Communication

932 relations: A calorie is a calorie, AA amyloidosis, Aaron E. Miller, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, Academic authorship, Active placebo, Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics, Adherence (medicine), Adrian Owen, Afamelanotide, African iron overload, Age requirements in gymnastics, AIDSVAX, Alan Coates, Alan Edward Guttmacher, Alexander the Great, Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Alice Stewart Trillin, Alirocumab, Allan S. Detsky, Allostasis, Alpha decay, Alternative medicine, AMB-FUBINACA, American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, American Beverage Association, American Board of Hospital Medicine, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, American Psychiatric Association, American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics, Amoebiasis, Anatoly Koryagin, Anatomy of an Epidemic, Andexanet alfa, Andrew Weil, Andrzej Szczeklik, Anil Potti, Anna Mitus, Anterior cruciate ligament, Anthony L. 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A calorie is a calorie

"A calorie is a calorie" is a tautology used to convey the speaker's conviction that the concept of the "calorie" is in fact a sufficient way to describe energy content of food.

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AA amyloidosis

AA amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of fibers of insoluble protein in the extracellular space of various tissues and organs.

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Aaron E. Miller

Aaron E. Miller, M.D. is an American neurologist, the first Chairman of the Multiple Sclerosis section of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and recognized as a multiple sclerosis clinician.

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Abeloff's Clinical Oncology

Abeloff's Clinical Oncology is a medical reference work covering the field of oncology.

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Academic authorship

Academic authorship of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers.

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Active placebo

An active placebo is a placebo that produces noticeable side effects that may convince the person being treated that they are receiving a legitimate treatment, rather than an ineffective placebo.

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Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics

"Addiction Rare in Patients Treated with Narcotics" was the title of a letter to the editor published by Jane Porter and Hershel Jick in the January 10, 1980, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.

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Adherence (medicine)

In medicine, compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice.

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Adrian Owen

Adrian M. Owen (born 17 May 1966) is a British neuroscientist and author.

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Afamelanotide

Afamelanotide ((INN) (brand name Scenesse), also known as melanotan I (or melanotan-1), originally developed at the University of Arizona and now by Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, is a synthetic peptide and analogue of the naturally occurring melanocortin peptide hormone α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that has been shown to induce the production of darkening dermal pigmentation through melanogenesis and thereby subsequently reduce sun (UV) damage to UV light-exposed skin in preliminary research and human clinical trials. Its amino acid sequence is Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2, and it is additionally known as -α-MSH, which is sometimes abbreviated as NDP-MSH or NDP-α-MSH (especially in the scientific literature). Afamelanotide is the International Nonproprietary Name for the molecule α-MSH initially researched and developed as melanotan-1 and later, CUV1647 (by Clinuvel). A marketing trade name for one brand of afamelanotide was approved in 2010 by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Name Review Group (NRG) and the agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) as Scenesse (pronounced "sen-esse"). On May 5, 2010 the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA, or Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco) became the first governmental health organization ever (even before the drug received approval in Europe) to authorize afamelanotide as a medicine for therapeutic treatment of Italian citizens to reduce painful dermal photosensitivity stemming from the orphan disease erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). This approval allowed the drug to be immediately available for prescription in Italy and reimbursable under the country's national health system. Authorities in Switzerland have also allowed prescription of the drug for EPP with reimbursement approved by two unnamed insurers. Afamelanotide is currently being trialed in the form of a "grain of rice"-sized bioabsorbable subcutaneous implant as a potential therapeutic photoprotection-inducing agent for a series of light-related skin indications as well as a potential dermal repigmentation agent for vitiligo. Afamelanotide, as of October 24, 2014, has been approved by the EMA in Europe for the treatment of EPP. Clinuvel now intends to seek approval of afamelanotide in the United States. Unlicensed and untested powders sold as "melanotan" are found on the Internet and are reported to be used by tens of thousands of members of the general public for sunless tanning. Multiple regulatory bodies have warned consumers that the peptides may be unsafe and ineffective in usage, with one regulatory agency warning that consumers who purchase any product labeled "melanotan" risk buying a counterfeit drug. Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, the developer of afamelanotide, and medical researchers have warned consumers that counterfeit products sold using the names "melanotan I and II", could "pose a hazard to public health". on counterfeit products. February 10, 2009. Clinuvel has stated publicly that products sold online as "melanotan" are not afamelanotide.

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African iron overload

African iron overload, also known as (Bantu siderosis, or Dietary iron overload), is an iron overload disorder first observed among people of African descent in Southern Africa and Central Africa.

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Age requirements in gymnastics

The age requirements in gymnastics are established by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) and regulate the age at which athletes are allowed to participate in senior-level competitions.

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AIDSVAX

AIDSVAX is an experimental HIV vaccine that was developed originally at Genentech in San Francisco, California, and later tested by the VaxGen company, a Genentech offshoot.

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Alan Coates

Alan Stuart Coates (born 27 June 1943) is an Australian professor of clinical oncology, medical researcher and administrator.

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Alan Edward Guttmacher

Alan Edward Guttmacher, M.D. (born 1949 in Baltimore, Maryland) was the director of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), one of the 27 institutes and centers that comprise the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.

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Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti

Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (22 June 1822 – 2 October 1876) was born at Gambarana, near Pavia in 1822.

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Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is an American philanthropic nonprofit organization.

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Alice Stewart Trillin

Alice Stewart Trillin (May 8, 1938 – September 11, 2001) was an American educator, author, film producer and longtime muse to her husband, author Calvin Trillin.

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Alirocumab

Alirocumab (trade name Praluent), World Health Organization is a biopharmaceutical drug approved by the FDA on July 24, 2015 as a second line treatment for high cholesterol for adults whose cholesterol is not controlled by diet and statin treatment.

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Allan S. Detsky

Allan Steven Detsky is a Canadian physician and health policy expert.

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Allostasis

Allostasis is the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change.

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Alpha decay

Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into an atom with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two.

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Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.

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AMB-FUBINACA

AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB and MMB-FUBINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with ''K''i values of 10.04 nM at CB1 and 0.786 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 0.5433 nM at CB1 and 0.1278 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug.

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American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine

The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) is a United States registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes the questionable field of anti-aging medicine and trains and certifies physicians in this specialty.

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American Beverage Association

The American Beverage Association (ABA) is a trade organization that represents the beverage industry in the United States.

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American Board of Hospital Medicine

The American Board of Hospital Medicine (ABHM) is a Member Board of the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), the nation's third largest physician multispecialty certifying organization and was founded in 2009.

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American Journal of Physical Anthropology

The American Journal of Physical Anthropology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.

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American Psychiatric Association

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.

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American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics

The American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics (ASLME) is a non-profit educational and professional organization.

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Amoebiasis

Amoebiasis, also known amoebic dysentery, is an infection caused by any of the amoebae of the Entamoeba group.

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Anatoly Koryagin

Anatoly Ivanovich Koryagin (Анато́лий Ива́нович Коря́гин, born 15 September 1938, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Krai) is a psychiatrist and Soviet dissident.

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Anatomy of an Epidemic

Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America is a book by Robert Whitaker published in 2010 by Crown.

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Andexanet alfa

Andexanet alfa (trade name AndexXa) is an antidote for factor Xa inhibitors, a group of anticoagulant (anti–blood clotting) drugs that includes rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban.

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Andrew Weil

Andrew Thomas Weil (born June 8, 1942) is an American celebrity doctor who is a physician, author, spokesperson, and broadly described "guru" of the alternative medical brands: holistic health and integrative medicine, whose name also constitutes an emerging brand of healthcare services and products in these fields.

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Andrzej Szczeklik

Andrzej Szczeklik (July 29, 1938 – February 3, 2012) was a Polish immunologist working at the Jagiellonian University School of Medicine (Collegium Medicum) in Kraków.

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Anil Potti

Anil Potti is a physician and former Duke University associate professor and cancer researcher, focusing on oncogenomics.

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Anna Mitus

Anna Mitus was a medical researcher best known for her work on the measles vaccine as a part of the John Enders lab.

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Anterior cruciate ligament

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee.

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Anthony L. Komaroff

Anthony L. Komaroff (born June 7, 1941, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American physician, clinical investigator, editor, and publisher.

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Anti-diabetic medication

Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood.

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Antigenic shift

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.

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Antihypertensive drug

Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).

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Argatroban

Argatroban is an anticoagulant that is a small molecule direct thrombin inhibitor.

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Armadillo

Armadillos are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata with a leathery armour shell.

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Arnold S. Relman

Arnold Seymour Relman (June 17, 1923 – June 17, 2014) — known as Bud Relman to intimates — was an American internist and professor of medicine and social medicine.

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Arthur Kellermann

Arthur L. Kellermann (born 1955) is an American physician, epidemiologist, professor and dean of the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

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Ascaris suum

Ascaris suum, also known as the large roundworm of pig, is a parasitic nematode that causes ascariasis in pigs.

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Asle Sudbø

Asle Sudbø (born 3 May 1961) is a Professor of Physics at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

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Aspirin

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.

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Assisted reproductive technology

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the technology used to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as fertility medication, in vitro fertilization and surrogacy.

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AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.

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Astronaut

An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft.

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Atkins diet

The Atkins diet, also known as the Atkins nutritional approach, is a commercial weight-loss program devised by Robert Atkins.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) controversies include concerns about its causes, perceived overdiagnosis, and methods of treatment, especially with the use of stimulant medications in children.

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Atul Gawande

Atul Gawande (born November 5, 1965) is an American surgeon, writer, and public health researcher.

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Atypon

Atypon Systems provides software-as-a-service content delivery to publishers.

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Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo Odone

Augusto Daniel Odone (March 6, 1933 – October 24, 2013) and Michaela Teresa Murphy Odone (January 10, 1939 – June 10, 2000) were the parents of Lorenzo Michael Murphy Odone (May 29, 1978 – May 30, 2008), a child with the illness adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).

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Austin Flint murmur

In cardiology, an Austin Flint murmur is a low-pitched rumbling heart murmur which is best heard at the cardiac apex.

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Austin Frakt

Austin B. Frakt is a health economist who holds positions with the Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston University, University of Pennsylvania and Harvard.

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Australian Vaccination-Skeptics Network

The Australian Vaccination-Skeptics Network, formerly known as the Australian Vaccination Network (AVN), is an Australian anti-vaccination pressure group registered in New South Wales.

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Autism spectrum disorders in the media

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) or autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) describe a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the DSM-5, used by the American Psychiatric Association.

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Autism's False Prophets

Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure is a 2008 book by Paul Offit, a vaccine expert and chief of infectious diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs), also called autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs), polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PGASs), or polyendocrine autoimmune syndromes, are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organ, although non-endocrine organs can be affected.There are three types of APS or (in terms that mean the same thing) three APSs, and there are a number of other diseases which have endocrine autoimmunity.

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Avelumab

Avelumab (trade name Bavencio) is a fully human monoclonal antibody developed by Merck KGaA and Pfizer and Eli Lilly and Company in Canada as a pharmaceutical drug for use in immunotherapy, originally for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

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Azra Raza

Azra Raza is the Chan Soon-Shiong Professor of Medicine and Director of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Center at Columbia University.

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Élie Metchnikoff

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff; 15 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research in immunology.

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B. Timothy Walsh

Bernard Timothy Walsh, MD, FAED, is William and Joy Ruane Professor of Pediatric Psychopharmacology in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University, and Director of the Division of Clinical Therapeutics at New York State Psychiatric Institute, and the author and editor and co-editor of five books on adolescent health and eating disorders.

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Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute

The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, commonly known as the Baker Institute, is an Australian independent medical research institute headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria.

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BaleDoneen Method

The BaleDoneen Method is an evidence-based treatment protocol for patients designed to prevent cardiovascular disease, heart attack, or stroke, and for treatment after one of these medical events.

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Bandy X. Lee

Bandy X. Lee (born 1970) is an American psychiatrist with Yale University and a specialist in violence prevention programs in prisons and in the community who initiated reforms at New York's Rikers Island prison.

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Barron H. Lerner

Barron H. Lerner is a member of the faculty at the New York University Langone School of Medicine.

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Bartonella rochalimae

Bartonella rochalimae is a recently discovered strain of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Bartonella, isolated by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Basic life support

Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital.

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Benjamin Castleman

Benjamin Castleman (born May 17, 1906, Everett, Massachusetts; died June 29, 1982, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American physician and pathologist best known for describing Castleman's disease (angiofollicular lymphoid hyperplasia), which is named after him.

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Benjamin P. Sachs

Benjamin P. Sachs, MBBS, is a physician with extensive health care management experience at the Harvard Medical School hospitals and the Tulane University Medical Center.

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Benzodiazepine dependence

Benzodiazepine dependence or benzodiazepine addiction is when one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking behaviors, such as continued use despite harmful effects, and maladaptive pattern of substance use, according to the DSM-IV.

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Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH.

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Bernard Lewinsky

Bernard Salomon Lewinsky (born January 10, 1943) is a Salvadoran-born American physician and medical researcher.

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Bernard Lown

Bernard Lown (born June 7, 1921) is the original developer of the DC defibrillator and the cardioverter.

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Berton Roueché

Berton Roueché (April 16, 1910 – April 28, 1994) was a medical writer who wrote for The New Yorker magazine for almost fifty years.

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Bevacizumab

Bevacizumab, sold under the trade name Avastin, is medication used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease.

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BIA 10-2474

BIA 10-2474 is an experimental fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor developed by the Portuguese pharmaceutical company Bial-Portela & Ca. SA.

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Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy

Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), also known as bioidentical hormone therapy or natural hormone therapy, is the use of hormones that are identical on a molecular level with endogenous hormones in hormone replacement therapy.

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Bisulfite

Bisulfite ion (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogen sulfite) is the ion HSO3−.

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Blood glucose monitoring

Blood glucose monitoring is a way of testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia).

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Blood substitute

A blood substitute (also called artificial blood or blood surrogate) is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood.

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Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts (BCBSMA) is a state licensed private health insurance company under the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association with headquarters in Boston.

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Body surface area

In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body.

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Boston Brahmin

The Boston Brahmin or Boston elite are members of Boston's traditional upper class.

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Boston Children's Hospital

Boston Children's Hospital (called Children's Hospital Boston until 2012) is a 395-licensed-bed children's hospital in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area of Boston, Massachusetts.

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Boston Medical Library

The Boston Medical Library (est. 1875) of Boston, Massachusetts, which evolved into the "largest academic medical library in the world," was originally organized to alleviate the problem that had emerged due to the scattered distribution of medical texts throughout the city.

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Boston Society for Medical Improvement

The Boston Society for Medical Improvement was an elite society of Boston physicians, established in 1828 for "the cultivation of confidence and good feeling between members of the profession; the eliciting and imparting of information upon the different branches of medical science; and the establishment of a Museum and Library of Pathological Anatomy".

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Boston University School of Medicine

The Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) is one of the graduate schools of Boston University.

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle that may be passed to humans who have eaten infected flesh.

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Brazilian hemorrhagic fever

Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by the Sabiá virus, an Arenavirus.

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Brendon Coventry

Brendon Coventry MBBS PhD FRACS (born 1959) is a Surgical Oncologist, Immunologist, and medical researcher from Adelaide, South Australia.

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Brett Abrahams

Brett Abrahams, PhD (born March 3, 1973) is a geneticist and neuroscientist involved in the identification and subsequent functional characterization of the autism-related gene CNTNAP2 with Dan Geschwind at UCLA.

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Brian Berman

Brian M. Berman is a tenured professor of family medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

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Brian V. Jegasothy

Brian V. Jegasothy (born March 3, 1943 in Colombo, Sri Lanka) was a dermatologist and visiting professor at over 50 Universities.

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Brittany Maynard

Brittany Lauren Maynard (November 19, 1984 – November 1, 2014) was an American woman with terminal brain cancer who decided that she would end her own life "when the time seemed right." She was an advocate for the legalization of assisted death.

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Bruce Dobkin

Bruce H. Dobkin is an American Professor of Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, medical director of the UCLA Neurologic Rehabilitation and Research Program, and Co-Director of the UCLA Stroke Center.

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Bruce M. Zagelbaum

Bruce M. Zagelbaum is an American ophthalmologist specializing in cornea and external disease, laser vision correction, eye trauma, and sports ophthalmology.

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Bundled payment

Bundled payment, also known as episode-based payment, episode payment, episode-of-care payment, case rate, evidence-based case rate, global bundled payment, global payment, package pricing, or packaged pricing, is defined as the reimbursement of health care providers (such as hospitals and physicians) "on the basis of expected costs for defined episodes of care." It has been described as "a middle ground" between fee-for-service reimbursement (in which providers are paid for each service rendered to a patient) and capitation (in which providers are paid a "lump sum" per patient regardless of how many services the patient receives), given that risk is shared between payer and provider.

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Burton Drayer

Burton Drayer, MD, FACR, FANN, Chief Executive Officer, Mount Sinai Doctors Faculty Practice, is an American radiologist and nationally recognized authority on the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing neurological disorders.

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Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby,, is a landmark decision in United States corporate law by the United States Supreme Court allowing closely held for-profit corporations to be exempt from a regulation its owners religiously object to, if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest, according to the provisions of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA).

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C. Arden Pope

C.

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Cabergoline

Cabergoline (brand names Dostinex and others), an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D2 receptors.

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Campaign for Lead Free Air

CLEAR, the Campaign for Lead Free Air, was started in 1981 when a wealthy property developer, Godfrey Bradman, recruited the veteran campaigner and former Director of Shelter, Des Wilson to get lead-free petrol into the United Kingdom.

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Canakinumab

Canakinumab (INN, trade name Ilaris, previously ACZ885) is a human monoclonal antibody targeted at interleukin-1 beta.

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Candesartan

Candesartan (rINN) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.

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Carcinoid

Carcinoid (also carcinoid tumor) is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system.

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Cardiac fibrosis

Cardiac fibrosis may refer to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts but more commonly refers to the excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the cardiac muscle.

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Cardiooncology

Cardiooncology or Cardiovascular Oncology is an interdisciplinary field of medicine by which are studied the molecular and clinical alterations in cardiovascular system during the different methods of treatment of cancer specially chemo- and targeted therapy.

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Carl Schramm

Carl J. Schramm is an American economist, entrepreneur, and former President and CEO of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation.

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Carlo Musso

Carlo Musso is an emergency physician working in Georgia.

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Caroline Anne Crowther

Caroline Anne Crowther is an Australian/New Zealand medical researcher specialising in maternity and child health.

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Carotene

The term carotene (also carotin, from the Latin carota, "carrot") is used for many related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C40Hx, which are synthesized by plants but in general cannot be made by animals (with the exception of some aphids and spider mites which acquired the synthesizing genes from fungi).

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Caspofungin

Caspofungin (INN) (brand name Cancidas worldwide) is a lipopeptide antifungal drug from Merck & Co., Inc. discovered by James Balkovec, Regina Black and Frances A. Bouffard.

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Casualties of the Iraq War

Estimates of the casualties from the conflict in Iraq (beginning with the 2003 US invasion of Iraq, and the ensuing occupation and insurgency) have come in many forms, and the accuracy of the information available on different types of Iraq War casualties varies greatly.

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Catch-22 (logic)

A catch-22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules.

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Catholic Democrats

Catholic Democrats is an American not-for-profit organization of Catholics, based in Boston, United States.

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Center for Medical Progress

The Center for Medical Progress (CMP) is an anti-abortion organization founded by David Daleiden in 2013.

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Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI; also known as the CMS Innovation Center) is an organization of the United States government under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

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Center for Science and Culture

The Center for Science and Culture (CSC), formerly known as the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC), is part of the Discovery Institute (DI), a conservative Christian think tank in the United States.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.

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Cephalotribe

A cephalotribe was a medical instrument used in obstetrics to crush the skull of stillborn fetuses (cephalotripsy).

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Cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood.

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Charles Barber (author)

Charles Barber (born 1962) is an American author who writes about mental health, psychiatric, and criminal justice issues.

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Charles Byrne (giant)

Charles Byrne (1761–1783) or "The Irish Giant", was a man regarded as a curiosity or freak in London in the 1780s.

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Charles Francis Bolton

Charles Francis Bolton, MD, CM, MS, FRCP(C) (born 1932), is a Canadian professor of neurology at Queen's University in Ontario, Canada.

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Charles Knowlton

Charles Knowlton (May 10, 1800 – February 20, 1850) was an American physician, atheist, and writer.

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Charles Marriot Culver

Charles Culver (November 7, 1934 – February 24, 2015) was a medical ethicist and a psychiatrist.

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Charles S. Lieber

Charles Saul Lieber (February 13, 1931 – March 1, 2009) was a clinical nutritionist who established that excess alcohol consumption can cause cirrhosis of the liver even in subjects who have an adequate diet, contradicting then-current scientific opinion.

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Chest tube

A chest tube (chest drain, thoracic catheter, tube thoracostomy, or intercostal drain) is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or mediastinum.

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Chikungunya

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

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Child euthanasia

Child euthanasia is a form of euthanasia that is applied to children who are gravely ill or suffer from significant birth defects.

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Christl Donnelly

Christl Ann Donnelly is a professor of Statistical Epidemiology at Imperial College London.

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Christopher Jones (biologist)

Christopher Jones (born 1976) is an American innovator with a strong interest in health economics, particularly as it applies to improving outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

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Christopher T. Robertson

Christopher Tarver Robertson is a leading expert in health law at the intersection of law, philosophy and science.

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Chronic Lyme disease

Chronic Lyme disease (not to be confused with Lyme Disease) is a generally rejected diagnosis that encompasses "a broad array of illnesses or symptom complexes for which there is no reproducible or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to B. burgdorferi'' infection." Despite numerous studies, there is no clinical evidence that "chronic" Lyme disease is caused by a persistent infection.

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Chuck Benbrook

Charles M. "Chuck" Benbrook is an American agricultural economist and former research professor at the Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources at Washington State University, a position to which he was appointed in 2012.

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Circumcision and HIV

Male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV transmission from women to men.

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Claude E. Welch

Claude E. Welch (March 14, 1906 – March 9, 1996) was an internationally recognized surgeonO'Shea, Arthur, "Dr.

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Clindamycin

Clindamycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.

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Clonazepam

Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat seizures, panic disorder, and for the movement disorder known as akathisia.

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Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel, sold as the brandname Plavix among others, is an antiplatelet medication that is used to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in those at high risk.

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Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish (Gadidae).

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Colchicine

Colchicine is a medication most commonly used to treat gout.

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Cold abscess

Cold abscess refers to an abscess that lacks the intense inflammation usually associated with infection.

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Colles' fracture

A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards.

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Complications of hypertension

Main complications of persistent high blood pressure Complications of hypertension are clinical outcomes that result from persistent elevation of blood pressure.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Confounding

In statistics, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids or sex steroids from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).

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Congenital generalized lipodystrophy

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (also known as Berardinelli–Seip syndrome) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive condition, characterized by an extreme scarcity of fat in the subcutaneous tissues.

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Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

CONSORT (Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials) encompasses various initiatives developed by the CONSORT Group to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials.

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Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States are issues arising in the late 20th century and early 21st century which affect Native Americans in the United States.

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Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry

The Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry was developed by the Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health at the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.

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Coumarin

Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) is a fragrant organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones.

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Crawford Long

Crawford Williamson Long (November 1, 1815 – June 16, 1878) was an American surgeon and pharmacist best known for his first use of inhaled sulfuric ether as an anesthetic.

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Creation and evolution in public education

The status of creation and evolution in public education has been the subject of substantial debate and conflict in legal, political, and religious circles.

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Creation–evolution controversy

The creation–evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. evolution debate or the origins debate) involves an ongoing, recurring cultural, political, and theological dispute about the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life.

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Criticism of the Food and Drug Administration

Numerous governmental and non-governmental organizations have criticized the U. S. Food and Drug Administration for alleged excessive and/or insufficient regulation.

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Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus.

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Cromoglicic acid

Cromoglicic acid (INN) (also referred to as cromolyn (USAN), cromoglycate (former BAN), or cromoglicate) is traditionally described as a mast cell stabilizer, and is commonly marketed as the sodium salt sodium cromoglicate or cromolyn sodium.

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Crush syndrome

Crush syndrome (also traumatic rhabdomyolysis or Bywaters' syndrome) is a medical condition characterized by major shock and renal failure after a crushing injury to skeletal muscle.

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Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.

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Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of several species that cause cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic disease of the mammalian intestinal tract.

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Crystal healing

Crystal healing is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine technique that employs stones and crystals.

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Cultural effects of the Ebola crisis

The Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa has had a large effect on the culture of most of the West African countries.

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Cysticercosis

Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm.

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D. Mark Hegsted

David Mark Hegsted (March 25, 1914 – June 16, 2009) was an American nutritionist who studied the connections between food consumption and heart disease.

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Dabigatran

Dabigatran, sold under the brand name Pradaxa among others, is an anticoagulant medication which can be taken by mouth.

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Dalkon Shield

The Dalkon Shield was a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) developed by the Dalkon Corporation and marketed by the A.H. Robins Company.

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Daniel Callahan

Daniel Callahan (born July 19, 1930) is an American philosopher who played a leading role in developing the field of biomedical ethics as co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute.

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Daniel H. Lowenstein (physician)

Daniel H. Lowenstein, M.D., is the Robert B. and Ellinor Aird Professor of Neurology and Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Director of the UCSF Epilepsy Center, and Director of Physician-Scientist and Education Training Programs for the UCSF School of Medicine.

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Daniel Kevles

Daniel J. Kevles (born 2 March 1939 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American historian of science.

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Daniel Sulmasy

Daniel Sulmasy is an American medical ethicist.

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David Blaine

David Blaine (born David Blaine White; April 4, 1973) is an American magician, illusionist and endurance artist.

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David Blumenthal

David Blumenthal (born August 31, 1948) is an academic physician and health care policy expert, best known as the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology in the period 2009-2011 during early implementation of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act provisions on "meaningful use".

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David Hunter (Harvard)

David John Hunter, MBBS, MPH, ScD, was Acting Dean of the Faculty and before that Dean for Academic Affairs at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, and Vincent L. Gregory Professor in Cancer Prevention, Emeritus.

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David M. Eddy

David M. Eddy is an American physician, mathematician, and healthcare analyst who has done seminal work in mathematical modeling of diseases, clinical practice guidelines, and evidence-based medicine.

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David Relman

David Arnold Relman is an American microbiologist and the Thomas C. and Joan M. Merigan Professor in Medicine, and in Microbiology & Immunology at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

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David Rimoin

David Lawrence Rimoin (November 9, 1936 – May 27, 2012) was a Canadian American geneticist.

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David S. Barnes

David S. Barnes is an Associate Professor of History and Sociology of Science and Director of the Health and Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Death panel

"Death panel" is a political term that originated during the 2009 debate about federal health care legislation to cover the uninsured in the United States.

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Deaths in June 2014

The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2014.

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Debora Spar

Debora L. Spar is the former President of Barnard College, a liberal arts college for women affiliated with Columbia University.

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Debra Evans

Debra Evans (born 1953) is an American writer known for her books on issues related to contemporary Christian spirituality, reproductive health, women's wellness, and family relationships.

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Decompressive craniectomy

Decompressive craniectomy (crani- + -ectomy) is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed.

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Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is a surgical technique that involves cooling the body to temperatures below 20°C (68°F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.

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Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is an American immigration policy that allows some individuals who were brought to the United States illegally as children to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and become eligible for a work permit in the U.S. Unlike the proposed DREAM Act, DACA does not provide a path to citizenship for recipients.

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Delivery after previous Caesarean section

In case of a previous Caesarean section a subsequent pregnancy can be planned beforehand to be delivered by either of the following two main methods.

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Demetrius Klee Lopes

Demetrius Klee Lopes (born March 19, 1970) is a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon specializing in neuroendovascular therapy.

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Desiccated thyroid extract

Desiccated thyroid or thyroid extract refers to porcine or bovine thyroid glands, dried and powdered for therapeutic use.

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Diane E. Meier

Diane E. Meier, MD, (born April 15, 1952), an American geriatrician and palliative care specialist, is Director of the Center to Advance Palliative care (CAPC) - a national organization dedicated to increasing the number and quality of palliative care programs in the United States.

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Diane Harper

Diane Medved Harper is a professor and chair of the department of Family and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Louisville.

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Diaverum

Diaverum is a provider of renal healthcare with about 300 clinics in Latin America, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Middle East.

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Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is an estrogen medication which is mostly no longer used.

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Discovery Institute

The Discovery Institute (DI) is a politically conservative non-profit think tank based in Seattle, Washington, that advocates the pseudoscientific principle Article available from of intelligent design (ID).

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Disease management (health)

Disease management is defined as "a system of coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for populations with conditions in which patient self-care efforts are significant."Congressional Budget Office.

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Disproportionate share hospital

The United States government provides funding to hospitals that treat indigent patients through the Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) programs, under which facilities are able to receive at least partial compensation.

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DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

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Dominic Corrigan

Sir Dominic John Corrigan, 1st Baronet (2 December 1802 – 1 February 1880), was an Irish physician, known for his original observations in heart disease.

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Donald Burke

Donald Burke is one of the world's foremost experts on the prevention, diagnosis, and control of infectious diseases of global concern.

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Donald Kornfeld

Donald S. Kornfeld is an American psychiatrist best known for his work on psychiatric issues associated with medical practice.

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Dorry Segev

Dorry Segev is the Marjory K. and Thomas Pozefsky Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Professor of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Associate Vice Chair of the Department of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

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Double aortic arch

Double aortic arch (DAA) is a relatively rare congenital cardiovascular malformation.

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Drotrecogin alfa

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris, marketed by Eli Lilly and Company) is a recombinant form of human activated protein C that has anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and profibrinolytic properties.

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Drowning

Drowning is defined as respiratory impairment from being in or under a liquid.

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Drug-eluting stent

A drug-eluting stent (DES) is a peripheral or coronary stent (a scaffold) placed into narrowed, diseased peripheral or coronary arteries that slowly releases a drug to block cell proliferation.

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Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI) is a collaborative, patients’ needs-driven, non-profit drug research and development (R&D) organization that is developing new treatments for neglected diseases, notably leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis, HAT), Chagas disease, malaria, paediatric HIV, and specific helminth infections.

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Drummond Rennie

Drummond Rennie is an American nephrologist and high altitude physiologist who is a contributing deputy editor of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and an adjunct professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.

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Dupilumab

Dupilumab, sold under the trade name Dupixent, is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of allergic diseases such as eczema.

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Duplicate publication

Duplicate publication, multiple publication, or redundant publication refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once, by the author or publisher.

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Dysphagia

Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing.

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E. Wesley Ely

Eugene Wesley Ely Jr. is an American physician and professor of medicine as the Grant W. Liddle Endowed Chair at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.

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Early goal-directed therapy

Early goal-directed therapy was introduced by Emanuel P. Rivers in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2001 and is a technique used in critical care medicine involving intensive monitoring and aggressive management of perioperative hemodynamics in patients with a high risk of morbidity and mortality.

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Ebola vaccine

Ebola vaccine candidates against Ebola have been developed in the decade prior to 2014, but none have yet been approved for clinical use in humans.

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Edmonton protocol

The Edmonton Protocol is a method of implantation of pancreatic islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus, specifically "brittle" type 1 diabetics prone to hypoglycemic unawareness.

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Eduard Verhagen

Eduard Verhagen (born 3 May 1962, Haarlem) is an attorney and the medical director of the department of pediatrics at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG).

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Edward D. Freis

Edward D. Freis (May 13, 1912 – February 1, 2005) was an American physician and researcher, who received the Albert Lasker Award for his studies of the treatment of hypertension.

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Edward J. Benz Jr.

Edward J. Benz Jr. is the former president of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts., and the Richard and Susan Smith Professor of Medicine as well as a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School.

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Edzard Ernst

Edzard Ernst (born 30 January 1948) is an academic physician and researcher specializing in the study of complementary and alternative medicine.

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Effect of spaceflight on the human body

Humans venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the body.

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Effects of global warming on human health

The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.

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Egyptian Knowledge Bank

The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) is an online library archive and resource that provides access to learning resources and tools for educators, researchers, students, and the general public of Egypt.

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Ehrlichia Wisconsin HM543746

Ehrlichia Wisconsin HM543746 is an unnamed tick bacterium that spread through Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2009 and is similar to Ehrlichia muris.

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ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) Cuba

Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (ELAM), formerly Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias Médicas (in Spanish; in English: Latin American School of Medicine (LASM), formerly Latin American School of Medical Sciences), is a major international medical school in Cuba and a prominent part of the Cuban healthcare system.

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Elizabeth Blackburn

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, (born 26 November 1948) is an Australian-American Nobel laureate who is currently the President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

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Elizabeth Nabel

Elizabeth Nabel is an American cardiologist and the current President of Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Health Care, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Chief Health and Medical Adviser to the National Football League.

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Elliott P. Joslin

Elliott Proctor Joslin, M.D. (6 June 1869 – 28 January 1962) was the first doctor in the United States to specialize in diabetes and was the founder of today's Joslin Diabetes Center.

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Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception (EC), or emergency postcoital contraception, are birth control measures that may be used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy.

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Endoscopic vessel harvesting

Endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH) is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery (commonly called a "bypass").

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Entecavir

Entecavir (ETV), sold under the brand name Baraclude, is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

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Entorhinal cortex

The entorhinal cortex (EC) (ento.

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Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), also known as Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS) or allergic granulomatosis, is an extremely rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) in persons with a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity (atopy).

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Eosinophiluria

Eosinophiluria is the abnormal presence of eosinophils in the urine.

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Ephedra

Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica.

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Epstein–Barr virus

The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.

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Eradication of infectious diseases

Eradication is the reduction of an infectious disease's prevalence in the global host population to zero.

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Ergot

Ergot (pron.) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.

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Eric Chivian

Eric S. Chivian is the founder and director of the Center for Health and the Global Environment (CHGE) at Harvard Medical School, where he is also an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry.

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Eric Courchesne

Eric Courchesne is an autism researcher and Professor of Neurosciences in University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and Director of the UCSD Autism Center located in La Jolla, California.

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Eric Ding

Eric L. Feigl-Ding (Eric L. Ding) is an American public health scientist with expertise in epidemiology, nutrition, and health economics, and a Democratic candidate for Congress from Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district.

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Eric Topol

Eric Jeffrey Topol (born 1954) is an American cardiologist, geneticist, and digital medicine researcher.

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Ernst T. Krebs

Ernst Theodore Krebs, Jr. (May 17, 1911 – September 8, 1996) was an American biochemist who promoted various substances as alternative cures for cancer, including pangamic acid and amygdalin.

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Esophagus

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

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Essential hypertension

Essential hypertension (also called primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension) is the form of hypertension that by definition has no identifiable cause.

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Estrogen and neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases can disrupt the normal human homeostasis and result in abnormal estrogen levels.

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Eszopiclone

Eszopiclone, marketed by Sunovion under the brand-name Lunesta, is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent used in the treatment of insomnia.

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Ethics in America

Ethics in America was a ten-part television series, originally aired from 1988 to 1989, in which panels of leading intellectuals from various professions discussed the ethical implications of hypothetical scenarios, which often touched on politics, the media, medicine, and law.

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Evidence-based research

Evidence-based research (EBR) is "the use of prior research in a systematic and transparent way to inform a new study so that it is answering questions that matter in a valid, efficient and accessible manner".

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Face transplant

A face transplant is a medical procedure to replace all or part of a person's face using tissue from a cadaver.

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False positive rate

In statistics, when performing multiple comparisons, a false positive ratio (or false alarm ratio) is the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis for a particular test.

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Fanconi anemia

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage.

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Fee-for-service

Fee-for-service (FFS) is a payment model where services are unbundled and paid for separately.

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Fenfluramine/phentermine

The drug combination fenfluramine/phentermine, usually called fen-phen, was an anti-obesity treatment that utilized two anorectics.

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Fibrosing colonopathy

Fibrosing colonopathy is a disease that arises in patients with cystic fibrosis treated with enteric coated pancreatic enzyme supplements.

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Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health

The Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health (FIRH) is a center for the investigation and treatment of respiratory diseases.

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Fixing Sex

Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience, a book by Stanford anthropologist and bioethicist Katrina Karkazis, was published in 2008.

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Fluoride therapy

Fluoride therapy is the use of fluoride for medical purposes.

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Fluoride toxicity

Fluoride toxicity is a condition in which there are elevated levels of the fluoride ion in the body.

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FOLFIRINOX

FOLFIRINOX is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.

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For-profit hospital

For-profit hospitals, sometimes referred to as alternatively investor-owned hospitals, are investor-owned chains of hospitals.

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Francis L. Delmonico

Francis L. Delmonico, MD, FACS (born in New York in 1945) is a surgeon, clinical professor and health expert in the field of transplantation.

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Frank DeStefano

Frank DeStefano, MD, MPH, FACPM is a medical epidemiologist and researcher at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, where he is director of the Immunization Safety Office.

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Frank Lahey

Frank Howard Lahey MD (June 1, 1880, Haverhill, Massachusetts – June 17, 1953, Boston, Massachusetts), was a physician who founded the Lahey Clinic in Boston in 1923.

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Franklin G. Miller

Franklin G. Miller (born 1948) is an American bioethicist and senior faculty member at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Franz J. Ingelfinger

Franz Joseph Ingelfinger (August 20, 1910 – March 27, 1980) was a German-American physician.

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Fred Rivara

Fred Rivara (born May 17, 1949) is a professor of pediatrics and epidemiology at the University of Washington at Seattle Children's Hospital known for his research into the relationship between gun ownership and gun violence in the 1990s.

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Fructosamine

Fructosamines are compounds that result from glycation reactions between a sugar (such as fructose or glucose) and a primary amine, followed by isomerization via the Amadori rearrangement.

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Furan fatty acids

Furan fatty acids are a group of fatty acids that contain a furan ring.

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Gabapentin

Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is a medication which is used to treat epilepsy (specifically partial seizures), neuropathic pain, hot flashes, and restless legs syndrome.

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or complications.

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Gatifloxacin

Gatifloxacin sold under the brand names Gatiflo, Tequin and Zymar, is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

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Geisinger Health System

The Geisinger Health System (GHS) is a health care system of northeastern and central Pennsylvania with headquarters located in Danville, Pennsylvania.

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General Idea

General Idea was a collective of three Canadian artists, Felix Partz, Jorge Zontal and AA Bronson, who were active from 1967 to 1994.

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General medical journal

A general medical journal is an academic journal dedicated to medicine in general, rather than a specific field of medicine.

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Generation Rescue

Generation Rescue is a nonprofit organization that advocates the scientifically disproven view that autism and related disorders are primarily caused by environmental factors, particularly vaccines.

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Genetic causes of diabetes mellitus type 2

Most cases of diabetes mellitus type 2 involved many genes contributing small amount to the overall condition.

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Genome (book)

Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters is a 1999 popular science book by the science writer Matt Ridley, published by Fourth Estate.

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Geoffrey Kabat

Geoffrey C. Kabat is an American epidemiologist and cancer researcher.

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George Cotzias

George Constantin Cotzias (June 16, 1918 in Chania, Crete – June 13, 1977 in New York City) was a Greek-American scientist who together with his coworkers developed L-Dopa treatment, currently the most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease.

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George Minot

George Richards Minot (December 2, 1885 – February 25, 1950) was an American medical researcher who shared the 1934 Nobel Prize with George Hoyt Whipple and William P. Murphy for their pioneering work on pernicious anemia.

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George P. Chrousos

George P. Chrousos is professor and chairman of the Department of Pediatrics at the Athens University Medical School, Greece.

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George Parkman

George Parkman (February 19, 1790November 23, 1849), a Boston Brahmin and a member of one of Boston's richest families, was a prominent physician, businessman, and philanthropist, as well the victim in the sensationally gruesome Parkman–Webster murder case, which shook Boston in 1849–1850.

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Ghostwriter

A ghostwriter is hired to write literary or journalistic works, speeches, or other texts that are officially credited to another person as the author.

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Global Burden of Disease Study

The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is a comprehensive regional and global research program of disease burden that assesses mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors.

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Glutamate flavoring

Glutamate flavoring is a generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates).

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Go (game)

Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent.

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Goldman-Cecil Medicine

Goldman-Cecil Medicine is a medical textbook published by Elsevier.

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Gonzales v. Carhart

Gonzales v. Carhart,, is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.

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Goose Guandong virus

The Goose Guandong virus refers to the strain A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses.

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Gordon Guyatt

Gordon Henry Guyatt, MD, MSc, FRCP, OC born November 11, 1953) is a Canadian physician and Distinguished University Professor in the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (formerly Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) and Medicine at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. He is known for his leadership in evidence-based medicine, a term that first appeared in a single-author paper he published in 1991. Subsequently, a 1992 JAMA article that Guyatt led proved instrumental in bringing the concept of evidence-based medicine to the worlds attention. In 2007, The BMJ launched an international election for the most important contributions to healthcare. Evidence-based medicine came 7th, ahead of the computer and medical imaging. Guyatt’s concerns with the role of the medical system, social justice, and medical reform remain central issues that he promoted in tandem with his medical work. On October 9, 2015, he was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. ----.

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Gorham's disease

Gorham's disease (pronounced GOR-amz), also known as Gorham vanishing bone disease and phantom bone disease, is a very rare skeletal condition of unknown cause, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of distended, thin-walled vascular or lymphatic channels within bone, which leads to resorption and replacement of bone with angiomas and/or fibrosis.

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Gout

Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.

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Gregory White Smith

Gregory White Smith (October 4, 1951 – April 10, 2014) was an American biographer of both Jackson Pollock and Vincent van Gogh.

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Griffith R. Harsh

Griffith Rutherford Harsh IV (born July 25, 1953) is an American neurosurgeon.

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Group Health Cooperative

Group Health Cooperative, (formerly known as Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound), later more commonly known as Group Health, was a Seattle, Washington based nonprofit healthcare organization.

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Gulf War syndrome

Gulf War syndrome (GWS), also known as Gulf War illnesses (GWI) and chronic multisymptom illness (CMI), is a chronic and multisymptomatic disorder affecting returning military veterans and civilian workers of the 1990–91 Gulf War.

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Gun violence and gun control in Texas

The State of Texas is considered to have some of the most constitutionally adherent gun laws in the United States.

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Gun violence in the United States

Gun violence in the United States results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually.

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Gyromitrin

Gyromitrin is a toxin and carcinogen present in several members of the fungal genus Gyromitra, like G. esculenta.

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H. Hugh Fudenberg

Herman Hugh Fudenberg (October 24, 1928March 15, 2014) was a retired clinical immunologist who ran the Neuro Immuno Therapeutics Research Foundation (NITRF) in Spartanburg, South Carolina.

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H5N1 vaccine

A H5N1 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1.

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Haemophilia

Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.

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Hand washing

Hand washing, also known as hand hygiene, is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.

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Hans D. Ochs

Hans Dieter Ochs, MD (born September 29, 1936 in Spaichingen, Germany), is an immunologist and pediatrician.

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Hans-Olov Adami

Hans-Olov Adami (born July 14, 1942) is a Swedish physician, academic and public health researcher.

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Harlem

Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan.

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Harold C. Sox

Harold 'Hal' Sox is an Editor Emeritus of the Annals of Internal Medicine and member of the National Academy of Medicine.

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Harry Potter fandom

Harry Potter fandom refers to the community of fans of the Harry Potter books and movies who participate in entertainment activities that revolve around the series, such as reading and writing fan fiction, creating and soliciting fan art, engaging in role-playing games, socializing on Harry Potter-based forums, and more.

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Harvard School of Dental Medicine

The Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) is the dental school of Harvard University.

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Harvey Berger

Harvey J. Berger, M.D. is an American physician-scientist, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and biotechnology executive.

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Hashem El-Serag

Hashem B. El-Serag is a Palestinian-American physician and medical researcher best known for his research in liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the hepatitis C virus.

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Health care in the United States

Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations.

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Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration

There were a number of different health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration.

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Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

The Health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill are health effects related to the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010.

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Health crisis

A health crisis or public health crisis is a difficult situation or complex health system that affects humans in one or more geographic areas (mainly occurred in natural hazards), from a particular locality to encompass the entire planet.

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Health Dialog

Health Dialog is a care management, employee wellness, and decision support provider, and wholly owned subsidiary of Rite Aid Corporation.

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Health freedom movement

The health freedom movement is a libertarian coalition that opposes regulation of health practices and advocates for increased access to "non-traditional" health care.

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Health policy and management

Health policy and management is the field relating to leadership, management, and administration of public health systems, health care systems, hospitals, and hospital networks.

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Healthcare in Cuba

The Cuban government operates a national health system and assumes fiscal and administrative responsibility for the health care of all its citizens.

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Healthcare reform in the United States

Healthcare reform in the United States has a long history.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of congestive heart failure where in the amount of blood pumped from the heart's left ventricle with each beat (ejection fraction) is greater than 50%.

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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by a triad of hemolytic anemia (anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells), acute kidney failure (uremia), and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).

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Henry Ingersoll Bowditch

Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (1808-1892) was an American physician and a prominent Christian abolitionist.

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Henry Jacob Bigelow

Henry Jacob Bigelow (March 11, 1818October 30, 1890) was an American surgeon and Professor of Surgery at Harvard University.

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Henry K. Beecher

Henry Knowles Beecher (February 4, 1904 – July 25, 1976) was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School.

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Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).

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Herbert L. Abrams

Herbert Leroy Abrams (August 16, 1920 – January 20, 2016) was an American physician.

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Herpes gladiatorum

Herpes gladiatorum is one of the most infectious of herpes-caused diseases, and is transmissible by skin-to-skin contact.

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Heyde's syndrome

Heyde's syndrome is a syndrome of gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia in the presence of aortic stenosis.

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HGH controversies

Controversies regarding the use of human growth hormone (HGH) as treatment method have centered on the claims, products, and businesses related to the use of growth hormone as an anti-aging therapy.

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High-altitude cerebral edema

High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude.

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High-protein diet

A high-protein diet is often recommended by bodybuilders and nutritionists to help efforts to build muscle and lose fat.

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Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

The causes and mechanisms of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire are a historical theme that was introduced by historian Edward Gibbon in his 1776 book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

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History of alternative medicine

The history of alternative medicine refers to the history of a group of diverse medical practices that were collectively promoted as "alternative medicine" beginning in the 1970s, to the collection of individual histories of members of that group, or to the history of western medical practices that were labeled "irregular practices" by the western medical establishment.

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History of cancer chemotherapy

The era of cancer chemotherapy began in the 1940s with the first use of nitrogen mustards and folic acid antagonist drugs.

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History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, also known by the acronym CPR is an emergency procedure performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest.

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History of chronic fatigue syndrome

The history of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS, also known by many other names) is thought to date back to the 19th century and before.

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History of emerging infectious diseases

The discovery of disease-causing pathogens is an important activity in the field of medical science.

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HIV exceptionalism

HIV exceptionalism is the term given to the trend to treat HIV/AIDS in law and policy differently from other diseases, including other sexually transmitted, infectious, lethal diseases.

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HIV screening in the United States

HIV screening in the United States is the use of tests to determine HIV status of individuals, as a part of general public health strategies to reduce the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS in the United States and to lead to treatment of HIV positive individuals.

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HIV superinfection

HIV superinfection (also called HIV reinfection) is a condition in which a person with an established human immunodeficiency virus infection acquires a second strain of HIV, often of a different subtype.

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HIV trial in Libya

The HIV trial in Libya (or Bulgarian nurses affair) concerns the trials, appeals and eventual release of six foreign medical workers charged with conspiring to deliberately infect over 400 children with HIV in 1998, causing an epidemic at El-Fatih Children's Hospital in Benghazi, Libya.

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HIV vaccine

An HIV vaccine is a vaccine which would either protect individuals who do not have HIV from contracting that virus, or otherwise may have a therapeutic effect for persons who have or later contract HIV/AIDS.

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Hospital medicine

Hospital medicine in the United States is the medical specialty concerned with the care of acutely ill hospitalized patients.

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Housing quality and health outcomes in the United States

Housing quality and health outcomes in the United States are inextricably linked.

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How to Have Sex in an Epidemic

How to Have Sex in an Epidemic: One Approach is a 1983 nonfiction manual by Richard Berkowitz and Michael Callen, under the direction of Joseph Sonnabend, to advise men who have sex with men (MSM) about how to avoid contracting the infecting agent which causes AIDS.

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Howard Hiatt

Howard Haym Hiatt is a medical researcher involved with the discovery of messenger RNA, past dean from 1972-1984 of the Harvard School of Public Health, and co-founder and associate chief of the Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, where he also he helped to launch and for this past decade has been the Associate Chief of the hospital's Division of Global Health Equity.

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Howard L. Weiner

Howard L. Weiner (born December 25, 1944) is an American neurologist, neuroscientist and immunologist who is also a writer and filmmaker.

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Howard Markel

Howard Markel (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician, author, editor, professor, and medical historian.

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Howard W. Jones

Howard Wilbur Jones, Jr. (December 30, 1910 – July 31, 2015) was an American gynecological surgeon and in vitro fertilization (IVF) specialist.

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HPTN 052

HPTN 052 is the name of a clinical trial conducted in nine countries which examined whether starting people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce the chance that they will pass HIV on to their sexual partners who do not have HIV.

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HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer

Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV+OPC) is a subtype of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), associated with the human papillomavirus type 16 virus (HPV16).

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Hugh Christian Watkins

Hugh Christian Watkins (born 7 June 1959) is a British cardiologist.

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Human spaceflight

Human spaceflight (also referred to as crewed spaceflight or manned spaceflight) is space travel with a crew or passengers aboard the spacecraft.

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Human subject research legislation in the United States

Human subject research legislation in the United States can be traced to the early 20th century.

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Humayun Chaudhry

Humayun J. Chaudhry (born November 17, 1965) is an American physician and medical educator who is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) of the United States, a national non-profit organization founded in 1912 that represents the 70 state medical boards of the United States and its territories and which co-sponsors the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE).

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Hurler syndrome

Hurler syndrome is also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS IH), Hurler's disease, and formerly gargoylism.

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Hydroxyethyl starch

Hydroxyethyl starch (HES/HAES), sold under the brand name Voluven among others, is a nonionic starch derivative, used as a volume expander in intravenous therapy.

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Hydroxyprogesterone caproate

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC), sold under the brand names Proluton and Makena among others, is a progestin medication which is used to prevent preterm birth in pregnant women with a history of the condition and to treat gynecological disorders.

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Hymenolepiasis

Hymenolepiasis is infestation by one of two species of tapeworm: Hymenolepis nana or H. diminuta.

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Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia, also known as hypercarbia and CO2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood.

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Hypernatremia

Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high concentration of sodium in the blood.

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Hypobetalipoproteinemia

Hypobetalipoproteinemia is a disorder consisting of low levels of LDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B, below the 5th percentile.

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I. Glenn Cohen

I.

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Ian Dowbiggin

Ian Robert Dowbiggin (born 1952) is a professor in the Department of History at the University of Prince Edward Island and writer on the history of medicine, in particular topics such as euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.

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Ian Frazer

Ian Hector Frazer (born 6 January 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding CEO and Director of Research of the Translational Research Institute (Australia).

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ICMJE recommendations

The ICMJE recommendations (full title, Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals) are a set of guidelines produced by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors for standardising the ethics, preparation and formatting of manuscripts submitted for publication by biomedical journals.

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Idiopathic postprandial syndrome

Idiopathic postprandial syndrome, colloquially but incorrectly known by some as hypoglycemia, describes a collection of clinical signs and symptoms similar to medical hypoglycemia but without the demonstrably low blood glucose levels which characterise said condition.

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IgG4-related disease

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4-secreting plasma cells, various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids.

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IgG4-related prostatitis

IgG4-related prostatitis is the term used to describe prostate involvement in men with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), which is an emerging fibroinflammatory disease entity which is characterised (i) by a tendency to mass forming lesions in multiple sites of the body and (ii) by usually a prompt response to steroid therapy.

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Igor J. Koralnik

Igor Koralnik is an American physician, neurologist and scientist.

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Independent Payment Advisory Board

The Independent Payment Advisory Board, or IPAB, was to be a fifteen-member United States Government agency created in 2010 by sections 3403 and 10320 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which was to have the explicit task of achieving specified savings in Medicare without affecting coverage or quality.

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Infant mortality

Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.

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Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

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Inferior vena cava filter

An inferior vena cava filter (IVC filter) is a type of vascular filter, a medical device that is implanted by interventional radiologists or vascular surgeons into the inferior vena cava to presumably prevent life-threatening pulmonary emboli (PEs).

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Infliximab

Infliximab (trade names Remicade among others) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody biologic drug that works against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and is used to treat autoimmune diseases.

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Influenza A virus subtype H7N9

H7N9 is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus).

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Influenza pandemic

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population.

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Influenza research

Influenza research involves investigating molecular virology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, genomics, and epidemiology regarding influenza.

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Influenza vaccine

Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.

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Ingelfinger rule

In scientific publishing, the Ingelfinger rule originally stipulated that The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) would not publish findings that had been published elsewhere, in other media or in other journals.

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Inhaled ciclosporin

Ciclosporin is a cyclic polypeptide that has been used widely as an orally-available immunosuppressant.

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Inpatient care

Inpatient care is the care of patients whose condition requires admission to a hospital.

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Insect repellent

An insect repellent (also commonly called "bug spray") is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface.

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Insite

Insite is the first legal supervised drug injection site in North America, located at 139 East Hastings Street, in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia.

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Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences

The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (acronym: ICES) is an independent, non-profit corporation that applies the study of health informatics for health services research and population-wide health outcomes research in Ontario, Canada using data collected through the routine administration of Ontario's system of publicly funded health care.

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Integrase inhibitor

Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug designed to block the action of integrase, a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell.

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Intelligent design

Intelligent design (ID) is a religious argument for the existence of God, presented by its proponents as "an evidence-based scientific theory about life's origins",Numbers 2006, p. 373; " captured headlines for its bold attempt to rewrite the basic rules of science and its claim to have found indisputable evidence of a God-like being.

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Intelligent design movement

The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific Article available from idea of intelligent design (ID), which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the lobbying of policymakers to include its teaching in high school science classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it.

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Intensive care medicine

Intensive care medicine, or critical care medicine, is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions that may require sophisticated life support and monitoring.

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Intensive care unit

Intensive care unit An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive treatment medicine.

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International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers

The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, known for short by the initials for the last part of its name, STM, is an international trade association organised and run for the benefit of scholarly, scientific, technical, medical and professional publishers.

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International emergency medicine

International emergency medicine is a subspecialty of emergency medicine that focuses not only on the global practice of emergency medicine but also on efforts to promote the growth of emergency care as a branch of medicine throughout the world.

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Interventional neuroradiology

Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) or Endovascular Surgical Neuroradiology (ESN) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) medical subspecialty specializing in minimally invasive image-based technologies and procedures used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the head, neck, and spine.

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Iodine deficiency in China

Iodine deficiency is a widespread problem in western, southern and eastern parts of China, as their iodized salt intake level is much lower than the average national level.

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IPrEx

iPrEx (from Iniciativa Profilaxis Pre-Exposición, "pre-exposure prophylaxis initiative") was a phase III clinical trial to determine whether the antiretroviral medication emtricitabine/tenofovir (as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) could safely and effectively prevent HIV acquisition through sex in men who have sex with men and transgender women.

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Iraq Body Count project

Iraq Body Count project (IBC) is a web-based effort to record civilian deaths resulting from the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq.

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Iraq Family Health Survey

On January 9, 2008 the World Health Organization reported the results of the "Iraq Family Health Survey" published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

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Iraq War

The Iraq WarThe conflict is also known as the War in Iraq, the Occupation of Iraq, the Second Gulf War, and Gulf War II.

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Iron metabolism disorder

Genes involved in iron metabolism disorders include HFE and TFR2.

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Irving Gottesman

Irving Isadore Gottesman (December 29, 1930 – June 29, 2016) was an American professor of psychology who devoted most of his career to the study of the genetics of schizophrenia.

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IRX3

Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-3, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX3 gene.

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Isabelle Dinoire

Isabelle Dinoire (1967 – 22 April 2016) was a French woman who was the first person to undergo a partial face transplant, after her Labrador retriever, pit-bull mixed breed mauled her in May 2005.

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Isao Arita

Isao Arita (born 1926) is a Japanese physician, virologist and vaccination specialist who headed the World Health Organization (WHO) Smallpox Eradication Unit in 1977–85.

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Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine

Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine is a fixed dose combination drug treatment specifically approved by the US FDA to be used to treat African Americans with congestive heart failure.

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Ixodes scapularis

Ixodes scapularis is commonly known as the deer tick or black-legged tick (although some people reserve the latter term for Ixodes pacificus, which is found on the west coast of the USA), and in some parts of the USA as the bear tick.

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JAMA (journal)

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.

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James C. Robinson (health economist)

James Claude Robinson is a professor of health economics in the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has the title of the Leonard D. Schaeffer Endowed Chair in Health Economics and Policy.

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James Ewing Mears

James Ewing Mears, also J. Ewing Mears M.D., LL.D. (October 17, 1838 – May 28, 1919) was a surgeon and author.

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James H. Ware

James Hutchinson Ware (October 27, 1941 – April 26, 2016) was a biostatician and the Professor of Biostatistics and Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Science at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

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James Homer Wright

James Homer Wright (April 8, 1869 – January 3, 1928) was an early and influential American pathologist, who from 1896 to 1926 was chief of pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital.

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James R. Lyons

James Robert Lyons, M.D. is an American plastic surgeon, author, former clinical instructor at Yale University, and former national junior ballroom dancing champion.

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James Rachels

James W. Rachels (May 30, 1941 – September 5, 2003) was an American philosopher who specialized in ethics and animal rights.

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James Read Chadwick

James Read Chadwick (2 November 1844, Boston – 23 September 1905, Chocorua, New Hampshire) was an American gynecologist and medical librarian remembered for describing the Chadwick sign of early pregnancy in 1887.

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James Shepherd (biochemist)

Professor James Shepherd FMedSci (born 1944) is a world-leading pioneer in the investigation of the causes, prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.

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Jamie Heywood

James Heywood (born October 4, 1966, in London, England) is an American MIT mechanical engineer who founded with his family the ALS Therapy Development Institute (ALS TDI) when his younger brother Stephen Heywood was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in December 1998.

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Jan Ehrenwald

Jan Ehrenwald (13 March 1900 – 15 June 1988) was a Czech-American psychiatrist and psychotherapist, most known for his work in the field of parapsychology.

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Janusz Jankowski

Janusz Jankowski is a doctor, educationalist and scientist of Scottish Polish origin.

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Jared Potter Kirtland

Jared Potter Kirtland (November 10, 1793 – December 10, 1877) was a naturalist, malacologist, and politician most active in the U.S. state of Ohio, where he served as a probate judge, and in the Ohio House of Representatives.

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Jeffrey M. Drazen

Jeffrey M. Drazen is the editor-in-chief of The New England Journal of Medicine since 2000.

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Jenapharm

Jenapharm is a pharmaceutical company from Jena, Germany.

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Jerome P. Kassirer

Jerome P. Kassirer (born 1932 in Buffalo, New York) is an American nephrologist, medical researcher, and professor at Tufts University School of Medicine.

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Jian Zhou

Jian Zhou (1957 – March 1999) was a Chinese virologist and cancer researcher, who with fellow researcher Ian Frazer, invented Gardasil and Cervarix, the vaccines for stimulating human immunological resistance to the cervical cancer-inducing human papilloma virus.

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Jim Yong Kim

Jim Yong Kim (born December 8, 1959), also known as Kim Yong, is a South Korean-American physician and anthropologist serving as the 12th and current President of the World Bank since 2012.

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Joel Weisman

Joel D. Weisman D.O. (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS during his work as a general practitioner in the United States.

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John Burn (geneticist)

Professor Sir John Burn (born 6 February 1952) is a British Professor of Clinical Genetics at Newcastle University.

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John C. Beck

John C. Beck (January 4, 1924 – September 29, 2016) was an American physician and academic.

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John Collins Warren

John Collins Warren (August 1, 1778 – May 4, 1856), was an American surgeon.

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John Darsee

John Roland Darsee (born in Huntington, West Virginia) is an American physician and former medical researcher.

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John Davidson (entertainer)

John Hamilton Davidson (born December 13, 1941) is an American actor, singer, and game show host known for hosting That's Incredible!, Time Machine and Hollywood Squares in the 1980s, and a revival of The $100,000 Pyramid in 1991.

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John E. Mack

John Edward Mack M.D. (October 4, 1929 – September 27, 2004) was an American psychiatrist, parapsychologist, writer, and professor at Harvard Medical School.

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John G. Kelton

John G. Kelton, M.D., FRCPC, C.M. is a Canadian hematologist and the past Dean of the McMaster University Medical School and the Dean and Vice-President of the McMaster Faculty of Health Sciences.

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John Gorham (physician)

John Gorham (24 February 1783, Boston, Massachusetts - 29 March 1829, Boston) was an American physician and educator.

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John K. Iglehart

John K. Iglehart is the founding editor of Health Affairs.

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John Lott

John Richard Lott Jr. (born May 8, 1958) is an American economist, political commentator, and gun rights advocate.

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John Martyn Harlow

John Martyn Harlow (1819–1907) was an American physician primarily remembered for his attendance on brain-injury survivor Phineas Gage, and for his published reports on Gage's accident and subsequent history.

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John Pickard (professor)

John Douglas Pickard FRCS FMedSci (born 21 March 1946) is a British professor emeritus of neurosurgery in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences of University of Cambridge.

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Jon Sudbø

Jon Sudbø (born May 3, 1961) is a Norwegian dentist, physician, and former medical researcher, who was exposed as a scientific fraudster in 2006.

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José Rodríguez (engineer)

Jose Rodriguez is a Chilean professor of electronic engineering who works at Federico Santa María Technical University and has many peer-reviewed articles in the New England Journal of Medicine, Chest, the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Power and Industrial Electronics journals.

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Joseph A. Califano Jr.

Joseph Anthony Califano Jr. (born May 15, 1931) is a former United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization.

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Joseph B. Martin

Joseph Boyd Martin, (born October 20, 1938 in Bassano, Alberta) is the Edward R. and Anne G. Lefler Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School.

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Joseph Thomas Walker

Joseph Thomas Walker (January 26, 1908 – April 29, 1952) was a pioneer in forensic science.

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Joseph Volpe (physician)

Joseph J. Volpe (born December 17, 1938) is an American physician, the Bronson Crothers Professor of Neurology, Emeritus at Harvard Medical School and Neurologist-in-Chief Emeritus at Boston Children's Hospital.

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Joseph W. Eschbach

Joseph Wetherill Eschbach (January 21, 1933 – September 7, 2007) was an American doctor and kidney specialist whose twenty years of research starting in the 1960s led to an improvement in the treatment of anemia.

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Journal Watch

NEJM Journal Watch is a series of topic-specific newsletters written for physicians and other health professionals.

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Judah Folkman

Moses Judah Folkman (February 24, 1933 – January 14, 2008) was an American medical scientist best known for his research on tumor angiogenesis, the process by which a tumor attracts blood vessels to nourish itself and sustain its existence.

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Judson Worthington Hastings

Judson Worthington Hastings, born on June 13, 1853 in Suffield, Connecticut and died in 1923, was a physician and public official.

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Judy Feder

Judith M. Feder is a Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University and was Dean of the Georgetown Public Policy Institute from 1999 through 2007; she is a member of the Institute of Medicine.

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Julie Corliss

Julie Corliss is a medical writer with more than sixteen years of experience in consumer health issues.

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JUPITER trial

The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin trial) was a clinical trial aimed at evaluating whether statins reduce heart attacks and strokes in people with normal cholesterol levels.

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Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh

Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh (born November 11, 1963) is an American physician doing research in nephrology, nutrition, and epidemiology.

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Karen H. Antman

Karen H. Antman is an American physician.

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Karen Ignagni

Karen Ignagni (b. 1954, Providence, RI) is the President and Chief Executive Officer of EmblemHealth as of 9/1/2015, until which time she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), formerly HIAA (Health Insurance Association of America).

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Karoly Horvath

Karoly Horvath is a Hungarian-American pediatrician and gastroenterologist who was formerly the director of the Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

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Katrina Karkazis

Katrina Alicia Karkazis (born 1970) is a medical anthropologist and bioethicist at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine.

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Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease, also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a disease in which blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed.

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Kazi Mobin-Uddin

Kazi Mobin-Uddin (July 16, 1930 – June 10, 1999) was an American surgeon specializing in vascular surgery research.

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Keith Peters (physician)

Sir David Keith Peters (born 26 July 1938, in Baglan, Glamorgan) is a retired Welsh physician and academic.

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Kelly D. Brownell

Kelly David Brownell (born October 31, 1951) is a clinical psychologist and scholar known for his work on obesity and food policy.

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Kenneth Kaushansky

Kenneth Kaushansky, M.D., Master of the American College of Physicians (MACP) (born October 20, 1953) is an American medical doctor, hematologist, former editor of the medical journal Blood, and has served as the Dean of the Stony Brook University School of Medicine since July 2010.

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Kenneth Ouriel

Kenneth Ouriel (born October 21, 1956) is a vascular surgeon and medical researcher.

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Kenneth Sokolski

Kenneth Sokolski, M.D. is a psychiatrist practicing in Orange County, California and Associate Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Human behavior at VA Medical Center Long Beach, California.

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Kidney stone disease

Kidney stone disease, also known as urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) occurs in the urinary tract.

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Kidney transplantation

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease.

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Krabbe disease

Krabbe disease (KD) (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare and often fatal lysosomal storage disease that results in progressive damage to the nervous system.

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Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties

The Lancet, one of the oldest scientific medical journals in the world, published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation on the Iraqi mortality rate.

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Latent tuberculosis

A diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) means a patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the patient does not have active tuberculosis.

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Lawrence Corey

Lawrence Corey (born February 14, 1947) is professor of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Washington, a member of the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and past president and director of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington.

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Lawrence Weed

Lawrence Leonard "Larry" Weed (December 26, 1923 – June 3, 2017) was an American physician, researcher, educator, entrepreneur and author, who is best known for creating the problem-oriented medical record as well as one of the first electronic health records.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning is a type of metal poisoning caused by lead in the body.

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Learned society

A learned society (also known as a learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is an organisation that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts.

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Leighton Chan

Leighton Chan, MD, MPH, is an American medical researcher and rehabilitation physician.

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Leishmania major

Leishmania major is a species of parasites found in the genus Leishmania, and is associated with the disease zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as Aleppo boil, Baghdad boil, Bay sore, Biskra button, Chiclero ulcer, Delhi boil, Kandahar sore, Lahore sore, Oriental sore, Pian bois, and Uta).

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Lewis Thomas

No description.

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Libby Zion Law

New York State Department of Health Code, Section 405, also known as the Libby Zion Law, is a regulation that limits the amount of resident physicians' work in New York State hospitals to roughly 80 hours per week.

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Lillian Glass

Lillian Glass is an American interpersonal communication and body language expert, media commentator, litigation consultant, and author.

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Linezolid

Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics.

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Liquid breathing

Liquid breathing is a form of respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen-rich liquid (such as a perfluorocarbon), rather than breathing air.

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Liraglutide

Liraglutide (NN2211) is a derivative of human incretin (metabolic hormone) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that is used as a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, binding to the same receptors as does the endogenous metabolic hormone GLP-1 that stimulates insulin secretion.

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List of abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel

Organizations and personnel.

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List of centenarians (Major League Baseball players)

The following contains a list of Major League Baseball players who lived to the age of 100.

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List of College of the Holy Cross alumni

This list of College of the Holy Cross alumni includes graduates and non-graduate, former students at the College of the Holy Cross.

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List of conditions treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be used to treat a number of conditions both congenital and acquired.

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List of Cornell University alumni

This list of Cornell University alumni includes notable graduates, non-graduate former students, and current students of Cornell University, an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York.

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List of countries with universal health care

Universal health coverage is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways.

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List of cutaneous conditions

Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.

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List of events in NHGRI history

Important events in the history of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health.

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List of film and television accidents

This is intended to be a list of notable accidents that occurred during the shooting of films and television, such as cast or crew fatalities or serious accidents that plagued production.

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List of George Polk Award winners

The George Polk Awards in Journalism are a series of American journalism awards presented annually by Long Island University in New York.

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List of historical sources for pink and blue as gender signifiers

Since the 19th century, the colors pink and blue have been used as gender signifiers, particularly for infants and young children.

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List of important publications in medicine

This is a list of important publications in medicine, organized by field.

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List of medical eponyms with Nazi associations

This article lists medical eponyms which have been associated with Nazi human experimentation or Nazi politics.

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List of medical journals

Medical journals are published regularly to communicate new research to clinicians, medical scientists, and other healthcare workers.

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List of open-access journals

This is a list of open-access journals by field.

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List of scientific journals

The following is a partial list of scientific journals.

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List of whistleblowers

This is a list of major whistleblowers from various countries.

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List of youngest birth mothers

This is a list of youngest birth mothers between 5 and 10 years of age.

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Little Girls in Pretty Boxes

Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters is a 1995 nonfiction book by San Francisco Chronicle sports writer Joan Ryan detailing the difficult training regimens endured by young women in competitive sports such as gymnastics and figure skating, published by Doubleday Books.

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Loma Linda University School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition

The Department of Nutrition is one of six departments at the School of Public Health.

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Loren Mosher

Loren Richard Mosher (September 3, 1933, Monterey, California – July 10, 2004, Berlin) was an American psychiatrist, clinical professor of psychiatry, expert on schizophrenia and the chief of the Center for Studies of Schizophrenia in the National Institute of Mental Health (1968–1980).

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Loren Pankratz

Loren Pankratz (born February 27, 1940) is a consultation psychologist at the Portland VA Medical Center and professor in the department of psychiatry at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).

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Low birth weight

Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age.

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Lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture (LP), also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal, most commonly to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing.

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Lung cancer screening

Lung cancer screening refers to cancer screening strategies used to identify early lung cancers before they cause symptoms, at a point where they are more likely to be curable.

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Lycoperdonosis

Lycoperdonosis is a respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of large amounts of spores from mature puffballs.

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Lydia Fairchild

Lydia Fairchild is an American woman who exhibits chimerism, in having two distinct populations of DNA among the cells of her body.

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Lyme disease

Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the Borrelia type which is spread by ticks.

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Macular degeneration

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.

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Mad in America

Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill is a 2002 book by medical journalist Robert Whitaker, in which the author examines and questions the efficacy, safety, and ethics of past psychiatric interventions for severe mental illnesses, particularly antipsychotics.

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Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine

Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine is a 2005 book by the psychiatric sociologist Andrew Scull which discusses the work of controversial psychiatrist Henry Cotton at Trenton State Hospital in New Jersey in the 1920s.

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Magnesium sulfate (medical use)

Magnesium sulfate as a medication is used to treat and prevent low blood magnesium and seizures in women with eclampsia.

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Magnetic resonance neurography

Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is the direct imaging of nerves in the body by optimizing selectivity for unique MRI water properties of nerves.

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Major trauma

Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

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Malaria vaccine

Malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria.

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MammaPrint

MammaPrint is a prognostic and predictive diagnostic test for early stage breast cancer patients that assess the risk that a tumor will metastasize to other parts of the body.

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Mammography

Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening.

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Management of atrial fibrillation

The management of atrial fibrillation (AF) is focused on preventing temporary circulatory instability and to prevent stroke and other ischemic events.

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Management of HIV/AIDS

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection.

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Mani Menon

Mani Menon, born July 9, 1948 in Trichur, India, is an American surgeon whose pioneering work has helped to lay the foundation for modern robotic cancer surgery.

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Marathon

The marathon is a long-distance race, completed by running, walking, or a run/walk strategy.

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March 19, 2008 anti-war protest

March 19, 2008 being the fifth anniversary of the United States 2003 invasion of Iraq and in protest and demonstration in opposition to the war in Iraq, anti-war protests were held throughout the world including a series of autonomous actions in the United States' capitol, Washington, D.C. in London, Sydney, Australia and the Scottish city of Glasgow with the later three being organized by the UK-based Stop the War Coalition.

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Marcia Angell

Marcia Angell (born April 20, 1939) is an American physician, author, and the first woman to serve as editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine.

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Mario Joseph

Mario Joseph is a Haitian human rights lawyer.

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Mark Lathrop

Mark Lathrop (born 1950) is a Canadian Biostatistician.

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Mark Pallen

Mark J. Pallen is a Research Leader at the Quadram Institute and Professor of Microbial Genomics at the University of East Anglia.

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Mark Sauer

Mark V. Sauer is an American physician who specializes in reproductive medicine.

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Martin A. Samuels

Martin A. Samuels, MD, DSc (hon), FAAN, MACP, FRCP, FANA, is an American physician, neurologist and teacher of medicine.

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Martin Schechter

Martin T. Schechter (born December 16, 1951) is a Canadian epidemiologist recognized for contributions to HIV research, prevention and treatments and to addiction research.

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Mary Ann McLaughlin

Mary Ann McLaughlin is an American cardiologist, the author of multiple book chapters and an associate professor at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.

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Mary G. Enig

Mary Gertrude Enig (née Dracon; July 13, 1931 – September 8, 2014) was a nutritionist and researcher known for her unconventional positions on the role saturated fats play in diet and health.

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Mary Hart

Mary Hart (born Mary Johanna Harum; November 8, 1950) is an American television personality and was the long-running host (1982–2011) of the syndicated gossip and entertainment round-up program Entertainment Tonight, which is the longest running entertainment magazine show of all time.

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Masayo Takahashi

is a Japanese medical physician, ophthalmologist and stem cell researcher.

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Masonic Medical Research Laboratory

Masonic Medical Research Laboratory is a research organization founded by the Grand Lodge of New York.

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Massachusetts Medical Society

The Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS) is the oldest, most distinguished and prestigious continuously operating state medical association in the United States and the world.

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Masters and Johnson on Sex and Human Loving

Masters and Johnson on Sex and Human Loving is a 1985 book about human sexuality by the gynecologist William Masters, the sexologist Virginia Johnson, and the endocrinologist Robert C. Kolodny.

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Mastic (plant resin)

Mastic (Μαστίχα) is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus).

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Masturbation

Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.

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Mathew Kalarickal

Mathew Samuel Kalarickal is an Indian cardiologist widely known as the father of angioplasty in India.

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Matthias Rath

Matthias Rath (born 1955 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a controversial doctor, businessman, and vitamin salesman.

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Maurice Henry Pappworth

Maurice Henry Pappworth (9 January 1910 – 12 October 1994) was a pioneering British medical ethicist and tutor, best known for his 1967 book Human Guinea Pigs, which exposed the unethical dimensions of medical research.

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Maurice Pechet

Maurice Pechet (February 10, 1918 – March 5, 2012) was a professor, scientist, doctor, inventor, and philanthropist.

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Médecins Sans Frontières

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; pronounced), also known in English as Doctors Without Borders, is an international humanitarian medical non-governmental organisation (NGO) of French origin best known for its projects in conflict zones and in countries affected by endemic diseases.

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Medical abortion

A medical abortion is a type of non-surgical abortion in which medication is used to bring about abortion.

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Medical error

A medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care, whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient.

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Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a family of surveys intended to provide nationally-representative estimates of health expenditure, utilization, payment sources, health status, and health insurance coverage among the noninstitutionalized, nonmilitary population of the United States.

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Medical ghostwriter

Medical ghostwriters are employed by pharmaceutical companies and medical-device manufacturers to produce apparently independent manuscripts for peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and other communications.

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Medical home

The medical home, also known as the patient-centered medical home (PCMH), is a team-based health care delivery model led by a health care provider to provide comprehensive and continuous medical care to patients with a goal to obtain maximal health outcomes.

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Medical journal

A medical journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which communicates medical information to physicians and other health professionals.

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Medical malpractice in the United States

Medical malpractice is professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which the treatment provided falls below the accepted standard of practice in the medical community and causes injury or death to the patient, with most cases involving medical error.

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Medical–industrial complex

The medical–industrial complex is the network of corporations which supply health care services and products for a profit.

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Mehmet Oz

Mehmet Cengiz Öz (born June 11, 1960), better known as Dr.

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Melamine

Melamine is the organic compound with the formula C3H6N6.

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MELD-Plus

MELD-Plus is a risk score to assess severity of chronic liver disease.

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Melvin Konner

Melvin Joel Konner (born 1946) is the Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Anthropology and of Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology at Emory University.

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Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center

Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center is a nationally ranked hospital at the Texas Medical Center.

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Merrill Moore

Merrill Moore (1903 – 1957) was an American psychiatrist and poet.

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Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone, sold under the brand names Depo-Medrol and Solu-Medrol among others, is a corticosteroid medication used to suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation.

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Michael Murphy (academic)

Michael B. Murphy is an Irish doctor and academic.

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Michael Porter

Michael Eugene Porter (born May 23, 1947) is an American academic known for his theories on economics, business strategy, and social causes.

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Michael S. Gottlieb

Michael Stuart Gottlieb (born 1947) is an American physician and immunologist known for his 1981 identification of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a new disease, and for his HIV/AIDS researcher, HIV/AIDS activist, and philanthropic efforts associated with HIV/AIDS treatment.

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Michelle Haber

Michelle Haber (born 18 October 1956) is an Australian cancer researcher.

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Microvascular decompression

Microvascular decompression (MVD), also known as the Jannetta procedure, is a neurosurgical procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a pain syndrome characterized by severe episodes of intense facial pain, and hemifacial spasm.

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Middle East respiratory syndrome

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), also known as camel flu, is a viral respiratory infection caused by the MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

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Military medical ethics

Military medical ethics (MME) is a specialized branch of medical ethics with implications for military ethics.

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Miller's Anesthesia

Miller's Anesthesia is an authoritative textbook on anesthesiology.

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Minimed Paradigm

MiniMed Paradigm is a series of insulin pumps manufactured by Medtronic for patients with diabetes mellitus.

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Miscarriage

Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.

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Mississippi baby

The Mississippi baby (born 2010) is a Mississippi girl who in 2013 was thought to have been cured of HIV.

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Mitochondrial disease

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy for the cell.

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MMR vaccine controversy

The MMR vaccine controversy started with the 1998 publication of a fraudulent research paper in The Lancet linking the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to colitis and autism spectrum disorders.

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Moda Health

Moda Health (formerly ODS Health) is a health insurance company based in Portland, Oregon.

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Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, or MELD, is a scoring system for assessing the severity of chronic liver disease.

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Model State Emergency Health Powers Act

The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) is a proposed act written by the Center for Law and the Public's Health, a collaboration of Georgetown University and Johns Hopkins University, to aid the United States' state legislatures in revising their public health laws to control epidemics and respond to bioterrorism.

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MOMS Trial

The MOMS Trial was a clinical trial that studied treatment of a birth defect called myelomeningocele, which is the most severe form of spina bifida.

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Monark Springs, Missouri

Monark Springs is a ghost town in Newton County, Missouri, United States.

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Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences

The Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences is one of the largest providers of healthcare education in Australia.

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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS, unknown or uncertain may be substituted for undetermined), formerly benign monoclonal gammopathy, is a condition in which an abnormal immunoglobin protein (known as a paraprotein) is found in the blood during standard laboratory blood tests.

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Mount Fuji

, located on Honshū, is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft), 2nd-highest peak of an island (volcanic) in Asia, and 7th-highest peak of an island in the world.

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Moving to Opportunity

Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing (MTO) was a randomized social experiment sponsored by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s among 4600 low-income families with children living in high-poverty public housing projects.

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Muehrcke's nails

Muehrcke's nails, Muehrcke's lines, or leukonychia striata are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical disorder or condition.

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Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial

Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial and MADIT II are implantable cardioverter defibrillator (or ICD) trials which investigate whether prophylactic ICD therapy in moderately high-risk coronary patients (in addition to conventional therapy) would significantly reduce death compared with patients treated with conventional therapy alone.

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Multiple sclerosis research

Research in multiple sclerosis may find new pathways to interact with the disease, improve function, curtail attacks, or limit the progression of the underlying disease.

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Must

Must (from the Latin vinum mustum, "young wine") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit.

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My Stroke of Insight

My Stroke of Insight (2008) is a non-fiction book by American author Jill Bolte Taylor.

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Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis, also known as osteomyelofibrosis, is a relatively rare bone marrow cancer.

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Myrosinase

Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, sinigrinase, and sinigrase) is a family of enzymes involved in plant defense against herbivores.

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Nancy Baxter

Nancy Baxter is a Canadian surgeon and researcher.

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Nancy Fern Olivieri

Nancy Fern Olivieri, MD, FRCPC, is a prominent Toronto haematologist and researcher with an interest in the treatment of haemoglobinopathies.

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Nancy Lee Harris

Nancy Lee Harris is Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School.

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Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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Natalizumab

Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule α4-integrin.

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Nathan W. Levin

Nathan W. Levin is a U.S. American physician and founder of the Renal Research Institute, LLC., a research institute dedicated to improving the outcomes of patients with kidney disease, particularly those requiring dialysis.

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National Alliance on Mental Illness

The National Alliance On Mental Illness (NAMI) is a nationwide grassroots advocacy group, representing people affected by mental illness in the United States.

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National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.

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National Lung Screening Trial

The National Lung Screening Trial was a United States-based clinical trial which recruited research participants between 2002-2004.

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National Organisation for Tobacco Eradication (India)

The National Organisation for Tobacco Eradication (NOTE) is an Indian federation of 20 non-governmental organisations that was founded during a meeting in Goa in 1992.

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National Resident Matching Program

The National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), also called The Match, is a United States-based private non-profit non-governmental organization created in 1952 to place U.S. medical school students into residency training programs located in United States teaching hospitals.

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Natriuresis

Natriuresis is the process of sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys.

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Nazi eugenics

Nazi eugenics (Nationalsozialistische Rassenhygiene, "National Socialist racial hygiene") were Nazi Germany's racially based social policies that placed the biological improvement of the Aryan race or Germanic "Übermenschen" master race through eugenics at the center of Nazi ideology.

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Neil B. Shulman

Neil Barnett Shulman is an American doctor and medical writer, who is Associate Professor in the School of Medicine at Emory University.

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Neonatal hemochromatosis

Neonatal Hemochromatosis is a rare and severe liver disease of unknown origin, though research suggests that it may be alloimmune condition.

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Nephrectomy

Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney.

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Nesiritide

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is the recombinant form of the 32 amino acid human B-type natriuretic peptide, which is normally produced by the ventricular myocardium.

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Neurofibromatosis type II

Neurofibromatosis type II (also known as MISME syndrome - multiple inherited schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas) is a genetic condition which may be inherited or may arise spontaneously. The main manifestation of the condition is the development of symmetric, benign brain tumors in the region of the cranial nerve VIII, which is the "auditory-vestibular nerve" that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. Many people with this condition also experience visual problems. NF II is caused by mutations of the "Merlin" gene, which seems to influence the form and movement of cells. The principal treatments consist of neurosurgical removal of the tumors and surgical treatment of the eye lesions. Historically the underlying disorder has not had any therapy due to the cell function caused by the genetic mutation. However, new drug research and some clinical trials have shown some promise in having beneficial effects. Collaborative research to find better treatments is ongoing, such as the work of the Synodos NF-2 Consortium of scientists.

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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity, is the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual's life, e.g., brain activity associated with a given function can be transferred to a different location, the proportion of grey matter can change, and synapses may strengthen or weaken over time.

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Nevada Test Site

The Nevada National Security Site (N2S2 or NNSS), previously the Nevada Test Site (NTS), is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas.

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New England

New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.

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New England (disambiguation)

New England is a region of the north-eastern United States, comprising the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

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New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak

A New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak that began in September 2012 sickened over 800 individuals and resulted in the deaths of 76.

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News embargo

In journalism and public relations, a news embargo or press embargo is a request or requirement by a source that the information or news provided by that source not be published until a certain date or certain conditions have been met.

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Nicholas J. Vogelzang

Nicholas J. Vogelzang is a medical oncologist with Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada (CCCN).

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Nina Starr Braunwald

Nina Starr Braunwald (1928–1992) was an American thoracic surgeon and medical researcher who was among the first women to perform open-heart surgery.

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Nintendo thumb

Nintendo thumb, also known as gamer's grip, Nintendonitis and similar names, is a video game-related health problem classified as a form of repetitive strain injury (RSI).

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Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.

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Nobel Prize controversies

After his death in 1896, the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel established the Nobel Prizes.

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Non-voluntary euthanasia

Non-voluntary euthanasia is euthanasia conducted when the explicit consent of the individual concerned is unavailable, such as when the person is in a persistent vegetative state, or in the case of young children.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.

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Northwest Kidney Centers

Northwest Kidney Centers is a regional, not-for-profit community-based provider of kidney dialysis, public health education, and research into the causes and treatments of chronic kidney disease.

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Nutcracker syndrome

The nutcracker syndrome (NCS) results most commonly from the compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta (AA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), although other variants exist.

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Obesity in the United States

Obesity in the United States is a major health issue, resulting in numerous diseases, specifically increased risk of certain types of cancer, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, as well as significant economic costs.

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Obstetric hospitalist

An obstetric hospitalist (Ob hospitalist or OB/GYN hospitalist) is an obstetrician and gynaecologist physician who is either employed by a hospital or a physician practice and whose duties include providing care for laboring patients and managing obstetric emergencies.

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Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway.

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Ogilvie syndrome

Ogilvie syndrome is the acute dilation of the colon in the absence of any mechanical obstruction in severely ill patients.

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Oliver Prescott

Oliver Prescott (27 April 1731, in Groton, Massachusetts - 17 November 1804, in Groton) was a colonial-era physician, soldier and judge.

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Opioid epidemic

The opioid epidemic or opioid crisis is the rapid increase in the use of prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs in the United States and Canada beginning in the late 1990s and continuing throughout the next two decades.

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Oral sex

Oral sex, sometimes referred to as oral intercourse, is sexual activity involving the stimulation of the genitalia of a person by another person using the mouth (including the lips, tongue or teeth) or throat.

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Oregon Medicaid health experiment

The Oregon health insurance experiment (sometimes abbreviated OHIE) was a research study looking at the effects of the 2008 Medicaid expansion in the U.S. state of Oregon, which occurred based on lottery drawings from a waiting list and thus offered an opportunity to conduct a randomized experiment by comparing a control group of lottery losers to a treatment group of winners, who were eligible to apply for enrollment in the Medicaid expansion program after previously being uninsured.

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Organ trade

Organ trade is the trade of human organs, tissues or other body parts for the purpose of transplantation.

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Organ transplantation

Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.

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Orlistat

Orlistat is a drug designed to treat obesity.

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Oropharyngeal dysphagia

Oropharyngeal dysphagia arises from abnormalities of muscles, nerves or structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter.

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Orphan patient

In health care, an orphan patient is a patient who has been "lost" within the system or has no primary provider overseeing their care.

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Oscar (therapy cat)

Oscar is a therapy cat living in the Steere House Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. since 2005.

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Oseltamivir

Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B (flu).

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Outcomes research

Outcomes research is a branch of public health research, which studies the end results (outcomes) of the structure and processes of the health care system on the health and well-being of patients and populations.

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Outcomes Research Consortium

The Outcomes Research Consortium is an international clinical research group that focuses on the perioperative period (during and after surgery), along with critical care and pain management.

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Ovide F. Pomerleau

Ovide F. Pomerleau (born June 4, 1940) is an American psychologist who pioneered the application of biobehavioral principles in preventive medicine.

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Oxalate

Oxalate (IUPAC: ethanedioate) is the dianion with the formula, also written.

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Pacific Biosciences

Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. is a biotechnology company founded in 2004 that develops and manufactures systems for gene sequencing and some novel real time biological observation.

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Pancreatic islets

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

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Pancreaticoduodenectomy

A pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, Whipple procedure, or Kausch-Whipple procedure is a major surgical operation most often performed to remove cancerous tumours of the head of the pancreas.

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Pandemic H1N1/09 virus

The Pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic.

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Paraneoplastic syndrome

A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of cancer in the body, but unlike mass effect, is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.

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Parasitism

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Participation of medical professionals in American executions

Participation of medical professionals in American executions is a controversial topic, due to its moral and legal implications.

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often shortened to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or nicknamed Obamacare, is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.

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Patient safety

Patient safety is a discipline that emphasizes safety in health care through the prevention, reduction, reporting, and analysis of medical error that often leads to adverse effects.

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Paul M. Ellwood Jr.

Paul M. Ellwood Jr. (born 16 July 1926) is a prominent figure in American health care.

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Pavlok

Pavlok is a wearable device that uses operant conditioning through haptic feedback to modify behavior.

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Percutaneous coronary intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing (stenosis) of the coronary arteries of the heart found in coronary artery disease.

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Pergolide

Pergolide (trade names Permax, Prascend) is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used in some countries for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).

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Perri Klass

Perri Klass is an American pediatrician and writer who has published extensively about her medical training and pediatric practice.

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Persistent vegetative state

A persistent vegetative state (PVS) is a disorder of consciousness in which patients with severe brain damage are in a state of partial arousal rather than true awareness.

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Peter Hotez

Peter Jay Hotez (born May 5, 1958) is a scientist, pediatrician, and advocate in the fields of global health, vaccinology, and neglected tropical disease control.

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Peter Pronovost

Peter J. Pronovost is an intensive care specialist physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Peter Sleight

Professor Peter Sleight M.D.(Cantab.), D.M. (Oxon.) FRCP FACC (born 27 June 1929)'Sleight, Prof.

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Peter Wilmshurst

Peter Wilmshurst is a British medical doctor and successful whistleblower who has been the subject of multiple cases of harassment through vexatious libel actions brought by companies whose products he criticised as ineffective.

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Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry (or medicine industry) is the commercial industry that discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as different types of medicine and medications.

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Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.

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Philip Morris International

Philip Morris International Inc. (PMI) is an American multinational cigarette and tobacco manufacturing company, with products sold in over 180 countries outside the United States.

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Phineas Gage

Phineas P. Gage (18231860) was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior over the remaining 12 years of his lifeeffects sufficiently profound (for a time at least) that friends saw him as "no longer Gage".

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Phossy jaw

Phossy jaw, formally known as phosphorus necrosis of the jaw, was an occupational disease of those who have worked with white phosphorus (also known as yellow phosphorus) without proper safeguards.

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Photopheresis

In medicine, photopheresis (aka extracorporeal photopheresis or ECP) is a form of apheresis and photodynamic therapy in which blood is treated with a photosensitizing agent and subsequently irradiated with specified wavelengths of light to achieve an effect.

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Physician gag law

In the United States, a physician gag law is a law that prohibits physicians from asking their patients about whether the patient owns a gun.

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Physicians for a National Health Program

Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP) is an advocacy organization of more than 20,000 American physicians, medical students, and health professionals that supports a universal, comprehensive single-payer national health insurance program.

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Physicians for Social Responsibility

Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) is the largest physician-led organization in the US working to protect the public from the threats of nuclear proliferation, climate change, and environmental toxins.

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Pilonidal disease

Pilonidal disease is a type of skin infection which typically occurs between the cheeks of the buttocks and often at the upper end.

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Planned Parenthood 2015 undercover videos controversy

In 2015, an anti-abortion organization named the Center for Medical Progress (CMP) released several videos that had been secretly recorded.

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PLOS Medicine

PLOS Medicine (formerly styled PLoS Medicine) is a peer-reviewed weekly medical journal covering the full spectrum of the medical sciences.

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Pneumocephalus

Pneumocephalus is the presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity.

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Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America

Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America is a book about gun violence in the United States by Florida State University criminologist Gary Kleck.

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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.

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Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

There was systematic political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, based on the interpretation of political opposition or dissent as a psychiatric problem.

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Politicization of science

The politicization of science is the manipulation of science for political gain.

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Politics of global warming

The complex politics of global warming results from numerous cofactors arising from the global economy's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because is directly implicated in global warming—making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge.

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Poole Brothers

Poole Brothers was a publishing company founded in 1870 by George Amos and William H. Poole.

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Poppers

Poppers is a slang term given broadly to the chemical class called alkyl nitrites, that are inhaled for recreational drug purposes, typically for the "high" or "rush" that the drug can create.

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Population ageing

Population ageing is an increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or rising life expectancy.

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Positive airway pressure

Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea.

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Postperfusion syndrome

Postperfusion syndrome, also known as "pumphead", is a constellation of neurocognitive impairments attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiac surgery.

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Practical Management of Pain

Practical Management of Pain is a medical textbook on pain management.

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Prasugrel

Prasugrel (trade name Effient in the US and India, and Efient in the EU) is a drug used to prevent formation of blood clots.

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Precordial thump

Precordial thump is a medical procedure used in the treatment of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia under certain conditions.

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Predatory open-access publishing

Predatory open-access publishing is an exploitative open-access academic publishing business model that involves charging publication fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate journals (open access or not).

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Pregnancy rate

Pregnancy rate is the success rate for getting pregnant.

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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe and disabling form of premenstrual syndrome affecting 3–8% of menstruating women.

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Presidency of Donald Trump

Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States at noon EST on January 20, 2017, succeeding Barack Obama.

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Preterm birth

Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age.

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Prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2

Prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 can be achieved with both lifestyle changes and use of medication.

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Prevention of HIV/AIDS

HIV prevention might refer to practices done to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.

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Primidone

Primidone (INN, BAN, USP) is an anticonvulsant of the barbiturate class.

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Private Guns, Public Health

Private Guns, Public Health is a 2004 policy opinion book by David Hemenway, an economist who has served as Professor of Health Policy at the Harvard School of Public Health as well as the Director of Harvard's Injury Control Research Center.

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Productivity paradox

The productivity paradox refers to the slowdown in productivity growth in the United States in the 1970s and 80s despite rapid development in the field of information technology (IT) over the same period.

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Program in Placebo Studies

The Program in Placebo Studies and the Therapeutic Encounter (PiPS) was founded in July 2011, at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Harvard Medical School.

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Project Bioshield Act

The Project Bioshield Act was an act passed by the United States Congress in 2004 calling for $5 billion for purchasing vaccines that would be used in the event of a bioterrorist attack.

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Prostate cancer screening

Prostate cancer screening is the screening process used to detect undiagnosed prostate cancer in those without signs or symptoms.

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Pseudobulbar affect

Pseudobulbar affect (PBA), or emotional incontinence, is a type of emotional disturbance characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying and/or laughing, or other emotional displays.

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Psychiatric and mental health nursing in the United States Army

Psychiatric and mental health nurses in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps employing groundbreaking protocols and treatments in psychiatric issues to address the unique challenges that our service men and women face, more commonly post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injuries.

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Puberty

Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.

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Public health insurance option

The public health insurance option, also known as the public insurance option or the public option, is a proposal to create a government-run health insurance agency that would compete with other private health insurance companies within the United States.

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Publication bias

Publication bias is a type of bias that occurs in published academic research.

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Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico") and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.

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Pulmonary artery catheter

In medicine pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) is the insertion of a catheter into a pulmonary artery.

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Purinergic signalling

Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP.

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Quackery

Quackery or health fraud is the promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices.

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Quaker Oats Company

The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago.

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Quinine

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.

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Raad Mohiaddin

Raad Hashem Mohiaddin (born c. 1957) is professor of cardiovascular imaging at the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College, London, and Royal Brompton Hospital.

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Rabies

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals.

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Rachel Yehuda

Rachel Yehuda, PhD, (born 1959) Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, is the Director of the Traumatic Stress Studies Division at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

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Radio Rounds

Radio Rounds is a medical radio talk show produced and hosted entirely by medical students.

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Ralph Paffenbarger

Ralph S. Paffenbarger, Jr. (October 21, 1922 – July 9, 2007, Santa Fe, New Mexico) was an epidemiologist, ultramarathoner, and professor at both Stanford University School of Medicine and Harvard University School of Public Health.

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Raltegravir

Raltegravir (RAL), sold under the brand name Isentress, is an antiretroviral medication used, together with other medication, to treat HIV/AIDS.

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Randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.

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Ranibizumab

Ranibizumab (trade name Lucentis among others) is a monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab.

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Rapid influenza diagnostic test

A rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) tells whether a person has a current influenza infection by detecting the influenza viral nucleoprotein antigen.

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Rashi Fein

Rashi Fein (February 6, 1926 – September 8, 2014) was an American health economist termed 'a father of Medicare' in the United States and 'an architect of Medicare', was Professor of Economics of Medicine, Emeritus, in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and the author of the book Medical Care, Medical Costs: The Search for a Health Insurance Policy (Harvard University Press, 1986, 1989).

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Ravgen

Ravgen Inc., is a privately owned biotech company founded by Chairman and C.E.O. Dr.

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Rectal foreign body

Rectal foreign bodies are large foreign items found in the rectum that can be assumed to have been inserted through the anus, rather than reaching the rectum via the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

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Reliability of Wikipedia

The reliability of Wikipedia (predominantly of the English-language edition) has been frequently questioned and often assessed.

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Remote patient monitoring

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology to enable monitoring of patients outside of conventional clinical settings (e.g. in the home), which may increase access to care and decrease healthcare delivery costs.

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Reperfusion injury

Reperfusion injury or reperfusion insult, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re- + perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia).

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Retained surgical instruments

A retained surgical instrument is any item inadvertently left behind in a patient’s body in the course of surgery.

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Retina

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.

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Retraction index

The retraction index is a measure of how likely an article published in a given academic journal will be retracted.

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Richard A. Friedman

Richard Alan Friedman, M.D. is professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College, attending psychiatrist at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital and director of Psychopharmacology at the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic.

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Richard Pillard

Richard Colestock Pillard (born 11 October 1933) is a professor of psychiatry at the Boston University School of Medicine.

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Richard R. Peabody

Richard Rogers Peabody (13 January 189226 April 1936) grew up as a member of the upper class in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Rick Santorum

Richard John Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American attorney, author, politician, and political commentator.

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Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.

Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.,, is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the pre-emption clause of the Medical Device Amendment bars state common-law claims that challenge the effectiveness or safety of a medical device marketed in a form that received premarket approval from the Food and Drug Administration.

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Robert E. Michler

Robert E. Michler is an American surgeon who specializes in complex heart surgery, especially mitral and aortic valve repair.

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Robert K. Crane

Robert Kellogg Crane (December 20, 1919 – October 31, 2010) was an American biochemist best known for his discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport.

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Robert M. Wachter

Robert M. Wachter is a prominent academic physician on the faculty of UCSF, where he is chairman of the Department of Medicine, the Lynne and Marc Benioff Endowed Chair in Hospital Medicine, and the Holly Smith Distinguished Professor in Science and Medicine.

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Robert Wallace Wilkins

Robert Wallace Wilkins(1906–2003) was an American medical investigator and educator, made many contributions in the research of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

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Rofecoxib

Rofecoxib is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has now been withdrawn over safety concerns.

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Romosozumab

Romosozumab (AMG 785) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets sclerostin for the treatment of osteoporosis.

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Ronald A. Malt

Ronald A. Malt (November 12, 1931 – October 5, 2002) was an American clinical surgeon and teacher at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School for over 40 years.

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Ronald Bukowski

Ronald M. Bukowski is an American oncologist, urologist, and a professor of medicine who have more than 1000 peer-reviewed articles.

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Rosiglitazone

Rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia) is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class.

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Russian Museum of Military Medicine

The Russian Museum of Military Medicine (Военно-медицинский музей Министерства обороны Российской Федерации) is situated in the center of Saint Petersburg, Russia, in front of Vitebsky Rail Terminal.

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Ruth McCorkle

Dr.

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RV 144

RV 144, or the Thai trial, is the name of an HIV vaccine clinical trial combining two vaccines that failed on their own, vaccinating in Thailand over the course of 24 weeks in October 2003 then testing for HIV until July 2006, publicly releasing efficacy findings in September 2009.

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Ryan White

Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States after failing to be re-admitted to school following an AIDS diagnosis.

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Sachin H. Jain

Sachin H. Jain (born in 1980 in New York City and raised in Alpine, New Jersey) is an American physician who held leadership positions in the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC).

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Sadaf Farooqi

(Ismaa) Sadaf Farooqi FMedSci is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research fellow in Clinical Science, professor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge and a consultant physician at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, UK.

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Saint Boniface Hospital

Saint Boniface Hospital (also called St. B and previously called the Saint-Boniface General Hospital) is Manitoba's second-largest hospital, located in the Saint Boniface neighbourhood of Winnipeg.

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Salih al-Hasnawi

Dr.

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Sandra M. Swain

Sandra M. Swain is an American oncologist, breast cancer specialist and clinical translational researcher.

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Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy

The Sarah Murnaghan lung transplant controversy began in late May 2013, when the parents of a ten-year-old Philadelphia area girl with cystic fibrosis, Sarah Murnaghan, launched a campaign to change the under-12 policy of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), which they asserted was age discrimination.

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Science by press conference

Science by press conference (or science by press release) is the practice by which scientists put an unusual focus on publicizing results of research in the media.

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Scientific consensus

Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.

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Scientific misconduct

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.

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Sclerostin

Sclerostin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOST gene.

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Scrubs (season 5)

The fifth season of the American comedy television series Scrubs premiered on NBC on January 3, 2006 and concluded on May 16, 2006 and consists of 24 episodes.

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Sea urchin

Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.

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Seed Global Health

Seed Global Health, formerly known as Global Health Service Corps, is a non-profit organization started in 2011 which helps to provide nursing and medical training support in resource-limited countries.

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Seeding trial

A seeding trial or marketing trial is a form of marketing, conducted in the name of research, designed to target product sampling towards selected consumers.

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Selma Dritz

Selma Kaderman Dritz (June 29, 1917 – September 3, 2008) was an American physician and epidemiologist who worked in San Francisco, California, where she began tracking the first known cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the early 1980s.

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Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.

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Serotonin

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

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Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur following use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs.

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Seven Countries Study

The Seven Countries Study is an epidemiological longitudinal study directed by Ancel Keys at what is today the University of Minnesota Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene & Exercise Science (LPHES).

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Sham surgery

Sham surgery (placebo surgery) is a faked surgical intervention that omits the step thought to be therapeutically necessary.

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Shekhar Saxena

Shekhar Saxena, MD, FRCPsych, DAB, MRC, Psych, since 1998 has worked at the World Health Organization (WHO) and since 2010 has been the Director of the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse (MSD) at World Health Organization's Headquarters Office in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Sheldon Cohen

Sheldon Cohen (born October 11, 1947) is the Robert E. Doherty University Professor of Psychology at Carnegie Mellon University.

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Sheldon Saul Hendler

Sheldon Saul Hendler, Ph.D., M.D., FACP, FACN, FAIC, (12 May 1936 – 12 November 2012) was an American scientist, physician and musician.

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Shettles method

The Shettles Method is a child conception idea that is reputed to help determine a baby's sex.

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Shingles

Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area.

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Shiv Kumar Sarin

Shiv Kumar Sarin (born 1952) is an Indian gastroenterologist, hepatologist, medical researcher and writer and a former chairman of the Board of Governors of the Medical Council of India.

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Sicko

Sicko is a 2007 American documentary film made by filmmaker Michael Moore.

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Sidney Farber

Sidney Farber (September 30, 1903 – March 30, 1973) was an American pediatric pathologist.

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Sigmund Rascher

Sigmund Rascher (12 February 1909 – 26 April 1945) was a German SS doctor.

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Sim Kui Hian

Y.B. Datuk Prof. Dr.

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Single-payer healthcare

Single-payer healthcare is a healthcare system financed by taxes that covers the costs of essential healthcare for all residents, with costs covered by a single public system (hence 'single-payer').

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Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease is a textbook on hepatology and gastroenterology for medical students, internists, and surgeons.

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Snakebite

A snakebite is an injury caused by the bite of a snake, especially a venomous snake.

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Social effects of H5N1

The social impact of H5N1 is the effect or influence of H5N1 in human society; especially the financial, political, social, and personal responses to both actual and predicted deaths in birds, humans, and other animals.

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Society of Hospital Medicine

The Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) is an American membership society for hospitalists, that is, physicians and other caregivers who practice the specialty of hospital medicine.

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Sodium phenylbutyrate

Sodium phenylbutyrate is a salt of an aromatic fatty acid, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) or 4-phenylbutyric acid.

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Soot

Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

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Space Invaders

is an arcade game created by Tomohiro Nishikado and released in 1978.

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Space medicine

Space medicine is the practice of medicine on astronauts in outer space whereas astronautical hygiene is the application of science and technology to the prevention or control of exposure to the hazards that may cause astronaut ill health.

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Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee

The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee or Relative Value Update Committee (RUC, pronounced "ruck") is a private group of 31 mostly specialist physicians who have made highly influential recommendations on how to value a physician's work when computing health care prices in the United States' public health insurance program Medicare.

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Spermicide

Spermicide is a contraceptive substance that destroys sperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy.

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Sridhar Tayur

Sridhar R. Tayur is an American business professor, entrepreneur, and management thinker.

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Standard of care

In tort law, the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.

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Stanley Boyd Eaton

S.

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Stanley Coren

Stanley Coren (born 1942) is a psychology professor and neuropsychological researcher who has become best known to the general public for his best selling and award-winning books regarding the intelligence, mental abilities and history of dogs.

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Stem cell laws and policy in China

The laws and policies regarding stem cell research in the People's Republic of China are relatively relaxed in comparison to that of other nations.

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Stephen L. Hauser

Stephen L. Hauser is a professor of the Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).

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Stephen O'Rahilly

Sir Stephen Patrick O'Rahilly is an Irish-British physician and Professor known for his research into the molecular pathogenesis of human obesity, insulin resistance and related metabolic and endocrine disorders.

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Stephen P. Hinshaw

Stephen P. Hinshaw (born December 1, 1952) is an internationally recognized psychologist, whose contributions lie in the areas of developmental psychopathology and combating the stigma that still surrounds mental illness.

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Stephen Straus

Stephen E. Straus (November 23, 1946 – May 14, 2007) was an American physician, immunologist, virologist and science administrator.

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Steven A. Schroeder

Steven A. Schroeder is Distinguished Professor of Health and Health Care at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where he also heads the Smoking Cessation Leadership Center.

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Streptococcus iniae

Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus.

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Subgroup analysis

Subgroup analysis, in the context of design and analysis of experiments, refers to looking for pattern in a subset of the subjects.

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Sugar Association

The Sugar Association is a trade association for the sugar industry in the United States.

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Sugar Blues

Sugar Blues is a book by William Dufty that was released in 1975 and has become a dietary classic.

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Sugary drink tax

A sugary drink tax or soda tax is a tax or surcharge designed to reduce consumption of drinks with added sugar.

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Sunitinib

Sunitinib (marketed as Sutent by Pfizer, and previously known as SU11248) is an oral, small-molecule, multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that was approved by the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) on January 26, 2006.

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Sweetness

Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars.

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Swine influenza

Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.

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Taenia solium

Taenia solium is the pork tapeworm belonging to cyclophyllid cestodes in the family Taeniidae.

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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the muscular portion of the heart.

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Talizumab

Talizumab (TNX-901) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that was under development by Tanox in Houston, Texas as a new-concept therapeutic for allergic diseases.

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Tanox

Tanox was a biopharmaceutical company based in Houston, Texas.

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Targeted temperature management

Targeted temperature management (TTM) previously known as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia is an active treatment that tries to achieve and maintain a specific body temperature in a person for a specific duration of time in an effort to improve health outcomes during recovery after a period of stopped blood flow to the brain.

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Targeted therapy of lung cancer

Targeted therapy of lung cancer refers to using agents specifically designed to selectively target molecular pathways responsible for, or that substantially drive, the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells, and as a consequence of this (relative) selectivity, cause fewer toxic effects on normal cells.

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Telbivudine

Telbivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection.

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TEMPI syndrome

TEMPI Syndrome is a novel orphan disease where the person share five characteristics from which the acronym is derived: telangiectasias, elevated erythropoietin and erythrocytosis, monoclonal gammopathy, perinephric fluid collection, and intrapulmonary shunting.

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Terma Foundation

The Terma Foundation was founded in 1993 as the Tibet Child Nutrition Project (TCNP), by Dr.

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Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.

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The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality

The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality is a 1987 book about homosexuality by the sexologist and psychiatrist Richard Green.

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The Berlin Patient

The Berlin patient is a phrase that has been used on two distinct and unrelated occasions: in the first case, to describe a person who has exhibited prolonged "post treatment control" of HIV viral load after HIV treatments were interrupted, and in the second case to describe the one individual who is considered to have been cured of HIV infection.

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The BMJ

The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal.

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The Good Samaritan (Seinfeld)

"The Good Samaritan" is the 37th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld.

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The Lancet

The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.

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The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher

The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher (1974) is collection of 29 essays written by Lewis Thomas for the New England Journal of Medicine between 1971 and 1973.

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The Plutonium Files

The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War is a 1999 book by Eileen Welsome.

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The Science of Desire

The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior is a 1994 book by the geneticist Dean Hamer and the journalist Peter Copeland, in which the authors discuss Hamer's research into the genetics of homosexuality.

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The Silver Tsunami

The Silver Tsunami (also known as The Grey Tsunami or Gray Tsunami) is a metaphor used to describe population aging.

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The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures is a 1997 book by Anne Fadiman that chronicles the struggles of a Hmong refugee family from Houaysouy, Sainyabuli Province, Laos,Fadiman.

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Theralizumab

Theralizumab (also known as TGN1412, CD28-SuperMAB, and TAB08) is an immunomodulatory drug developed by Professor Thomas Hünig of the University of Würzburg.

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Thomas Browne

Sir Thomas Browne (19 October 1605 – 19 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric.

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Thomas P. Loughran Jr.

Thomas P. Loughran, Jr. is an American physician-scientist who specializes in cancer research and treatment.

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Thomas Thetcher

Thomas Thetcher (1737? – 1764), also known simply as The Hampshire Grenadier, was a grenadier in the North Regiment of the Hants Militia.

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Thomas Walter Warnes

Professor Thomas Walter Warnes MD, FRCP (Lond), born 1938, was an English gastroenterologist.

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Thoratec

Thoratec Corporation is a United States-based company that develops, manufactures, and markets proprietary medical devices used for mechanical circulatory support for the treatment of heart-failure patients worldwide.

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of the blood-coagulation system, causing extensive microscopic clots to form in the small blood vessels throughout the body, resulting in low platelet counts.

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Tim Ferriss

Timothy Ferriss (born July 20, 1977) is an American author, entrepreneur, and public speaker.

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Timeline of malaria

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite; it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.

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Timothy E. Quill

Timothy E. Quill is an American physician specialising in palliative care at the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester, New York.

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Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement

The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was entered in November 1998, originally between the four largest United States tobacco companies (Philip Morris Inc., R. J. Reynolds, Brown & Williamson and Lorillard – the "original participating manufacturers", referred to as the "Majors") and the attorneys general of 46 states.

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Tocolytic

Tocolytics (also called anti-contraction medications or labor suppressants) are medications used to suppress premature labor (from the Greek tokos, childbirth, and lytic, capable of dissolving).

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TOL101

TOL101, is a murine-monoclonal antibody specific for the human αβ T cell receptor.

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Tom Frieden

Thomas R. Frieden is an American infectious disease and public health expert, former director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and acting administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 2009 to 2017, appointed by President Barack Obama.

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Tony McMichael

Professor Anthony John McMichael AO FTSE MBBS PhD (3 October 1942 – 26 September 2014) was an Australian epidemiologist who retired from the Australian National University in 2012.

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Torcetrapib

Torcetrapib (CP-529,414, Pfizer) was a drug being developed to treat hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) and prevent cardiovascular disease.

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Tracheal intubation

Tracheal intubation, usually simply referred to as intubation, is the placement of a flexible plastic tube into the trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway or to serve as a conduit through which to administer certain drugs.

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Trans fat

Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids, are a type of unsaturated fat that occur in small amounts in nature but became widely produced industrially from vegetable fats starting in the 1950s for use in margarine, snack food, and packaged baked goods and for frying fast food.

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Trans-Pacific Partnership

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and United States signed on 4 February 2016, which was not ratified as required and did not take effect.

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Trastuzumab

Trastuzumab, sold under the brand name Herceptin among others, is a monoclonal antibody used to treat breast cancer.

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Trick or Treatment?

Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial (North American title: Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine) is a 2008 book about alternative medicine by Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst.

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Tse Wen Chang

Tse Wen Chang (born August 25, 1947) is an immunology researcher, whose career spans across academia and industry.

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Tularemia

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.

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Uffe Ravnskov

Uffe Ravnskov (MD, PhD, born 1934) is a Danish medical doctor, independent researcher, a member of various international scientific organisations, and a former assistant professor and medical practitioner in Denmark and Sweden.

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Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis

Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis (UEST) is a medical technology that uses ultrasound to enhance the effects of thrombolytic drugs.

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Unapproved Drugs Initiative

Unapproved Drugs Initiative is a program by the U.S Food and Drug Administration announced in June 2006 to remove unapproved drugs from the market.

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Underinsured

Underinsured refers to various degrees of being insured for some real risks and uninsured for others, at the same time.

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United States presidential election, 2008

The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election.

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Universal background check

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale loophole.

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USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills

Step 2 Clinical Skills (Step 2 CS) of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is an exam administered to medical students/graduates who wish to become licensed physicians in the U.S. It is similar to the COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE exam, taken by osteopathic medical students/graduates who seek licensure as physicians in the U.S. For US medical students, the exam fee is $1,285 (as of December 2018).

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Uwe Reinhardt

Uwe Ernst Reinhardt (September 24, 1937 – November 14, 2017) was a professor of political economy at Princeton University and held several positions in the healthcare industry.

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Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver

Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine's Greatest Lifesaver is a 2007 book by freelance writer Arthur Allen.

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Valsartan

Valsartan (trade name Diovan) is mainly used for treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and to increase the chances of living longer after a heart attack.

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Vanessa Kerry

Vanessa Bradford Kerry (born December 31, 1976) is an American physician and health care administrator.

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Variegated squirrel

The variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, southern Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.

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Ventricular assist device

A ventricular assist device (VAD) is an electromechanical device for assisting cardiac circulation, which is used either to partially or to completely replace the function of a failing heart.

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Victor Fuchs

Victor Robert Fuchs (born 1924) is an American health economist.

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Victor Herbert (hematologist)

Victor Herbert (February 22, 1927 in New York City – November 19, 2002 in New York City) (MD, JD, MACP, FRSM London) was an American hematologist who did ground-breaking work on folate and how its deficiency led to megaloblastic anemia and was a proponent of accurate and responsible nutrition information.

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Video game-related health problems

Video game-related health problems can induce repetitive strain injuries, skin disorders or other health issues.

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Vincent Zigas

Vincent Zigas, also known as Vin, (1920–1983) was a medical officer of the Kainantu Sub-District in Papua New Guinea during the 1950s and was one of the first Western medical officials to note the uniqueness of kuru and begin to investigate it.

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Virchows Archiv

Virchows Archiv: European Journal of Pathology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal of all aspects of pathology, especially human pathology.

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Virginia Livingston

Virginia Livingston (1906–1990) was an American physician and cancer researcher who advocated the unsupported theory that a specific species of bacteria she named Progenitor cryptocides was the primary cause of cancer in humans.

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Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure

Spaceflight induced visual impairment is hypothesized to be a result of increased intracranial pressure.

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Vitamin C megadosage

Vitamin C megadosage is a term describing the consumption or injection of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in doses comparable to the amounts produced by the livers of most other mammals.

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Vivek Murthy

Vivek Hallegere Murthy (born July 10, 1977) is an American physician and was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps who served as the 19th Surgeon General of the United States.

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Wallace H. Clark Jr.

Wallace H. Clark Jr. (c.1924 – November 28, 1997) was an American dermatologist and pathologist.

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War on drugs

War on Drugs is an American term usually applied to the U.S. federal government's campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade.

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Wedge strategy

The Wedge Strategy is a creationist political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement.

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Weight gain

Weight gain is an increase in body weight.

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West African Ebola virus epidemic

The West African Ebola virus epidemic (2013–2016) was the most widespread outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history—causing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

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Wider than the Sky

Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness is an English-language book on neuroscience by the neuroscientist Gerald M. Edelman.

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William Alcott

William Andrus Alcott (August 6, 1798 – March 29, 1859), also known as William Alexander Alcott, was an American educator, educational reformer, physician, and author of 108 books.

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William D. Steers

William D. Steers, August 19, 1955 – April 10, 2015, was a Paul Mellon professor and Chair of the Department of Urology at the School of Medicine of the University of Virginia.

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William DeVries

William Castle DeVries (born December 19, 1943) is an American cardiothoracic surgeon, mainly known for the first transplant of a TAH (total artificial heart) using the Jarvik-7 model.

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William Douglass (physician)

William Douglass (c. 1691–1752) was a physician in 18th-century Boston, Massachusetts, who wrote pamphlets on medicine, economics and politics that were often polemical.

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William Drenttel

William Drenttel (October 14, 1953 – December 21, 2013) was a designer, author, publisher, social entrepreneur and foundation executive.

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William Frederic Boulding

William Frederic (Bill) Boulding (born 1955) is an American economist, professor and academic administrator.

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William Hsiao

William C. Hsiao (Traditional Chinese: 蕭慶倫; Simplified Chinese: 萧庆伦) (born January 17, 1936) an American economist, is the K.T. Li Professor of Economics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts.

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William K. Summers

William Koopmans Summers (born April 14, 1944) is an independent neuroscientist and was the inventor of Tacrine (Cognex) as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

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William Pickles

William Norman Pickles (6 March 1885 – 2 March 1969) was a British physician who worked as a general practitioner and was the first president of the Royal College of General Practitioners in 1953.

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William Stewart Halsted

William Stewart Halsted, M.D. (September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer.

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Women in STEM fields

Many scholars and policymakers have noted that the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM fields) have been predominantly male occupations, with historically low participation among women, from their origin in the Age of Enlightenment to the present time.

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Wulf H. Utian

Wulf H. Utian is a physician, reproductive endocrinologist, clinical researcher, and academic women's health department administrator.

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Wyeth v. Levine

Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. 555 (2009), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that Federal regulatory clearance of a medication does not shield the manufacturer from liability under state law.

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Xconomy

Xconomy is a Boston, Massachusetts-based media company providing news on business, life sciences, and technology focusing on the regions of Boston, Boulder/Denver, Detroit, Indiana, New York City, Raleigh-Durham, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Texas, Wisconsin, and beyond.

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Ximelagatran

Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy.

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XinQi Dong

XinQi Dong (Chinese: 董新奇) is a doctor of medicine in geriatric medicine and internal medicine, a Henry Rutgers Distinguished Professor of Population Health Sciences at Rutgers University, Director of the Director of Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research.

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Yvette Francis-McBarnette

Yvette Francis-McBarnette (May 10, 1926 – March 28, 2016) was an American pediatrician and a pioneer in treating children with sickle cell anaemia.

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Zbigniew J. Lipowski

Zbigniew J. Lipowski, MD, (also known as Bish in North America; November 22, 1924 – December 30, 1997) was a Polish psychiatrist, historian, author, political commentator and speaker.

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Zelen's design

Zelen's design is an experimental design for randomized clinical trials proposed by Harvard School of Public Health statistician Marvin Zelen (1927-2014).

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Zika virus outbreak timeline

This article primarily covers the chronology of the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic.

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Zoobiquity

Zoobiquity is a 2012 non-fiction science book co-written by the cardiologist Barbara Natterson-Horowitz and Kathryn Bowers.

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Zoster vaccine

Zoster vaccines includes a number of vaccines that have been shown to reduce the incidence of herpes zoster (also known as shingles).

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13 Things That Don't Make Sense

13 Things That Don't Make Sense is a non-fiction book by the British writer Michael Brooks, published in both the UK and the US during 2008.

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1812 in science

The year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1812 in the United States

The following is a partial list of events from the year 1812 in the United States.

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1862 in science

The year 1862 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1970 ascariasis poisoning incident

The 1970 ascariasis poisoning incident was a poisoning incident that took place in Quebec in February, 1970.

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1983 in science

The year 1983 in science and technology involved many significant events, as listed below.

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1987 Carroll County Cryptosporidiosis outbreak

The 1987 Carroll County Cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Carroll County, Georgia.

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1993 in science

The year 1993 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

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1994 Northridge earthquake

The 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, at 4:30:55 a.m. PST and had its epicenter in Reseda, a neighborhood in the north-central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, USA.

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1995 Chicago heat wave

The 1995 Chicago heat wave was a heat wave which led to 739 heat-related deaths in Chicago over a period of five days.

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2,4-Dinitrophenol

2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H3(NO2)2.

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2006 in science

The year 2006 in science and technology involved some significant events.

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2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak

The 2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak represented the first time Zika virus had been detected outside Africa and Asia.

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2008 Chinese milk scandal

The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was a widespread food safety incident in China.

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2008 in Iraq

Events in the year 2008 in Iraq.

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2009 flu pandemic

The 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic, and the second of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic), albeit in a new version.

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2009 flu pandemic timeline

This article covers the chronology of the 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) pandemic.

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2009 flu pandemic vaccine

The 2009 flu pandemic vaccines are the set of influenza vaccines that have been developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus.

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2011 in the United States

Events in the year 2011 in the United States.

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2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak

Since 2012, an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has affected several countries, primarily in its namesake, the Middle East.

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2013 in the United States

Events in the year 2013 in the United States.

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2015 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2015.

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2015 in the United States

Events in the year 2015 in the United States.

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2015–16 Zika virus epidemic

In early 2015, a widespread epidemic of Zika fever, caused by the Zika virus in Brazil, spread to other parts of South and North America.

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2017 in science

A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2017.

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2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak

On 8 May 2018, it was reported that 17 people were suspected of having died from Ebola virus disease (EVD) near the town of Bikoro in the Province of Équateur in the north-west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

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2018 in science

A number of significant scientific events have occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2018.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine