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207 relations: Abc conjecture, AdS/CFT correspondence, AdS/QCD correspondence, Alexander Razborov, Analysis of algorithms, Archimedean property, Art gallery problem, Asghar Qadir, Asymptotic computational complexity, Bargmann's limit, Basel problem, Bennett's inequality, Bentley–Ottmann algorithm, Bernard Chazelle, Bhatia–Davis inequality, Biclique-free graph, Big O notation, Binary relation, Birthday attack, Birthday problem, Bit-reversal permutation, Book embedding, Boole's inequality, Bound, Bound graph, Bounded complete poset, Bounded set, Bounds checking, Brun–Titchmarsh theorem, Bryson of Heraclea, Bucket queue, Cache-oblivious algorithm, Carmichael number, Carmichael's totient function conjecture, Centered set, Cephalopod size, Channel capacity, Chronology of Jesus, Circulant graph, Classical XY model, Clique (graph theory), Clock skew, Complete Boolean algebra, Completeness of the real numbers, Computational complexity, Construction of the real numbers, Constructive analysis, Convex polytope, Counting sort, Covering code, ..., Crossing number inequality, Cubic graph, Dark matter, David Singmaster, De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry), Decimal, Decision tree model, Descartes' rule of signs, Determinant method, Diophantine approximation, Directed set, Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes, Domain theory, Duality (mathematics), Dudley's theorem, Dynamic convex hull, Erdős–Straus conjecture, Essential supremum and essential infimum, Estimate (disambiguation), Estimation, Estimation lemma, Euler's totient function, Expansion of the universe, External memory algorithm, Extreme value theorem, Faith Ellen, Field (mathematics), Fit (manufacturing), Florimond de Beaune, Frink ideal, Gabriel's Horn, Game complexity, Game theory, Gödel Prize, Ghosts (physics), Glossary of order theory, God's algorithm, Graham's number, Greatest and least elements, Hardy–Littlewood circle method, Heawood conjecture, Heawood number, Heilbronn triangle problem, Heritability of IQ, Hoeffding's inequality, Holevo's theorem, Hurwitz's theorem (number theory), Image resolution, Incompressibility method, Integer relation algorithm, Integer set library, Integral test for convergence, Interval finite element, Introduction to systolic geometry, Izabella Łaba, Johan Håstad, John Baker, Baron Baker, Klee's measure problem, Kolmogorov complexity, LB, Least-upper-bound property, Legendre sieve, Lillian Pierce, Limit (music), Linear arboricity, Linear continuum, Linked set, List of order theory topics, List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures, Littlewood–Offord problem, Lovász number, Lower critical solution temperature, Margin of error, Markov's inequality, Matrix (mathematics), Matroid oracle, Matti Jutila, Maxima and minima, Maximal and minimal elements, Meander (mathematics), Median toxic dose, Michael Fredman, Micromechanics, Minimum viable population, Minkowski's bound, Minkowski–Hlawka theorem, Multipath routing, Negligible set, On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude, Order theory, Ordinal optimization, Pandya theorem, Parallel computing, Parity function, Partially ordered set, Pathwidth, Permutation class, Photon, Polygon triangulation, Polyhedral combinatorics, Popoviciu's inequality on variances, Portraits of the historical Jesus, Potential method, Preorder, Probability bounds analysis, Probability box, Protective index, Proximity problems, Pseudoideal, Quadrisecant, Real number, Regularization perspectives on support vector machines, Roofline model, Scott domain, Shapley–Folkman lemma, Siegel zero, Singmaster's conjecture, Skewes's number, Sołtan argument, Sorting algorithm, Spread (intuitionism), Squeeze theorem, Steiner tree problem, Steinitz's theorem, Sunflower (mathematics), Sylvester's sequence, Symbolic power of an ideal, Synchronizing word, Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm, Tax cap, Terminus post quem, Therapeutic index, Time complexity, Toniann Pitassi, Topological graph, Total functional programming, Total order, Transaction time, Trapezoidal distribution, Treewidth, UB, Unbounded system, Uniform boundedness, Upper critical solution temperature, Valid time, Vanishing gradient problem, Variable neighborhood search, Variational Bayesian methods, Variational method (quantum mechanics), VC dimension, Vinogradov's mean-value theorem, Wassily Hoeffding, Willmore conjecture, Winnow (algorithm), Word-sense disambiguation, Zarankiewicz problem, Zorn's lemma. Expand index (157 more) »
Abc conjecture
The abc conjecture (also known as the Oesterlé–Masser conjecture) is a conjecture in number theory, first proposed by and.
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AdS/CFT correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, sometimes called Maldacena duality or gauge/gravity duality, is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories.
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AdS/QCD correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/quantum chromodynamics correspondence is a program to describe quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in terms of a dual gravitational theory, following the principles of the AdS/CFT correspondence in a setup where the quantum field theory is not a conformal field theory.
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Alexander Razborov
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Razborov (Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Разбо́ров; born February 16, 1963), sometimes known as Sasha Razborov, is a Soviet and Russian mathematician and computational theorist.
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Analysis of algorithms
In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the determination of the computational complexity of algorithms, that is the amount of time, storage and/or other resources necessary to execute them.
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Archimedean property
In abstract algebra and analysis, the Archimedean property, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse, is a property held by some algebraic structures, such as ordered or normed groups, and fields.
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Art gallery problem
The art gallery problem or museum problem is a well-studied visibility problem in computational geometry.
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Asghar Qadir
Asghar Qadir (Urdu: اصغر قادر; 23 July 1946), ''HI'', ''SI'', ''FPAS'', is a Pakistani mathematician and a prominent cosmologist, specialised in mathematical physics and physical cosmology.
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Asymptotic computational complexity
In computational complexity theory, asymptotic computational complexity is the usage of asymptotic analysis for the estimation of computational complexity of algorithms and computational problems, commonly associated with the usage of the big O notation.
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Bargmann's limit
In quantum mechanics, Bargmann's limit, named for Valentine Bargmann, provides an upper bound on the number Nl of bound states in a system.
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Basel problem
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734 and read on 5 December 1735 in ''The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences''.
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Bennett's inequality
In probability theory, Bennett's inequality provides an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount.
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Bentley–Ottmann algorithm
In computational geometry, the Bentley–Ottmann algorithm is a sweep line algorithm for listing all ''crossings'' in a set of line segments, i.e. it finds the intersection points (or, simply, intersections) of line segments.
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Bernard Chazelle
Bernard Chazelle (born November 5, 1955) is a French-American computer scientist.
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Bhatia–Davis inequality
In mathematics, the Bhatia–Davis inequality, named after Rajendra Bhatia and Chandler Davis, is an upper bound on the variance σ² of any bounded probability distribution on the real line.
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Biclique-free graph
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a -biclique-free graph is a graph that has no 2-vertex complete bipartite graph as a subgraph.
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Big O notation
Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behaviour of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity.
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Binary relation
In mathematics, a binary relation on a set A is a set of ordered pairs of elements of A. In other words, it is a subset of the Cartesian product A2.
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Birthday attack
A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory.
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Birthday problem
In probability theory, the birthday problem or birthday paradox concerns the probability that, in a set of randomly chosen people, some pair of them will have the same birthday.
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Bit-reversal permutation
In applied mathematics, a bit-reversal permutation is a permutation of a sequence of n items, where n.
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Book embedding
In graph theory, a book embedding is a generalization of planar embedding of a graph to embeddings into a book, a collection of half-planes all having the same line as their boundary.
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Boole's inequality
In probability theory, Boole's inequality, also known as the union bound, says that for any finite or countable set of events, the probability that at least one of the events happens is no greater than the sum of the probabilities of the individual events.
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Bound
Bound or bounds may refer to.
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Bound graph
In graph theory, a bound graph expresses which pairs of elements of some partially ordered set have an upper bound.
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Bounded complete poset
In the mathematical field of order theory, a partially ordered set is bounded complete if all of its subsets that have some upper bound also have a least upper bound.
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Bounded set
In mathematical analysis and related areas of mathematics, a set is called bounded, if it is, in a certain sense, of finite size.
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Bounds checking
In computer programming, bounds checking is any method of detecting whether a variable is within some bounds before it is used.
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Brun–Titchmarsh theorem
In analytic number theory, the Brun–Titchmarsh theorem, named after Viggo Brun and Edward Charles Titchmarsh, is an upper bound on the distribution of prime numbers in arithmetic progression.
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Bryson of Heraclea
Bryson of Heraclea (Βρύσων Ἡρακλεώτης, gen.: Βρύσωνος; fl. late 5th-century BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and sophist who contributed to solving the problem of squaring the circle and calculating pi.
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Bucket queue
In the design and analysis of data structures, a bucket queue (also called a bucket priority queue. See also p. 157 for the history and naming of this structure. or bounded-height priority queue) is a priority queue for prioritizing elements whose priorities are small integers.
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Cache-oblivious algorithm
In computing, a cache-oblivious algorithm (or cache-transcendent algorithm) is an algorithm designed to take advantage of a CPU cache without having the size of the cache (or the length of the cache lines, etc.) as an explicit parameter.
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Carmichael number
In number theory, a Carmichael number is a composite number n which satisfies the modular arithmetic congruence relation: for all integers b which are relatively prime to n. They are named for Robert Carmichael.
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Carmichael's totient function conjecture
In mathematics, Carmichael's totient function conjecture concerns the multiplicity of values of Euler's totient function φ(n), which counts the number of integers less than and coprime to n. It states that, for every n there is at least one other integer m ≠ n such that φ(m).
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Centered set
In mathematics, in the area of order theory, an upwards centered set S is a subset of a partially ordered set, P, such that any finite subset of S has an upper bound in P. Similarly, any finite subset of a downwards centered set has a lower bound.
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Cephalopod size
Cephalopods vary enormously in size.
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Channel capacity
Channel capacity, in electrical engineering, computer science and information theory, is the tight upper bound on the rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a communication channel.
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Chronology of Jesus
A chronology of Jesus aims to establish a timeline for the historical events of the life of Jesus.
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Circulant graph
In graph theory, a circulant graph is an undirected graph that has a cyclic group of symmetries which takes any vertex to any other vertex.
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Classical XY model
The classical XY model (sometimes also called classical rotor (rotator) model or O(2) model) is a lattice model of statistical mechanics.
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Clique (graph theory)
In the mathematical area of graph theory, a clique is a subset of vertices of an undirected graph such that every two distinct vertices in the clique are adjacent; that is, its induced subgraph is complete.
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Clock skew
Clock skew (sometimes called timing skew) is a phenomenon in synchronous digital circuit systems (such as computer systems) in which the same sourced clock signal arrives at different components at different times i.e. the instantaneous difference between the readings of any two clocks is called their skew.
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Complete Boolean algebra
In mathematics, a complete Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra in which every subset has a supremum (least upper bound).
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Completeness of the real numbers
Intuitively, completeness implies that there are not any “gaps” (in Dedekind's terminology) or “missing points” in the real number line.
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Computational complexity
In computer science, the computational complexity, or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required for running it.
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Construction of the real numbers
In mathematics, there are several ways of defining the real number system as an ordered field.
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Constructive analysis
In mathematics, constructive analysis is mathematical analysis done according to some principles of constructive mathematics.
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Convex polytope
A convex polytope is a special case of a polytope, having the additional property that it is also a convex set of points in the n-dimensional space Rn.
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Counting sort
In computer science, counting sort is an algorithm for sorting a collection of objects according to keys that are small integers; that is, it is an integer sorting algorithm.
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Covering code
In coding theory, a covering code is a set of elements (called codewords) in a space, with the property that every element of the space is within a fixed distance of some codeword.
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Crossing number inequality
In the mathematics of graph drawing, the crossing number inequality or crossing lemma gives a lower bound on the minimum number of crossings of a given graph, as a function of the number of edges and vertices of the graph.
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Cubic graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a cubic graph is a graph in which all vertices have degree three.
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Dark matter
Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.
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David Singmaster
David Breyer Singmaster (born 1939, USA) is a retired professor of mathematics at London South Bank University, England, UK.
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De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry)
In incidence geometry, the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem, originally published by, states a lower bound on the number of lines determined by n points in a projective plane.
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Decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called base-ten positional numeral system, and occasionally called denary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers.
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Decision tree model
In computational complexity and communication complexity theories the decision tree model is the model of computation or communication in which an algorithm or communication process is considered to be basically a decision tree, i.e., a sequence of branching operations based on comparisons of some quantities, the comparisons being assigned the unit computational cost.
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Descartes' rule of signs
In mathematics, Descartes' rule of signs, first described by René Descartes in his work La Géométrie, is a technique for determining an upper bound on the number of positive or negative real roots of a polynomial.
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Determinant method
In mathematics, the determinant method is any of a family of techniques in analytic number theory.
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Diophantine approximation
In number theory, the field of Diophantine approximation deals with the approximation of real numbers by rational numbers.
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Directed set
In mathematics, a directed set (or a directed preorder or a filtered set) is a nonempty set A together with a reflexive and transitive binary relation ≤ (that is, a preorder), with the additional property that every pair of elements has an upper bound.
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Divergence of the sum of the reciprocals of the primes
The sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges; that is: This was proved by Leonhard Euler in 1737, and strengthens Euclid's 3rd-century-BC result that there are infinitely many prime numbers.
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Domain theory
Domain theory is a branch of mathematics that studies special kinds of partially ordered sets (posets) commonly called domains.
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Duality (mathematics)
In mathematics, a duality, generally speaking, translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of A is B, then the dual of B is A. Such involutions sometimes have fixed points, so that the dual of A is A itself.
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Dudley's theorem
In probability theory, Dudley’s theorem is a result relating the expected upper bound and regularity properties of a Gaussian process to its entropy and covariance structure.
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Dynamic convex hull
The dynamic convex hull problem is a class of dynamic problems in computational geometry.
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Erdős–Straus conjecture
In number theory, the Erdős–Straus conjecture states that for all integers, the rational number can be expressed as the sum of three unit fractions.
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Essential supremum and essential infimum
In mathematics, the concepts of essential supremum and essential infimum are related to the notions of supremum and infimum, but adapted to measure theory and functional analysis, where one often deals with statements that are not valid for all elements in a set, but rather almost everywhere, i.e., except on a set of measure zero.
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Estimate (disambiguation)
An estimate may be.
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Estimation
Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable.
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Estimation lemma
In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral.
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Euler's totient function
In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer that are relatively prime to.
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Expansion of the universe
The expansion of the universe is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time.
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External memory algorithm
In computing, external memory algorithms or out-of-core algorithms are algorithms that are designed to process data that is too large to fit into a computer's main memory at one time.
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Extreme value theorem
In calculus, the extreme value theorem states that if a real-valued function f is continuous on the closed interval, then f must attain a maximum and a minimum, each at least once.
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Faith Ellen
Faith Ellen (formerly known as Faith E. Fich) is a professor of computer science at the University of Toronto who studies distributed data structures and the theory of distributed computing.
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Field (mathematics)
In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined, and behave as when they are applied to rational and real numbers.
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Fit (manufacturing)
In precision mechanics, fit refers to the degree of 'looseness' with which a shaft is inserted into a bored hole.
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Florimond de Beaune
Florimond de Beaune (7 October 1601, Blois – 18 August 1652, Blois) was a French jurist and mathematician, and an early follower of René Descartes.
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Frink ideal
In mathematics, a Frink ideal, introduced by Orrin Frink, is a certain kind of subset of a partially ordered set.
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Gabriel's Horn
Gabriel's horn (also called Torricelli's trumpet) is a geometric figure which has infinite surface area but finite volume.
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Game complexity
Combinatorial game theory has several ways of measuring game complexity.
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Game theory
Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".
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Gödel Prize
The Gödel Prize is an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, given jointly by European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computational Theory (ACM SIGACT).
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Ghosts (physics)
Ghosts, ghost fields, or gauge ghosts, are unphysical states in a gauge theory in quantum field theories.
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Glossary of order theory
This is a glossary of some terms used in various branches of mathematics that are related to the fields of order, lattice, and domain theory.
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God's algorithm
God's algorithm is a notion originating in discussions of ways to solve the Rubik's Cube puzzle, but which can also be applied to other combinatorial puzzles and mathematical games.
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Graham's number
Graham's number is an enormous number that arises as an upper bound on the answer of a problem in the mathematical field of Ramsey theory.
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Greatest and least elements
In mathematics, especially in order theory, the greatest element of a subset S of a partially ordered set (poset) is an element of S that is greater than every other element of S. The term least element is defined dually, that is, it is an element of S that is smaller than every other element of S. Formally, given a partially ordered set (P, ≤), an element g of a subset S of P is the greatest element of S if Hence, the greatest element of S is an upper bound of S that is contained within this subset.
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Hardy–Littlewood circle method
In mathematics, the Hardy–Littlewood circle method is a technique of analytic number theory.
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Heawood conjecture
In graph theory, the Heawood conjecture or Ringel–Youngs theorem gives a lower bound for the number of colors that are necessary for graph coloring on a surface of a given genus.
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Heawood number
In mathematics, the Heawood number of a surface is a certain upper bound for the maximal number of colors needed to color any graph embedded in the surface.
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Heilbronn triangle problem
In discrete geometry and discrepancy theory, the Heilbronn triangle problem is a problem of placing points within a region in the plane, in order to avoid triangles of small area.
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Heritability of IQ
Research on heritability of IQ implies, from the similarity of IQ in closely related persons, the proportion of variance of IQ among individuals in a study population that is associated with genetic variation within that population.
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Hoeffding's inequality
In probability theory, Hoeffding's inequality provides an upper bound on the probability that the sum of bounded independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than a certain amount.
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Holevo's theorem
Holevo's theorem is an important limitative theorem in quantum computing, an interdisciplinary field of physics and computer science.
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Hurwitz's theorem (number theory)
In number theory, Hurwitz's theorem, named after Adolf Hurwitz, gives a bound on a Diophantine approximation.
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Image resolution
Image resolution is the detail an image holds.
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Incompressibility method
In mathematics, the incompressibility method is a proof method like the probabilistic method, the counting method or the pigeonhole principle.
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Integer relation algorithm
An integer relation between a set of real numbers x1, x2,..., xn is a set of integers a1, a2,..., an, not all 0, such that An integer relation algorithm is an algorithm for finding integer relations.
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Integer set library
isl (integer set library) is a portable C library for manipulating sets and relations of integer points bounded by linear constraints.
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Integral test for convergence
In mathematics, the integral test for convergence is a method used to test infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence.
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Interval finite element
In numerical analysis, the interval finite element method (interval FEM) is a finite element method that uses interval parameters.
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Introduction to systolic geometry
Systolic geometry is a branch of differential geometry, a field within mathematics, studying problems such as the relationship between the area inside a closed curve C, and the length or perimeter of C. Since the area A may be small while the length l is large, when C looks elongated, the relationship can only take the form of an inequality.
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Izabella Łaba
Izabella Łaba (born 1966) is a Polish-Canadian mathematician, a professor of mathematics at the University of British Columbia.
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Johan Håstad
Johan Torkel Håstad (born 19 November 1960) is a Swedish theoretical computer scientist most known for his work on computational complexity theory.
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John Baker, Baron Baker
John Fleetwood Baker, Baron Baker, (19 March 1901 – 9 September 1985) was a British scientist and structural engineer.
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Klee's measure problem
In computational geometry, Klee's measure problem is the problem of determining how efficiently the measure of a union of (multidimensional) rectangular ranges can be computed.
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Kolmogorov complexity
In algorithmic information theory (a subfield of computer science and mathematics), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is the length of the shortest computer program (in a predetermined programming language) that produces the object as output.
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LB
LB, lb or lb. may refer to.
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Least-upper-bound property
In mathematics, the least-upper-bound property (sometimes the completeness or supremum property) is a fundamental property of the real numbers and certain other ordered sets.
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Legendre sieve
In mathematics, the Legendre sieve, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is the simplest method in modern sieve theory.
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Lillian Pierce
Lillian Beatrix Pierce is a mathematician whose research connects number theory with harmonic analysis.
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Limit (music)
In music theory, limit or harmonic limit is a way of characterizing the harmony found in a piece or genre of music, or the harmonies that can be made using a particular scale.
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Linear arboricity
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the linear arboricity of an undirected graph is the smallest number of linear forests its edges can be partitioned into.
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Linear continuum
In the mathematical field of order theory, a continuum or linear continuum is a generalization of the real line.
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Linked set
In mathematics, an upwards linked set A is a subset of a partially ordered set, P, in which any two of elements A have a common upper bound in P. Similarly, every pair of elements of a downwards linked set has a lower bound.
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List of order theory topics
Order theory is a branch of mathematics that studies various kinds of objects (often binary relations) that capture the intuitive notion of ordering, providing a framework for saying when one thing is "less than" or "precedes" another.
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List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures
The NIST Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures is a reference work maintained by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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Littlewood–Offord problem
In mathematical field of combinatorial geometry, the Littlewood–Offord problem is the problem of determining the number of subsums of a set of vectors that fall in a given convex set.
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Lovász number
In graph theory, the Lovász number of a graph is a real number that is an upper bound on the Shannon capacity of the graph.
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Lower critical solution temperature
The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible for all compositions.
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Margin of error
The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results.
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Markov's inequality
In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound for the probability that a non-negative function of a random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant.
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Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.
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Matroid oracle
In mathematics and computer science, a matroid oracle is a subroutine through which an algorithm may access a matroid, an abstract combinatorial structure that can be used to describe the linear dependencies between vectors in a vector space or the spanning trees of a graph, among other applications.
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Matti Jutila
Matti Jutila (born 1943) is a mathematician and professor at the University of Turku.
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Maxima and minima
In mathematical analysis, the maxima and minima (the respective plurals of maximum and minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum), are the largest and smallest value of the function, either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain of a function (the global or absolute extrema).
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Maximal and minimal elements
In mathematics, especially in order theory, a maximal element of a subset S of some partially ordered set (poset) is an element of S that is not smaller than any other element in S. A minimal element of a subset S of some partially ordered set is defined dually as an element of S that is not greater than any other element in S. The notions of maximal and minimal elements are weaker than those of greatest element and least element which are also known, respectively, as maximum and minimum.
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Meander (mathematics)
In mathematics, a meander or closed meander is a self-avoiding closed curve which intersects a line a number of times.
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Median toxic dose
In toxicology, the median toxic dose (TD50) of a drug or toxin is the dose at which toxicity occurs in 50% of cases.
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Michael Fredman
Michael Lawrence Fredman is an emeritus professor at the Computer Science Department at Rutgers University, United States.
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Micromechanics
Micromechanics (or, more precisely, micromechanics of materials) is the analysis of composite or heterogeneous materials on the level of the individual constituents that constitute these materials.
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Minimum viable population
Minimum viable population (MVP) is a lower bound on the population of a species, such that it can survive in the wild.
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Minkowski's bound
In algebraic number theory, Minkowski's bound gives an upper bound of the norm of ideals to be checked in order to determine the class number of a number field K. It is named for the mathematician Hermann Minkowski.
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Minkowski–Hlawka theorem
In mathematics, the Minkowski–Hlawka theorem is a result on the lattice packing of hyperspheres in dimension n > 1.
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Multipath routing
Multipath routing is the routing technique of using multiple alternative paths through a network, which can yield a variety of benefits such as fault tolerance, increased bandwidth, or improved security.
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Negligible set
In mathematics, a negligible set is a set that is small enough that it can be ignored for some purpose.
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On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude
" die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen " (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 10-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
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Order theory
Order theory is a branch of mathematics which investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations.
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Ordinal optimization
In mathematical optimization, ordinal optimization is the maximization of functions taking values in a partially ordered set ("poset").
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Pandya theorem
Pandya theorem provides a theoretical framework for connecting the energy levels in ''jj'' coupling of a nucleon-nucleon and nucleon-hole system.
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Parallel computing
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out concurrently.
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Parity function
In Boolean algebra, a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is 1 if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones.
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Partially ordered set
In mathematics, especially order theory, a partially ordered set (also poset) formalizes and generalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering, sequencing, or arrangement of the elements of a set.
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Pathwidth
In graph theory, a path decomposition of a graph G is, informally, a representation of G as a "thickened" path graph, and the pathwidth of G is a number that measures how much the path was thickened to form G.
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Permutation class
In the study of permutations and permutation patterns, a permutation class is a set C of permutations such that every pattern within a permutation in C is also in C. That is, it is a downset in the permutation pattern order.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Polygon triangulation
In computational geometry, polygon triangulation is the decomposition of a polygonal area (simple polygon) P into a set of triangles, Chapter 3: Polygon Triangulation: pp.45–61.
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Polyhedral combinatorics
Polyhedral combinatorics is a branch of mathematics, within combinatorics and discrete geometry, that studies the problems of counting and describing the faces of convex polyhedra and higher-dimensional convex polytopes.
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Popoviciu's inequality on variances
In probability theory, Popoviciu's inequality, named after Tiberiu Popoviciu, is an upper bound on the variance σ² of any bounded probability distribution.
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Portraits of the historical Jesus
Portraits of the historical Jesus refers to the various biographies of Jesus that have been constructed in the three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus that have taken place in the past two centuries, each with distinct characteristics and developing new and different research criteria.
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Potential method
In computational complexity theory, the potential method is a method used to analyze the amortized time and space complexity of a data structure, a measure of its performance over sequences of operations that smooths out the cost of infrequent but expensive operations.
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Preorder
In mathematics, especially in order theory, a preorder or quasiorder is a binary relation that is reflexive and transitive.
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Probability bounds analysis
Probability bounds analysis (PBA) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds.
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Probability box
A probability box (or p-box) is a characterization of an uncertain number consisting of both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties that is often used in risk analysis or quantitative uncertainty modeling where numerical calculations must be performed.
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Protective index
The protective index is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.
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Proximity problems
Proximity problems is a class of problems in computational geometry which involve estimation of distances between geometric objects.
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Pseudoideal
In the theory of partially ordered sets, a pseudoideal is a subset characterized by a bounding operator LU.
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Quadrisecant
In geometry, a quadrisecant or quadrisecant line of a curve is a line that passes through four points of the curve.
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Real number
In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.
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Regularization perspectives on support vector machines
Regularization perspectives on support vector machines provide a way of interpreting support vector machines (SVMs) in the context of other machine learning algorithms.
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Roofline model
The Roofline model is an intuitive visual performance model used to provide performance estimates of a given compute kernel or application running on multi-core, many-core, or accelerator processor architectures, by showing inherent hardware limitations, and potential benefit and priority of optimizations.
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Scott domain
In the mathematical fields of order and domain theory, a Scott domain is an algebraic, bounded-complete cpo.
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Shapley–Folkman lemma
The Shapley–Folkman lemma is a result in convex geometry with applications in mathematical economics that describes the Minkowski addition of sets in a vector space.
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Siegel zero
In mathematics, more specifically in the field of analytic number theory, a Siegel zero, named after Carl Ludwig Siegel, is a type of potential counterexample to the generalized Riemann hypothesis, on the zeroes of Dirichlet L-function.
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Singmaster's conjecture
Singmaster's conjecture is a conjecture in combinatorial number theory in mathematics, named after the British mathematician David Singmaster who proposed it in 1971.
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Skewes's number
In number theory, Skewes's number is any of several extremely large numbers used by the South African mathematician Stanley Skewes as upper bounds for the smallest natural number x for which where π is the prime-counting function and li is the logarithmic integral function.
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Sołtan argument
The Sołtan argument is an astrophysical theory outlined in 1982 by Polish astronomer Andrzej Sołtan.
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Sorting algorithm
In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order.
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Spread (intuitionism)
In intuitionistic mathematics, a spread is a collection (similar to a set) of infinite sequences defined via finite decidable properties.
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Squeeze theorem
In calculus, the squeeze theorem, also known as the pinching theorem, the sandwich theorem, the sandwich rule, and sometimes the squeeze lemma, is a theorem regarding the limit of a function.
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Steiner tree problem
Steiner tree problem, or minimum Steiner tree problem, named after Jakob Steiner, is an umbrella term for a class of problems in combinatorial optimization.
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Steinitz's theorem
In polyhedral combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, Steinitz's theorem is a characterization of the undirected graphs formed by the edges and vertices of three-dimensional convex polyhedra: they are exactly the (simple) 3-vertex-connected planar graphs (with at least four vertices).
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Sunflower (mathematics)
In mathematics, a sunflower or \Delta-system is a collection of sets whose pairwise intersection is constant.
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Sylvester's sequence
In number theory, Sylvester's sequence is an integer sequence in which each member of the sequence is the product of the previous members, plus one.
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Symbolic power of an ideal
In algebra and algebraic geometry, given a commutative Noetherian ring R and an ideal I in it, the n-th symbolic power of I is the ideal where R_P is the localization of R to P and the intersection runs through all of the associated primes of R/I Though this definition does not require I to be prime, this assumption is often worked with because in the case of a prime ideal, the symbolic power can be equivalently defined as the I -primary component of I^n.
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Synchronizing word
In computer science, more precisely, in the theory of deterministic finite automata (DFA), a synchronizing word or reset sequence is a word in the input alphabet of the DFA which sends any state of the DFA to one and the same state.
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Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm
In computability theory and mathematical logic the Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm is a non-deterministic algorithm which provides an upper bound for the complexity of formulas in the arithmetical hierarchy and analytical hierarchy.
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Tax cap
A tax cap places an upper bound on the amount of government tax a person might be required to pay.
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Terminus post quem
Terminus post quem ("limit after which", often abbreviated to TPQ) and terminus ante quem ("limit before which", abbreviated to TAQ) specify the known limits of dating for events.
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Therapeutic index
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.
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Time complexity
In computer science, the time complexity is the computational complexity that describes the amount of time it takes to run an algorithm.
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Toniann Pitassi
Toniann Pitassi is a Canadian and American mathematician and computer scientist specializing in computational complexity theory.
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Topological graph
In mathematics, a topological graph is a representation of a graph in the plane, where the ''vertices'' of the graph are represented by distinct points and the ''edges'' by Jordan arcs (connected pieces of ''Jordan curves'') joining the corresponding pairs of points.
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Total functional programming
Total functional programming (also known as strong functional programming, to be contrasted with ordinary, or weak functional programming) is a programming paradigm that restricts the range of programs to those that are provably terminating.
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Total order
In mathematics, a linear order, total order, simple order, or (non-strict) ordering is a binary relation on some set X, which is antisymmetric, transitive, and a connex relation.
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Transaction time
In temporal databases, transaction time (TT) is the time period during which a fact stored in the database is considered to be true.
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Trapezoidal distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the trapezoidal distribution is a continuous probability distribution the graph of whose probability density function resembles a trapezoid. Likewise, trapezoidal distributions also roughly resemble mesas or plateaus. Each trapezoidal distribution has a lower bound a and an upper bound d, where a, beyond which no values or events on the distribution can occur (i.e. beyond which the probability is always zero). In addition, there are two sharp bending points (non-differentiable discontinuities) within the probability distribution, which we will call b and c, which occur between a and d, such that a \leq b \leq c \leq d. The image to the right shows a perfectly linear trapezoidal distribution. However, not all trapezoidal distributions are so precisely shaped. In the standard case, where the middle part of the trapezoid is completely flat, and the side ramps are perfectly linear, all of the values between c and d will occur with equal frequency, and therefore all such points will be modes (local frequency maxima) of the distribution. On the other hand, though, if the middle part of the trapezoid is not completely flat, or if one or both of the side ramps are not perfectly linear, then the trapezoidal distribution in question is a generalized trapezoidal distribution, and more complicated and context-dependent rules may apply. The side ramps of a trapezoidal distribution are not required to be symmetric in the general case, just as the sides of trapezoids in geometry are not required to be symmetric. Special cases of the trapezoidal distribution include the uniform distribution (with a.
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Treewidth
In graph theory, the treewidth of an undirected graph is a number associated with the graph.
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UB
UB or Ub may refer to.
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Unbounded system
In the theory of dynamical systems, an unbounded system is a system that has no bound; i.e., one that can expand forever with no limit.
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Uniform boundedness
In mathematics, a bounded function is a function for which there exists a lower bound and an upper bound, in other words, a constant that is larger than the absolute value of any value of this function.
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Upper critical solution temperature
The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions.
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Valid time
In temporal databases, valid time (VT) is the time period during which a database fact is valid in the modeled reality.
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Vanishing gradient problem
In machine learning, the vanishing gradient problem is a difficulty found in training artificial neural networks with gradient-based learning methods and backpropagation.
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Variable neighborhood search
Variable neighborhood search (VNS), proposed by Mladenović, Hansen, 1997, is a metaheuristic method for solving a set of combinatorial optimization and global optimization problems.
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Variational Bayesian methods
Variational Bayesian methods are a family of techniques for approximating intractable integrals arising in Bayesian inference and machine learning.
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Variational method (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states.
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VC dimension
In Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, the VC dimension (for Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension) is a measure of the capacity (complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a space of functions that can be learned by a statistical classification algorithm.
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Vinogradov's mean-value theorem
In mathematics, Vinogradov's mean value theorem is an estimate for the number of equal sums of powers.
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Wassily Hoeffding
Wassily Hoeffding (June 12, 1914 – February 28, 1991) was a Finnish statistician and probabilist.
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Willmore conjecture
In differential geometry, an area of mathematics, the Willmore conjecture is a lower bound on the Willmore energy of a torus.
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Winnow (algorithm)
The winnow algorithm Nick Littlestone (1988).
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Word-sense disambiguation
In computational linguistics, word-sense disambiguation (WSD) is an open problem of natural language processing and ontology.
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Zarankiewicz problem
The Zarankiewicz problem, an unsolved problem in mathematics, asks for the largest possible number of edges in a bipartite graph that has a given number of vertices but has no complete bipartite subgraphs of a given size.
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Zorn's lemma
Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, after mathematicians Max Zorn and Kazimierz Kuratowski, is a proposition of set theory that states that a partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain (that is, every totally ordered subset) necessarily contains at least one maximal element.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_and_lower_bounds
