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353 relations: Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen, Abbot, Abbot of Westminster, Adam, Adela of Normandy, Adelaide of Susa, Alms, Alps, Alveston, Alvin Plantinga, Ambulatory, Anathema, Angel, Anglican Communion, Anglican religious order, Annates, Anselm, Anselm of Laon, Antipope, Antipope Clement III, Aosta, Aosta Valley, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, Arduinici, Aristotle, Atonement in Christianity, Augustine of Hippo, Avranches, Bec Abbey, Becca di Nona, Begging the question, Benedictine Confederation, Berkeley, California, Bishop of Durham, Bishop of Ravenna, Bishopric of Naumburg-Zeitz, Boethius, Bonaventure, Burchard (bishop of Aosta), Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Caen, Calcidius, Calendar of saints, Cambridge, Canon law, Canonization, Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury–York dispute, Carlo Baldassare Perrone di San Martino, ..., Carolingian dynasty, Catholic Church, Catholic Church in England and Wales, Catholic novitiate, Catholic University of America Press, Celibacy, Celtic Christianity, Chapel, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Chester Cathedral, Choir (architecture), Christian philosophy, Christian prayer, Christian Today, Christianity, Cistercians, Clerical celibacy, Cluny, Community of Saint Anselm, Concubinage, Confessor of the Faith, Conrad I of Burgundy, Consecration, Constantinople, Council of Bari, Council of Clermont, Council of London in 1102, Council of Soissons, Council of Tours, County of Maurienne, County of Meulan, County of Savoy, Credo ut intelligam, Crosier, Crucifixion, Crypt, Cur Deus Homo, Dialogue, Diocese of Canterbury, Diocese of Durham, Dispensation (canon law), Doctor of the Church, Duchy of Aosta, Duchy of Aquitaine, Duchy of Normandy, Duke of Aosta, Duke of Normandy, Duns Scotus, Eadmer, Earl of Chester, Easter Council, Ecclesiastical ring, Ecumenism, Edward N. 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Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
The Abbey of Saint-Étienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey") by contrast with the Abbaye aux Dames ("Ladies' Abbey"), is a former Benedictine monastery in the French city of Caen, Normandy, dedicated to Saint Stephen.
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Abbot
Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity.
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Abbot of Westminster
The Abbot of Westminster was the head (abbot) of Westminster Abbey.
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Adam
Adam (ʾĀdam; Adám) is the name used in the opening chapters of the Book of Genesis for the first man created by God, but it is also used in a collective sense as "mankind" and individually as "a human".
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Adela of Normandy
Adela of Normandy, of Blois, or of England (c. 1067LoPrete, Kimberly. "Adela of Blois." Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Ed. Margaret Schaus. New York: Routledge, 2006. 6-7. – 8 March 1137), also known as in Roman Catholicism, was Countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux by marriage to Stephen II, Count of Blois.
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Adelaide of Susa
Adelaide of Turin (also Adelheid, Adelais, or Adeline; – 19 December 1091) was the Countess of part of the March of Ivrea and the Marchioness of Turin in Northwestern Italy from 1034 to her death.
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Alms
Alms or almsgiving involves giving to others as an act of virtue, either materially or in the sense of providing capabilities (e.g. education) free.
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Alps
The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.
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Alveston
Alveston in South Gloucestershire, England, is a village, civil parish and former manor inhabited in 2014 by about 3000 people The village lies about south of Thornbury and approximately north of Bristol.
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Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born November 15, 1932) is a prominent American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of logic, justification, philosophy of religion, and epistemology.
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Ambulatory
The ambulatory (ambulatorium, "walking place") is the covered passage around a cloister or the processional way around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar.
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Anathema
Anathema, in common usage, is something or someone that is detested or shunned.
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Angel
An angel is generally a supernatural being found in various religions and mythologies.
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Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion with 85 million members, founded in 1867 in London, England.
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Anglican religious order
Anglican religious orders are communities of men or women (or in some cases mixed communities of both sexes) in the Anglican Communion who live under a common rule of life.
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Annates
Annates (annatae, from annus, "year") were a payment from the recipient of an ecclesiastical benefice to the ordaining authorities.
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Anselm
Anselm often refers to St Anselm of Aosta (c. 1033 – 1109), theologian, abbot of Bec, and archbishop of Canterbury.
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Anselm of Laon
Anselm of Laon (Anselmus; 1117), properly Ansel (Ansellus), was a French theologian and founder of a school of scholars who helped to pioneer biblical hermeneutics.
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Antipope
An antipope (antipapa) is a person who, in opposition to the one who is generally seen as the legitimately elected Pope, makes a significantly accepted competing claim to be the Pope, the Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church.
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Antipope Clement III
Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna (1029 – 8 September 1100) was an Italian prelate, archbishop of Ravenna, who was elected pope in 1080 in opposition to Pope Gregory VII.
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Aosta
Aosta (Aoste; Aoûta; Augusta Praetoria Salassorum; Augschtal; Osta) is the principal city of Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Italian Alps, north-northwest of Turin.
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Aosta Valley
The Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta (official) or Val d'Aosta (usual); Vallée d'Aoste (official) or Val d'Aoste (usual); Val d'Outa (usual); Augschtalann or Ougstalland; Val d'Osta) is a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy.
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Archbishop of Canterbury
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.
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Archbishop of York
The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Arduinici
The Arduinici were a noble Frankish family that immigrated to Italy in the early tenth century, possibly from Neustria.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Atonement in Christianity
In western Christian theology, atonement describes how human beings can be reconciled to God through Christ's sacrificial suffering and death.
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Augustine of Hippo
Saint Augustine of Hippo (13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a Roman African, early Christian theologian and philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy.
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Avranches
Avranches is a commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
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Bec Abbey
Bec Abbey, formally the Abbey of Our Lady of Bec (Abbaye Notre-Dame du Bec), is a Benedictine monastic foundation in the Eure département, in the Bec valley midway between the cities of Rouen and Bernay.
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Becca di Nona
Becca di Nona (Pic de Nona) is a peak in the Graian Alps of the Aosta Valley in north-western Italy.
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Begging the question
Begging the question is a logical fallacy which occurs when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, instead of supporting it.
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Benedictine Confederation
The Benedictine Confederation of the Order of Saint Benedict (Confœderatio Benedictina Ordinis Sancti Benedicti) is the international governing body of the Order of Saint Benedict.
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Berkeley, California
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.
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Bishop of Durham
The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in the Province of York.
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Bishop of Ravenna
This page is a list of Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops of Ravenna, and (from 1985 of the Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia. Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 13, 2017 GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved March 13, 2017 The earlier ones were frequently tied to the Exarchate of Ravenna. (The city also became the centre of the Orthodox Church in Italy in 1995.).
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Bishopric of Naumburg-Zeitz
The Prince-Bishopric of Naumburg-Zeitz (Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz; Citizensis, then Naumburgensis or Nuemburgensis) was a medieval diocese in the central German area between Leipzig in the east and Erfurt in the west.
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Boethius
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius (also Boetius; 477–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, and philosopher of the early 6th century.
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Bonaventure
Saint Bonaventure (Bonaventura; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born Giovanni di Fidanza, was an Italian medieval Franciscan, scholastic theologian and philosopher.
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Burchard (bishop of Aosta)
Burchard or Bouchard or Buckard or Burchard Aosta (died after 10 July 1068), was bishop of Aosta (1025-1032) and Archbishop of Lyon (1033–1034), under the name of Burchard III, and finally prior of the territorial abbey of Saint Maurice.
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Cadwgan ap Bleddyn
Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (1051–1111) was a prince of the Kingdom of Powys (Teyrnas Powys) in eastern Wales.
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Caen
Caen (Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France.
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Calcidius
Calcidius (or Chalcidius) was a 4th-century philosopher (and possibly a Christian) who translated the first part (to 53c) of Plato's Timaeus from Greek into Latin around the year 321 and provided with it an extensive commentary.
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Calendar of saints
The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint.
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Cambridge
Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.
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Canon law
Canon law (from Greek kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.
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Canonization
Canonization is the act by which a Christian church declares that a person who has died was a saint, upon which declaration the person is included in the "canon", or list, of recognized saints.
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Canterbury Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England.
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Canterbury–York dispute
The Canterbury–York dispute was a long-running conflict between the archdioceses of Canterbury and York in medieval England.
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Carlo Baldassare Perrone di San Martino
Conte Carlo Baldassare Perrone di San Martino, known in some English sources as Count Perron, was the Sardinian resident minister in Great Britain between 1749 and 1755.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family founded by Charles Martel with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Catholic Church in England and Wales
The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope.
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Catholic novitiate
A novice in Catholic law and tradition, is a prospective member of a religious institute who is being tried and being proven for suitability of admission to a religious order of brothers, sisters or monks.
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Catholic University of America Press
The Catholic University of America Press, also known as CUA Press, is the publishing division of The Catholic University of America.
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Celibacy
Celibacy (from Latin, cælibatus") is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons.
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Celtic Christianity
Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity refers broadly to certain features of Christianity that were common, or held to be common, across the Celtic-speaking world during the Early Middle Ages.
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Chapel
The term chapel usually refers to a Christian place of prayer and worship that is attached to a larger, often nonreligious institution or that is considered an extension of a primary religious institution.
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Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.
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Chester Cathedral
Chester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral and the mother church of the Diocese of Chester.
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Choir (architecture)
A choir, also sometimes called quire, is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir.
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Christian philosophy
Christian philosophy is a development in philosophy that is characterised by coming from a Christian tradition.
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Christian prayer
Prayer is an important activity in Christianity, and there are several different forms of Christian prayer.
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Christian Today
Christian Today is a non-denominational Christian news company, with its international headquarters in London, England.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Cistercians
A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.
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Clerical celibacy
Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried.
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Cluny
Cluny is a commune in the eastern French department of Saône-et-Loire, in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
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Community of Saint Anselm
The Community of Saint Anselm is an Anglican religious order based at Lambeth Palace in London and is devoted to prayer, study and service to the poor.
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Concubinage
Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be married.
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Confessor of the Faith
The title Confessor, the short form of Confessor of the Faith, is a title given by the Christian Church to a type of saint.
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Conrad I of Burgundy
Conrad I, called the Peaceful (Conrad le Pacifique; – 19 October 993), a member of the Elder House of Welf, was King of Burgundy (Kingdom of Arles) from 937 until his death.
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Consecration
Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.
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Council of Bari
The Council of Bari was convened and presided over by Pope Urban II in Bari, Italy, in October 1098 during the First Crusade.
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Council of Clermont
The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II and held from 18 to 28 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
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Council of London in 1102
The Council of London was a Catholic church council convened by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, on Michaelmas in 1102.
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Council of Soissons
There have been several Councils of Soissons.
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Council of Tours
In the medieval Roman Catholic church there were several Councils of Tours, that city being an old seat of Christianity, and considered fairly centrally located in France.
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County of Maurienne
The County of Maurienne (Comitatus Maurianensis; Comté de Maurienne; Contea di Moriana) was a county in the Maurienne Valley of Upper Burgundy during the Middle Ages.
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County of Meulan
The county of Meulan, in Normandy, France, appeared as an entity within the region of the Vexin when the otherwise unknown Count Waleran established an independent power base on a fortified island in the River Seine, around the year 1020.
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County of Savoy
The County of Savoy was a State of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century.
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Credo ut intelligam
Credo ut intelligam (alternatively spelled Credo ut intellegam) is Latin for "I believe so that I may understand" and is a maxim of Anselm of Canterbury (Proslogion, 1), which is based on a saying of Augustine of Hippo (crede, ut intelligas, "believe so that you may understand"; Tract. Ev. Jo., 29.6) to relate faith and reason.
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Crosier
A crosier (also known as a crozier, paterissa, pastoral staff, or bishop's staff) is a stylized staff carried by high-ranking Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran, United Methodist and Pentecostal prelates.
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Crucifixion
Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden beam and left to hang for several days until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation.
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Crypt
A crypt (from Latin crypta "vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building.
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Cur Deus Homo
Cur Deus Homo? (Latin for "Why was God a Man?"), usually translated Why God Became a Man, is a book written by St Anselm of Canterbury in the period of 1094–1098.
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Dialogue
Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.
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Diocese of Canterbury
The Diocese of Canterbury is a Church of England diocese covering eastern Kent which was founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury in 597.
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Diocese of Durham
The Diocese of Durham is a Church of England diocese, based in Durham, and covering the historic County Durham (and therefore including the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluding southern Teesdale).
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Dispensation (canon law)
In the jurisprudence of canon law of the Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of law in certain cases.
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Doctor of the Church
Doctor of the Church (Latin doctor "teacher") is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints whom they recognize as having been of particular importance, particularly regarding their contribution to theology or doctrine.
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Duchy of Aosta
The Duchy of Aosta, originally the County of Aosta, was a realm ruled by the House of Savoy from the early 11th century until the late 18th, when its independent institutions were aligned with those of the Principality of Piedmont.
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Duchy of Aquitaine
The Duchy of Aquitaine (Ducat d'Aquitània,, Duché d'Aquitaine) was a historical fiefdom in western, central and southern areas of present-day France to the south of the Loire River, although its extent, as well as its name, fluctuated greatly over the centuries, at times comprising much of what is now southwestern France (Gascony) and central France.
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Duchy of Normandy
The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings.
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Duke of Aosta
In the mid-13th century the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II made the County of Aosta a duchy; its arms were carried in the Savoyard coat of arms until the unification of Italy in 1870.
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Duke of Normandy
In the Middle Ages, the Duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in north-western France.
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Duns Scotus
John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus (1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages (together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham).
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Eadmer
Eadmer or Edmer (&ndash) was an English historian, theologian, and ecclesiastic.
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Earl of Chester
The Earldom of Chester (Welsh: Iarll Caer) was one of the most powerful earldoms in medieval England, extending principally over the counties of Cheshire and Flintshire.
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Easter Council
The Easter Council was a church council held at Rome by Pope Urban II on Easter Day, 1099.
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Ecclesiastical ring
An ecclesiastical ring is a finger ring worn by a clergyman, such as a Bishop's ring.
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Ecumenism
Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings.
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Edward N. Zalta
Edward N. Zalta (born March 16, 1952) is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information.
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Emirate of Sicily
The Emirate of Sicily (إِمَارَةُ صِقِلِّيَة) was an emirate on the island of Sicily which existed from 831 to 1091.
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Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.
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English Channel
The English Channel (la Manche, "The Sleeve"; Ärmelkanal, "Sleeve Channel"; Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; Mor Bretannek, "Sea of Brittany"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
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English Reformation
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
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Enthronement
An enthronement is a ceremony of inauguration, involving a person—usually a monarch or religious leader—being formally seated for the first time upon their throne.
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Ernulf
Ernulf (1040– 15 March 1124) was a French Benedictine monk who became prior of Christ Church in Canterbury, abbot of Peterborough, and bishop of Rochester in England.
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Eternity
Eternity in common parlance is an infinitely long period of time.
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Ethics
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
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Eucharist
The Eucharist (also called Holy Communion or the Lord's Supper, among other names) is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches and an ordinance in others.
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Euthyphro dilemma
The Euthyphro dilemma is found in Plato's dialogue Euthyphro, in which Socrates asks Euthyphro, "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (10a) The dilemma has had a major effect on the philosophical theism of the monotheistic religions, but in a modified form: "Is what is morally good commanded by God because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by God?" Ever since Plato's original discussion, this question has presented a problem for some theists, though others have thought it a false dilemma, and it continues to be an object of theological and philosophical discussion today.
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Existence of God
The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion and popular culture.
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Fall of man
The fall of man, or the fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience.
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Fallen angel
Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from Heaven.
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False dilemma
A false dilemma is a type of informal fallacy in which something is falsely claimed to be an "either/or" situation, when in fact there is at least one additional option.
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Fides quaerens intellectum
Fides quaerens intellectum means "faith seeking understanding", "faith seeking intelligence", and "faith preceding the intellect".
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Filioque
Filioque is a Latin term added to the original Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (commonly known as the Nicene Creed), and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity.
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First Crusade
The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
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Flagellant
Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments.
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Free will
Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.
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Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
Gaunilo or Gaunillon (century) was a Benedictine monk of Marmoutier Abbey in Tours, France.
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Gerard (archbishop of York)
Gerard (died 21 May 1108) was Archbishop of York between 1100 and 1108 and Lord Chancellor of England from 1085 until 1092.
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Gilbert Crispin
Gilbert Crispin (1055 – 1117) was a Christian author and Anglo-Norman monk, appointed by Archbishop Lanfranc in 1085 to be the abbot, proctor and servant of Westminster Abbey, England.
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Gilbert de la Porrée
Gilbert de la Porrée (after 1085 – 4 September 1154), also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.
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God in Christianity
God in Christianity is the eternal being who created and preserves all things.
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
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Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan.
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Greek Orthodox Church
The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía), or Greek Orthodoxy, is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the Septuagint and New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire.
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Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
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Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Nyssa, also known as Gregory Nyssen (Γρηγόριος Νύσσης; c. 335 – c. 395), was bishop of Nyssa from 372 to 376 and from 378 until his death.
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Gruffudd ap Cynan
Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137.
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Hagiography
A hagiography is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader.
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Henry I of England
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death.
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Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry II (Heinrich II; Enrico II) (6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014 until his death in 1024 and the last member of the Ottonian dynasty of Emperors as he had no children.
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Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV (Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) became King of the Germans in 1056.
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Hermit
A hermit (adjectival form: eremitic or hermitic) is a person who lives in seclusion from society, usually for religious reasons.
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History of Anglo-Saxon England
Anglo-Saxon England was early medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th century from the end of Roman Britain until the Norman conquest in 1066.
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History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages
The history of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages is generally one of decline; beginning as a major city in the Byzantine Empire, Jerusalem prospered during the early centuries of Muslim control (640–969), but under the rule of the Fatimid caliphate (late 10th to 11th centuries) its population declined from about 200,000 to less than half that number by the time of the Christian conquest in 1099.
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Holy Face of Lucca
The Holy Face of Lucca (Volto Santo di Lucca) is a venerated wooden corpus (body) of a crucifix in Lucca, Italy.
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Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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Holy Spirit
Holy Spirit (also called Holy Ghost) is a term found in English translations of the Bible that is understood differently among the Abrahamic religions.
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Holy Wednesday
In Christianity, Holy Wednesday, also called Spy Wednesday, or Good Wednesday (in Western Christianity), and Holy and Great Wednesday (in the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches), is the Wednesday of Holy Week, the week before Easter.
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Homage (feudal)
Homage in the Middle Ages was the ceremony in which a feudal tenant or vassal pledged reverence and submission to his feudal lord, receiving in exchange the symbolic title to his new position (investiture).
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Homosexuality
Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.
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Honorius Augustodunensis
Honorius Augustodunensis (c. 1080–1154?), commonly known as Honorius of Autun, was a very popular 12th-century Christian theologian who wrote prolifically on many subjects.
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House of Savoy
The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps of northern Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.
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Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester
Hugh d'Avranches (– 27 July 1101), also known as (Hugues le Gros) or (Hugo Lupus), was the second Norman earl of Chester (2nd creation) and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.
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Hugh of Die
Hugh of Die (1040 – October 7, 1106) was a French Catholic bishop.
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Humbert I, Count of Savoy
Humbert I (Umberto I; – 1042 or 1047 1048), better known as Humbert the White-Handed (Humbert aux blanches-mains) or (Umberto Biancamano) was the founder of the House of Savoy.
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Ian Logan
Ian Logan (born August 19, 1982) is a former professional Canadian football safety.
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Immaculate Conception
The Immaculate Conception is the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary free from original sin by virtue of the merits of her son Jesus Christ.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Incarnation (Christianity)
In Christian theology, the doctrine of the Incarnation holds that Jesus, the preexistent divine Logos (Koine Greek for "Word") and the second hypostasis of the Trinity, God the Son and Son of the Father, taking on a human body and human nature, "was made flesh" and conceived in the womb of Mary the Theotokos (Greek for "God-bearer"). The doctrine of the Incarnation, then, entails that Jesus Christ is fully God and fully human, his two natures joined in hypostatic union.
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Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.
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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia, dealing with philosophy, philosophical topics, and philosophers.
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Investiture
Investiture, from the Latin (preposition in and verb vestire, "dress" from vestis "robe"), is the formal installation of an incumbent.
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Investiture Controversy
The Investiture controversy or Investiture contest was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to appoint local church officials through investiture.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Italy in the Middle Ages
The history of the Italian peninsula during the medieval period can be roughly defined as the time between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance.
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Italy–United Kingdom relations
The international relations between Italy and the United Kingdom may be known as Anglo-Italian relations or Italo-British relations.
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Jacques Paul Migne
Jacques Paul Migne (25 October 1800 – 24 October 1875) was a French priest who published inexpensive and widely distributed editions of theological works, encyclopedias, and the texts of the Church Fathers, with the goal of providing a universal library for the Catholic priesthood.
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James McEvoy (philosopher)
James McEvoy (14 October 1943 in Larne, Northern Ireland - 2 October 2010) was an Irish philosopher and priest.
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Jargon
Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well understood outside that context.
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Jesus
Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
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John 7
John 7 is the seventh chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
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John Boswell
John Eastburn Boswell (March 20, 1947 – December 24, 1994) was a historian and a full professor at Yale University.
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John Lynch (Dean of Canterbury)
John Lynch (1697—1760) was an 18th-century Church of England clergyman.
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John Marenbon
John Alexander Marenbon, FBA (born 26 August 1955) is a British philosopher and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
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John Morton (cardinal)
John Morton (c.1420 – 15 September 1500) was an English prelate who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1486 until his death and also Lord Chancellor of England from 1487.
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John of Salisbury
John of Salisbury (c. 1120 – 25 October 1180), who described himself as Johannes Parvus ("John the Little"), was an English author, philosopher, educationalist, diplomat and bishop of Chartres, and was born at Salisbury.
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John Scotus Eriugena
John Scotus Eriugena or Johannes Scotus Erigena (c. 815 – c. 877) was an Irish theologian, neoplatonist philosopher, and poet.
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Justin Welby
Justin Portal Welby (born 6 January 1956) is the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury and the most senior bishop in the Church of England.
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Kingdom of Arles
The Kingdom of Arles (also Kingdom of Arelat or Second Kingdom of Burgundy) was a Frankish dominion established from lands of the early medieval Kingdom of the Burgundians in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II.
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Kingdom of Burgundy
Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre; Danish: Kongeriget England; German: Königreich England) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century—when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms—until 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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Kingdom of Gwynedd
The Principality or Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia or Norwallia; Middle Welsh: Guynet) was one of several successor states to the Roman Empire that emerged in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
The Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum, Italian: Regno d'Italia) was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.
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Kingdom of Powys
The Kingdom of Powys was a Welsh successor state, petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain.
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Kingdom of Sardinia
The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.
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Kurt Gödel
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
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L'Aigle
L'Aigle is a commune in the Orne department in Normandy in northwestern France.
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Lambeth Palace
Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in England, in north Lambeth, on the south bank of the River Thames, 400 yards south-east of the Palace of Westminster, which houses the Houses of Parliament, on the opposite bank.
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Lanfranc
Lanfranc (1005 1010 – 24 May 1089) was a celebrated Italian jurist who renounced his career to become a Benedictine monk at Bec in Normandy. He served successively as prior of Bec Abbey and abbot of St Stephen in Normandy and then as archbishop of Canterbury in England, following its Conquest by William the Conqueror. He is also variously known as (Lanfranco di Pavia), (Lanfranc du Bec), and (Lanfrancus Cantuariensis).
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Last rites
The last rites, in Catholicism, are the last prayers and ministrations given to many Catholics when possible shortly before death.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Le Bec-Hellouin
Le Bec-Hellouin is a commune in the department of Eure in the Normandy region in northern France.
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Leuven
Leuven or Louvain (Louvain,; Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in Belgium.
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Logic
Logic (from the logikḗ), originally meaning "the word" or "what is spoken", but coming to mean "thought" or "reason", is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth, and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Langobardi, Longobardi, Longobard (Western)) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774.
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Lords Spiritual
The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom are the 26 bishops of the established Church of England who serve in the House of Lords along with the Lords Temporal.
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Lords Temporal
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Lords Temporal are secular members of the House of Lords.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Lyon
Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.
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March of Turin
The March or Marquisate of Turin (marca di Torino) was a territory of medieval Italy from the mid-10th century, when it was established as the Arduinic March (marca Arduinica).
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Marcher Lord
A Marcher Lord was a noble appointed by the King of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.
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Mark (currency)
The mark was a currency or unit of account in many nations.
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Marmoutier Abbey, Tours
Marmoutier Abbey — also known as the Abbey of Marmoutier or Marmoutiers — was an early monastery outside Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France.
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Martianus Capella
Martianus Minneus Felix Capella was a Latin prose writer of Late Antiquity (fl. c. 410–420), one of the earliest developers of the system of the seven liberal arts that structured early medieval education.
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Mary, mother of Jesus
Mary was a 1st-century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.
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Matilda of Scotland
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118), originally christened Edith, was Queen of England as the first wife of King Henry I. She acted as regent of England in the absence of her spouse on several occasions.
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Matthew Paris
Matthew Paris, known as Matthew of Paris (Latin: Matthæus Parisiensis, "Matthew the Parisian"; c. 1200 – 1259), was a Benedictine monk, English chronicler, artist in illuminated manuscripts and cartographer, based at St Albans Abbey in Hertfordshire.
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Maurilius
Maurilius (c. 1000–1067) was a Norman Archbishop of Rouen from 1055 to 1067.
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Medieval philosophy
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. to the Renaissance in the 16th century.
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Meditation
Meditation can be defined as a practice where an individual uses a technique, such as focusing their mind on a particular object, thought or activity, to achieve a mentally clear and emotionally calm state.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Metropolitan bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis (then more precisely called metropolitan archbishop); that is, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital.
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Michaelmas
Michaelmas (also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Sosa, the Feast of the Archangels, or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a minor Christian festival observed in some Western liturgical calendars on 29 September.
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Mitre
The mitre (British English) (Greek: μίτρα, "headband" or "turban") or miter (American English; see spelling differences), is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial head-dress of bishops and certain abbots in traditional Christianity.
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Morris Meredith Williams
Morris Meredith Williams (1881–1973) was a British painter and illustrator.
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Mysticism
Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies (religious experiences during alternate states of consciousness), together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rites, myths, legends, and magic may be related to them.
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Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism is a term used to designate a strand of Platonic philosophy that began with Plotinus in the third century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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New Jerusalem
In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (Jehovah-shammah, or " YHWH there") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, the Third Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the Messianic Kingdom, the meeting place of the twelve tribes of Israel, during the Messianic era.
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Nicholas Wolterstorff
Nicholas Wolterstorff (born January 21, 1932) is an American philosopher.
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Nominalism
In metaphysics, nominalism is a philosophical view which denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates.
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Norman conquest of England
The Norman conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
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Norman conquest of southern Italy
The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139, involving many battles and independent conquerors.
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Norman Malcolm
Norman Malcolm (11 June 1911 – 4 August 1990) was an American philosopher.
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Nun
A nun is a member of a religious community of women, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery.
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Odo II, Count of Blois
Odo II (983 – 15 November 1037) was the Count of Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun, Beauvais and Tours from 1004 and Count of Troyes (as Odo IV) and Meaux (as Odo I) from 1022.
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Old St. Peter's Basilica
Old St.
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On the Trinity
On the Trinity (De Trinitate) is a Latin book written by Augustine of Hippo to discuss the Trinity in context of the logos.
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Ontological argument
An ontological argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of God that uses ontology.
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Order of Saint Benedict
The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.
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Orderic Vitalis
Orderic Vitalis (Ordericus Vitalis; 1075 –) was an English chronicler and Benedictine monk who wrote one of the great contemporary chronicles of 11th- and 12th-century Normandy and Anglo-Norman England.
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Origen
Origen of Alexandria (184 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was a Hellenistic scholar, ascetic, and early Christian theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.
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Otto I, Count of Savoy
Otto (Odon, Oddon, Othon; Oddone; /1060) was count of Savoy from around 1051 until his death.
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Pallium
The pallium (derived from the Roman pallium or palla, a woolen cloak;: pallia) is an ecclesiastical vestment in the Roman Catholic Church, originally peculiar to the Pope, but for many centuries bestowed by him on metropolitans and primates as a symbol of the jurisdiction delegated to them by the Holy See.
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Papal deposing power
The papal deposing power was the most powerful tool of the political authority claimed by and on behalf of the Roman Pontiff, in medieval and early modern thought, amounting to the assertion of the Pope's power to declare a Christian monarch heretical and powerless to rule.
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Papal legate
A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the pope's legate. A papal legate or Apostolic legate (from the Ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church.
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Paradox
A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion.
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Patrologia Latina
The Patrologia Latina (Latin for The Latin Patrology) is an enormous collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers published by Jacques-Paul Migne between 1841 and 1855, with indices published between 1862 and 1865.
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Paul the Apostle
Paul the Apostle (Paulus; translit, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; c. 5 – c. 64 or 67), commonly known as Saint Paul and also known by his Jewish name Saul of Tarsus (translit; Saũlos Tarseús), was an apostle (though not one of the Twelve Apostles) who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.
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Pavia
Pavia (Lombard: Pavia; Ticinum; Medieval Latin: Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po.
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Peter Abelard
Peter Abelard (Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; Pierre Abélard,; 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.
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Peter Damian
Saint Peter Damian (Petrus Damianus; Pietro or Pier Damiani; – 21 or 22 February 1072 or 1073) was a reforming Benedictine monk and cardinal in the circle of Pope Leo IX.
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Philip I of France
Philip I (23 May 1052 – 29 July 1108), called the Amorous, was King of the Franks from 1060 to his death.
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Philosopher
A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions." These sorts of philosophical discussion are ancient, and can be found in the earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm
The Pontifical Atheneum of St.
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Pope
The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland of Siena, was Pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181.
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Pope Paschal II
Pope Paschal II (Paschalis II; 1050 1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was Pope from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118.
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Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II (Urbanus II; – 29 July 1099), born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099.
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Pope Victor III
Pope Victor III (c. 1026 – 16 September 1087), born Dauferio, was Pope from 24 May 1086 to his death in 1087.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth is a port city in Hampshire, England, mainly on Portsea Island, south-west of London and south-east of Southampton.
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Pound sterling
The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha.
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Predestination
Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.
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Primate (bishop)
Primate is a title or rank bestowed on some archbishops in certain Christian churches.
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Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, that was established in its current form on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township.
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Prior
Prior, derived from the Latin for "earlier, first", (or prioress for nuns) is an ecclesiastical title for a superior, usually lower in rank than an abbot or abbess.
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Prior of Christ Church
The Prior of Christ Church was the prior of Christ Church Cathedral Priory in Canterbury, attached to Canterbury Cathedral.
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Proslogion
The Proslogion (Latin Proslogium; English translation, Discourse on the Existence of God), written in 1077–1078, was written as a prayer, or meditation, by the medieval cleric Anselm which serves to reflect on the attributes of God and endeavours to explain how God can have qualities which often seem contradictory.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Province of Canterbury
The Province of Canterbury, or less formally the Southern Province, is one of two ecclesiastical provinces which constitute the Church of England.
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Psalms
The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים or, Tehillim, "praises"), commonly referred to simply as Psalms or "the Psalms", is the first book of the Ketuvim ("Writings"), the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament.
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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης), also known as Pseudo-Denys, was a Christian theologian and philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticum or Corpus Dionysiacum.
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R. W. Southern
Sir Richard William Southern, FBA (8 February 1912 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne – 6 February 2001 in Oxford), who published under the name R. W. Southern, was a noted English medieval historian, based at the University of Oxford.
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Ralph d'Escures
Ralph d'Escures (died 20 October 1122) was a medieval Abbot of Séez, Bishop of Rochester and then Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Ranulf Flambard
Ranulf Flambard (c. 1060 – 5 September 1128) was a medieval Norman Bishop of Durham and an influential government minister of King William Rufus of England.
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Reason
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.
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Relic
In religion, a relic usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangible memorial.
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Religious experience
A religious experience (sometimes known as a spiritual experience, sacred experience, or mystical experience) is a subjective experience which is interpreted within a religious framework.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Revelation
In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities.
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Robert Curthose
Robert Curthose (3 February 1134), sometimes called Robert II or Robert III, was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106 and an unsuccessful claimant to the throne of the Kingdom of England.
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Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (– 5 June 1118), also known as Robert of Meulan, Count of Meulan, was a powerful Norman nobleman, one of the companions of William the Conqueror during the Norman Conquest of England, and was revered as one of the wisest men of his age.
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Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste (Robertus Grosseteste; – 9 October 1253) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.
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Rockingham, Northamptonshire
Rockingham is a village and civil parish in the Corby district of Northamptonshire, England.
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Roger I of Sicily
Roger I (– 22 June 1101), nicknamed Roger Bosso and The Great Count, was a Norman nobleman who became the first Count of Sicily from 1071 to 1101.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon (Latin: Archidioecesis Lugdunensis; French: Archidiocèse de Lyon), formerly the Archdiocese of Lyon–Vienne–Embrun, is a Roman Catholic Metropolitan archdiocese in France.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia
The Archdiocese of Ravenna-Cervia (Archidioecesis Ravennatensis-Cerviensis) is a metropolitan archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen (Latin: Archidioecesis Rothomagensis; French: Archidiocèse de Rouen) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Aosta
The Italian Catholic Diocese of Aosta (Dioecesis Augustana) has existed in its modern form since 1817.
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux (Latin: Dioecesis Ebroicensis; French: Diocèse d'Evreux) is a Roman Catholic diocese in France.
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Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano
The Diocese of Albano (Albanensis) is a suburbicarian see of the Roman Catholic Church in a diocese in Italy, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Roscellinus
Roscelin of Compiègne, better known by his Latinized name Roscellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus, was a French philosopher and theologian, often regarded as the founder of nominalism.
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Rudolph III of Burgundy
Rudolph III (called "the Idle" (Rodolphe le Fainéant, Rudolf der Faule) or "the Pious" (le Pieux); – 6 September 1032) was King of Burgundy from 993 until his death.
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Rule of Saint Benedict
The Rule of Saint Benedict (Regula Benedicti) is a book of precepts written by Benedict of Nursia (AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.
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Sacrament of Penance
The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation (commonly called Penance, Reconciliation, or Confession) is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church (called sacred mysteries in the Eastern Catholic Churches), in which the faithful obtain absolution for the sins committed against God and neighbour and are reconciled with the community of the Church.
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Saint
A saint (also historically known as a hallow) is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God.
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Saint Anselm (disambiguation)
'''St''', '''St.''', or '''Saint Anselm''' usually refers to the Anselm who was archbishop of Canterbury in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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Saint Anselm Abbey (New Hampshire)
Saint Anselm Abbey, located in Goffstown, New Hampshire, United States, is a Benedictine abbey composed of men living under the Rule of Saint Benedict within the Catholic Church.
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Saint Anselm College
Saint Anselm College is a nationally ranked, Catholic, Benedictine, liberal arts college in Goffstown, New Hampshire, United States.
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Saint Anselm's
Saint Anselm's may refer to.
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Saint Peter
Saint Peter (Syriac/Aramaic: ܫܸܡܥܘܿܢ ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ, Shemayon Keppa; שמעון בר יונה; Petros; Petros; Petrus; r. AD 30; died between AD 64 and 68), also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church.
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Samuel Shuckford
Samuel Shuckford (1693?–1754) was an English cleric, antiquarian, and mythographer.
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Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino
Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino (Italian:St Anselm on the Aventine) is a Roman Catholic church, monastery and college located on Cavalieri di Malta Square on the Aventine Hill in Rome's Ripa rione.
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Satan
Satan is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces humans into sin.
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Satisfaction theory of atonement
The satisfaction theory of atonement is a theory in Christian theology that Jesus Christ suffered crucifixion as a substitute for human sin, satisfying God's just wrath against humankind’s transgression due to Christ's infinite merit.
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Schiavi di Abruzzo
Schiavi di Abruzzo is a mountain town in the province of Chieti, Abruzzo, central Italy.
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Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is principally the insertion and thrusting of the penis, usually when erect, into the vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.
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Shrine
A shrine (scrinium "case or chest for books or papers"; Old French: escrin "box or case") is a holy or sacred place, which is dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of awe and respect, at which they are venerated or worshipped.
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Siege of Capua
The Siege of Capua was a military operation involving the states of medieval southern Italy, beginning in May 1098 and lasting forty days.
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Simony
Simony is the act of selling church offices and roles.
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Sin
In a religious context, sin is the act of transgression against divine law.
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Slavery in Britain
Slavery in Great Britain existed and was recognized from before the Roman occupation until the 12th century, when chattel slavery disappeared after the Norman Conquest.
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Sodomy
Sodomy is generally anal or oral sex between people or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal (bestiality), but it may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity.
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Somatic symptom disorder
A somatic symptom disorder, formerly known as a somatoform disorder,(2013) " " dsm5.org.
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Soul
In many religious, philosophical, and mythological traditions, there is a belief in the incorporeal essence of a living being called the soul. Soul or psyche (Greek: "psychē", of "psychein", "to breathe") are the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness, memory, perception, thinking, etc.
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Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC.
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Syllogism
A syllogism (συλλογισμός syllogismos, "conclusion, inference") is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
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Te Deum
The Te Deum (also known as Ambrosian Hymn or A Song of the Church) is an early Christian hymn of praise.
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Term logic
In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.
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Theobald of Bec
Theobald of Bec (c. 1090 – 18 April 1161) was a Norman archbishop of Canterbury from 1139 to 1161.
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Theology
Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.
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Thomas Aquinas
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.
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Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket (also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London, and later Thomas à Becket; (21 December c. 1119 (or 1120) – 29 December 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III.
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Thomas Bradwardine
Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Thomas Herring
Thomas Herring (169323 March 1757) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1747 to 1757.
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Thomas II of York
Thomas II (died 24 February 1114) was a medieval archbishop of York.
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Timaeus (dialogue)
Timaeus (Timaios) is one of Plato's dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character Timaeus of Locri, written c. 360 BC.
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Tours
Tours is a city located in the centre-west of France.
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Transept
A transept (with two semitransepts) is a transverse part of any building, which lies across the main body of the edifice.
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Translation (ecclesiastical)
Translation is the transfer of a bishop from one episcopal see to another.
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Translation (relic)
In Christianity, the translation of relics is the removal of holy objects from one locality to another (usually a higher status location); usually only the movement of the remains of the saint's body would be treated so formally, with secondary relics such as items of clothing treated with less ceremony.
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Trappists
The Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO: Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae) is a Catholic religious order of cloistered contemplative monastics who follow the Rule of St. Benedict.
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Treaty of Alton
The Treaty of Alton was an agreement signed in 1101 between Henry I of England and his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy in which Robert agreed to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions.
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Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from Greek τριάς and τριάδα, from "threefold") holds that God is one but three coeternal consubstantial persons or hypostases—the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine Persons".
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Tritheism
Tritheism is the belief that cosmic divinity is composed of three powerful entities.
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Truth
Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.
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Universal (metaphysics)
In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.
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Universality (philosophy)
In philosophy, universality is the idea that universal facts exist and can be progressively discovered, as opposed to relativism.
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Unleavened bread
Unleavened bread is any of a wide variety of breads which are not prepared with raising agents such as yeast.
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Upper Burgundy
The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy was a Frankish dominion established in 888 by the Welf king Rudolph I of Burgundy on the territory of former Middle Francia.
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Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, the veneration of Mary, mother of Jesus, encompasses various Marian devotions which include prayer, pious acts, visual arts, poetry, and music devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
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Vestment
Vestments are liturgical garments and articles associated primarily with the Christian religion, especially among the Eastern Orthodox, Catholics (Latin Church and others), Anglicans, and Lutherans.
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Wales in the Middle Ages
Wales in the Middle Ages covers the history of the region that is now called Wales, from the departure of the Romans in the early fifth century, until the annexation of Wales into the Kingdom of England in the early sixteenth century.
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Walter of Albano
Walter or Gualterio of Albano (died 1101) was the cardinal-bishop of the Diocese of Albano in Italy from 1091 to 1101.
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Western Alps
The Western Alps are the western part of the Alpine range including the southeastern part of France (i.e. Savoie), the whole of Monaco, the northwestern part of Italy and the southwestern part of Switzerland (i.e. Valais).
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Western philosophy
Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world.
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Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.
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William Bona Anima
William Bona Anima or Bonne-Âme (died 1110) was a medieval archbishop of Rouen.
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William de St-Calais
William de St-Calais (died 1096) was a medieval Norman monk, abbot of the abbey of Saint-Vincent in Le Mans in Maine, who was nominated by King William I of England as Bishop of Durham in 1080.
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William II of England
William II (Old Norman: Williame; – 2 August 1100), the third son of William the Conqueror, was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers over Normandy, and influence in Scotland.
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William of Conches
William of Conches (c. 1090 – after 1154) was a French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of the classics and fostering empirical science.
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William of Malmesbury
William of Malmesbury (Willelmus Malmesbiriensis) was the foremost English historian of the 12th century.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.
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William the Conqueror
William I (c. 1028Bates William the Conqueror p. 33 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087.
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William V, Duke of Aquitaine
William the Great (Guillaume le Grand; 969 – 31 January 1030) was duke of Aquitaine (as) and count of Poitou (as or III) from 990 until his death.
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William Warelwast
William Warelwast (died 1137), was a medieval Norman cleric and Bishop of Exeter in England.
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Redirects here:
Anselm of Aosta, Anselm of Bec, Anselm of England and Normandy, Anselm of canterbury, Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm, St., Anselmian, Archbishop Anselm, De Processione Spiritus Sancti, Folceraldus, Gundulph of Aosta, Reply to Gaunilo, S anselm, S. anselm, Saint Anselm, Saint Anselm of Aosta, Saint Anselm of Canterbury, Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint anselm, St Anselm, St Anselm of Canterbury, St Anslem, St. Anselm, St. Anselm of Canterbury, St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, St. anselm, St.anselm.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury
