission from 1970 to 2012.

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NOAAS Discoverer (R 102)

NOAAS Discoverer (R 102), originally USC&GS Discoverer (OSS 02), was an American Oceanographer-class oceanographic research vessel in service in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1966 to 1970 and in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from 1970 to 1996.

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Nociception

Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.

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Noise-equivalent temperature

Noise-equivalent temperature (NET) is a measure of the sensitivity of a detector of thermal radiation in the infrared, terahertz or microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of variables (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Non-ionizing radiation

Non-ionizing (or non-ionising) radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy) to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

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Normal shock tables

In aerodynamics, the normal shock tables are a series of tabulated data listing the various properties before and after the occurrence of a normal shock wave.

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Norman Lockyer Observatory

The Norman Lockyer Observatory, the Lockyer Technology Centre, and the Planetarium (jointly NLO), is a public access optical observatory in Sidmouth, East Devon on the Jurassic Coast of South West England.

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North Atlantic Gyre

The North Atlantic Gyre, located in the Atlantic Ocean, is one of the five major oceanic gyres.

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North Island (Houtman Abrolhos)

North Island is the northernmost island in the Houtman Abrolhos, a coral reef archipelago in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mid West Western Australia.

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Northern coast of Egypt

The northern coast of Egypt (north coast, commonly shortened to, "the coast") extends for about along the Mediterranean Sea from the eastern side of the Sinai Peninsula at the Egypt-Gaza border to the western village of Sallum at Egypt's border with Libya.

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Northern Ontario

Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and administrative region of the Canadian province of Ontario; the other primary region being Southern Ontario.

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Northern red-legged frog

The northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) is a species of amphibian, whose range is the coastal region stretching from southwest British Columbia to southern Mendocino County in Northern California, and is protected in Oregon and California.

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Noxious stimulus

A noxious stimulus is "an actually or potentially tissue damaging event." It is a prerequisite for nociception, which itself is a prerequisite for nociceptive pain.

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NRLMSISE-00

NRLMSISE-00 is an empirical, global model of the Earth's atmosphere from ground to space.

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Nuclear binding energy

Nuclear binding energy is the minimum energy that would be required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.

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Nucleic acid thermodynamics

Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).

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Numerical methods in fluid mechanics

Fluid motion is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, a set of coupled and nonlinear partial differential equations derived from the basic laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy.

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Nuremberg U-Bahn

The Nuremberg U-Bahn is a metro run by Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg (or Nuremberg Transport Corporation), which itself is a member of the VGN (Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg or Greater Nuremberg Transport Network).

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Nursing assessment

Nursing assessment is the gathering of information about a patient's physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status by a licensed Registered Nurse.

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Nusselt number

In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within a fluid, the Nusselt number (Nu) is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to) the boundary.

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Nyagan

Nyagan (Нягань) is a town in the northwest of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located near the Ob River and northwest of Khanty-Mansiysk.

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Nyagatare District

Nyagatare is the largest and second most populous district (akarere) in Rwanda.

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Observational astronomy

Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models.

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Observer effect (physics)

In physics, the observer effect is the theory that simply observing a situation or phenomenon necessarily changes that phenomenon.

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Obsidian hydration dating

Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) is a geochemical method of determining age in either absolute or relative terms of an artifact made of obsidian.

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Occupancy

Within the context of building construction and building codes, "occupancy" refers to the use, or intended use, of a building, or portion of a building, for the shelter or support of persons, animals or property.

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Occupational injury

An occupational injury is bodily damage resulting from working.

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Ocean

An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.

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Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Ocean acoustic tomography

Ocean acoustic tomography is a technique used to measure temperatures and currents over large regions of the ocean.

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Ocean current

An ocean current is a seasonal directed movement of sea water generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbing, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.

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Ocean dynamics

Ocean dynamics define and describe the motion of water within the oceans.

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Ocean fisheries

A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial value.

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Ocean observations

The following are considered essential ocean climate variables by the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) that are currently feasible with current observational systems.

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Ocean surface topography

The ocean surface has highs and lows, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map.

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Ocean thermal energy conversion

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface seawaters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.

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Oceanic climate

An oceanic or highland climate, also known as a marine or maritime climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature, with the exception for transitional areas to continental, subarctic and highland climates.

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Oceanography

Oceanography (compound of the Greek words ὠκεανός meaning "ocean" and γράφω meaning "write"), also known as oceanology, is the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean.

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Ocypode cursor

Ocypode cursor, the tufted ghost crab, is a species of ghost crab found on sandy beaches along the coasts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Oddo–Harkins rule

The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that an element with an even atomic number (such as carbon: element 6) is more abundant than both elements with the adjacently smaller and larger odd atomic numbers (such as boron: element 5 and nitrogen: element 7, respectively for the carbon).

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Odor

An odor, odour or fragrance is always caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds.

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Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

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Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963

The Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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OGLE-LMC-CEP0227

OGLE-LMC-CEP0227 is an eclipsing binary (Cepheid variable) star, pulsating every 3.8 days.

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Ohm's law

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

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Oil additive

Oil additives are chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil (or oil "base stock").

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Oil Pollution Act of 1961

Oil Pollution Act of 1961, 33 U.S.C. Chapter 20 §§ 1001-1011, established judicial definitions and coastal prohibitions for the United States maritime industry.

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Oil regeneration

Oil regeneration - is extraction of contaminants from oil in order to restore its original properties to be used equally with fresh oils.

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Oklahoma Mesonet

The Oklahoma Mesonet is a network of environmental monitoring stations designed to measure the environment at the size and duration of mesoscale weather events.

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Olathe, Kansas

Olathe is a city in, and is the county seat of, Johnson County, Kansas, United States.

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Old Weather

Old Weather is an online weather data project that currently invites members of the public to assist in digitising weather observations recorded in US log books dating from the mid-19th century onwards.

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Ole Rømer

Ole Christensen Rømer (25 September 1644 – 19 September 1710) was a Danish astronomer who in 1676 made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.

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OLI Analyzer

OLI Studio is a computer software used for simulating aqueous-based chemical systems.

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Oligotroph

An oligotroph is an organism that can live in an environment that offers very low levels of nutrients.

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Onsager reciprocal relations

In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain ratios between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists.

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Onyx Cave (Arkansas)

Onyx Cave is a small show cave located about six miles (9.6 km) east of Eureka Springs, Arkansas.

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Oodnadatta Airport

Oodnadatta Airport is an aerodrome that services Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia.

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Oolated Luck

"Oolated Luck" is a comic story about the rivalry between Donald Duck and Gladstone Gander.

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Operating temperature

An operating temperature is the temperature at which an electrical or mechanical device operates.

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Operational definition

An operational definition is the articulation of operationalization (or statement of procedures) used in defining the terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine the nature of an item or phenomenon (a variable, term, or object) and its properties such as duration, quantity, extension in space, chemical composition, etc.

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Opistophthalmus boehmi

Yellow Burrow Scorpion also known as Yellow Forest Scorpion is a small (around 5 centimeters / 1.97 inches) scorpion native to southern Africa.

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Opodiphthera eucalypti

Opodiphthera eucalypti, the emperor gum moth, is a species of moth in the family Saturniidae native to Australia.

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Optical fiber

An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

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Optical lens design

Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations.

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Opus: The Day We Found Earth

Opus: The Day We Found Earth (stylized as OPUS: The Day We Found Earth) is an adventure game focused on story and exploration, developed by SIGONO (originally Team Signal), an independent game developer from Taiwan.

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Orang National Park

The Orang National Park also known as Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park which is located on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River in the Darrang and Sonitpur districts of Assam, India, covers an area of.

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Orders of magnitude (energy)

This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.

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Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude.

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Ore Mountains

The Ore Mountains or Ore Mountain Range (Erzgebirge; Krušné hory; both literally "ore mountains") in Central Europe have formed a natural border between Saxony and Bohemia for around 800 years, from the 12th to the 20th centuries.

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Organic superconductor

An organic superconductor is a synthetic organic compound that exhibits superconductivity at low temperatures.

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Organic synthesis

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds.

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Origin of the Moon

The origin of the Moon is usually thought to be that a Mars-sized body struck the Earth, making a debris ring that eventually collected into a single natural satellite, the Moon, but there are a number of variations on this giant-impact hypothesis, as well as alternate explanations, and research into how the Moon came to be continues.

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Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process

In mathematics, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (named after Leonard Ornstein and George Eugene Uhlenbeck), is a stochastic process that, roughly speaking, describes the velocity of a massive Brownian particle under the influence of friction.

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Orthobaric density

The orthobaric density of a compound is the density of coexisting phases (liquid, gas, or solid) at a given temperature.

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Osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.

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Osmotic coefficient

An osmotic coefficient φ is a quantity which characterises the deviation of a solvent from ideal behaviour, referenced to Raoult's law.

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Osmotic stress technique

The osmotic stress technique is a method for measuring the effect of water on biological molecules, particularly enzymes.

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Ostorhinchus cyanosoma

Ostorhinchus cyanosoma, commonly known as the yellow-striped cardinalfish, goldenstriped cardinalfish, or the orange-lined cardinalfish, is a species of marine fish in the cardinalfish family (family Apogonidae) of order Perciformes.

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Ostwald process

The Ostwald process is a chemical process for making nitric acid (HNO3).

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Ottawa, Kansas

Ottawa is a city in, and the county seat of, Franklin County, Kansas, United States.

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Ouled Ali Hammam

Ouled Ali Hammam is a place located at in Guelma Province Algeria south of Bouati Mahmoud.

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Outer space

Outer space, or just space, is the expanse that exists beyond the Earth and between celestial bodies.

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Outer trench swell

The outer trench swell, outer trench high, or outer rise is a subtle ridge on the seafloor near an oceanic trench, where a descending plate begins to flex and fault in preparation for its descent into the mantle at a subduction zone.

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Outflow boundary

An outflow boundary, also known as a gust front, is a storm-scale or mesoscale boundary separating thunderstorm-cooled air (outflow) from the surrounding air; similar in effect to a cold front, with passage marked by a wind shift and usually a drop in temperature and a related pressure jump.

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Outgassing

Outgassing (sometimes called offgassing, particularly when in reference to indoor air quality) is the release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen or absorbed in some material.

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Outgoing longwave radiation

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to Space.

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Outline of air pollution dispersion

*The following outline is presented as an overview and topical guide to air pollution dispersion: Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere.

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Outline of astronomy

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy: Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation).

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Outline of chemistry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry – science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate the chemical reactions.

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Outline of food preparation

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to food preparation: Food preparation – art form and applied science that includes but is not limited to cooking.

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Outline of meteorology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to meteorology: Meteorology – interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere which explains and forecasts weather events.

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Outline of physical science

Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science.

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Outline of physics

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to physics: Physics – natural science that involves the study of matterRichard Feynman begins his ''Lectures'' with the atomic hypothesis, as his most compact statement of all scientific knowledge: "If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations..., what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is...

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Outline of the metric system

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the metric system: Metric system – various loosely related systems of measurement that trace their origin to the decimal system of measurement introduced in France during the French Revolution.

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Outside air temperature

In aviation terminology, the outside air temperature (OAT) or static air temperature (SAT) refers to the temperature of the air around an aircraft, but unaffected by the passage of the aircraft through it.

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Overheating (electricity)

Overheating is a phenomenon of rising of temperature in an electric circuit (or portion of a circuit).

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Overwintering

Overwintering is the process by which some organisms pass through or wait out the winter season, or pass through that period of the year when "winter" conditions (cold or sub-zero temperatures, ice, snow, limited food supplies) make normal activity or even survival difficult or near impossible.

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Oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy

Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys (ODS) are used for high temperature turbine blades and heat exchanger tubing.

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P-nuclei

p-nuclei (p stands for proton-rich) are certain proton-rich, naturally occurring isotopes of some elements between selenium and mercury inclusive which cannot be produced in either the s- or the r-process.

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P-process

The term p-process (p is for proton) is used in two ways in the scientific literature concerning the astrophysical origin of the elements (nucleosynthesis).

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Pachypodium

Pachypodium is a genus of succulent spine-bearing trees and shrubs, native to Madagascar and Africa.

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Pachypodium brevicaule

Pachypodium brevicaule is a species of plant that belongs to the dogbane family Apocynaceae, which is now amplified by the inclusion of the milkweed family Asclepiadaceae – an important union to botanists and horticulturalists interested in the alliance succulents.

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Package testing

Package testing or packaging testing involves the measurement of a characteristic or property involved with packaging.

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Packaging and labeling

Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.

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Padada, Davao del Sur

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Palaeoechinastacus

Palaeoechinastacus australianus is a species of freshwater crayfish known from Early Cretaceous fossils from Victoria, Australia.

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Palau

Palau (historically Belau, Palaos, or Pelew), officially the Republic of Palau (Beluu er a Belau), is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean.

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Palayok

A palayok is a clay pot used as the traditional food preparation container in the Philippines.

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Paleolimnology

Paleolimnology (paleon.

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Paleothermometer

A paleothermometer is a methodology for determining past temperatures using a proxy found in a natural record such as a sediment, ice core, tree rings or TEX86.

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Pallid-winged grasshopper

The pallid-winged grasshopper (Trimerotropis pallidipennis) is a common grasshopper of the family Acrididae, native to the deserts of western North America from British Columbia to Argentina.

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Palmerston, Northern Territory

Palmerston is situated near Darwin Harbour and had a population of 33,695 at the 2016 census, making it the second largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory.

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Pamonha

Pamonha is a traditional Brazilian food.

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Panspermia

Panspermia is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.

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Paphiopedilum

Paphiopedilum, often called the Venus slipper, is a genus of the lady slipper orchid subfamily Cypripedioideae of the flowering plant family Orchidaceae.

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Paradox Basin

The Paradox Basin is an asymmetric foreland basin located mostly in southeast Utah and southwest Colorado, but extending into northeast Arizona and northwest New Mexico.

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Parallel tempering

Parallel tempering, also known as replica exchange MCMC sampling, is a simulation method aimed at improving the dynamic properties of Monte Carlo method simulations of physical systems, and of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods more generally.

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Parâng Mountains

Parâng Mountains are one of the highest mountain ridges in Romania and Southern Carpathians, with its highest peak Parângu Mare reaching 2,519 m.

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Partial differential equation

In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation that contains unknown multivariable functions and their partial derivatives.

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Partial molar property

A partial molar property is a thermodynamic quantity which indicates how an extensive property of a solution or mixture varies with changes in the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure.

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Partial pressure

In a mixture of gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature.

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Particle number

The particle number (or number of particles) of a thermodynamic system, conventionally indicated with the letter N, is the number of constituent particles in that system.

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Partition function (statistical mechanics)

In physics, a partition function describes the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Passive fire protection

Passive fire protection (PFP) is an integral component of the components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.

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Pasture

Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.

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Pat Fleet

Pat Trumble Fleet is a working American voice actress known as the registered voice of AT&T.

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Paul Frampton

Paul Howard Frampton (born 31 October 1943) is an English particle phenomenologist.

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PEDOT:PSS

PEDOT:PSS or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate is a polymer mixture of two ionomers.

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Pencil detonator

A pencil detonator or time pencil is a time fuze designed to be connected to a detonator or short length of safety fuse.

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Penman equation

The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948.

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Pensky–Martens closed-cup test

The Pensky–Martens closed-cup flash-point test is a test for the determination of the flash point of flammable liquids.

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Perfect mixing

Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors.

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Perfect thermal contact

Perfect thermal contact of the surface of a solid with the environment (convective heat transfer) or another solid occurs when the temperatures of the mating surfaces are equal.

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Peridroma saucia

Peridroma saucia, the pearly underwing or variegated cutworm, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.

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Periodic boundary conditions

Periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are a set of boundary conditions which are often chosen for approximating a large (infinite) system by using a small part called a unit cell.

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Peripheral vascular examination

A peripheral vascular examination is a medical examination to discover signs of pathology in the peripheral vascular system.

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Persistent current

Persistent current is a perpetual electric current, not requiring an external power source.

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Perspiration

Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.

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Pescara

Pescara (Abruzzese: Pescàrë; Pescarese: Piscàrë) is the capital city of the Province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Peter Hochachka

Peter William Hochachka, (March 9, 1937 – September 16, 2002) was a Canadian professor and zoologist.

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Petermann Orogeny

The Petermann Orogeny was an Australian intracontinental event that affected basement rocks of the northern Musgrave Province and Ediacaran (Proterozoic) sediments of the (now) southern Amadeus Basin between ~550-535 Ma.

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Petroleum geology

Petroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.

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Pharmaceutical formulation

Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product.

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Phase (matter)

In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.

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Phase boundary

In thermal equilibrium, each phase (i.e. liquid, solid etc.) of physical matter comes to an end at a transitional point, or spatial interface, called a phase boundary, due to the immiscibility of the matter with the matter on the other side of the boundary.

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Phase diagram

A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases occur and coexist at equilibrium.

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Phase rule

Gibbs' phase rule Chapter 6 was proposed by Josiah Willard Gibbs in his landmark paper titled On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, published from 1875 to 1878.

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Phase space

In dynamical system theory, a phase space is a space in which all possible states of a system are represented, with each possible state corresponding to one unique point in the phase space.

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Phenotypic plasticity

Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment.

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Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics

The philosophy of thermal and statistical physics is that part of the philosophy of physics whose subject matter is classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related theories.

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Pho

Phở or pho is a Vietnamese soup consisting of broth, rice noodles called bánh phở, a few herbs, and meat, primarily made with either beef (phở bò) or chicken (phở gà).

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Phonocar

Phonocar is an Italian Company, founded in Reggio Emilia, Italy, in 1972.

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Phonon

In physics, a phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids.

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Phonon noise

Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment.

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Phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) and weak acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.

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Photometry (astronomy)

Photometry is a technique of astronomy concerned with measuring the flux, or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation.

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Photon

The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).

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Photon gas

In physics, a photon gas is a gas-like collection of photons, which has many of the same properties of a conventional gas like hydrogen or neon – including pressure, temperature, and entropy.

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Photostationary state

The photostationary state of a reversible photochemical reaction is the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation (usually a single wavelength of visible or UV radiation).

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Phyllochron

The phyllochron is the intervening period between the sequential emergence of leaves on the main stem of a plant, also rendered as leaf appearance−1.

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Phyllostachys atrovaginata

Phyllostachys atrovaginata is a running bamboo with strongly tapered, stiff, upright culms.

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Physical constant

A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and have constant value in time.

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Physical cosmology

Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.

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Physical hazard

A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with or without contact.

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Physical oceanography

Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

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Physical paradox

A physical paradox is an apparent contradiction in physical descriptions of the universe.

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Physical property

A physical property is any property that is measurable, whose value describes a state of a physical system.

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Physical quantity

A physical quantity is a physical property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be quantified by measurement.or we can say that quantities which we come across during our scientific studies are called as the physical quantities...

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is the national metrology institute of the Federal Republic of Germany, with scientific and technical service tasks.

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Phytophthora infestans

Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a microorganism which causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight.

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Pi Mensae

Pi Mensae (π Men), also known as HD 39091, is a yellow dwarf star in the constellation of Mensa.

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Picea glauca

Picea glauca, the white spruce, is a species of spruce native to the northern temperate and boreal forests in North America.

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PID controller

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller or three term controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control.

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Piezoelectric sensor

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge.

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Pilbara

The Pilbara is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia.

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Piping

Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another.

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Piston-cylinder apparatus

The piston-cylinder apparatus is a solid media device, used in Geosciences and Material Sciences, for generating simultaneously high pressure (up to 6 GPa) and temperature (up to 1700 °C).

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Pitch drop experiment

The pitch drop experiment is a long-term experiment that measures the flow of a piece of pitch over many years.

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Pitigliano

Pitigliano is a town in the province of Grosseto, located about south-east of the city of Grosseto, in Italy.

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Planck temperature

Planck temperature, denoted by TP, is the unit of temperature in the system of natural units known as Planck units.

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Planck units

In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of five universal physical constants, in such a manner that these five physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.

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Planck's law

Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900.

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Planckian locus

In physics and color science, the Planckian locus or black body locus is the path or ''locus'' that the color of an incandescent black body would take in a particular chromaticity space as the blackbody temperature changes.

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Planetary engineering

Planetary engineering is the application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global environments of a planet.

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Planetary nebula

A planetary nebula, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives.

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Plant

Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

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Plant breeding

Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.

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Plant evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) refers to the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective.

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Plant perception (physiology)

Plant perception is the ability of plants to sense and respond to the environment to adjust their morphology, physiology, and phenotype accordingly.

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Plant physiology

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.

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Plasma (physics)

Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.

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Plasma diagnostics

Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma, such as plasma components' density, distribution function over energy (temperature), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters.

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Plasma parameters

Plasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces.

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Plasma-activated bonding

Plasma-activated bonding is a derivative, directed to lower processing temperatures for direct bonding with hydrophilic surfaces.

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Plate heat exchanger

A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids.

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Platform Environment Control Interface

Platform Environment Control Interface, abbreviated as PECI, is a recent (introduced in 2006) standard used for thermal management in the Intel Core 2 Duo microprocessors.

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PLC technician

PLC technicians design, program, repair and maintain programmable logic controller (PLC) systems used within manufacturing and service industries ranging from industrial packaging to commercial car washes and traffic lights.

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Plunger lift

A plunger lift is an artificial lift method of deliquifying a natural gas well.

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Poincaré–Steklov operator

In mathematics, a Poincaré–Steklov operator (after Henri Poincaré and Vladimir Steklov) maps the values of one boundary condition of the solution of an elliptic partial differential equation in a domain to the values of another boundary condition.

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Polar climate

The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers.

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Polar front

In meteorology, the polar front is the boundary between the polar cell and the Ferrel cell around the 60° latitude in each hemisphere.

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Polar High

The polar highs are areas of high atmospheric pressure around the north and south poles; the north polar high being the stronger one because land gains and loses heat more effectively than sea.

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Polar ice cap

A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice.

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Pole of Cold

The Poles of Cold are the places in the southern and northern hemispheres where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded.

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Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

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Polyaryletherketone

Polyaryletherketone (PAEK) is a family of semi-crystalline thermoplastics with high-temperature stability and high mechanical strength whose molecular backbone contains alternately ketone (R-CO-R) and ether groups (R-O-R).

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Polybaric melting

In basalt petrogenesis polybaric melting implies that liquids are incrementally separated from residues across a range of pressures and subsequently mix and move through the mantle without equilibrating with surrounding mantle minerals.

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Polymer solution

Polymer solutions are solutions containing dissolved polymers.

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Polymorphism (materials science)

In materials science, polymorphism is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure.

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Polyolefin

A polyolefin is any of a class of polymers produced from a simple olefin (also called an alkene with the general formula CnH2n) as a monomer.

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Polythiophene

Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle.

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Polytunnel

A polytunnel (also known as a polyhouse, hoop greenhouse or hoophouse, grow tunnel or high tunnel) is a tunnel typically made from steel and covered in polythene, usually semi-circular, square or elongated in shape.

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Poole–Frenkel effect

In solid-state physics, the Poole–Frenkel effect (also known as Frenkel-Poole emissionSze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition, Section 7.3.4.) is a means by which an electrical insulator can conduct electricity.

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Potential density

The potential density of a fluid parcel at pressure P is the density that the parcel would acquire if adiabatically brought to a reference pressure P_, often 1 bar (100 kPa).

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Potential gradient

In physics, chemistry and biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient.

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Potential temperature

The potential temperature of a parcel of fluid at pressure P is the temperature that the parcel would attain if adiabatically brought to a standard reference pressure P_, usually 1000 millibars.

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Potts model

In statistical mechanics, the Potts model, a generalization of the Ising model, is a model of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice.

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Pour point

The pour point of a liquid is the temperature below which the liquid loses its flow characteristics.

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Power rating

In electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, the power rating of equipment is the highest power input allowed to flow through particular equipment.

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Power-to-weight ratio

Power-to-weight ratio (or specific power or power-to-mass ratio) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another.

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Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan

A supersonic expansion fan, technically known as Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan, is a centred expansion process that occurs when a supersonic flow turns around a convex corner.

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Precipitable water

Precipitable water is the depth of water in a column of the atmosphere, if all the water in that column were precipitated as rain.

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Precipitation (chemistry)

Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution.

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Precipitation hardening

Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels and stainless steels.

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Predator (film)

Predator is a 1987 American science fiction action horror film directed by John McTiernan and written by brothers Jim and John Thomas.

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Premixed flame

A premixed flame is a flame formed under certain conditions during the combustion of a premixed charge (also called pre-mixture) of fuel and oxidiser.

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Preservation (library and archival science)

Preservation refers to the set of activities that aims to prolong the life of a record with as little changes to the original record as possible.

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Pressure experiment

Pressure experiments are experiments performed at pressures lower or higher than atmospheric pressure, called low-pressure experiments and high-pressure experiments, respectively.

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Pressure measurement

Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface.

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Pressure system

A pressure system is a relative peak or lull in the sea level pressure distribution.

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Pressure-temperature-time path

The Pressure-Temperature-time path (P-T-t path) is a record of the pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions that a rock experienced in a metamorphic cycle from burial and heating to uplift and exhumation to the surface.

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Pressurizer

A Pressurizer is a component of a pressurized water reactor.

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Primary production

Global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate of autotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary-production potential, and not an actual estimate of it. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE. In ecology, primary production is the synthesis of organic compounds from atmospheric or aqueous carbon dioxide.

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Primitive equations

The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models.

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Primon gas

In mathematical physics, the primon gas or free Riemann gas is a toy model illustrating in a simple way some correspondences between number theory and ideas in quantum field theory and dynamical systems.

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Process flow diagram

A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment.

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Product binning

In semiconductor device fabrication, product binning is the categorizing of finished products based on their characteristics.

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Profundal zone

The profundal zone is a deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration.

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Prognostic chart

A prognostic chart is a map displaying the likely weather forecast for a future time.

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Prognostic variable

In the context of prognostics, a prognostic variable is a measured or estimated variable that is correlated with the health condition of a system, and may be used to predict its residual useful life.

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Prokaryote

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

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Proof test

A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure.

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Properties of water

Water is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solvent of life". It is the most abundant substance on Earth and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar mass, and a high heat capacity. Water is amphoteric, meaning that it is both an acid and a base—it produces + and - ions by self-ionization.

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Proposed redefinition of SI base units

The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) has proposed revised definitions of the SI base units, for consideration at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM).

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Protein adsorption

Adsorption (not to be mistaken for ''absorption'') is the accumulation and adhesion of molecules, atoms, ions, or larger particles to a surface, but without surface penetration occurring.

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Protein crystallization

Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a protein crystal.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.

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Proton nuclear magnetic resonance

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (proton NMR, hydrogen-1 NMR, or 1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.

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Proton–proton chain reaction

The proton–proton chain reaction is one of the two (known) sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium.

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Proxy (climate)

In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.

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Pseudorinelepis genibarbis

Pseudorinelepis genibarbis is a species of armored catfish native to Brazil and Peru where it is found in the Upper Amazon basin.

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Pula

Pula or Pola (Italian and Istro-Romanian: Pola; Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea; Slovene and Chakavian: Pulj, Hungarian: Póla, Polei, Ancient Greek: Πόλαι, Polae) is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia and the eighth largest city in the country, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 57,460 in 2011.

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Purple Crow Lidar

The Purple Crow Lidar is considered to be a powerful laser radar (lidar) that emits pulses of light.

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Pycnocline

A pycnocline is the cline or layer where the density gradient is greatest within a body of water.

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Pyramidal inversion

In chemistry, pyramidal inversion is a fluxional process in compounds with a pyramidal molecule, such as ammonia (NH3) "turns inside out".

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Pyrognomic

Pyrognomic materials are easily made incandescent.

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Pyrometer

A pyrometer is a type of remote-sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of a surface.

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Q10 (temperature coefficient)

The Q10 temperature coefficient is a measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical system as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10 °C.

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QCD matter

Quark matter or QCD matter refers to any of a number of theorized phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons.

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QFF

QFF is a Q code.

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Quality assurance

Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers; which ISO 9000 defines as "part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled".

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Quantemol-DB

The Quantemol database (or QDB) is a database of plasma processes developed by Quantemol Ltd at University College London in 2016.

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Quantum defect

The term quantum defect is ambiguous.

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Quantum Hall effect

The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect, observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductance undergoes quantum Hall transitions to take on the quantized values where is the channel current, is the Hall voltage, is the elementary charge and is Planck's constant.

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Quantum realm

The quantum realm, also called the quantum scale, is a term of art in physics referring to scales where quantum mechanical effects become important when studied as an isolated system.

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Quark–gluon plasma

A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density.

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Quartz clock

A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time.

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Quenching (fluorescence)

Quenching refers to any process which decreases the fluorescence intensity of a given substance.

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Quipu

Quipu (also spelled khipu) or talking knots, were recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures, particularly in the region of Andean South America.

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Qurh, Yemen

Al Qurh is a town in the Al Mahrah region of Yemen, located at 16° 43' N Latitude and 51° 28' E Longitude.

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R Coronae Borealis

R Coronae Borealis is a peculiar low-mass yellow supergiant star in the constellation of Corona Borealis.

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R-process

The rapid neutron-capture process, or so-called r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that in nuclear astrophysics is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the abundances of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron, usually synthesizing the entire abundance of the two most neutron-rich stable isotopes of each heavy element.

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Radiant heating

Radiant heating is a technology for heating indoor and outdoor areas.

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Radio frequency microelectromechanical system

A radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RFMEMS) is a microelectromechanical systems with electronic components comprising moving sub-millimeter-sized parts that provide radio frequency functionality.

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Radio occultation

Radio occultation (RO) is a remote sensing technique used for measuring the physical properties of a planetary atmosphere or ring system.

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Radioisotope thermoelectric generator

A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.

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Radiometric dating

Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.

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Radiosonde

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver.

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Radiosynthesis

Radiosynthesis is a Fully Automated Synthesis method in which radioactive compounds are produced.

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Radium

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88.

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Rain and snow mixed

Rain and snow mixed is precipitation composed of rain and partially melted snow.

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Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy (named after Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.

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Rampgill mine

Rampgill mine is a disused lead mine at Nenthead, Alston Moor, Cumbria, Englandhttp://www.mindat.org/loc-29675.html UK Grid Reference: NY78184351mineexploration.com It was one of the most extensive and productive mines in Nenthead.

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Rangekeeper

Rangekeepers were electromechanical fire control computers used primarily during the early part of the 20th century.

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Rankine cycle

The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems.

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Rapid phase transition

Rapid phase transition or RPT is a phenomenon realized in liquefied natural gas (LNG) incidents in which LNG vaporizes violently upon coming in contact with water causing what is known as a physical explosion or cold explosion.

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Rashaya

Rashaya, Rachaya, Rashaiya, Rashayya or Rachaiya (Arabic: راشيا), also known as Rashaya al-Wadi or Rachaya el-Wadi (and variations), is a town of the Rashaya District in the south of the Beqaa Governorate of Lebanon.

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Ray tracing (physics)

In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces.

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Rayleigh flow

Rayleigh flow refers to frictionless, non-Adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of heat addition or rejection is considered.

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Rayleigh–Jeans law

In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans Law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments.

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Razor shell

The razor shell, Ensis magnus, also called razor clam, razor fish, or spoot (colloquially), is a bivalve of the family Pharidae.

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Réaumur scale

The Réaumur scale (°Ré, °Re, °r), also known as the "octogesimal division", is a temperature scale for which the freezing and boiling points of water are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively.

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Rîșcani District

Rîșcani is a district (raion) in the north-west of Moldova, with the administrative center at Rîșcani.

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Rømer scale

The Rømer scale (also Roemer) is a temperature scale named after the Danish astronomer Ole Christensen Rømer, who proposed it in 1701.

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RC oscillator

Linear electronic oscillator circuits, which generate a sinusoidal output signal, are composed of an amplifier and a frequency selective element, a filter.

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Reach-in oven

Reach-in ovens are meant for different industrial applications that may need uniform temperature throughout.

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Reaction Engines A2

The Reaction Engines Limited LAPCAT Configuration A2 (called the LAPCAT A2) is a design study for a hypersonic speed jet airliner intended to provide environmentally friendly, long range, high capacity commercial transportation.

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Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow

Reaction kinetics in uniform supersonic flow (Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme, CRESU) is an experiment investigating chemical reactions taking place at very low temperatures.

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Reaction rate

The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products.

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Reaction rate constant

In chemical kinetics a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient, k, quantifies the rate of a chemical reaction.

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Reaction–diffusion system

Reaction–diffusion systems are mathematical models which correspond to several physical phenomena: the most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: local chemical reactions in which the substances are transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space.

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Recalescence

Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs.

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Recirculating aquaculture system

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are used in home aquaria and for fish production where water exchange is limited and the use of biofiltration is required to reduce ammonia toxicity.

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Recording thermometer

A recording thermometer is a type of thermometer that records temperature changes over a period of time.

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Records management

Records management, also known as records and information management, is an organizational function devoted to the management of information in an organization throughout its life cycle, from the time of creation or inscription to its eventual disposition.

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Recovery time (culinary)

Recovery time is the length of time it takes a cooking medium, such as fat or water, to return to the desired cooking temperature after the food is submerged in it.

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Red

Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet.

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Redeye gaper

The redeye gaper, Chaunax stigmaeus, is a sedentary species of anglerfish in the family Chaunacidae.

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Redlich–Kwong equation of state

In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases.

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Redshift

In physics, redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

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Reference data

Reference data are data that define the set of permissible values to be used by other data fields.

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Refractive index

In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.

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Refractory

A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.

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Reid Bryson

Reid Bryson (7 June 1920 – 11 June 2008) was an American atmospheric scientist, geologist and meteorologist.

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Reionization

In the field of Big Bang theory, and cosmology, reionization is the process that caused the matter in the universe to reionize after the lapse of the "dark ages".

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Relative humidity

Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature.

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Relative volatility

Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the components in a liquid mixture of chemicals.

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Relativistic heat conduction

Relativistic heat conduction refers to the modelling of heat conduction (and similar diffusion processes) in a way not compatible with special relativity.

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Reliability (semiconductor)

Reliability of semiconductor devices can be summarized as follows.

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Remittent fever

Remittent Fever is a type or pattern of fever in which temperature does not touch the baseline and remains above normal throughout the day.

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René Quinton

René Quinton (1866–1925), was a French physiologist and aviation pioneer.

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Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013, often known by the acronym RIDDOR, is a 2013 Statutory Instrument of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Residual property (physics)

In thermodynamics a residual property is defined as the difference between a real gas property and an ideal gas property, both considered at the same pressure, temperature, and composition.

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Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

The conservation-restoration of the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel was one of the most significant conservation-restorations of the 20th century.

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Rete mirabile

A rete mirabile (Latin for "wonderful net"; plural retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, found in some vertebrates, mainly warm-blooded ones.

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Retrograde condensation

Retrograde condensation occurs when gas in a tube is compressed beyond the point of condensation with the effect that the liquid evaporates again.

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Reversing thermometer

Unlike most conventional mercury thermometers, a reversing thermometer is able to record a given temperature to be viewed at a later time.

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Revitalizant

Revitalizant (vita — life, can be literally translated to “bringing back to life”) — a semi permanent treatment for metals found in automobile engines, transmissions, fuel pumps, and other friction surfaces in industrial and other machines.

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Rheid

A rheid is a substance whose temperature is below the melting point and whose deformation by viscous flow during the time of observation is at least three orders of magnitude (1,000×) greater than the elastic deformation under the given conditions.

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Rice cooker

A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice.

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Richard Davisson

Richard Joseph "Dick" Davisson (December 29, 1922 – June 15, 2004) was an American physicist.

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Ridgecrest, California

Ridgecrest is a city in Kern County, California, United States.

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Ring flip

Ring flipping (also known as ring inversion or ring reversal) is a phenomenon involving the interconversion (by rotation) about single bonds of cyclic conformers having equivalent ring shapes but not necessarily equivalent spatial positions of substituent atoms.

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RNA thermometer

An RNA thermometer (or RNA thermosensor) is a temperature-sensitive non-coding RNA molecule which regulates gene expression.

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Road Weather Information System

A Road Weather Information System (RWIS) comprises automatic weather stations (technically referred to as Environmental Sensor Stations (ESS)) in the field, a communication system for data transfer, and central systems to collect field data from numerous ESS.

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Robert Coleman Richardson

Robert Coleman Richardson (June 26, 1937 – February 19, 2013) was an American experimental physicist whose area of research included sub-millikelvin temperature studies of helium-3.

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Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building

Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building is the Washington, D.C., headquarters of the United States Department of Justice.

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Robot Master

In the original Mega Man series, the term "Robot Master" refers to a special kind of robot or android that possesses a very advanced level of artificial intelligence.

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Robust parameter design

A robust parameter design, introduced by Genichi Taguchi, is an experimental design used to exploit the interaction between control and uncontrollable noise variables by robustification -- finding the settings of the control factors that minimize response variation from uncontrollable factors.

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Robustness (evolution)

Robustness of a biological system (also called biological or genetic robustness) is the persistence of a certain characteristic or trait in a system under perturbations or conditions of uncertainty.

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Rock (geology)

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

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Rocket engine nozzle

A rocket engine nozzle is a propelling nozzle (usually of the de Laval type) used in a rocket engine to expand and accelerate the combustion gases produced by burning propellants so that the exhaust gases exit the nozzle at hypersonic velocities.

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RocketSat

The NASA SpaceGrant Consortium at the University of Colorado at Boulder has sponsored many small space reaching missions including 3CS, CX, DINO, DANDE, and RocketSat.

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Rocketsonde

A rocketsonde, a kind of sounding rocket, is a system for atmospheric observations that consists of a rocket that launches instruments that can make weather observations up to an altitude of 75,000 m. Common meteorological rockets (rocketsondes) are the Loki and Super Loki.

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Roof seamer

A roof seamer is a portable roll forming machine that is used to install mechanically seamed structural standing seam metal roof panels, as part of an overall metal construction building envelope system.

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Root cellar

A root cellar is a structure, usually underground.

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Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme

Rosco McQueen: Firefighter Extreme (simply titled Rosco McQueen in Europe) is an action-genre video game for the PlayStation console.

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Rot-proof

Rot-proof or rot resistant is a condition of preservation or protection, by a process or treatment of materials used in industrial manufacturing or production to prevent biodegradation and chemical decomposition.

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Rotary variable differential transformer

A rotary variable differential transformer (RVDT) is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring angular displacement.

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Rotating radio transient

Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are sources of short, moderately bright, radio pulses, which were first discovered in 2006.

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Rotational temperature

The characteristic rotational temperature (θR or θrot) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics, to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties.

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Roxas, Isabela

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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RRDtool

RRDtool (round-robin database tool) aims to handle time series data such as network bandwidth, temperatures or CPU load.

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RT Carinae

RT Carinae (HD 303310, HIP 52562, SAO 238424) is a variable star in the Carina Nebula in the constellation Carina.

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Ruffe

The Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua), also known as ruffe or pope, is a freshwater fish found in temperate regions of Europe and northern Asia.

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Rupnagar

Rupnagar (formerly known as Ropar or Rupar), is a city and a municipal council in Rupnagar district in the Indian state of Punjab.

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Rural Khmer house

Rural Khmer houses are a traditional house types of the Khmer people.

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Rushbrooke inequality

In statistical mechanics, the Rushbrooke inequality relates the critical exponents of a magnetic system which exhibits a first-order phase transition in the thermodynamic limit for non-zero temperature T. Since the Helmholtz free energy is extensive, the normalization to free energy per site is given as The magnetization M per site in the thermodynamic limit, depending on the external magnetic field H and temperature T is given by where \sigma_i is the spin at the i-th site, and the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat at constant temperature and field are given by, respectively and.

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Rutherford Aris bibliography

This bibliography of Rutherford Aris contains a comprehensive listing of the scientific publications of Aris, including books, journal articles, and contributions to other published material.

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Saha ionization equation

The Saha ionization equation, also known as the Saha–Langmuir equation, is an expression that relates the ionization state of a gas in thermal equilibrium to the temperature and pressure.

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Sakuma–Hattori equation

The Sakuma–Hattori equation is a mathematical model for predicting the amount of thermal radiation, radiometric flux or radiometric power emitted from a perfect blackbody or received by a thermal radiation detector.

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Salinity

Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water (see also soil salinity).

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Salsomaggiore Terme

Salsomaggiore Terme (Salsese: Sèls; Parmigiano: Sälsmagiór) is a town and comune in northern Italy.

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Salt marsh die-off

Salt marsh die-off is a term that has been used in the US and UK to describe the death of salt marsh cordgrass leading to subsequent degradation of habitat, specifically in the low marsh zones of salt marshes on the coasts of the Western Atlantic.

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Samsung GT-B7330

Samsung GT-B7330 (also known as Omnia Pro B7330) is a smartphone produced by Samsung as part of their Omnia series line of mobile phones.

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Samuel Cate Prescott

Samuel Cate Prescott (April 5, 1872 – March 19, 1962) was an American food scientist and microbiologist who was involved in the development of food safety, food science, public health, and industrial microbiology.

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San Bruno Mountain

San Bruno Mountain is located in northern San Mateo County, California, with some slopes of the mountain crossing over into southern San Francisco.

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San Felipe, Baja California

San Felipe is a town on the bay of San Felipe in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) in the Mexican state of Baja California, 190 km south of the United States border and within the municipality of Mexicali.

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San Jose, Camarines Sur

, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Sandia National Laboratories

The Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), managed and operated by the National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International), is one of three National Nuclear Security Administration research and development laboratories.

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Sang Dhesian

Sang Dhesian (Dhesian Sang) is a village in Phillaur tahsil of Jalandhar district of Punjab state of India known for Baba Sang ji Gurdwara.

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Sanghi Takht

Sanghi Takht is a village in Afghanistan, located midway Herat and Kabul at 34° 16' 02" N and 66° 16' 30" E. Its mountainous location causes temperature variation from -20°c to 11°c.

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Santorio Santorio

Santorio Santorio (29 March 1561 – 22 February 1636), also called Sanctorio Sanctorio, Santorio Santorii, Sanctorius of Padua, Sanctorio Sanctorius and various combinations of these names, was a Venetian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the quantitative approach into medicine.

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Saqqez

Saqqez (سقز), also known as Saghez, Saqez, Saqqiz, Saqiz, and Sakīz, is a city which is the capital of Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran.

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Satellite surface salinity

Satellite surface salinity refers to measurements of surface salinity made by remote sensing satellites.

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Satellite temperature measurements

Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from radiometric measurements by satellites.

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Saturn V Instrument Unit

The Saturn V Instrument Unit is a ring-shaped structure fitted to the top of the Saturn V rocket's third stage (S-IVB) and the Saturn IB's second stage (also an S-IVB).

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Sauna

A sauna, or sudatory, is a small room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an establishment with one or more of these facilities.

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Sauter AG

Fr.

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Sawal Dher

Sawal Dher (ساولڈھیر) is an historic village in Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, that contains the remains of an ancient city.

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Scalar (physics)

A scalar or scalar quantity in physics is a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such as a real number, often accompanied by units of measurement.

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Scalar field

In mathematics and physics, a scalar field associates a scalar value to every point in a space – possibly physical space.

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Scale height

In various scientific contexts, a scale height is a distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of e (approximately 2.72, the base of natural logarithms).

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Scale of temperature

Scale of temperature is a way to measure temperature quantitatively.

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Scerni

Scerni (Abruzzese: Scìrne) is a town of 3,645 inhabitants of the province of Chieti is part of the Middle Vastese.

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Schön scandal

The Schön scandal concerns German physicist Jan Hendrik Schön (born August 1970 in Verden an der Aller, Lower Saxony, Germany) who briefly rose to prominence after a series of apparent breakthroughs with semiconductors that were later discovered to be fraudulent.

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School uniforms in South Korea

Almost all South Korean secondary students wear a prescribed school uniform, gyobok.

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Schoolhouse Blizzard

This article is about the blizzard in the Great Plains of the United States.

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Science of Logic

Science of Logic (SL; Wissenschaft der Logik, WL), first published between 1812 and 1816, is the work in which Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel outlined his vision of logic.

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Sclerosponge

Sclerosponges are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite.

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Scott Air-Pak SCBA

The Scott Air-Pak SCBA is an open-circuit, self-contained breathing apparatus designed to meet the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 1981.

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Scottish Environment Protection Agency

The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA; Buidheann Dìon Àrainneachd na h-Alba) is Scotland’s environmental regulator and national flood forecasting, flood warning and strategic flood risk management authority.

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Scottish inventions and discoveries

Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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Scuticaria (plant)

Scuticaria is a genus of orchids comprising 9 species native to Belize, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.

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Sea

A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.

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Sea surface temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature close to the ocean's surface.

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SeaDataNet

SeaDataNet is an international project of oceanography.

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Searle's bar method

Searle's bar method (named after George Frederick Charles Searle) is an experimental procedure to measure thermal conductivity of material.

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Seasat

Seasat was the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans and had on board the first spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR).

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Seasonal effects on suicide rates

Research on seasonal effects on suicide rates suggests that the prevalence of suicide is greatest during the late spring and early summer months, despite the common belief that suicide rates peak during the cold and dark months of the winter season.

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Seasonal lag

Seasonal lag is the phenomenon whereby the date of maximum average air temperature at a geographical location on a planet is delayed until some time after the date of maximum insolation.

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Seed dispersal syndrome

A seed dispersal syndrome is a mutualistic plant-animal interaction.

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Seismo-electromagnetics

Seismo-electromagnetics are various electro-magnetic phenomena believed to be generated by tectonic forces acting on the earth's crust, and possibly associated with seismic activity such as earthquakes and volcanoes.

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Selective surface

In solar thermal collectors, a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency.

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Self-healing material

Self-healing materials are artificial or synthetically-created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damage to themselves without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention.

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Self-lubricating chain

Self-lubricating chains, also referred to as lube-free chains, are commonly found in both roller chain (ANSI Standards, British Standards, and DIN Standards) and conveyor chain varieties, with specialty self-lubricating chains also available.

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Sellmeier equation

The Sellmeier equation is an empirical relationship between refractive index and wavelength for a particular transparent medium.

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Semantic Sensor Web

The Semantic Sensor Web (SSW) is a marriage of sensor and Semantic Web technologies.

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Semibalanus balanoides

Semibalanus balanoides is a common and widespread boreo-arctic species of acorn barnacle.

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Semimetal

A semimetal is a material with a very small overlap between the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band.

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Semipermeable membrane

A semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion—or occasionally by more specialized processes of facilitated diffusion, passive transport or active transport.

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Sensistor

Sensistor is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature.

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Sensitivity analysis of an EnergyPlus model

Sensitivity analysis of an EnergyPlus model identifies how uncertainty in an output can be allocated to uncertainty in the input parameters of a process model.

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Sensorial transposition

Sensorial transposition is a technique used in remote reality to transfer the perception of one sense to another.

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Sensory design

Sensory design aims to establish an overall diagnosis of the sensory perceptions of a product, and define appropriate means to design or redesign it on that basis.

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Sensory nervous system

The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.

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Seoni district

Seoni District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.

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Separator (oil production)

The term separator in oilfield terminology designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components.

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Serge Rudaz

Serge Rudaz (born August 19, 1954, pronounced "Rü-DAH") is a Canadian theoretical physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Minnesota.

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Sexual arousal

Sexual arousal (also sexual excitement) is the arousal of sexual desire, during or in anticipation of sexual activity.

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Sfumatura

The sfumatura or slow-folding process is a traditional technique for manually extracting the essential oils from citrus peel using sponges.

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Shear zone

A shear zone is a very important structural discontinuity surface in the Earth's crust and upper mantle.

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Shell and tube heat exchanger

A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs.

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Sheyenne, North Dakota

Sheyenne is a city in Eddy County, North Dakota, United States.

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Shmoo plot

In electrical engineering, a shmoo plot is a graphical display of the response of a component or system varying over a range of conditions or inputs.

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Shneior Lifson

Shneior Lifson (שניאור ליפסון; born 18 March 1914 in Tel Aviv – died 22 January 2001 in Rehovot), was an Israeli chemical physicist, scientific director of the Weizmann Institute of Science, a founder of the Open University of Israel, laureate of the 1969 Israel Prize in the life sciences.

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Shock (fluid dynamics)

Shock is an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field.

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Shock cooling

Shock cooling refers to the theory that damage to engines (particularly air-cooled aviation piston engines) may occur because of an excessively rapid decrease in temperature.

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Shock wave

In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance.

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Short time duty

The short time duty (or short time operation) indicates an operating mode of increased performance but for a shorter length of time.

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SI base unit

The International System of Units (SI) defines seven units of measure as a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived.

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SI derived unit

SI derived units are units of measurement derived from the seven base units specified by the International System of Units (SI).

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Sid the Science Kid

Sid the Science Kid (also known as Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid) is an American half-hour CGI animated series that aired on PBS Kids from September 1, 2008 to March 25, 2013, with a total of 68 half-hour episodes produced over two seasons.

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Side reaction

A side reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs at the same time as the actual main reaction, but to a lesser extent.

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Siemens cycle

The Siemens cycle is a technique used to cool or liquefy gases.

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Signal

A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and electrical engineering is a function that "conveys information about the behavior or attributes of some phenomenon".

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Silviculture

Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values.

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SimEarth

SimEarth is a life simulation video game, the second designed by Will Wright, in which the player controls the development of a planet.

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Similitude (model)

Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models.

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Simmering

Simmering is a food preparation technique in which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water (which is 100 °C or 212 °F at average sea level air pressure), but higher than poaching temperature.

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Single-molecule magnet

Single-molecule magnets (SMM) are a class of metalorganic compounds that show superparamagnetic behavior below a certain blocking temperature at the molecular scale.

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Sisak

Sisak (Sziszek; also known by other alternative names) is a city and episcopal see in central Croatia, located at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2011 was 47,768 of which 33,322 live in the urban settlement (naselje).

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Site analysis

Site analysis is a preliminary phase of architectural and urban design processes dedicated to the study of the climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural context of a specific site.

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Sitti Zone

Sitti Zone (Gobolka Sitti), formerly known as Shinile, is one of nine Zones of the Somali Region of Ethiopia.

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Sivapuripatti

Sivapuripatti is a small village located in Sivagangai District of Tamil Nadu, India.

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Skew-T log-P diagram

A skew-T log-P diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting.

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Skidaway Institute of Oceanography

The Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (SkIO) is an internationally renowned marine science research institute located on the northern end of Skidaway Island near Savannah, Georgia, USA.

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Skin

Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.

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Slănic mine

Slănic mine is an old salt mine, located in Slănic, Prahova County, Romania, just 100 km north of Bucharest.

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Sleeping bag

A sleeping bag is an insulated covering for a person, essentially a lightweight quilt that can be closed with a zipper or similar means to form a tube, which functions as lightweight, portable bedding in situations where a person is sleeping outdoors (e.g. when camping, hiking, hill walking or climbing).

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Smart material

Smart materials, called also intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields, light, or chemical compounds.

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Smart polymer

Smart polymers or stimuli-responsive polymers are high-performance polymers that change according to the environment they are in.

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Smartdust

Smartdust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals.

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Smith–Magenis syndrome

Smith–Magenis Syndrome (SMS) has features including intellectual disability, facial abnormalities, difficulty sleeping, and numerous behavioral problems such as self-harm.

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Smouldering

Smouldering (British English) or smoldering (American English; see spelling differences) is the slow, low-temperature, flameless form of combustion, sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen directly attacks the surface of a condensed-phase fuel.

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SNOTEL

Data from a SNOTEL site in Elko County, Nevada SNOTEL is an automated system of snowpack and related climate sensors operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture in the Western United States.

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Snow

Snow refers to forms of ice crystals that precipitate from the atmosphere (usually from clouds) and undergo changes on the Earth's surface.

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Snow line

The climatic snow line is the boundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface.

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Snowsquall

A snowsquall (or snow squall) is a sudden moderately heavy snow fall with blowing snow and strong, gusty surface winds.

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Soap bubble

A soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water enclosing air that forms a hollow sphere with an iridescent surface.

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Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.

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SOFAR channel

Sound speed as a function of depth at a position north of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean derived from the 2005 World Ocean Atlas. The SOFAR channel axis is at ca. 750-m depth The SOFAR channel (short for Sound Fixing and Ranging channel), or deep sound channel (DSC), is a horizontal layer of water in the ocean at which depth the speed of sound is at its minimum.

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Soft rime

Soft rime is a white ice deposition that forms when the water droplets in light freezing fog or mist freeze to the outer surfaces of objects, with calm or light wind.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Soil moisture sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil.

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Soil production function

Soil production function refers to the rate of bedrock weathering into soil as a function of soil thickness.

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Solar cooker

A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or pasteurise drink and other food materials.

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Solar Euromed

Solar Euromed is a high technology group based in France specialized in concentrated solar power technology, in activity from 2007 to 2016.

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Solar module quality assurance

Solar module quality assurance involves testing and evaluating solar cells to ensure the quality requirements of them are met.

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Solar neutrino problem

The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and measured directly.

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Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.

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Solder fatigue

Solder fatigue is the mechanical degradation of solder due to deformation under cyclic loading.

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Soledar Salt Mine

The scale of the Soledar Salt Mines is vast.

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Solid mechanics

Solid mechanics is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials, especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature changes, phase changes, and other external or internal agents.

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Solid sorbents for carbon capture

Solid sorbents for carbon capture include a diverse range of porous, solid-phase materials, including mesoporous silicas, zeolites and metal-organic frameworks.

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Solubility

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

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Solubility equilibrium

Solubility equilibrium is a type of dynamic equilibrium that exists when a chemical compound in the solid state is in chemical equilibrium with a solution of that compound.

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Solubility table

The table below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at 1 atmosphere pressure.

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Solution

In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

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Solvent

A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.

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Sommerfeld expansion

A Sommerfeld expansion is an approximation method developed by Arnold Sommerfeld for a certain class of integrals which are common in condensed matter and statistical physics.

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Sonoluminescence

Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound.

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Sony XEL-1

Developed in 2007 and produced for sale in 2008, the Sony XEL-1 is the world's first organic light-emitting diode (OLED) television.

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Sorbetes

Sorbetes is the traditional variation of ice cream made in the Philippines.

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South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse

The South Pole–Queen Maud Land Traverse (SPQMLT) was a three-part scientific exploration of Antarctica undertaken by the United States in the 1960s.

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South Waziristan

South Waziristan (Urdu: جنوبی وزیرستان) is a district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the southern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, that covers some 11,585 km² (4,473 mi²).

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Southampton District Energy Scheme

The Southampton District Energy Scheme is a district heating and cooling system in Southampton, United Kingdom.

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Southern Leyte

Southern Leyte (Habagatang Leyte, Timog Leyte) is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region.

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SOXS

Solar X-Ray Spectrometer, or SOXS, was an experimental payload launched onboard Indian geostationary satellite GSAT-2 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, ISRO.

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Soybean management practices

Soybean management practices in farming are the decisions a producer must make in order to raise a soybean crop.

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Space

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.

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Space charge

Space charge is a concept in which excess electric charge is treated as a continuum of charge distributed over a region of space (either a volume or an area) rather than distinct point-like charges.

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Space Engine Systems

Space Engine Systems Inc. (SES) is a Canadian aerospace company led by Pradeep Dass and is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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Space Patrol (1962 TV series)

Space Patrol is a science-fiction television series featuring marionettes that was produced in the United Kingdom in 1962 and broadcast beginning in 1963.

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Space tribology

Space tribology is a discipline in the field of tribology which deals with tribological systems for spacecraft applications.

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SpaceEngine

SpaceEngine (stylized as "Space Engine") is a proprietary 3D astronomy program and game engine developed by Russian astronomer and programmer Vladimir Romanyuk.

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Spaghetti plot

A spaghetti plot (also known as a spaghetti chart, spaghetti diagram, or spaghetti model) is a method of viewing data to visualize possible flows through systems.

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Spark plug

A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug, and, colloquially, a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

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Sparkline

A sparkline is a very small line chart, typically drawn without axes or coordinates.

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Special collections

In library science, special collections (Spec. Coll. or S.C.) are libraries or library units that house materials requiring specialized security and user services.

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Specific energy

Specific energy is energy per unit mass.

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Specific weight

The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material.

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Spectral line

A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.

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Spectral line ratios

The analysis of line intensity ratios is an important tool to obtain information about laboratory and space plasmas.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

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Speed of sound

The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium.

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Spent nuclear fuel

Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant).

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Sphodromantis viridis

Sphodromantis viridis is a species of praying mantis that is kept worldwide as a pet.

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Spice (oceanography)

In oceanography the term spice refers to spatial variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater whose effects on density cancel each other.

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Spin ice

A spin ice is a magnetic substance that does not have a single minimal-energy state.

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Spinal trigeminal nucleus

The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face.

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Spinothalamic tract

The spinothalamic tract (also known as anterolateral system or the ventrolateral system) is a sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus.

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Spire Global

Spire Global, Inc. is an American private company specializing in data gathered from a network of small satellites.

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Spirochaeta thermophila

Spirochaeta thermophila is a fairly recently discovered free-living, anaerobic, spirochaete that seems to be the most thermophilic of the Spirochaetales order.

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Sponge and dough

The sponge and dough method is a two-step bread making process: in the first step a sponge is made and allowed to ferment for a period of time, and in the second step the sponge is added to the final dough's ingredients, creating the total formula.

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Spray foam

Spray foam is a chemical product created by two materials, isocyanate and polyol resin, which react when mixed with each other and expand up to 30-60 times its liquid volume after it is sprayed in place.

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Spray painting

Spray painting is a painting technique where a device sprays a coating (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface.

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SRM Engine Suite

The SRM Engine Suite is an engineering software tool used for simulating fuels, combustion and exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engine (IC engine) applications.

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Stability constants of complexes

A stability constant (formation constant, binding constant) is an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution.

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Stagnation temperature

In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow.

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Stalactite

A stalactite (from the Greek stalasso, (σταλάσσω), "to drip", and meaning "that which drips") is a type of formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or manmade structures such as bridges and mines.

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Stalagmite

A stalagmite (or; from the Greek σταλαγμίτης -, from σταλαγμίας -, "dropping, trickling") is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings.

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STANAG 3910

STANAG 3910 High Speed Data Transmission Under STANAG 3838 or Fibre Optic Equivalent Control is a protocol defined in a NATO Standardization Agreement for the transfer of data, principally intended for use in avionic systems.

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Standard asteroid physical characteristics

For the majority of numbered asteroids, almost nothing is known apart from a few physical parameters and orbital elements and some physical characteristics are often only estimated.

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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.

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Standard cubic feet per minute

Standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) is the molar flow rate of a gas corrected to "standardized" conditions of temperature and pressure thus representing a fixed number of moles of gas regardless of composition and actual flow conditions.

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Standard day

The term standard day is used throughout meteorology, aviation, and other sciences and disciplines as a way of defining certain properties of the atmosphere in a manner which allows those who use our atmosphere to effectively calculate and communicate its properties at any given time.

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Standard litre per minute

The standard litre per minute (SLM or SLPM) is a unit of volumetric flow rate of a gas corrected to "standardized" conditions of temperature and pressure (STP), which is most commonly practiced in the United States whereas European practice revolves around the normal litre per minute (NLPM).

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Standard molar entropy

In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance under a standard state (not STP).

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Standard sea level

Standard sea level (SSL) (also known as sea level standard (SLS)) defines a set of conditions for physical calculations.

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Standard solar model

The standard solar model (SSM) is a mathematical treatment of the Sun as a spherical ball of gas (in varying states of ionisation, with the hydrogen in the deep interior being a completely ionised plasma).

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Star-shaped polymer

Star-shaped polymers are the simplest class of branched polymers with a general structure consisting of several (more than three) linear chains connected to a central core.

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Starvation (glaciology)

In glaciology, starvation occurs when a glacier retreats, not because of temperature increases, but due to precipitation so low that the ice flow downward into the zone of ablation exceeds the replenishment from snowfall.

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State function

In thermodynamics, a state function or function of state is a function defined for a system relating several state variables or state quantities that depends only on the current equilibrium state of the system, for example a gas, a liquid, a solid, crystal, or emulsion.

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State of matter

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.

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Static forces and virtual-particle exchange

Static force fields are fields, such as a simple electric, magnetic or gravitational fields, that exist without excitations.

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Statics

Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads (force and torque, or "moment") acting on physical systems that do not experience an acceleration (a.

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Station model

In meteorology, station models are symbolic illustrations showing the weather occurring at a given reporting station.

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Statistical data type

In statistics, groups of individual data points may be classified as belonging to any of various statistical data types, e.g. categorical ("red", "blue", "green"), real number (1.68, -5, 1.7e+6),odd number(1,3,5) etc.

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Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)

In mathematical physics, especially as introduced into statistical mechanics and thermodynamics by J. Willard Gibbs in 1902, an ensemble (also statistical ensemble) is an idealization consisting of a large number of virtual copies (sometimes infinitely many) of a system, considered all at once, each of which represents a possible state that the real system might be in.

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Statistical manifold

In mathematics, a statistical manifold is a Riemannian manifold, each of whose points is a probability distribution.

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Statistical physics

Statistical physics is a branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.

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Statistical weight

In statistical mechanics, the statistical weight is the relative probability (possibly unnormalized) of a particular feature of a state.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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Stattoo

Stattoo is a Dashboard-like information display tool for Mac OS X by Panic.

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Stüve diagram

A Stüve diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting.

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Steam accumulator

A steam accumulator is an insulated steel pressure tank containing hot water and steam under pressure.

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Steam engine

A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

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Stefan number

The Stefan number (St or Ste) is defined as the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat.

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Steinhart–Hart equation

The Steinhart–Hart equation is a model of the resistance of a semiconductor at different temperatures.

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Stella Maris College (Montevideo)

The Christian Brothers College of Montevideo, commonly referred as Stella Maris College – Christian Brothers or just Christian, is a private, co-educational, not-for-profit Catholic school run by the Christian Brothers of Ireland.

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Stellar black hole

A stellar black hole (or stellar-mass black hole) is a black hole formed by the gravitational collapse of a massive star.

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Stellar classification

In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics.

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Stellar evolution

Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of time.

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Stellar structure

Stars of different mass and age have varying internal structures.

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Stellar wind

A stellar wind is a flow of gas ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star.

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Stemflow

In hydrology, stemflow is the flow of intercepted water down the trunk or stem of a plant.

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Stephens City, Virginia

Stephens City is an incorporated town in the southern part of Frederick County, Virginia, United States, with a population of 1,829 at the time of the 2010 Census.

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Sterilization (microbiology)

Sterilization (or sterilisation) refers to any process that eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, prions, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media.

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Stickies (papermaking)

When recycling post-consumer paper, stickies are tacky substances contained in the paper pulp and process water systems of paper machines.

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Sticking coefficient

Sticking coefficient is the term used in surface physics to describe the ratio of the number of adsorbate atoms (or molecules) that adsorb, or "stick", to a surface to the total number of atoms that impinge upon that surface during the same period of time.

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Still

A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor.

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Stimulus modality

Stimulus modality, also called sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what we perceive after a stimulus.

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Stirling engine

A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.

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STM32

STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics.

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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

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Storage of wine

Storage of wine is an important consideration for wine that is being kept for long-term aging.

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Storm chasing

Storm chasing is broadly defined as the pursuit of any severe weather condition, regardless of motive, which can be curiosity, adventure, scientific investigation, or for news or media coverage.

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Strain (chemistry)

In chemistry, a molecule experiences strain when its chemical structure undergoes some stress which raises its internal energy in comparison to a strain-free reference compound.

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Strain 121

Strain 121 (Geogemma barossii) is a single-celled microbe of the domain Archaea.

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Stratification (water)

Water stratification is when water masses with different properties - salinity (halocline), oxygenation (chemocline), density (pycnocline), temperature (thermocline) - form layers that act as barriers to water mixing which could lead to anoxia or euxinia.

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Stratopause

The stratopause (formerly Mesopeak) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers: the stratosphere and the mesosphere.

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Strömgren photometric system

Strömgren photometric system (uvby) (sometimes also referred as Strömgren - Crawford photometric system) is four-colour medium-band photometric system (plus H-beta filters) for stellar classification.

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Strömgren sphere

In theoretical astrophysics, there can be a sphere of ionized hydrogen (H II) around a young star of the spectral classes O or B. The theory was derived by Bengt Strömgren in 1937 and later named Strömgren sphere after him.

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Strășeni District

Strășeni is an administrative district in the central part of Moldova.

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Street canyon

A street canyon (also known as an urban canyon) is a place where the street is flanked by buildings on both sides creating a canyon-like environment.

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Streptococcus sobrinus

Streptococcus sobrinus is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, and anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus.

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Stress (mechanics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.

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Stress testing

Stress testing (sometimes called torture testing) is a form of deliberately intense or thorough testing used to determine the stability of a given system or entity.

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String theory

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.

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Structural load

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components.

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Structure formation

In physical cosmology, structure formation is the formation of galaxies, galaxy clusters and larger structures from small early density fluctuations.

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Sturgeon

Sturgeon is the common name for the 27 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae.

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SU-8 photoresist

SU-8 is a commonly used epoxy-based negative photoresist.

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Subatlantic

The Subatlantic is the current climatic age of the Holocene epoch.

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Subcooling

The term subcooling refers to a liquid existing at a temperature below its normal boiling point.

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Sublimation (phase transition)

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

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Subsidence (atmosphere)

Subsidence, in the Earth's atmosphere, is most commonly caused by a low temperature.

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Subterranean fauna

endemic of Dinaric Alps. Subterranean fauna is referred to animal species adapted to live in underground environment.

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Subtropical front

A subtropical front is a surface water mass boundary or front, which is a narrow zone of transition between air masses of contrasting density, air masses of different temperatures or different water vapour concentrates.

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Subtropics

The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropics at latitude 23.5° (the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and temperate zones (normally referring to latitudes 35–66.5°) north and south of the Equator.

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Subzero

Sub-zero literally means "beneath zero." As such, it is usually used for negative numbers; the most common usage refers to negative temperature.

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Sucumbíos Province

Sucumbíos is a province in northeast Ecuador.

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Sulaibiya

Sulaibiya is a small town in Al Jahra Governorate, Kuwait.

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Sulfolobus

Sulfolobus is a genus of microorganism in the family Sulfolobaceae.

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Summer

Summer is the hottest of the four temperate seasons, falling after spring and before autumn.

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Super soft X-ray source

A luminous supersoft X-ray source (SSXS, or SSS) is an astronomical source that emits only low energy (i.e., soft) X-rays.

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Superconducting magnet

A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire.

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Superconducting quantum computing

Superconducting quantum computing is an implementation of a quantum computer in superconducting electronic circuits.

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Superconductivity

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.

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Supercooling

Supercooling, also known as undercooling, is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid or a gas below its freezing point without it becoming a solid.

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Supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide (s) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure.

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Supercritical fluid

A supercritical fluid (SCF) is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.

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Supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation or SCWO is a process that occurs in water at temperatures and pressures above a mixture's thermodynamic critical point.

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Superdiamagnetism

Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a magnetic susceptibility \chi_.

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Superheated water

Superheated water is liquid water under pressure at temperatures between the usual boiling point, and the critical temperature,.

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Superheating

In physics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling.

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Superionic water

Superionic water is a phase of water under extreme heat and pressure which has properties of both a solid and a liquid, which is supported by some experimental evidence.

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Superplasticity

In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 200% during tensile deformation.

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Supersaturation

Supersaturation is a state of a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances.

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Superselection

In quantum mechanics, superselection extends the concept of selection rules.

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Supersonic speed

Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).

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Surface chemistry of cooking

In cooking several factors, including materials, techniques, and temperature, can influence the surface chemistry of the chemical reactions and interactions that create food.

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Surface energy

Surface Free energy, or interfacial free energy, quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occur when a surface is created.

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Surface layer

The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface.

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Surface stress

Surface stress was first defined by Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) as the amount of the reversible work per unit area needed to elastically stretch a pre-existing surface.

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Surface temperature

Surface temperature is the temperature at or near a surface.

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Surface tension

Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible.

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Surface weather analysis

Surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.

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Surface weather observation

Surface weather observations are the fundamental data used for safety as well as climatological reasons to forecast weather and issue warnings worldwide.

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Sustainable energy

Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects.

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Sverdrup balance

The Sverdrup balance, or Sverdrup relation, is a theoretical relationship between the wind stress exerted on the surface of the open ocean and the vertically integrated meridional (north-south) transport of ocean water.

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Swallowtail butterfly

Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies in the family Papilionidae, and include over 550 species.

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Sweatpants

Sweatpants are a casual variety of soft trousers intended for comfort or athletic purposes, although they are now worn in many different situations.

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SWEEPS-10

|- style.

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Sweet potato

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.

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Symmetry (physics)

In physics, a symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation.

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Symphurus thermophilus

Symphurus thermophilus is a species of tonguefish notable for being the only flatfish known to be an obligate inhabitant of hydrothermal vents.

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Syngas fermentation

Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process.

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Syngonium

Syngonium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical rain forests in southern Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America.

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Synoptic scale meteorology

The synoptic scale in meteorology (also known as large scale or cyclonic scale) is a horizontal length scale of the order of 1000 kilometers (about 620 miles) or more.

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Synthesis of carbon nanotubes

Techniques have been developed to produce carbon nanotubes in sizable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

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Synthetic schlieren

Synthetic schlieren is a process that is used to visualize the flow of a fluid of variable refractive index.

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T&P

T&P may refer to.

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Tabataud Quarry

The Tabataud Quarry (sometimes also written Tabateaud) was situated in the northwestern French Massif Central.

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Tabebuia rosea

Tabebuia rosea, also called pink poui, and rosy trumpet tree is a neotropical tree that grows up to and can reach a diameter at breast height of up to.

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Table of thermodynamic equations

This article is a summary of common equations and quantities in thermodynamics (see thermodynamic equations for more elaboration).

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Tactile pad

A tactile pad is an area of skin that is particularly sensitive to pressure, temperature, or pain.

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Tadjoura

Tadjoura (Tagórri; تاجورة Tağūrah, Tajuura) is the oldest town in Djibouti and the capital of the Tadjourah Region.

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Tagum

, officially the, (Dakbayan sa Tagum; Lungsod ng Tagum), or simply referred to as Tagum City, is a settlement_text and capital of the,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Tail vibration

Tail vibration is a common behavior in some snakes where the tail is vibrated rapidly as a defensive response to a potential predator.

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Tait equation

In fluid mechanics, the Tait equation is an equation of state, used to relate liquid density to pressure.

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Takeoff

Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle or an animal goes from the ground to flying in the air.

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Talara Province

Talara is a province in the Piura Region, Peru.

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Talitrus saltator

Talitrus saltator, a species of sand hopper, is a common amphipod crustacean of sandy coasts around Europe.

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Tall oil

Tall oil, also called "liquid rosin" or tallol, is a viscous yellow-black odorous liquid obtained as a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture when pulping mainly coniferous trees.

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TAMDAR

TAMDAR (Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting) is a weather monitoring system that consists of an in situ atmospheric sensor mounted on commercial aircraft for data gathering.

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Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional American football franchise based in Tampa, Florida.

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Tap (valve)

A tap (also spigot or faucet: see usage variations) is a valve controlling the release of a liquid or gas.

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Tape correction (surveying)

In surveying, tape correction(s) refer(s) to correcting measurements for the effect of slope angle, expansion or contraction due to temperature, and the tape's sag, which varies with the applied tension.

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Tardigrade

Tardigrades (also known colloquially as water bears, or moss piglets) are water-dwelling, eight-legged, segmented micro-animals.

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Tatra 148

The Tatra 148 was a truck produced in Czechoslovakia by the Tatra company.

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Tawny nurse shark

The tawny nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus) is a species of carpet shark in the family Ginglymostomatidae, and the only extant member of the genus Nebrius.

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Taxis

A taxis (plural taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.

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Tea production in Sri Lanka

Tea production is one of the main sources of foreign exchange for Sri Lanka (formerly called Ceylon), and accounts for 2% of GDP, contributing over US $1.5 billion in 2013 to the economy of Sri Lanka.

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Technogaianism

Technogaianism (a portmanteau word combining "techno-" for technology and "gaian" for Gaia philosophy) is a bright green environmentalist stance of active support for the research, development and use of emerging and future technologies to help restore Earth's environment.

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Tectonic phase

A tectonic phase or deformation phase is in structural geology and petrology a phase in which tectonic movement or metamorphism took place.

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Tehuantepecer

Tehuantepecer, or Tehuano wind, is a violent mountain-gap wind traveling through Chivela Pass, most common between October and February, with a summer minimum in July.

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Teide 1

Teide 1 was the first brown dwarf to be verified, in 1995.

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Telemetry

Telemetry is an automated communications process by which measurements and other data are collected at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for monitoring.

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Telenești District

Telenești is a district (raion) in central Moldova, with the administrative center at Telenești.

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Teloglion Fine Arts Foundation

The Teloglion Fine Arts Foundation (formerly known in English as Teloglion Foundation of Art; Τελλόγλειο Ίδρυμα Τεχνών) was established in Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece in 1972.

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Temp

Temp may refer to.

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Temper

Temperare (to mix correctly) is the Latin origin of words like "temperature" and "tempering"; it and "tempo" come, in turn, from tempus (time or season).

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Temperate climate

In geography, the temperate or tepid climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes, which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.

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Temperature (disambiguation)

Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold.

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Temperature coefficient

A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature.

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Temperature cycling

Temperature cycling (or temperature cycle) is the process of cycling through two temperature extremes, typically at relatively high rates of change.

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Temperature dependence of liquid viscosity

The temperature dependence of liquid viscosity is the phenomenon by which liquid viscosity tends to decrease (or, alternatively, its fluidity tends to increase) as its temperature increases.

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Temperature gradient

A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location.

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Temperature measurement

Temperature measurement, also known as thermometry, describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation.

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Temperature range

Temperature range may refer to.

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Tephigram

A tephigram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting.

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Terraforming

Terraforming (literally, "Earth-shaping") of a planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the environment of Earth to make it habitable by Earth-like life.

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Terraforming in popular culture

Terraforming is well represented in popular culture, usually in the form of science fiction.

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Tesla turbine

The Tesla turbine is a bladeless centripetal flow turbine patented by Nikola Tesla in 1913.

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Testicle

The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.

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Tetralin

Tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) is a hydrocarbon having the chemical formula C10H12.

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Thabore

Thabore is a hill top village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.

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The High Moor, Yongneup of Mt. Daeam

The High Moor, Yongneup of Mt.

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The Terry Thomas Building

The Terry Thomas Building, located in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle, Washington is a sustainable, LEED-certified office building completed in 2008.

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Theoretical planetology

Theoretical planetology, also known as theoretical planetary science is a branch of planetary sciences that developed in the 20th century.

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Therapy

Therapy (often abbreviated tx, Tx, or Tx) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.

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Thermal analysis

Thermal analysis is a branch of materials science where the properties of materials are studied as they change with temperature.

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Thermal Battery

A thermal energy battery is a physical structure used for the purpose of storing and releasing thermal energy—see also thermal energy storage.

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Thermal conduction

Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body.

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Thermal contact conductance

In physics, thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in thermal contact.

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Thermal cutoff

A thermal cutoff is an electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heated to a specific temperature.

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Thermal de Broglie wavelength

In physics, the thermal de Broglie wavelength (\lambda_) is roughly the average de Broglie wavelength of the gas particles in an ideal gas at the specified temperature.

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Thermal death time

Thermal death time is how long it takes to kill a specific bacteria at a specific temperature.

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Thermal decomposition

Thermal decomposition, or thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat.

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Thermal destratification

Thermal destratification is the process of mixing the internal air in a building to eliminate stratified layers and achieve temperature equalization throughout the building envelope.

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Thermal diffusivity

In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

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Thermal Emission Imaging System

The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) is a camera on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter.

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Thermal energy

Thermal energy is a term used loosely as a synonym for more rigorously-defined thermodynamic quantities such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of transfer of energy (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system kT, where T is temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.

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Thermal equator

The thermal equator (also known as "the heat equator") is a belt encircling the Earth, defined by the set of locations having the highest mean annual temperature at each longitude around the globe.

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Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

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Thermal fluctuations

In statistical mechanics, thermal fluctuations are random deviations of a system from its average state, that occur in a system at equilibrium.

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Thermal fluids

Thermofluids is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields.

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Thermal insulation

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e. the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.

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Thermal management (electronics)

All electronic devices and circuitry generate excess heat and thus require thermal management to improve reliability and prevent premature failure.

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Thermal physics

Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory.

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Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature.

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Thermal power station

A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power.

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Thermal printing

Thermal printing (or direct thermal printing) is a digital printing process which produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head.

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Thermal quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature.

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Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter.

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Thermal reservoir

A thermal reservoir, a short-form of thermal energy reservoir, or thermal bath is a thermodynamic system with a heat capacity that is large enough that when it is in thermal contact with another system of interest or its environment, its temperature remains effectively constant.

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Thermal resistance

Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow.

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Thermal response test

A thermal response test (TRT) is used to determine the thermal properties of the ground.

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Thermal transmittance

Thermal transmittance, also known as U-value, is the rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square metre of a structure, divided by the difference in temperature across the structure.

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Thermal vacuum chamber

A thermal vacuum chamber is a vacuum chamber in which the radiative thermal environment is controlled.

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Thermique Technologies

Thermique Technologies, LLC, is a manufacturing company in Chicago, Illinois, best known for researching and developing new applications for heated glass technology.

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Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than in standard resistors.

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Thermo-hygrograph

A thermo-hygrograph or hygrothermograph is a chart recorder that measures and records both temperature and humidity (or dew point).

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Thermoacidophile

A thermoacidophile is an extremophilic microorganism that is both thermophilic and acidophilic; i.e., it can grow under conditions of high temperature and low pH.

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Thermoception

Thermoception or thermoreception is the sense by which an organism perceives temperature, or more accurately, temperature differences inferred from heat flux.

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Thermochromic ink

Thermochromic ink (also called thermochromatic ink) is a type of dye that changes color when temperatures increase or decrease.

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Thermochromism

Thermochromism is the property of substances to change color due to a change in temperature.

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Thermocouple

A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar electrical conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures.

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Thermodynamic activity

In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution.

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Thermodynamic cycle

A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state.

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Thermodynamic databases for pure substances

Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

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Thermodynamic diagrams

Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material.

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Thermodynamic equations

Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process.

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Thermodynamic equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.

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Thermodynamic free energy

The thermodynamic free energy is the amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform.

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Thermodynamic potential

A thermodynamic potential (in fact, rather energyISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.4 Helmholtz energy, Helmholtz function, ISO/IEC 80000-5, Quantities an units, Part 5 - Thermodynamics, item 5-20.5, Gibbs energy, Gibbs function than potential) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system.

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Thermodynamic system

A thermodynamic system is the material and radiative content of a macroscopic volume in space, that can be adequately described by thermodynamic state variables such as temperature, entropy, internal energy, and pressure.

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Thermodynamic temperature

Thermodynamic temperature is the absolute measure of temperature and is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Thermodynamics of the universe

The thermodynamics of the universe is dictated by which form of energy dominates it - relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter.

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Thermoelectric effect

The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple.

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Thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric materials show the thermoelectric effect in a strong or convenient form.

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Thermographic camera

A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera) is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light.

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Thermography

Infrared thermography (IRT), thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science.

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Thermogravimetric analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes.

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Thermohaline circulation

Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.

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Thermomagnetic convection

Ferrofluids can be used to transfer heat, since heat and mass transport in such magnetic fluids can be controlled using an external magnetic field.

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Thermometric titration

A thermometric titration is one of a number of instrumental titration techniques where endpoints can be located accurately and precisely without a subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location.

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Thermonuclear fusion

Thermonuclear fusion is a way to achieve nuclear fusion by using extremely high temperatures.

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Thermophotovoltaic

Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion is a direct conversion process from heat to electricity via photons.

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Thermopile

A thermopile is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy.

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Thermoplasma volcanium

Thermoplasma volcanium is a moderate thermoacidophilic archaea isolated from acidic hydrothermal vents and solfatara fields.

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Thermoscope

A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature.

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Thermosetting polymer

A thermoset, also called a thermosetting plastic, is a plastic that is irreversibly cured from a soft solid or viscous liquid, prepolymer or resin.

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Thermosphere

The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere.

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Thermostat

A thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of a physical system and performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint.

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Thermotropism

Thermotropism or thermotropic movement is the movement of a plant or part of a plant in response to a change in temperature.

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Theta

Theta (uppercase Θ or ϴ, lowercase θ (which resembles digit 0 with horizontal line) or ϑ; θῆτα thē̂ta; Modern: θήτα| thī́ta) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth.

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Thirtymile Fire

The Thirtymile Fire started as an escaped picnic cooking fire on July 9, 2001, in the Chewuch River canyon, approximately 30 miles north of the town of Winthrop, on the Okanogan National Forest in the state of Washington.

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Thomas Andrews (scientist)

Thomas Andrews FRS FRSE (19 December 1813 – 26 November 1885) was an Irish chemist and physicist who did important work on phase transitions between gases and liquids.

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Thorp, Washington

Thorp is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kittitas County, Washington, United States.

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Thread (yarn)

Thread is a type of yarn used for sewing.

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Thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis is a phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot).

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Thrust-to-weight ratio

Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that indicates the performance of the engine or vehicle.

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Thunder

Thunder is the sound caused by lightning.

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Thymops

Thymops birsteini, the Patagonian lobsterette, is a species of lobster found around the coasts of South America, particularly the South Atlantic.

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Tide pool

Tide pools or rock pools are shallow pools of seawater that form on the rocky intertidal shore.

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Tigriopus brevicornis

Tigriopus brevicornis (often called a Tigger-pod) is a coastal marine copepod.

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Time temperature indicator

A time temperature indicator (TTI) is a device or smart label that shows the accumulated time-temperature history of a product.

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Time-domain thermoreflectance

Time-Domain Thermoreflectance (TDTR) is a method by which the thermal properties of a material can be measured, most importantly thermal conductivity.

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Time-resolved spectroscopy

In physics and physical chemistry, time-resolved spectroscopy is the study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques.

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TIMED

The TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) is an orbiter mission dedicated to study the dynamics of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) portion of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Timekeeping on Mars

Various schemes have been used or proposed for timekeeping on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars.

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Timeline of chemistry

The timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

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Timeline of events in Hamilton, Ontario

Below is a timeline of events in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

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Timeline of heat engine technology

This Timeline of heat engine technology describes how heat engines have been known since antiquity but have been made into increasingly useful devices since the 17th century as a better understanding of the processes involved was gained.

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Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory is a timeline of the Mars Science Laboratory mission and its rover, ''Curiosity''.

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Timeline of meteorology

The timeline of meteorology contains events of scientific and technological advancements in the area of atmospheric sciences.

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Timeline of physical chemistry

The timeline of physical chemistry lists the sequence of physical chemistry theories and discoveries in chronological order.

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Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology

Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology.

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Timeline of thermodynamics

A timeline of events related to thermodynamics.

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Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues.

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Tizak, Afghanistan

Tizak, is a location in Shah Wali Kot District, Afghanistan located at 34° 18' 0" North, 68° 14' 0"East.

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Tomato leaf mold

Cladosporium fulvum is an Ascomycete called Passalora fulva, a non-obligate pathogen that causes the disease on tomato known as the Tomato leaf mold.

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Topological string theory

In theoretical physics, topological string theory is a version of string theory.

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Tor Hagfors

Tor Hagfors (18 December 1930 – 17 January 2007) was a Norwegian scientist, radio astronomer, radar expert and a pioneer in the studies of the interactions between electromagnetic waves and plasma.

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Torchère

A torchère (lampe torchère; also variously spelled "torchèr", "torchière", "torchièr", "torchiere" and "torchier" with various and sundry interpretative pronunciations), or torch lamp, is a lamp with a tall stand of wood or metal.

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Tornado

A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.

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Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007

The tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007 was a deadly tornado outbreak across the southern United States that began in Kansas on February 28, 2007.

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Touchdown polymerase chain reaction

The touchdown polymerase chain reaction or touchdown style polymerase chain reaction is a method of polymerase chain reaction by which primers avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences.

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Townsend discharge

The Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is a gas ionisation process where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons.

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Toxidrome

A toxidrome (a portmanteau of toxic and syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a dangerous level of toxins in the body.

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Trade-off

A trade-off (or tradeoff) is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects.

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Train inspection system

A train inspection system is one of various systems of inspection which are essential to maintain the safe running of rail transport.

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Transparent ceramics

Many ceramic materials, both glassy and crystalline, have found use as optically transparent materials in various forms from bulk solid-state components to high surface area forms such as thin films, coatings, and fibers.

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Transpiration

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.

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Transport phenomena

In engineering, physics and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems.

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Três Marias

Três Marias is a Brazilian municipality΄ in northwestern Minas Gerais.

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Treponema socranskii

Treponema socranskii was isolated from gum swabs of people with periodontitis and clinically-induced periodontitis.

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TrES-1b

No description.

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Tri-State Tornado

The Tri-State Tornado of Wednesday, March 18, 1925 was the deadliest tornado in United States history. It was also the most exceptional tornado during a major outbreak of at least 12 known significant tornadoes, spanning a large portion of the Midwestern and Southern United States. This one tornado alone inflicted 695 fatalities, more than twice as many as the second deadliest, the Great Natchez, Mississippi Tornado of May 7, 1840. The track left by the tornado was the longest ever recorded in the world as it crossed from southeastern Missouri, through southern Illinois, then into southwestern Indiana. Although not officially rated by NOAA, it is recognized by most experts (such as Tom Grazulis and Ted Fujita) as an F5 tornado, the maximum damage rating issued on the Fujita scale.

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Tricorder X Prize

The Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE was an inducement prize contest, that originally offered a US$7 million grand prize, US$2 million second prize, and US$1 million third prize to the best among the finalists offering an automatic non-invasive health diagnostics system in a single portable package that weighs no more than 5 pounds (2.3 kg), able to autonomously diagnose 13 medical conditions (12 diseases and the 'absence of conditions'), including anemia, atrial fibrillation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, leukocytosis, pneumonia, otitis media, sleep apnea, and urinary tract infection.

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Trionic 8

The Trionic 8 is an advanced engine management system in the Trionic series, created by Saab Automobile.

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Triple point

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

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Triple product rule

The triple product rule, known variously as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, is a formula which relates partial derivatives of three interdependent variables.

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Tropical disease

Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions.

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Tropism

A tropism (from Greek τρόπος, tropos, "a turning") is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.

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Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place.

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Tropospheric propagation

Tropospheric propagation describes electromagnetic propagation in relation to the troposphere.

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TRPM8

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM8 gene.

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Tunable laser

A tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner.

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Turboexpander

A turboexpander, also referred to as a turbo-expander or an expansion turbine, is a centrifugal or axial-flow turbine, through which a high-pressure gas is expanded to produce work that is often used to drive a compressor or generator.

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Turbojet

The turbojet is an airbreathing jet engine, typically used in aircraft.

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Turku

Turku (Åbo) is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Southwest Finland.

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TWISTEX

TWISTEX (an acronym for Tactical Weather-Instrumented Sampling in/near Tornadoes EXperiment) is a tornado research experiment that was founded and led by Tim Samaras of Bennett, Colorado, US.

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Two-component regulatory system

In the field of molecular biology, a two-component regulatory system serves as a basic stimulus-response coupling mechanism to allow organisms to sense and respond to changes in many different environmental conditions.

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Type B videotape

1 inch type B VTR (designated Type B by SMPTE) is a reel-to-reel analog recording video tape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh division of Bosch in Germany in 1976.

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Type II supernova

A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star.

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Type three secretion system

Type three secretion system (often written Type III secretion system and abbreviated TTSS or T3SS, also called Injectisome) is a protein appendage found in several Gram-negative bacteria.

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Types of chocolate

Chocolate is a range of foods derived from cocoa (cacao), mixed with fat (e.g., cocoa butter) and finely powdered sugar to produce a solid confectionery.

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Tyrannosauridae

Tyrannosauridae (or tyrannosaurids, meaning "tyrant lizards") is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that comprises two subfamilies containing up to thirteen genera, including the eponymous Tyrannosaurus.

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Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a cosmopolitan mite species.

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TZ Cassiopeiae

TZ Cassiopeaie (TZ Cas, HIP 117763, SAO 20912) is a variable star in the constellation Cassiopeia with an apparent magnitude of around +9 to +10.

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U.S. Standard Atmosphere

The U.S. Standard Atmosphere is an atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations.

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UAH satellite temperature dataset

The UAH satellite temperature dataset, developed at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, infers the temperature of various atmospheric layers from satellite measurements of radiance.

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Uhthoff's phenomenon

Uhthoff's phenomenon (also known as Uhthoff's syndrome, Uhthoff's sign, and Uhthoff's symptom) is the worsening of neurologic symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological, demyelinating conditions when the body gets overheated from hot weather, exercise, fever, or saunas and hot tubs.

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Ukichiro Nakaya

was a Japanese physicist and science essayist known for his work in glaciology and low-temperature sciences.

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Ulsoor Lake

Ulsoor Lake' or Halasuru Lake, one of the biggest lakes in Bangalore, is located on the eastern side of the city.

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Ultracentrifuge

The ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as (approx.). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.

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Ultraluminous X-ray source

An ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) is an astronomical source of X-rays that is less luminous than an active galactic nucleus but is more consistently luminous than any known stellar process (over 1039 erg/s, or 1032 watts), assuming that it radiates isotropically (the same in all directions).

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Ultramafic rock

Ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content).

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Ultrasonic consolidation

Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) or Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM) is a low temperature additive manufacturing or 3D printing technique for metals.

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UMIST linear system

The ULS (UMIST Linear System) is a gas target divertor simulator located on the former UMIST campus of the University of Manchester.

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Umwelt

In the semiotic theories of Jakob von Uexküll and Thomas A. Sebeok, umwelt (plural: umwelten; from the German Umwelt meaning "environment" or "surroundings") is the "biological foundations that lie at the very epicenter of the study of both communication and signification in the human animal".

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Underclocking

Underclocking, also known as downclocking, is modifying a computer or electronic circuit's timing settings to run at a lower clock rate than is specified.

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Undertank heater

This is a heating device created by the pet industry for husbandry of reptiles and amphibians.

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Underwater acoustics

Underwater acoustics is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water and its boundaries.

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Underwater glider

An underwater glider is a type of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) that uses small changes in its buoyancy in order to move up and down in the ocean like a profiling float.

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Underwater habitat

Underwater habitats are underwater structures in which people can live for extended periods and carry out most of the basic human functions of a 24-hour day, such as working, resting, eating, attending to personal hygiene, and sleeping.

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Unit load

A unit load combines individual items or items in shipping containers into single "units" that can be moved easily with a pallet jack or forklift truck.

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Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (Mountain View, California)

The Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel, located at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California, United States, is a research facility used extensively to design and test new generations of aircraft, both commercial and military, as well as NASA space vehicles, including the Space Shuttle.

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United States Botanic Garden

The United States Botanic Garden (USBG) is a botanic garden on the grounds of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., near Garfield Circle.

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United States customary units

United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States.

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Units of energy

Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat.

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Universal stress protein

The universal stress protein (USP) domain is a superfamily of conserved genes which can be found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and plants.

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University Hospitals of Cleveland

University Hospitals of Cleveland is a major not-for-profit medical complex in Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

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University Physics

University Physics is the name of a two-volume physics textbook written by Hugh Young and Roger Freedman.

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Unruh effect

The Unruh effect (or sometimes Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe blackbody radiation where an inertial observer would observe none.

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Unsaturated fat

An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex

An upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex is a vortex, or a circulation with a definable center, that usually moves slowly from east-northeast to west-southwest and is prevalent across Northern Hemisphere's warm season.

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Upsilon Andromedae b

Upsilon Andromedae b (υ Andromedae b, abbreviated Upsilon And b, υ And b), also named Saffar, is an extrasolar planet approximately 44 light-years away from the Sun in the constellation of Andromeda.

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Upsilon Andromedae c

Upsilon Andromedae c (υ Andromedae c, abbreviated Upsilon And c, υ And c), also named Samh, is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun-like star Upsilon Andromedae A every 241.3 days.

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Upsilon Scorpii

Upsilon Scorpii (υ Scorpii, abbreviated Upsilon Sco, υ Sco), also named Lesath, is a star located in the "stinger" of the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius, the scorpion.

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Urban ecology

Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment.

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Urban heat island

An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

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Uromi

Uromi is an acreage city located in north-eastern Esan, a sub-ethnic group of the Binis in Edo state, Nigeria.

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USNS Titan (T-AGOS-15)

USNS Titan (T-AGOS-15) was a ''Stalwart''-class modified tactical auxiliary general ocean surveillance ship in service in the United States Navy from 1989 to 1993.

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USP Controlled Room Temperature

The USP Controlled Room Temperature is a series of United States Pharmacopeia guidelines for the storage of pharmaceuticals; the relevant omnibus standard is USP 797.

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USS Rehoboth (AVP-50)

The second USS Rehoboth (AVP-50/AGS-50) was in commission in the United States Navy as a seaplane tender from 1944 to 1947 and as an oceanographic survey ship from 1948 to 1970.

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USS Viking (ARS-1)

USS Flamingo (AM-32) was a built for the United States Navy near the end of World War I. After service overseas clearing mines after the Armistice, the ship was laid up until 1922 when she was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce for use by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

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Ust-Omchug

Ust-Omchug (Усть-Омчуг) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Tenkinsky District of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located at the mark of the highway to the northwest of Magadan.

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Ustic

Ustic is a class of soil moisture regime.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.

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V509 Cassiopeiae

V509 Cassiopeiae (V509 Cas or HR 8752) is one of two yellow hypergiant stars found in the constellation Cassiopeia, which also contains Rho Cassiopeiae.

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Vacuum

Vacuum is space devoid of matter.

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Vacuum filler

A vacuum filler is a machine used for filling pasty products.

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Vacuum fryer

A vacuum fryer is a deep-frying device housed inside a vacuum chamber.

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Valence electron

In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.

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Valley

A valley is a low area between hills or mountains often with a river running through it.

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Valve

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

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Valveless pulsejet

A valveless pulsejet (or pulse jet) is the simplest known jet propulsion device.

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Van 't Hoff equation

The van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant,, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change,, for the process.

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Van der Waals equation

The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is based on plausible reasons that real gases do not follow the ideal gas law.

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Vanadium(IV) oxide

Vanadium(IV) oxide (also called vanadium dioxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula VO2. It is a dark blue solid. Vanadium(IV) dioxide is amphoteric, dissolving in non-oxidising acids to give the blue vanadyl ion, 2+ and in alkali to give the brown 2− ion, or at high pH 4−. VO2 has a phase transition very close to room temperature(~66 °C). Electrical resistivity, opacity, etc, can change up several orders. Due to these properties, it has been widely used in surface coating, sensors, and imaging. Potential applications include use in memory devices, phase-change switches, aerospace communication systems and neuromorphic computing.

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Vapor

In physics a vapor (American) or vapour (British and Canadian) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature,R.

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Vapor–liquid equilibrium

In thermodynamics and chemical engineering, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the vapor phase and a liquid phase.

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Vaporization

Vaporization (or vapourisation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor.

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Vapour pressure of water

The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state.

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Vapour-pressure deficit

Vapour-pressure deficit, or VPD, is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated.

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Variable (mathematics)

In elementary mathematics, a variable is a symbol, commonly an alphabetic character, that represents a number, called the value of the variable, which is either arbitrary, not fully specified, or unknown.

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Växjö Marathon

Växjö Marathon is an annual marathon running competition in Växjö, Sweden, organized by the local athletics club Växjö Löparklubb.

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Vector calculus

Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space \mathbb^3.

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Vegetarian and vegan dog diet

Like the human practice of veganism, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of ingredients that contain or were processed with any part of an animal, or any animal byproduct.

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Venera 5

Venera 5 (Венера-5 meaning Venus 5) was a space probe in the Soviet space program ''Venera'' for the exploration of Venus.

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Ventilative cooling

Ventilative cooling is the use of natural or mechanical ventilation to cool indoor spaces.

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Ventral posterior nucleus

The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain.

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Venues of the 2004 Summer Olympics

For the 2004 Summer Olympics, a total of thirty-five sports venues were used.

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Verkhoyansk Range

The Verkhoyansk Range (Верхоянский хребет, Verchojanskij chrebet; Үөһээ Дьааҥы сис хайата, Üöhee Caañı sis xayata) is a mountain range of eastern Siberia spanning roughly 1000 km (600 mi.) across the Sakha Republic.

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Vertex model

A vertex model is a type of statistical mechanics model in which the Boltzmann weights are associated with a vertex in the model (representing an atom or particle).

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Vertical pressure variation

Vertical pressure variation is the variation in pressure as a function of elevation.

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Very Simple Control Protocol

The Very Simple Control Protocol (VSCP) is a free automation protocol suitable for all sorts of automation task where building- or home-automation is in the main focus.

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Vespel

Vespel is the trademark of a range of durable high-performance polyimide-based plastics manufactured by DuPont.

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Viable but nonculturable

Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria refers to bacteria that are in a state of very low metabolic activity and do not divide, but are alive and have the ability to become culturable once resuscitated.

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Vibrational bond

A vibrational bond is a chemical bond that happens between two very large atoms, like bromine, and a very small atom, like hydrogen, at very high energy states.

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Vibrational temperature

The vibrational temperature is commonly used in thermodynamics, to simplify certain equations.

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Viehland–Mason theory

The Viehland–Mason theory is a two-temperature theory for charged and neutral atoms, which explains how trace ions can have a substantially different temperature than dilute gas atoms.

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Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water

Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) is a water standard defining the isotopic composition of fresh water.

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Vintage Cave Club

Vintage Cave Club (formerly known as Vintage Cave Honolulu) is a private club with a restaurant featuring a "French-Japonais" menu in the Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.

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Violin construction and mechanics

A violin consists of a body or corpus, a neck, a finger board, a bridge, a soundpost, four strings, and various fittings.

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Virial theorem

In mechanics, the virial theorem provides a general equation that relates the average over time of the total kinetic energy, \left\langle T \right\rangle, of a stable system consisting of N particles, bound by potential forces, with that of the total potential energy, \left\langle V_\text \right\rangle, where angle brackets represent the average over time of the enclosed quantity.

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Virtual temperature

In atmospheric thermodynamics, the virtual temperature (T_v) of a moist air parcel is the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have a total pressure and density equal to the moist parcel of air.

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Viscotherm

Viscotherms is a general name used to describe equipment for control of viscosity and temperature of a fluid, in particular of fuel oil in fuel viscosity control systems.

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Vista Alegre, Trujillo

Vista Alegre is a town in the southwest side of Trujillo city, is in Victor Larco Herrera District in the province of Trujillo, La Libertad Region, Peru.

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Vitrification

Vitrification (from Latin vitreum, "glass" via French vitrifier) is the transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say a non-crystalline amorphous solid.

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Vladimir Kovalevsky

Vladimir Ivanovich Kovalevsky (Владимир Иванович Ковалевский) (10 November 1848, Novo-Serpukhov, Russian Empire – 2 November 1935, Leningrad, USSR) was a Russian statesman, scientist and entrepreneur.

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Void coefficient

In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called “void coefficient of reactivity”) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the reactivity of a nuclear reactor changes as voids (typically steam bubbles) form in the reactor moderator or coolant.

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Volatiles

In planetary science, volatiles are the group of chemical elements and chemical compounds with low boiling points that are associated with a planet's or moon's crust or atmosphere.

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Volatility (chemistry)

In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize.

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Volcanic winter

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.

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Voltage-controlled oscillator

A microwave (12–18nbspGHz) voltage-controlled oscillator A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input.

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Volumetric heat capacity

Volumetric heat capacity (VHC), also termed volume-specific heat capacity, describes the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing a phase transition.

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VORTEX projects

The Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment or VORTEX are field projects that study tornadoes.

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W Ursae Majoris variable

A W Ursae Majoris variable, also known as a low mass contact binary, is a type of eclipsing binary variable star.

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Wake low

A wake low, or wake depression, is a mesoscale low-pressure area which trails the mesoscale high following a squall line.

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Walker circulation

The Walker circulation, also known as the Walker cell, is a conceptual model of the air flow in the tropics in the lower atmosphere (troposphere).

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Warm

Warm or WARM can refer to.

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Warm front

A warm front is a density discontinuity located at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, and is typically located on the equator-facing edge of an isotherm gradient.

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Wasaga Beach

Wasaga Beach (variant: Wasaga) is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada.

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WASP-48b

WASP-48b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star WASP-48 in the constellation Cygnus.

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Waste management

Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.

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Wastewater discharge standards in Latin America

Wastewater discharge standards protect water sources from pollution and mismanagement.

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Wastewater quality indicators

Wastewater quality indicators are laboratory test methodologies to assess suitability of wastewater for disposal or re-use.

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Watch

A watch is a timepiece intended to be carried or worn by a person.

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Water activity

Water activity or aw is the partial vapor pressure of water in a substance divided by the standard state partial vapor pressure of water.

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Water balance

In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system.

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Water clock

A water clock or clepsydra (Greek κλεψύδρα from κλέπτειν kleptein, 'to steal'; ὕδωρ hydor, 'water') is any timepiece in which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel where the amount is then measured.

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Water column

A water column is a conceptual column of water from the surface of a sea, river or lake to the bottom sediment.

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Water cycle

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

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Water fight

A water fight is a type of mock combat using various water-dispensing devices to soak opponents.

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Water mass

An oceanographic water mass is identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water.

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Water quality

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water.

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Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 1989 (England and Wales)

The Water Supply Water Quality Regulations 1989 (SI No. 1147) are regulations imposed on the England and Wales Water industry by Statutory Instrument.

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Water-jet printer

A water-jet printer (or waterjet printer) is a printer that makes use of paper coated with special dyes and ink cartridges filled with water to print paper copies of documents.

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Wave

In physics, a wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space, with little or no associated mass transport.

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Wave power

Wave power is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work – for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water.

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Waxworm

Waxworms are the caterpillar larvae of wax moths, which belong to the family Pyralidae (snout moths).

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Wear

Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces.

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Weather and climate

There is often confusion between weather and climate.

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Weather balloon

A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high-altitude balloon) that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde.

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Weather buoy

Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world's oceans, as well as aid during emergency response to chemical spills, legal proceedings, and engineering design.

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Weather forecasting

Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere for a given location and time.

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Weather front

A weather front is a boundary separating two masses of air of different densities, and is the principal cause of meteorological phenomena outside the tropics.

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Weather Info for All Initiative

The Weather Info for All (WIFA) Initiative is a public-private partnership that works to reinforce the capacities and the capabilities of national meteorological services with the goal of supporting local communities worst impacted by climate change through the improvement of weather monitoring.

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Weather lore

Weather lore is the body of informal folklore related to the prediction of the weather.

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Weather map

A weather map displays various meteorological features across a particular area at a particular point in time and has various symbols which all have specific meanings.

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Weather modification

Weather modification is the act of intentionally manipulating or altering the weather.

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Weather station

A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate.

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Weather Underground of Hong Kong

Weather Underground of Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港地下天文台, pinyin: xiānggǎng dìxià tiānwéntái) is a non-profit website established in 1995 and directed by Mr.

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Weatherpixie

Weatherpixie was a service offering web graphics that showed a representation of the current weather derived from a METAR report gathered in one of 6000 locations around the world.

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Weld line

In manufacturing, the Weld line or Knit line or Meld line is the line where two flow fronts meet when there is the inability of two or more flow fronts to "knit" together, or "weld", during the molding process.

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Well cementing

Well cementing is the process of introducing cement to the annular space between the well-bore and casing or to the annular space between two successive casing strings.

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Welland

Welland (2016 population 52,293) is a city in the Regional Municipality of Niagara in Southern Ontario, Canada.

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West number

The West number is an empirical parameter used to characterize the performance of Stirling engines and other Stirling systems.

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Westerlies

The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.

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Western India

Western India is a loosely defined region of India consisting of its western part.

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Wet scrubber

The term wet scrubber describes a variety of devices that remove pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams.

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Wet-bulb potential temperature

Wet-bulb potential temperature, sometimes referred to as pseudo wet-bulb potential temperature, is the temperature that a parcel of air at any level would have if, starting at the wet-bulb temperature, it were brought at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate to the standard pressure of 1000 mbar.

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Wet-bulb temperature

The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature read by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed.

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Wetland

A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.

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Wharf borer

The wharf borer, Nacerdes melanura, belongs to the insect order Coleoptera, the beetles.

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White Cloud Mountain minnow

The White Cloud Mountain Minnow (Tanichthys albonubes) is a hardy species of freshwater fish and coldwater fish often kept in aquaria.

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White spot syndrome

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the lone virus (and type species) of the genus Whispovirus (white spot), which is the only genus in the family Nimaviridae.

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White-sided jackrabbit

The white-sided jackrabbit (Lepus callotis), also known as the Mexican hare, is a jackrabbit found in a limited range in North America, from southern New Mexico to northwestern and central Mexico.

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Whiting event

A whiting event is a phenomenon that occurs when a calcium carbonate precipitate cloud forms in water bodies during the summer every year.

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Wick rotation

In physics, Wick rotation, named after Gian Carlo Wick, is a method of finding a solution to a mathematical problem in Minkowski space from a solution to a related problem in Euclidean space by means of a transformation that substitutes an imaginary-number variable for a real-number variable.

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Wiedemann–Franz law

In physics, the Wiedemann–Franz law states that the ratio of the electronic contribution of the thermal conductivity (&kappa) to the electrical conductivity (&sigma) of a metal is proportional to the temperature (T).

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Wien approximation

Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function).

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Wild fisheries

A fishery is an area with an associated fish or aquatic population which is harvested for its commercial value.

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Wildfire modeling

In computational science, wildfire modeling is concerned with numerical simulation of wildland fires in order to understand and predict fire behavior.

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William Gould Dow

William Gould Dow (September 30, 1895 – October 17, 1999) was an American scientist, educator and inventor.

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William H. Avery (engineer)

William Hinckley Avery (July 25, 1912 – June 26, 2004) was an influential aeronautical engineer.

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William John Macquorn Rankine

Prof William John Macquorn Rankine LLD (5 July 1820 – 24 December 1872) was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics.

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William Lyman Underwood

William Lyman Underwood (1864 – January 24, 1929) was an American photographer who was also involved in the research of time-temperature canning research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) during 1895-96.

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William Underwood Company

The William Underwood Company, founded in 1822, was an American food company best known for its flagship product, Underwood Deviled Ham, a canned meat spread.

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Williamina Fleming

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (May 15, 1857 – May 21, 1911) was a Scottish-American astronomer.

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Wilson Bentley

Wilson Alwyn "Snowflake" Bentley (February 9, 1865 – December 23, 1931) is one of the first known photographers of snowflakes.

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Wilson ratio

The Wilson ratio of a metal is the dimensionless ratio of the zero-temperature magnetic susceptibility to the coefficient of the linear temperature term in the electronic specific heat.

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Wind

Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale.

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Wind shear

Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere.

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Winds aloft

Winds aloft, officially known as the winds and temperatures aloft forecast, (known as "FD" in the US and Canada, but becoming known as "FB", following the World Meteorological Organization nomenclature), is a forecast of specific atmospheric conditions in terms of wind and temperature at certain altitudes, typically measured in feet (ft) above mean sea level (MSL).

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Windy (weather service)

Windy is a Czech company providing interactive weather forecasting services worldwide.

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Wine cellar

A wine cellar is a storage room for wine in bottles or barrels, or more rarely in carboys, amphorae, or plastic containers.

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Wine dispenser

Wine dispensers are devices designed to serve and preserve wines.

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Winfield, Kansas

Winfield is a city and county seat of Cowley County, Kansas, United States.

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Wingtip vortices

Wingtip vortices are circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift.

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Winter storm

A winter storm is an event in which varieties of precipitation are formed that only occur at low temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are low enough to allow ice to form (i.e. freezing rain).

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Wireless asset monitoring system

A Wireless asset monitoring system (WAM) collects vibration data from accelerometers installed on rotating machinery and transmits it wirelessly to the user's maintenance station personal computer (PC) for analyzing, archiving and even transferring it to maintenance staff's data collectors irrespective of brand or software used by those.

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Wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location.

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Wood drying

Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) reduces the moisture content of wood before its use.

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Work (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, work performed by a system is the energy transferred by the system to its surroundings, that is fully accounted for solely by macroscopic forces exerted on the system by factors external to it, that is to say, factors in its surroundings.

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Work function

In solid-state physics, the work setting (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e. energy) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface.

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Working fluid

A working fluid is a pressurized gas or liquid that actuates a machine.

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Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992

The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 is a United Kingdom Statutory Instrument that stipulates general requirements on accommodation standards for nearly all workplaces.

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World Ocean Atlas

The World Ocean Atlas (WOA) is a data product of the Ocean Climate Laboratory of the National Oceanographic Data Center (U.S.). The WOA consists of a climatology of fields of in situ ocean properties for the World Ocean.

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WxChallenge

The WxChallenge is a weather forecasting competition among colleges in North America.

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X10 (industry standard)

X10 is a protocol for communication among electronic devices used for home automation (domotics).

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XO-2Nb

XO-2Nb (or rarely XO-2Bb) is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star XO-2N, the fainter component of XO-2 wide binary star in the constellation Lynx.

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Y-factor

The Y-factor method is a widely used technique for measuring the gain and noise temperature of an amplifier.

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Yellowtail trumpeter

The yellowtail trumpeter, Amniataba caudavittata, (also known as the flagtailed terapon, yellowtail grunter and yellow-tailed perch) is a common species of coastal marine fish of the grunter family, Terapontidae.

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Yorba Linda, California

Yorba Linda ("Beautiful Yorba", in English) is a suburban city in Orange County, California, approximately southeast of Downtown Los Angeles.

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Ytterbium

Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70.

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Z-value (temperature)

"F0" is defined as the number of equivalent minutes of steam sterilization at temperature 121.1 °C delivered to a container or unit of product calculated using a z-value of 10 °C.

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Zali, North Khorasan

Zali (زالي, also Romanized as Zālī) is a village in Bam Rural District, Bam and Safiabad District, Esfarayen County, North Khorasan Province, Iran.

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Zaragoza

Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain.

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Zebra acara

Zebra acara (Ivanacara adoketa) is a species of cichlid from Rio Uaupes and Rio Preto, two side rivers of Rio Negro in Brazil.

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Zebra loach

The zebra loach (Botia striata) is a freshwater loach native to rivers and streams in the Western Ghats of India.

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Zenarchopteridae

Zenarchopteridae, the viviparous halfbeaks, is a family in the order Beloniformes.

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Zener–Hollomon parameter

The Zener–Hollomon parameter is used to help describe high temperature creep strain of a material such as steel.

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Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy (ZPE) or ground state energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have.

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Zirconium carbide

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

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Zirconium tungstate

Zirconium tungstate (()2) is a metal oxide with unusual properties.

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Zonal safety analysis

Zonal Safety Analysis (ZSA) is one of three analytical methods which, taken together, form a Common Cause Analysis (CCA) in aircraft safety engineering under SAE ARP4761.

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1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile to form a five-membered ring.

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1-Wire

1-Wire is a device communications bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. that provides low-speed data, signaling, and power over a single conductor.

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1000Bulbs.com 500

The 1000Bulbs.com 500 is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at Talladega Superspeedway in Lincoln, Alabama.

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15 Sagittae

15 Sagittae (15 Sge) is a 6th magnitude star in the constellation Sagitta.

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16 Cygni Bb

16 Cygni Bb or HD 186427 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 69 light-years away in the constellation of Cygnus.

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1741 in science

The year 1741 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1787 in science

The year 1787 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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1883 Rochester tornado

The 1883 Rochester tornado was an F5 (estimated) tornado that hit Rochester, Minnesota on August 21, 1883.

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1904 Moscow tornado

The June 29, 1904 Moscow tornado was only one of three disastrous tornadoes that occurred in central Russia in recorded history (1984 Yaroslavl tornado occurred June 9, 1984, in Ivanovo with Yaroslavl regions and 2009 Krasnozavodsk tornado occurred in Krasnozavodsk 3 June 2009, located in Moscow region).

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1972 Iran blizzard

The Iran Blizzard of February 1972 was the deadliest blizzard in history. A week-long period of low temperatures and severe winter storms, lasting February 3–9, 1972, resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 people.

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1983 United States drought

The 1983 United States drought, also known as the US Drought of 1983, was an extreme drought that was accompanied by heat waves across several portions of the United States.

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1992 Queensland storms

The 1992 Queensland storms were a series of thunderstorms which struck southeastern Queensland, Australia on 29 November 1992.

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1995 Pacific Grand Prix

The 1995 Pacific Grand Prix (formally the II Pacific Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 22 October 1995 at the TI Circuit, Aida, Japan.

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1999 Belgian Grand Prix

The 1999 Belgian Grand Prix (formally the LVII Foster's Belgian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 August 1999 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Spa, Belgium.

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1999 Monaco Grand Prix

The 1999 Monaco Grand Prix (formally the LVII Grand Prix Automobile de Monaco) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 May 1999 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

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2000 German Grand Prix

The 2000 German Grand Prix (formally the LXII Großer Mobil 1 Preis von Deutschland) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 2000 at the Hockenheimring near Hockenheim, Germany.

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2000 Italian Grand Prix

The 2000 Italian Grand Prix (formally the LXXI Gran Premio Campari d'Italia) was a Formula One motor race held on 10 September 2000 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza near Monza, Lombardy, Italy.

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2000 Malaysian Grand Prix

The 2000 Malaysian Grand Prix (formally the II Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 22 October 2000 at the Sepang International Circuit, in Sepang.

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2001 Spanish Grand Prix

The 2001 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the XLIII Gran Premio Marlboro de Espana) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 April 2001 at the Circuit de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

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2002 Brazilian Grand Prix

The 2002 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the XXXI Grande Prêmio Marlboro do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held on 31 March 2002 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil.

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2003 in the Netherlands

This article lists some of the events that took place in the Netherlands in 2003.

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2005 ACC Championship Game

The 2005 Dr.

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2005 United Kingdom snow events

The year 2005 saw 25 heavy snowfall days, which is the joint snowiest year with 1876 across the United Kingdom, between the years 1861-2005.

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2008 Australian Grand Prix

The 2008 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LXXIII ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 16 March 2008 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia.

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2008 Bahrain Grand Prix

The 2008 Bahrain Grand Prix (formally the V Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 6 April 2008 at the Bahrain International Circuit, in Sakhir, Bahrain.

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2008 Brazilian Grand Prix

The 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the XXXVII Grande Prêmio do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held on 2 November 2008 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, Interlagos, in São Paulo, Brazil.

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2008 Chinese Grand Prix

The 2008 Chinese Grand Prix (formally the V Sinopec Chinese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 19 October 2008 at the Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai, China.

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2008 European Grand Prix

The 2008 European Grand Prix (formally the LII Telefónica Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 August 2008 at the Valencia Street Circuit, Valencia, Spain.

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2008 Italian Grand Prix

The 2008 Italian Grand Prix (formally the LXXIX Gran Premio Santander d'Italia) was a Formula One motor race held on 14 September 2008 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Monza, Italy.

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2008 Japanese Grand Prix

The 2008 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XXXIV Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 October 2008, at the Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Japan.

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2008 Spanish Grand Prix

The 2008 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the L Gran Premio de España Telefónica, 50th Telefónica Spanish Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 April 2008 at the Circuit de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

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2009 Australian Grand Prix

The 2009 Australian Grand Prix (formally the LXXIV ING Australian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 March 2009 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne, Australia.

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2009 Hungarian Grand Prix

The 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix (formally the XXV ING Magyar Nagydíj) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 July 2009 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, north of Budapest, Hungary.

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2010 AAA Texas 500

The 2010 AAA Texas 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on November 7, 2010, at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas.

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2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

The 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix (formally the Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 14 November 2010 at the Yas Marina Circuit on Yas Island, an island on the outskirts of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.

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2010 AMP Energy Juice 500

The 2010 AMP Energy Juice 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on October 31, 2010, at Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama.

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2010 Bank of America 500

The 2010 Bank of America 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on October 16, 2010, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina.

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2010 Kobalt Tools 500 (Phoenix)

The 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on November 14, 2010 at Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale, Arizona.

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2010 TUMS Fast Relief 500

The 2010 TUMS Fast Relief 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on October 24, 2010 at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia.

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2013 British Grand Prix

The 2013 British Grand Prix (formally the 2013 Formula 1 Santander British Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 30 June 2013 at the Silverstone Circuit in Silverstone, United Kingdom.

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2015–16 North American winter

The 2015–16 North American winter refers to winter in North America as it occurred across the continent from late 2015 through early 2016.

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21st Century Medicine

21st Century Medicine (21CM) is a California cryobiological research company which has as its primary focus the development of perfusates and protocols for viable long-term cryopreservation of human organs, tissues and cells at cryogenic temperatures (temperatures below −100 °C) through the use of vitrification.

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2M1207b

2M1207b is a planetary-mass object orbiting the brown dwarf 2M1207, in the constellation Centaurus, approximately 170 light-years from Earth.

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40 (number)

40 (forty) is the natural number following 39 and preceding 41.

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47 Ursae Majoris b

47 Ursae Majoris b (abbreviated 47 UMa b), also named Taphao Thong (ตะเภาทอง), is an extrasolar planet approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major.

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47 Ursae Majoris c

47 Ursae Majoris c (abbreviated 47 UMa c), also named Taphao Kaew (ตะเภาแก้ว), is an extrasolar planet approximately 46 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major.

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55 Cancri b

55 Cancri b (abbreviated 55 Cnc b), occasionally designated 55 Cancri Ab (to distinguish it from the star 55 Cancri B), also named Galileo, is an exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A every 14.65 days.

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55 Cancri c

55 Cancri c (abbreviated 55 Cnc c), also named Brahe, is an extrasolar planet in an eccentric orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A, making one revolution every 44.34 days.

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55 Cancri d

55 Cancri d (abbreviated 55 Cnc d), also named Lipperhey, is an extrasolar planet in a long-period orbit around the Sun-like star 55 Cancri A. Located at a similar distance from its star as Jupiter is from our Sun, it is the fifth and outermost known planet in its planetary system.

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55 Cancri f

55 Cancri f (abbreviated 55 Cnc f), also designated Rho1 Cancri f and named Harriot, is an extrasolar planet approximately 41 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Cancer (the Crab).

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72 Herculis

72 Herculis is a main sequence dwarf star in the constellation Hercules.

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Redirects here:

Absolute scale of temperature, Air temperature, Generalized temperature, Hottest, Outside temperature, Static temperature, Temparature, Temperature measure, Temperatures, Temperture, Temporature, Tempurature.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature