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215 relations: Adriaan de Groot, Advanced Chess, Ajeeb, Alan Turing, Alexander Brudno, Alexander Kronrod, Algebraic notation (chess), Alpha–beta pruning, AlphaZero, Anti-computer tactics, Arnold Denker, Ars Technica, Association for Computing Machinery, Automaton, Belle (chess machine), Bent Larsen, BESM, Bishop (chess), Bitboard, Blunder (chess), Board representation (chess), Brains in Bahrain, Brute-force search, Buenos Aires, Byte (magazine), Capablanca Chess, Carl Ebeling, Carnegie Mellon University, Central processing unit, Chess, Chess (Northwestern University), Chess aesthetics, Chess endgame, Chess engine, Chess Engines Grand Tournament, Chess middlegame, Chess opening book, Chess piece relative value, Chess title, Chess960, ChessBase, ChessGenius, ChessMachine, Claude Shannon, Cognition, Computer, Computer architecture, Computer chess, Computer engineering, Computer Go, ..., Computer hardware, Computer History Museum, Computer Olympiad, Computer Othello, Computer shogi, Correspondence chess, Crafty, Cray Blitz, Danny Kopec, Data compression, Data structure, David Bronstein, David Levy (chess player), Deep Blue (chess computer), Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1996, Game 1, Deep Thought (chess computer), Dietrich Prinz, Dr. Dobb's Journal, Draw (chess), El Ajedrecista, Elo rating system, Endgame tablebase, Eugene Nalimov, Evaluation function, Exchange (chess), EXPTIME, Fast chess, Feng-hsiung Hsu, FIDE titles, Fifty-move rule, Forsyth–Edwards Notation, Fritz (chess), Fruit (software), Gambit Publications, Game complexity, Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine, Game tree, Garry Kasparov, Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Gigabyte, Glossary of chess, GNU Chess, Grandmaster (chess), Hans Berliner, HIARCS, HiTech, HTC Touch HD, Huffman coding, Hydra (chess), IBM, Indiana University, Infinite chess, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, International Computer Games Association, International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship, Internet, Internet chess server, Iterative deepening depth-first search, John McCarthy (computer scientist), Junior (chess), Kaissa, Kasparov versus the World, Ken Thompson, Killer heuristic, King (chess), Knight (chess), Komodo (chess), Konrad Zuse, Kotok-McCarthy, Late Move Reductions, Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, Linux, List of chess software, List of chess variants, Los Alamos chess, Mac Hack, MacOS, Mainframe computer, MANIAC I, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Michael Adams (chess player), Michael Valvo, Microcomputer, Microsoft Windows, Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Gurevich (chess player), Mikhail Tal, Minichess, Minimax, Minsk family of computers, Mobile phone, Monte Carlo tree search, Monty Newborn, Moscow, New Scientist, New York City, Norbert Wiener, North American Computer Chess Championship, Northwestern University, Null-move heuristic, Open-source model, Outline of chess, Passed pawn, Pattern recognition, Paul Masson, Pawn (chess), Permanent brain, Personal computer, Plankalkül, Ply (game theory), Pocket Fritz, Portable Game Notation, Princeton University Press, Principal variation search, Program optimization, Proprietary software, Queen (chess), Quiescence search, REBEL (chess), Retrograde analysis, Richard Greenblatt (programmer), Robert Byrne (chess player), Robert Hyatt, Rook (chess), Ruslan Ponomariov, Russia, Rybka, Samuel Reshevsky, Sargon (chess), Sergey Karjakin, Shane's Chess Information Database, Shannon number, Shredder (software), Sicilian Defence, Software, Software for handling chess problems, Solved game, Solving chess, Soviet Union, Stanford University, Stockfish (chess), Supercomputer, Swedish Chess Computer Association, Terabyte, The Turk, Threefold repetition, Tim Krabbé, Time control, Tony Miles, Transposition table, Universal Chess Interface, Unix, Veselin Topalov, Victor Allis, Viswanathan Anand, Vladimir Kramnik, Walter Browne, Wolfgang von Kempelen, World Chess Championship, World Chess Championship 2010, World Computer Chess Championship, X3D Fritz, ZX81, 1K ZX Chess. Expand index (165 more) »
Adriaan de Groot
Adrianus Dingeman (Adriaan) de Groot (Santpoort, 26 October 1914 – Schiermonnikoog, 14 August 2006) was a Dutch chess master and psychologist, who conducted some of the most famous chess experiments of all time in the 1940s-60.
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Advanced Chess
Advanced Chess is a form of chess where each human player uses a computer chess program to explore the possible results of candidate moves.
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Ajeeb
Ajeeb was a chess-playing "automaton", created by Charles Hooper (a cabinet maker), first presented at the Royal Polytechnical Institute in 1868.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
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Alexander Brudno
Alexander L'vovich Brudno (Александр Львович Брудно) (January 10, 1918 – December 1, 2009) was a Russian computer scientist, best known for fully describing the alpha-beta pruning algorithm.
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Alexander Kronrod
Aleksandr (Alexander) Semenovich Kronrod (Алекса́ндр Семёнович Кронро́д) (October 22, 1921 – October 6, 1986) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist, best known for the Gauss-Kronrod quadrature formula which he published in 1964.
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Algebraic notation (chess)
Algebraic notation (or AN) is a method for recording and describing the moves in a game of chess.
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Alpha–beta pruning
Alpha–beta pruning is a search algorithm that seeks to decrease the number of nodes that are evaluated by the minimax algorithm in its search tree.
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AlphaZero
AlphaZero is a computer program developed by the Alphabet-owned AI research company DeepMind, which uses an approach similar to AlphaGo Zero's to master not just Go, but also chess and shogi.
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Anti-computer tactics
Anti-computer tactics are methods used by humans to try to beat computer opponents at various games, especially in board games such as chess and Arimaa.
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Arnold Denker
Arnold Sheldon Denker (February 20, 1914 – January 2, 2005) was an American chess player, Grandmaster, and chess author.
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Ars Technica
Ars Technica (a Latin-derived term that the site translates as the "art of technology") is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.
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Association for Computing Machinery
The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is an international learned society for computing.
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Automaton
An automaton (plural: automata or automatons) is a self-operating machine, or a machine or control mechanism designed to automatically follow a predetermined sequence of operations, or respond to predetermined instructions.
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Belle (chess machine)
Belle was a chess computer developed by Joe Condon (hardware) and Ken Thompson (software) at Bell Labs.
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Bent Larsen
Jørgen Bent Larsen (4 March 19359 September 2010) was a Danish chess grandmaster and author.
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BESM
BESM (БЭСМ) is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950–60s.
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Bishop (chess)
A bishop (♗,♝) is a piece in the board game of chess.
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Bitboard
A bitboard is a data structure commonly used in computer systems that play board games.
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Blunder (chess)
In chess, a blunder is a very bad move.
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Board representation (chess)
In computer chess, software developers must choose a data structure to represent chess positions on the chessboard.
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Brains in Bahrain
Brains in Bahrain was an eight-game chess match between World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik and the computer program Deep Fritz 7, held in October 2002.
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Brute-force search
In computer science, brute-force search or exhaustive search, also known as generate and test, is a very general problem-solving technique that consists of systematically enumerating all possible candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate satisfies the problem's statement.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.
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Byte (magazine)
Byte was an American microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage.
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Capablanca Chess
Capablanca Chess (or Capablanca's Chess) is a chess variant invented in the 1920s by former World Chess Champion José Raúl Capablanca.
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Carl Ebeling
Carl Ebeling is a United States computer scientist, professor.
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Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Mellon University (commonly known as CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Central processing unit
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
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Chess
Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.
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Chess (Northwestern University)
Chess was a pioneering chess program from the 1970s, written by Larry Atkin and David Slate at Northwestern University.
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Chess aesthetics
Chess aesthetics or beauty in chess is generally appreciated by both players and composers.
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Chess endgame
In chess and chess-like games, the endgame (or end game or ending) is the stage of the game when few pieces are left on the board.
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Chess engine
In computer chess, a chess engine is a computer program that analyses chess or chess variant positions and makes decisions on the best chess moves.
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Chess Engines Grand Tournament
Chess Engines Grand Tournament, also known as CEGT, is an organization that tests computer chess software by playing chess engines against one another and publishing a ratings table.
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Chess middlegame
The middlegame in chess refers to the portion of the game in between the opening and the endgame.
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Chess opening book
A chess opening book is a book on chess openings.
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Chess piece relative value
In chess, the chess piece relative value system conventionally assigns a point value to each piece when assessing its relative strength in potential exchanges.
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Chess title
A chess title is a title created by a chess governing body and bestowed upon players based on their performance and rank.
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Chess960
Chess960, also called Fischer Random Chess (originally Fischerandom), is a variant of chess invented and advocated by former world chess champion Bobby Fischer, announced publicly on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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ChessBase
ChessBase GmbH is a German company that markets chess software, maintains a chess news site, and operates servers for online chess.
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ChessGenius
ChessGenius is the name of a chess-playing computer program written by Richard Lang who has in the past written programs that have won the World Computer Chess Championship on 10 occasions.
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ChessMachine
The ChessMachine was a chess computer sold between 1991 and 1995 by TASC (The Advanced Software Company).
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Claude Shannon
Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as "the father of information theory".
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Cognition
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Computer architecture
In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.
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Computer chess
Computer chess is a game of computer architecture encompassing hardware and software capable of playing chess autonomously without human guidance.
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Computer engineering
Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of computer science and electronics engineering required to develop computer hardware and software.
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Computer Go
Computer Go is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to creating a computer program that plays the traditional board game Go.
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Computer hardware
Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card and motherboard.
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Computer History Museum
The Computer History Museum (CHM) is a museum established in 1996 in Mountain View, California, US.
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Computer Olympiad
The Computer Olympiad is a multi-games event in which computer programs compete against each other.
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Computer Othello
Computer Othello refers to computer architecture encompassing computer hardware and computer software capable of playing the game of Othello.
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Computer shogi
Computer shogi is a field of artificial intelligence concerned with the creation of computer programs which can play shogi.
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Correspondence chess
Correspondence chess is chess or variant chess played by various forms of long-distance correspondence, often through a correspondence chess server, a public internet chess forum, email, or the postal system.
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Crafty
Crafty is a chess program written by UAB professor Dr.
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Cray Blitz
Cray Blitz was a computer chess program written by Robert Hyatt, Harry L. Nelson, and Albert Gower to run on the Cray supercomputer.
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Danny Kopec
Daniel Kopec (February 28, 1954 – June 12, 2016) was an American chess International Master, author, and computer science professor at Brooklyn College.
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Data compression
In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.
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Data structure
In computer science, a data structure is a data organization and storage format that enables efficient access and modification.
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David Bronstein
David Ionovich Bronstein (Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн; February 19, 1924 – December 5, 2006) was a Soviet chess grandmaster, who narrowly missed becoming World Chess Champion in 1951.
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David Levy (chess player)
David Neil Laurence Levy (born 14 March 1945) is a British International Master of chess, a businessman noted for his involvement with computer chess and artificial intelligence, and the founder of the Computer Olympiads and the Mind Sports Olympiads.
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Deep Blue (chess computer)
Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM.
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Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1996, Game 1
Deep Blue–Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 is a famous chess game in which a computer played against a human being.
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Deep Thought (chess computer)
Deep Thought was a computer designed to play chess.
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Dietrich Prinz
Dietrich Gunther Prinz (March 29, 1903 – December 1989) was a computer science pioneer, notable for his work on early British computers at Ferranti, and in particular for developing first limited chess program in 1951.
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Dr. Dobb's Journal
Dr.
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Draw (chess)
In chess, a draw is the result of a game ending in a tie.
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El Ajedrecista
El Ajedrecista (The Chess Player) is an automaton built in 1912 by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, one of the first autonomous machines capable of playing chess.
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Elo rating system
The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess.
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Endgame tablebase
An endgame tablebase is a computerized database that contains precalculated exhaustive analysis of chess endgame positions.
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Eugene Nalimov
Eugene Nalimov (born Евгений Викторович Нали́мов (Yevgeny Viktorovich Nalimov) in 1965 in Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.) is a chess programmer and former Microsoft employee, currently working for Context Relevant.
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Evaluation function
An evaluation function, also known as a heuristic evaluation function or static evaluation function, is a function used by game-playing programs to estimate the value or goodness of a position in the minimax and related algorithms.
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Exchange (chess)
In the tactics and strategy in the board game of chess, an exchange (exchanging) or trade (trading) of chess pieces is series of closely related moves, typically sequential, in which the two players capture each other's pieces.
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EXPTIME
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class EXPTIME (sometimes called EXP or DEXPTIME) is the set of all decision problems that have exponential runtime, i.e., that are solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in O(2p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n. In terms of DTIME, We know and also, by the time hierarchy theorem and the space hierarchy theorem, that so at least one of the first three inclusions and at least one of the last three inclusions must be proper, but it is not known which ones are.
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Fast chess
Fast chess (also known as speed chess) is a variation of chess in which each side is given less time to make their moves than under normal tournament time controls.
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Feng-hsiung Hsu
Feng-hsiung Hsu (nicknamed Crazy Bird) is a computer scientist and the author of the book Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion.
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FIDE titles
The World Chess Federation, FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), awards several performance-based titles to chess players, up to and including the highly prized Grandmaster title.
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Fifty-move rule
The fifty-move rule in chess states that a player can claim a draw if no has been made and no pawn has been moved in the last fifty moves (for this purpose a "move" consists of a player completing their turn followed by the opponent completing their turn).
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Forsyth–Edwards Notation
Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN) is a standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game.
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Fritz (chess)
Fritz is a German chess program developed by Vasik Rajlich (engine) and ChessBase (user interface).
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Fruit (software)
Fruit is a chess engine developed by Fabien Letouzey.
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Gambit Publications
Gambit Publications is a major publisher of chess books.
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Game complexity
Combinatorial game theory has several ways of measuring game complexity.
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Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine
Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine is a 2003 documentary film by Vikram Jayanti about the match between Garry Kasparov, the highest rated chess player in history (at the time) and the World Champion for 15 years (1985–2000), and Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer created by IBM.
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Game tree
In game theory, a game tree is a directed graph whose nodes are positions in a game and whose edges are moves.
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Garry Kasparov
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров,; Armenian: Գարրի Կիմովիչ Կասպարով; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, who many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time.
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Georgy Adelson-Velsky
Georgy Maximovich Adelson-Velsky (Гео́ргий Макси́мович Адельсо́н-Ве́льский; name is sometimes transliterated as Georgii Adelson-Velskii) (8 January 1922 – 26 April 2014) was a Soviet and Israeli mathematician and computer scientist.
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Gigabyte
The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
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Glossary of chess
This page explains commonly used terms in chess in alphabetical order.
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GNU Chess
GNU Chess is a free software chess engine which plays a full game of chess against a human being or other computer program.
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Grandmaster (chess)
The title Grandmaster (GM) is awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE.
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Hans Berliner
Hans Jack Berliner (January 27, 1929 – January 13, 2017) was a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, and was the World Correspondence Chess Champion, from 1965–1968.
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HIARCS
HIARCS is a proprietary UCI chess engine developed by Mark Uniacke.
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HiTech
HiTech was a chess machine built at Carnegie Mellon University under the direction of World Correspondence Chess Champion Dr.
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HTC Touch HD
The HTC Touch HD, also known as the HTC T828X or its codename the HTC Blackstone, is a Windows Mobile 6.1 Pocket PC designed and manufactured by HTC launched in 2008.
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Huffman coding
In computer science and information theory, a Huffman code is a particular type of optimal prefix code that is commonly used for lossless data compression.
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Hydra (chess)
Hydra was a chess machine, designed by a team with Dr. Christian "Chrilly" Donninger, Dr.
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IBM
The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries.
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Indiana University
Indiana University (IU) is a multi-campus public university system in the state of Indiana, United States.
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Infinite chess
Infinite chess is any of several variations of the game chess played on an unbounded chessboard.
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Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
The Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP; Russian Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики) is a multi-disciplinary research center located in Moscow, Russia.
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International Computer Games Association
The International Computer Games Association (ICGA) was founded as the International Computer Chess Association (ICCA) in 1977 by computer chess programmers to organise championship events for computer programs and to facilitate the sharing of technical knowledge via the ICCA Journal.
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International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship
The International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship is an annual chess tournament for computer chess programs.
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Internet
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
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Internet chess server
An Internet chess server (ICS) is an external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view the board game of chess over the Internet.
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Iterative deepening depth-first search
In computer science, iterative deepening search or more specifically iterative deepening depth-first search (IDS or IDDFS) is a state space/graph search strategy in which a depth-limited version of depth-first search is run repeatedly with increasing depth limits until the goal is found.
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John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.
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Junior (chess)
Junior is a computer chess program written by the Israeli programmers Amir Ban and Shay Bushinsky.
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Kaissa
Kaissa (Каисса) was a chess program developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s.
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Kasparov versus the World
Kasparov versus the World was a game of chess played in 1999 over the Internet.
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Ken Thompson
Kenneth Lane "Ken" Thompson (born February 4, 1943), commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles, is an American pioneer of computer science.
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Killer heuristic
In competitive two-player games, the killer heuristic is a technique for improving the efficiency of alpha-beta pruning, which in turn improves the efficiency of the minimax algorithm.
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King (chess)
In chess, the king (♔,♚) is the most important piece.
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Knight (chess)
The knight (♘ ♞) is a piece in the game of chess, representing a knight (armored cavalry).
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Komodo (chess)
Komodo is a UCI chess engine developed by Don Dailey, Mark Lefler, and supported by chess author and evaluation expert, GM Larry Kaufman.
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Konrad Zuse
Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.
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Kotok-McCarthy
Kotok-McCarthy also known as was the first computer program to play chess convincingly.
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Late Move Reductions
Late Move Reductions (LMR) is a non-game specific enhancement to the alpha-beta algorithm and its variants which attempts to examine a game search tree more efficiently.
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Leonardo Torres y Quevedo
Leonardo Torres y Quevedo (28 December 1852 – 18 December 1936) was a Spanish civil engineer and mathematician of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Linux
Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.
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List of chess software
This is a list of notable chess software (engines and/or Graphical User Interface).
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List of chess variants
A chess variant (or unorthodox chess) is a game "related to, derived from, or inspired by chess".
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Los Alamos chess
Los Alamos chess (or Anti-clerical chess) is a chess variant played on a 6×6 board without bishops.
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Mac Hack
Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D. Greenblatt.
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MacOS
macOS (previously and later) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.
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Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers (colloquially referred to as "big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.
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MANIAC I
The MANIAC (Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer or Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator, Integrator, and Computer) was an early computer built under the direction of Nicholas Metropolis at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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Mathematical Sciences Research Institute
The Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) is an independent nonprofit mathematical research institution in Berkeley, California.
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Michael Adams (chess player)
Michael Adams (born 17 November 1971) is an English chess grandmaster.
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Michael Valvo
Michael Valvo (April 19, 1942 in New York – September 18, 2004 in Chanhassen, Minnesota) was an International Master of chess.
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Microcomputer
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
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Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
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Mikhail Botvinnik
Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник,; – May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian International Grandmaster and World Chess Champion for most of 1948 to 1963.
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Mikhail Gurevich (chess player)
Mikhail Naumovich Gurevich (born 1959) is a Soviet chess player.
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Mikhail Tal
Mikhail Nekhemyevich Tal (Mihails Tāls; Михаил Нехемьевич Таль, Mikhail Nekhem'evich Tal,; sometimes transliterated Mihails Tals or Mihail Tal; 9 November 1936 – 28 June 1992) was a Soviet Latvian chess Grandmaster and the eighth World Chess Champion (from 1960 to 1961).
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Minichess
Minichess is a family of chess variants played with regular chess pieces and standard rules, but on a smaller board.
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Minimax
Minimax (sometimes MinMax or MM) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario.
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Minsk family of computers
Minsk family of mainframe computers was developed and produced in the Byelorussian SSR from 1959 to 1975.
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Mobile phone
A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.
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Monte Carlo tree search
In computer science, Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) is a heuristic search algorithm for some kinds of decision processes, most notably those employed in game play.
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Monty Newborn
Monroe "Monty" Newborn (born May 21, 1938), chairman of the computer chess committee for the Association of Computing Machines, was a professor of electrical engineering in Columbia University, and is now a professor of computer science at McGill University in Montreal.
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Moscow
Moscow (a) is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area.
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New Scientist
New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Norbert Wiener
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher.
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North American Computer Chess Championship
The North American Computer Chess Championship was a computer chess championship held from 1970 to 1994.
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Northwestern University
Northwestern University (NU) is a private research university based in Evanston, Illinois, United States, with other campuses located in Chicago and Doha, Qatar, and academic programs and facilities in Miami, Florida, Washington, D.C., and San Francisco, California.
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Null-move heuristic
In computer chess programs, the null-move heuristic is a heuristic technique used to enhance the speed of the alpha-beta pruning algorithm.
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Open-source model
The open-source model is a decentralized software-development model that encourages open collaboration.
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Outline of chess
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chess: Chess is a two-player board game played on a chessboard (a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid).
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Passed pawn
In chess, a passed pawn is a pawn with no opposing pawns to prevent it from advancing to the eighth; i.e. there are no opposing pawns in front of it on either the same or adjacent files.
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Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities in data, although it is in some cases considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning.
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Paul Masson
Paul Masson (1859 – 1940) was an early pioneer of California viticulture and successful popularizer of Californian sparkling wine.
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Pawn (chess)
The pawn (♙,♟) is the most numerous piece in the game of chess, and in most circumstances, also the weakest.
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Permanent brain
In turn-based games, permanent brain (also called pondering) is the act of thinking during the opponent's turn.
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Personal computer
A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use.
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Plankalkül
Plankalkül ("Plan Calculus") is a programming language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945.
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Ply (game theory)
In two-player sequential games, a ply refers to one turn taken by one of the players.
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Pocket Fritz
Pocket Fritz, which is at version 4, is a chess playing program for Pocket PC personal digital assistants (PDAs).
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Portable Game Notation
Portable Game Notation (PGN) is a plain text computer-processible format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data), supported by many chess programs.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Principal variation search
Principal variation search (sometimes equated with the practically identical NegaScout) is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha-beta pruning.
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Program optimization
In computer science, program optimization or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources.
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Proprietary software
Proprietary software is non-free computer software for which the software's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights—usually copyright of the source code, but sometimes patent rights.
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Queen (chess)
The queen (♕,♛) is the most powerful piece in the game of chess, able to move any number of squares vertically, horizontally or diagonally.
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Quiescence search
Quiescence search is an algorithm typically used to evaluate minimax game trees in game-playing computer programs.
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REBEL (chess)
REBEL was a world champion chess program developed by Ed Schröder.
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Retrograde analysis
In chess problems, retrograde analysis is a technique employed to determine which moves were played leading up to a given position.
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Richard Greenblatt (programmer)
Richard D. Greenblatt (born December 25, 1944) is an American computer programmer.
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Robert Byrne (chess player)
Robert Eugene Byrne (April 20, 1928 – April 12, 2013) was an American chess grandmaster and chess author.
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Robert Hyatt
Robert (Bob) Hyatt is a retired Associate Professor of computer science at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, in the Department of Computer and Information Sciences (1988–2016).
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Rook (chess)
A rook (♖,♜) is a piece in the strategy board game of chess.
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Ruslan Ponomariov
Ruslan Olegovich Ponomariov (Русла́н Оле́гович Пономарьо́в, Ruslan Olehovych Ponomar'ov; born 11 October 1983) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Rybka
Rybka is a computer chess engine designed by International Master Vasik Rajlich.
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Samuel Reshevsky
Samuel Herman Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski; November 26, 1911 – April 4, 1992) was a Polish chess prodigy and later a leading American chess grandmaster.
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Sargon (chess)
Sargon (or SARGON) is a line of chess-playing software for personal computers.
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Sergey Karjakin
Sergey Alexandrovich Karjakin (Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Каря́кин,; born 12 January 1990) is a Russian (formerly representing Ukraine) chess grandmaster.
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Shane's Chess Information Database
Shane's Chess Information Database (Scid) is an open source UNIX, Windows, Linux, and Mac application for viewing and maintaining huge databases of chess games.
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Shannon number
The Shannon number, named after Claude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound (not an estimate) of the game-tree complexity of chess of 10120, based on an average of about 103 possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by one for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs of moves.
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Shredder (software)
Shredder is a commercial chess program and chess engine developed in Germany by Stefan Meyer-Kahlen in 1993.
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Sicilian Defence
The Sicilian Defence is a chess opening that begins with the following moves: The Sicilian is the most popular and best-scoring response to White's first move 1.e4.
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Software
Computer software, or simply software, is a generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, that actually performs the work.
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Software for handling chess problems
This article covers computer software designed to solve, or assist people in creating or solving, chess problems – puzzles in which pieces are laid out as in a game of chess, and may at times be based upon real games of chess that have been played and recorded, but whose aim is to challenge the problemist to find a solution to the posed situation, within the rules of chess, rather than to play games of chess from the beginning against an opponent.
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Solved game
A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly.
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Solving chess
Solving chess means finding an optimal strategy for playing chess, i.e. one by which one of the players (White or Black) can always force a victory, or both can force a draw (see Solved game).
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Stanford University
Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.
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Stockfish (chess)
Stockfish is a free and open-source UCI chess engine, available for various desktop and mobile platforms.
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer.
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Swedish Chess Computer Association
The Swedish Chess Computer Association (Svenska schackdatorföreningen, SSDF) is an organization that tests computer chess software by playing chess programs against one another and producing a rating list.
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Terabyte
The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
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The Turk
The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player (Schachtürke, "chess Turk"; A Török), was a fake chess-playing machine constructed in the late 18th century.
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Threefold repetition
In chess and some other abstract strategy games, the threefold repetition rule (also known as repetition of position) states that a player can claim a draw if the same position occurs three times, or will occur after their next move, with the same player to move.
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Tim Krabbé
Tim Krabbé (born 13 April 1943) is a Dutch journalist and novelist.
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Time control
A time control is a mechanism in the tournament play of almost all two-player board games so that each round of the match can finish in a timely way and the tournament can proceed.
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Tony Miles
Anthony John Miles (23 April 1955 – 12 November 2001) was an English chess grandmaster, the first Englishman to earn the Grandmaster title in over-the-board play.
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Transposition table
In computer chess and other computer games, transposition tables are used to speed up the search of the game tree.
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Universal Chess Interface
A Universal Chess Interface (UCI) is an open communication protocol that enables chess engines to communicate with user interfaces.
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Unix
Unix (trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.
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Veselin Topalov
Veselin Aleksandrov Topalov (pronounced; Весели́н Александров Топа́лов; born 15 March 1975) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former FIDE World Chess Champion.
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Victor Allis
Louis Victor Allis (born 19 May 1965, Gemert) is a Dutch computer scientist working in the artificial intelligence (AI) field.
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Viswanathan Anand
Viswanathan "Vishy" Anand (born 11 December 1969) is an Indian chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, and the current World Rapid Chess Champion.
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Vladimir Kramnik
Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (Влади́мир Бори́сович Кра́мник; born 25 June 1975) is a Russian chess grandmaster.
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Walter Browne
Walter Shawn Browne (10 January 1949 – 24 June 2015) was an Australian-born American chess Grandmaster and poker player.
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Wolfgang von Kempelen
Wolfgang von Kempelen (Kempelen Farkas; 23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian author and inventor, known for his chess-playing "automaton" hoax The Turk and for his speaking machine.
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World Chess Championship
The World Chess Championship (sometimes abbreviated as WCC) is played to determine the World Champion in chess.
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World Chess Championship 2010
The World Chess Championship 2010 match pitted the defending world champion, Viswanathan Anand, against challenger Veselin Topalov, for the title of World Chess Champion.
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World Computer Chess Championship
World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) is an annual event where computer chess engines compete against each other.
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X3D Fritz
X3D Fritz was a version of the Fritz chess program, which in November 2003 played a four-game Human–computer chess match against world number one Grandmaster Garry Kasparov.
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ZX81
The ZX81 is a home computer that was produced by Sinclair Research and manufactured in Dundee, Scotland by Timex Corporation.
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1K ZX Chess
1K ZX Chess is a 1982 chess program for the unexpanded Sinclair ZX81.
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CCRL, Chess (computer science), Chess (computer), Chess (programming), Chess (video game), Chess AI, Chess Software, Chess and computers, Chess computer, Chess programming, Chess software, Chess-playing computer program, Chess-playing program, Computer Chess, Computer in chess, Computers and chess, Dedicated Computer Chess, History of computer chess, Timeline of computer chess.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess
