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150 relations: Adrar des Ifoghas, Aeolian processes, African studies, African Union, Aguelhok, Ahmad al-Mansur, Al-Andalus, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Algeria, Ansar Dine, Arab Islamic Front of Azawad, Arab Movement of Azawad, Arma people, Askia Mohammad I, Awjila, Azawadi declaration of independence, Azawagh, Bambara people, Battle of Aguelhok, Battle of Gao, Battle of Tondibi, Berber languages, Berbers, Berlin Conference, Bilal Ag Acherif, Burkina Faso, Chad, Chatham House, Christianity, Demographics of Afghanistan, Deposition (geology), Desert, Diplomatic recognition, Dune, Economic Community of West African States, El Hadj Umar Tall, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Famine, Fluvial, France, France 24, French Community, French language, French Sudan, Fula language, Fula people, Gao, Gao Empire, Gao Region, ..., Ghadames, Golden Age, Groundwater, Hassaniya Arabic, Health care, Independence, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Islam, Islamic extremism, Islamism, Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin, John Hunwick, Judar Pasha, Kidal, Kidal Region, Kunta (tribe), Lacustrine plain, Land degradation, Language change, Léré, Mali, List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies, List of shortest-lived sovereign states, List of World Heritage Sites in Africa, Mahamadou Djeri Maïga, Mahmoud Ag Aghaly, Mali, Mali Empire, Maliki, Marsh, Massina Empire, Mauritania, Ménaka, Mecca, Mercenary, Meridian (geography), Military of Mali, Mohamed Ag Najem, Moors, Mopti Region, Morisco, Morocco, Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa, Movement for the Salvation of Azawad, Muammar Gaddafi, Musa I of Mali, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Niafunké, Niger, Niger Movement for Justice, Niger River, Northern Mali conflict, Palaeochannel, Pasha, Pashalik of Timbuktu, Pastoralism, People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Pleistocene, Political sociology, Proto-state, Ramtane Lamamra, Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71), Regions of Mali, Reuters, Robert Brown (botanist, born 1842), Saadi dynasty, Sahara, Sahel, Salafi movement, Sandplain, Say, Niger, Scramble for Africa, Semi-arid climate, Senegambia and Niger, Sharia, Socioeconomics, Songhai Empire, Songhai people, Songhay languages, Soninke Wangara, Sonni Ali, Sonni Baru, Subsistence agriculture, Sufism, Sunni Islam, Swamp, Taifa, Tamasheq language, Tessalit, Timbuktu, Tombouctou Region, Toucouleur Empire, Transhumance, Tuareg languages, Tuareg people, Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964), Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995), Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009), Tuareg rebellion (2012), TV5Monde, Upper Senegal and Niger. Expand index (100 more) »
Adrar des Ifoghas
The Adrar des Ifoghas (also Adrar des Iforas; Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵖⴰⵙ in Tifinagh; Adrar n Ifoghas; أدرار إيفوغاس Ifoghas' Mountain) is a massif in located in the Kidal Region of Mali, reaching into Algeria.
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Aeolian processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eolian or æolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).
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African studies
African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's history (Pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial), demography (ethnic groups), culture, politics, economy, languages, and religion (Islam, Christianity, traditional religions).
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African Union
The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent, extending slightly into Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.
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Aguelhok
Aguelhok or Adjelhoc (the official name) is a rural commune and village in the Kidal Region of eastern Mali in the Tessalit Cercle.
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Ahmad al-Mansur
Ahmad al-Mansur (أبو العباس أحمد المنصور, Ahmad Abu al-Abbas al-Mansur, also El-Mansour Eddahbi, أحمد المنصور الذهبي; and Ahmed el-Mansour; 1549 in Fes – 25 August 1603, outskirts of Fes) was Sultan of the Saadi dynasty from 1578 to his death in 1603, the sixth and most famous of all rulers of the Saadis.
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Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.
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Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (Tanẓīm al-Qā‘idah fī Bilād al-Maghrib al-Islāmī), or AQIM, is an Islamist militant organization (of al-Qaeda) which aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state.
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Ansar Dine
Ansar Dine (أنصار الدين ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn, also transliterated Ançar Deen; meaning "helpers of the (Islamic) religion" or "defenders of the faith") also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD) is a militant Islamist group led by Iyad Ag Ghaly, one of the most prominent leaders of the Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995) who is suspected of having ties to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, which is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama.
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Arab Islamic Front of Azawad
Arab Islamic Front of Azawad (in French: Front Islamique Arabe de l'Azawad or FIAA) was a militant rebel group in northern Mali.
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Arab Movement of Azawad
The Arab Movement of Azawad (الحركة العربية الأزوادية, Mouvement arabe de l’Azawad; MAA) is an Arab military organization active in Azawad/northern Mali.
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Arma people
The Arma people are an ethnic group of the middle Niger River valley, descended from Moroccan and Andalusi invaders of the 16th century.
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Askia Mohammad I
Askia Muhammad I (ca. 1443 – 1538), born Muhammad Ture or Mohamed Toure in Futa Tooro, later called Askia, also known as Askia the Great, was an emperor, military commander, and political reformer of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century.
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Awjila
Awjila (Berber: Awilan, Awjila, Awgila; أوجلة; Latin: Augila) is an oasis town in the Al Wahat District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya.
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Azawadi declaration of independence
On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (French acronym: MNLA) unilaterally declared Azawad independent from the Republic of Mali in the wake of a rebellion which was preceded by a string of other Tuareg rebellions.
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Azawagh
The Azawagh (alias Azaouagh or Azawak) is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria.
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Bambara people
The Bambara (Bamana or Banmana) are a Mandé ethnic group native to much of West Africa, primarily southern Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso and Senegal.
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Battle of Aguelhok
The Battle of Aguelhok (also called the Aguelhok Massacre) occurred when rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and Islamists groups Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb attacked a Malian army garrison base in the town of Aguelhok, Kidal Region of Northern Mali on 17 January 2012, as part of the larger Tuareg rebellion to seize all government bases in the region.
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Battle of Gao
The Battle of Gao was fought between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the Islamist Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA), along with its ally Ansar Dine, that took place in Gao between 26–28 June 2012.
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Battle of Tondibi
The Battle of Tondibi was the decisive confrontation in Morocco's 16th-century invasion of the Songhai Empire.
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Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as Berber or the Amazigh languages (Berber name: Tamaziɣt, Tamazight; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, Tuareg Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ, ⵝⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵝ), are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Berbers
Berbers or Amazighs (Berber: Imaziɣen, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⴻⵏ; singular: Amaziɣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗ) are an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa, primarily inhabiting Algeria, northern Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, northern Niger, Tunisia, Libya, and a part of western Egypt.
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Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz), regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.
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Bilal Ag Acherif
Bilal Ag Acherif (born 1977, last name alternatively spelled Cherif) is the Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and president of a briefly independent Azawad.
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa.
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Chad
Chad (تشاد; Tchad), officially the Republic of Chad ("Republic of the Chad"), is a landlocked country in Central Africa.
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Chatham House
The Royal Institute of International Affairs, commonly known as Chatham House, is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation based in London whose mission is to analyse and promote the understanding of major international issues and current affairs.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Demographics of Afghanistan
The population of Afghanistan is around 33 million as of 2016, which includes the roughly 3 million Afghan citizens living as refugees in both Pakistan and Iran.
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Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass.
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Desert
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
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Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state).
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Dune
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes (wind) or the flow of water.
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Economic Community of West African States
The Economic Community of West African States, also known as ECOWAS, is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa.
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El Hadj Umar Tall
al-Hajj Umar ibn Sa'id al-Futi Tal (حاج عمر بن سعيد طعل), (c. 1794–1864 CE), Umar Saidou Tall, born in Futa Tooro, Senegambia, was a West African political leader, Islamic scholar, Tijani Sufi and Toucouleur military commander who founded a brief empire encompassing much of what is now Guinea, Senegal, and Mali.
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Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is a Scottish-founded, now American company best known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopedia.
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Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, or government policies.
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Fluvial
In geography and geology, fluvial processes are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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France 24
France 24 (pronounced "France vingt-quatre") is a state-owned 24-hour international news and current affairs television network based in Paris.
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French Community
The French Community (Communauté française) was an association of former French colonies, mostly from Africa.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Sudan
French Sudan (Soudan français; السودان الفرنسي) was a French colonial territory in the federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1960, when it became the independent state of Mali.
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Fula language
Fula Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh, also known as Fulani or Fulah (Fula: Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; Peul), is a language spoken as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 20 countries in West and Central Africa.
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Fula people
The Fula people or Fulani or Fulany or Fulɓe (Fulɓe; Peul; Fulani or Hilani; Fula; Pël; Fulaw), numbering between 40 and 50 million people in total, are one of the largest ethnic groups in the Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region.
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Gao
Gao is a city in Mali and the capital of the Gao Region.
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Gao Empire
The Gao Empire precedes that of the Songhai Empire in the region of the Middle Niger.
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Gao Region
The Gao Region is located in northeastern Mali.
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Ghadames
Ghadames or Ghadamis (Berber: ʕademis; غدامس ɣadāmis, Libyan vernacular: ɣdāməs, Latin: Cidamus, Cydamus) is an oasis Berber town in the Nalut District of the Tripolitania region in northwestern Libya.
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Golden Age
The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity (chrýseon génos) lived.
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Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
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Hassaniya Arabic
Hassānīya (حسانية; also known as Hassaniyya, Klem El Bithan, Hasanya, Hassani, Hassaniya) is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic.
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Health care
Health care or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings.
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Independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory.
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International Fund for Agricultural Development
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (French: Fonds international de développement agricole; FIDA) (Italian: Fondo Internazionale per lo Sviluppo Agricolo) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations dedicated to eradicating poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Islamic extremism
Islamic extremism has been defined by the British government as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs." Related terms include "Islamist extremism" and Islamism.
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Islamism
Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts.
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Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
Nusrat al-Islam, officially known as Jama'a Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin' (JNIM) (Group to Support Islam and Muslims (GSIM)) is a militant jihadist organisation in the Maghreb and West Africa formed by the merger of Ansar Dine, the Macina Liberation Front, Al-Mourabitoun and the Saharan branch of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.
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John Hunwick
John Owen Hunwick (born 1936, Chard, Somerset, England, died April 1, 2015 in Skokie IL), was a noted professor, author, Africanist.
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Judar Pasha
Judar Pasha (جؤذر باشا) was a Spanish military leader and the conqueror of the Songhai Empire.
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Kidal
Kidal (Tuareg-Berber: ⴾⴸⵍ, Kidal) is a town and commune in the desert region of northern Mali.
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Kidal Region
Kidal Region is the eighth administrative region of Mali, covering.
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Kunta (tribe)
The Kountas or Kuntas (singular: Elkentawi or Alkanata) are described originally as Arabs, descendants of Uqba ibn Nafi, then as berber Zenata.
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Lacustrine plain
Lacustrine Plains (or lake plains) are lakes that get filled by incoming sediment.
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Land degradation
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.
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Language change
Language change is variation over time in a language's phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features.
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Léré, Mali
Léré is a small town and rural commune of the Cercle of Niafunké in the Tombouctou Region of Mali.
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List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states or governments give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states, but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition.
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List of shortest-lived sovereign states
This is a list of shortest-lived sovereign states.
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List of World Heritage Sites in Africa
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has designated 135 World Heritage Sites in Africa.
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Mahamadou Djeri Maïga
Mahamadou Djeri Maïga (alias Mohamed Jerry Maïga or Mahamadou Maiga Djeri) was the Vice-President of the Transitional Council of the State of Azawad, established by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA).
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Mahmoud Ag Aghaly
Mahmoud Ag Aghaly (last name also spelled Ghaly or Ghali) is the president of the political bureau of the MNLA and the President of the Executive Committee directing the self-proclaimed Independent State of Azawad as of 6 April 2012.
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Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa, a region geologically identified with the West African Craton.
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Mali Empire
The Mali Empire (Manding: Nyeni or Niani; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba, sometimes shortened to Manden) was an empire in West Africa from 1230 to 1670.
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Maliki
The (مالكي) school is one of the four major madhhab of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.
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Marsh
A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species.
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Massina Empire
The Massina Empire (Var.: Maasina or Macina: also: Dina of Massina, Sise Jihad state, and Caliphate of Hamdullahi) was an early nineteenth-century Fulbe Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of what is now the Mopti and Ségou Regions of Mali.
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Mauritania
Mauritania (موريتانيا; Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwestern Africa.
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Ménaka
Ménaka is a town and urban commune in Ménaka Cercle and Ménaka Region in eastern Mali.
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Mecca
Mecca or Makkah (مكة is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level, and south of Medina. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during the Ḥajj (حَـجّ, "Pilgrimage") period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah (ذُو الْـحِـجَّـة). As the birthplace of Muhammad, and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (specifically, a cave from Mecca), Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure, home to structures such as the Abraj Al Bait, also known as the Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel, the world's fourth tallest building and the building with the third largest amount of floor area. During this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world,Fattah, Hassan M., The New York Times (20 January 2005). even though non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city.
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Mercenary
A mercenary is an individual who is hired to take part in an armed conflict but is not part of a regular army or other governmental military force.
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Meridian (geography)
A (geographical) meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth's surface, terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude.
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Military of Mali
The military of the Republic of Mali consists of the Army (Armee de Terre), Republic of Mali Air Force (Force Aerienne de la Republique du Mali), and National Guard (Garde National du Mali).
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Mohamed Ag Najem
Mohamed Ag Najem (alias Ag Mohamed Najem, alternatively spelled Mahamed Ag Najim) is the chief of staff of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) army.
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Moors
The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Malta during the Middle Ages.
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Mopti Region
Mopti is the fifth administrative region of Mali, covering 79,017 km2.
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Morisco
Moriscos (mouriscos,; meaning "Moorish") were former Muslims who converted or were coerced into converting to Christianity, after Spain finally outlawed the open practice of Islam by its sizeable Muslim population (termed mudéjar) in the early 16th century.
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Morocco
Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.
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Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
The Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MOJWA) or the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (abbreviated MUJWA; جماعة التوحيد والجهاد في غرب أفريقيا Jamāʿat at-tawḥīd wal-jihād fī gharb ʾafrīqqīyā; Mouvement pour l'unicité et le jihad en Afrique de l'Ouest, abbreviated MUJAO), was a militant Islamist organisation that broke off from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb with the intended goal of spreading jihad across a larger section of West Africa.
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Movement for the Salvation of Azawad
The Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (Mouvement pour le salut de l'Azawad; abbreviated MSA) is a Tuareg political movement and armed group in Azawad, Mali.
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Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Musa I of Mali
Musa I or Mansa Musa was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror", or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Mali Empire.
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National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad or the Azawad National Liberation Movement (Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴾⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴹ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ, الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد al-Ḥarakat al-Waṭaniyat Litaḥrīr ʾĀzawād, Mouvement national de libération de l'Azawad; MNLA), formerly the National Movement of Azawad (Mouvement national de l'Azawad; MNA), is a political and military organisation based in Azawad in northern Mali.
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Niafunké
Niafunké is a small town on the Niger River in central Mali.
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Niger
Niger, also called the Niger officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa named after the Niger River.
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Niger Movement for Justice
The Nigerien's Movement for Justice (in French Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice, MNJ) is a largely Tuareg ethnic, northern Niger based militant group.
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Niger River
The Niger River is the principal river of West Africa, extending about.
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Northern Mali conflict
The Northern Mali Conflict, Mali Civil War, or Mali War refers to armed conflicts that started from January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa.
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Palaeochannel
A palaeochannel, or paleochannel, is a remnant of an inactive river or stream channel that has been filled or buried by younger sediment.
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Pasha
Pasha or Paşa (پاشا, paşa), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others.
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Pashalik of Timbuktu
The Pashalik of Timbuktu was a West African political entity that existed between the 16th and the 19th century.
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Pastoralism
Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
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People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (in French: Mouvement Populaire de Libération de l'Azawad, MPLA), was a Tuareg militant rebel group in northern Mali (Azawad).
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Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
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Political sociology
Political sociology is concerned with the sociological analysis of political phenomena ranging from the State, to civil society, to the family, investigating topics such as citizenship, social movements, and the sources of social power.
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Proto-state
A proto-state, also known as a quasi-state, is a political entity that does not represent a fully institutionalized or autonomous sovereign state.
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Ramtane Lamamra
Ramtane Lamamra (رمطان لعمامرة); born June 15, 1952, is an Algerian diplomat who was the African Union's Commissioner for Peace and Security from 2008 to 2013 and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria from 2013 to 2017.
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Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)
The rebellion of the Alpujarras of 1568–71, sometimes called the War of the Alpujarras or the Morisco Revolt, was the second such revolt against the Castilian Crown in the mountainous Alpujarra region.
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Regions of Mali
Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and one capital district.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Robert Brown (botanist, born 1842)
Robert Brown (23 March 1842 – 26 October 1895) was a Scottish scientist, explorer, and author.
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Saadi dynasty
The Saadi dynasty or Saadian dynasty (السعديون as-saʿadiūn; ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ Isɛdiyen) was an arab Moroccan dynasty, which ruled Morocco from 1549 to 1659.
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Sahara
The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى,, 'the Great Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic.
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Sahel
The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south.
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Salafi movement
The Salafi movement or Salafist movement or Salafism is a reform branch or revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that developed in Egypt in the late 19th century as a response to European imperialism.
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Sandplain
A sandplain is an area where the soil is sand deposited from elsewhere by processes such as wind or ocean, rather than direct weathering of bedrock.
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Say, Niger
Say is a town in southwest Niger, situated on the Niger River.
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Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa was the occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.
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Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate.
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Senegambia and Niger
Senegambia and Niger was a short-lived administrative unit of the colonial French West Africa possessions, in the region of present-day Niger and Senegal.
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Sharia
Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.
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Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.
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Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was a state that dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century.
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Songhai people
The Songhai people (also Songhay or Sonrai) are an ethnic group in West Africa who speak the various Songhai languages.
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Songhay languages
The Songhay or Songhai languages are a group of closely related languages/dialects centred on the middle stretches of the Niger River in the West African countries of Mali, Niger, Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria.
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Soninke Wangara
The Wangara (also known as Wakore, Wankori, Ouankri, Wangarawa) were Soninke clans specialized in Silent Trade, scholarship from the University of Timbuktu and a type of Sharia law called the Suwarian Tradition.
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Sonni Ali
Sunni Ali, also known as Sunni Ali Ber, was born Ali Kolon.
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Sonni Baru
Sonni Bāru, also known as Sonni Abū Bakr Dao was the 16th and last king of the Sonni Dynasty to rule over the Songhai Empire located in west Africa.
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Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture is a self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families.
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Sufism
Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (personal noun: ṣūfiyy / ṣūfī, mutaṣawwuf), variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",Massington, L., Radtke, B., Chittick, W. C., Jong, F. de, Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, “Taṣawwuf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam.
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Swamp
A swamp is a wetland that is forested.
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Taifa
In the history of the Iberian Peninsula, a taifa (from طائفة ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) was an independent Muslim-ruled principality, of which a number were formed in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.
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Tamasheq language
Tamasheq is a variety of the Tuareg languages.
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Tessalit
Tessalit is a rural commune and village in the Kidal Region of Mali.
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Timbuktu
Timbuktu, also spelt Tinbuktu, Timbuctoo and Timbuktoo (Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu), is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River.
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Tombouctou Region
Tombouctou Region is one of the administrative regions of Mali.
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Toucouleur Empire
The Toucouleur Empire (also known as the Tijaniyya Jihad state or the Segu Tukulor) (1861–1890) was founded in the mid-nineteenth century by El Hadj Umar Tall of the Toucouleur people, in part of present-day Mali.
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Transhumance
Transhumance is a type of nomadism or pastoralism, a seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
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Tuareg languages
Tuareg, also known as Tamasheq, Tamajaq or Tamahaq (Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵌⴰⵆ), is a language or family of very closely related Berber languages and dialects.
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Tuareg people
The Tuareg people (also spelt Twareg or Touareg; endonym: Kel Tamasheq, Kel Tagelmust) are a large Berber ethnic confederation.
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Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)
The Tuareg rebellion of 1962–1964, sometimes called the First Tuareg Rebellion or the Alfellaga, was a insurgency by populations of what is now northern Mali begun shortly after the nation achieved independence from France in 1960.
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Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
From 1990 to 1995, a rebellion by various Tuareg groups took place in Niger and Mali, with the aim of achieving autonomy or forming their own nation-state.
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Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)
The Tuareg Rebellion of 2007–2009 was an insurgency that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the Tuareg people living in the Sahara desert regions of northern Mali and Niger.
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Tuareg rebellion (2012)
The Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 was an early stage of the Northern Mali conflict; from January to April 2012, a war was waged against the Malian government by rebels with the goal of attaining independence for the northern region of Mali, known as Azawad.
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TV5Monde
TV5Monde (formerly known as TV5) is a global television network, broadcasting several channels of French language programming.
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Upper Senegal and Niger
Upper Senegal and Niger was a colony in French West Africa, created on from colonial Senegambia and Niger by the decree "For the Reorganisation of the general government of French West Africa".
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Redirects here:
Azaouad, Azavad, Azawad state, Azawadi, History of Azawad, Independent State of Azawad, Islamic Republic of Azawad, Islamic State of Azawad, North Mali, North of Mali, Northern Mali, Religion in Azawad, Republic of Azawad, State of Azawad, أزواد, ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⴷ, ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azawad
