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Élie Metchnikoff

Index Élie Metchnikoff

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Илья́ Ильи́ч Ме́чников, also written as Élie Metchnikoff; 15 July 1916) was a Russian zoologist best known for his pioneering research in immunology. [1]

150 relations: Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts), Alexandre Besredka, Alexandre Salimbeni, Alexandru Slătineanu, Amédée Borrel, Anti-thymocyte globulin, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Élie, Bifidobacterium, Bilateria, Camille Delezenne, Carlos Chagas, Chemotaxis, Colon cleansing, Constantin Levaditi, Culture of Europe, Daphnia magna, Edwin Klebs, Emmanuel Steinschneider, Endocytosis, Félix Le Dantec, Félix Mesnil, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Focal infection theory, Gabriel (missile), Gastrotrich, Gerontology, God the Invisible King, Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary, History of medicine, Humoral immunity, Ignatz Leo Nascher, Ilya, Immune system, Immunology, Ioan Cantacuzino, Isaac Carasso, Ivan Sechenov, Jewish culture, Jules A. Hoffmann, Jules Bordet, July 1916, Karl Theodor Fahr, Kharkiv, Kiev Metro, Klovska (Kiev Metro), Konrad Wagner, Kupiansk Raion, Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, ..., László Detre (microbiologist), Löb Nevakhovich, Life extension, List of atheists in science and technology, List of authors of names published under the ICZN, List of biologists, List of commemorative coins of Ukraine, List of cultural icons of Russia, List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1895, List of Fellows of the Royal Society M, N, O, List of immunologists, List of inventors, List of Jewish atheists and agnostics, List of Jewish Nobel laureates, List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists, List of Nobel laureates by country, List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation, List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation II, List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, List of nonreligious Nobel laureates, List of people on the postage stamps of the Soviet Union, List of Russian biologists, List of Russian inventors, List of Russian Nobel laureates, List of Russian people, List of Russian physicians and psychologists, List of Russian scientists, List of Saint Petersburg State University people, List of University of Göttingen people, Longevity myths, Louis Pasteur, Macrophage, Magic bullet (medicine), Maria Nikolaevna Kuznetsova, Marine life of the Strait of Messina, Marius Nasta, May 15, May 16, Mechnikov, Mechnikov (crater), Metarhizium anisopliae, Metchnikoff Point, Minoru Shirota, Monoclonal antibody, N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, Nadar, Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National University of Kharkiv, Nicolaus Kleinenberg, Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter), Nikolay Gamaleya, Noël Bernard (botanist), Nonspecific immune cell, Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche, Odessa, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa University, Pasteur Institute, Patronymic, Paul Clemens von Baumgarten, Paul de Kruif, Paul Ehrlich, Paul-Louis Simond, Peebles Hydro, Phagocyte, Phagocytosis, Polytechnic Museum, Probiotic, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian culture, Russians in France, Saint Petersburg State Medical Academy, Saint Petersburg State University, Science and technology in Russia, Science and technology in Ukraine, Self-experimentation in medicine, Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet, Smila Raion, Thanatology, The Journal of Pathology, The Makropulos Affair, Timeline of immunology, Timeline of the war in Donbass (July–September 2016), Urmetazoan, Velyki Ukraïntsi, Vestnik Evropy, Vladimir Barykin, Waldemar Haffkine, Wolfgang Weichardt, Yogurt, 1845, 1845 in science, 1866 in science, 1882 in science, 1908, 1908 in science, 1916, 1916 in science, 19th century in science. Expand index (100 more) »

Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)

The Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) was instituted in 1864 as a memorial to Prince Albert, who had been President of the Society for 18 years.

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Alexandre Besredka

Alexandre Mikhailovich Besredka (29 March 1870 – 28 February 1940) was a French biologist and immunologist born in Odessa.

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Alexandre Salimbeni

Alexandre Salimbeni (11 December 1867 - 1942) was an Italian physician and biologist born in Acquapendente.

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Alexandru Slătineanu

Alexandru Slătineanu (January 5, 1873 – November 27, 1939) was a Romanian bacteriologist, civil servant, and art collector.

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Amédée Borrel

Amédée Marie Vincent Borrel (1 August 1867 – 14 September 1936) was a French physician and microbiologist born in Cazouls-lès-Béziers, Hérault.

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Anti-thymocyte globulin

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) is an infusion of horse or rabbit-derived antibodies against human T cells, which is used in the prevention and treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation and therapy of aplastic anemia.

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Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology is a history of science by Isaac Asimov, written as the biographies of over 1500 scientists.

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Élie

Elie Elain Oliva (born November 18,2001)is a Recent graduate of San pedro High school.

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Bifidobacterium

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria.

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Bilateria

The Bilateria or bilaterians, or triploblasts, are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a head (anterior) and a tail (posterior) as well as a back (dorsal) and a belly (ventral); therefore they also have a left side and a right side.

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Camille Delezenne

Camille Delezenne (10 June 1868 – 7 July 1932) was a French physician and biologist born in Genech, a town in the department of Nord.

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Carlos Chagas

Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro Chagas, or Carlos Chagas (July 9, 1879 – November 8, 1934), was a Brazilian sanitary physician, scientist and bacteriologist who worked as a clinician and researcher.

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Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.

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Colon cleansing

Colon cleansing (also known as colon therapy) encompasses a number of alternative medical therapies claimed to remove nonspecific toxins from the colon and intestinal tract by removing any accumulations of feces.

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Constantin Levaditi

Constantin Levaditi (1 August 1874 – 5 September 1953) was a Romanian physician and microbiologist, a major figure in virology and immunology (especially in the study of poliomyelitis and syphilis).

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Culture of Europe

The culture of Europe is rooted in the art, architecture, music, literature, and philosophy that originated from the continent of Europe.

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Daphnia magna

Daphnia magna is a small planktonic crustacean (adult length 1.5–5 mm) that belongs to the subclass Phyllopoda.

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Edwin Klebs

Theodor Albrecht Edwin Klebs (6 February 1834 – 23 October 1913) was a German-Swiss pathologist.

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Emmanuel Steinschneider

Emmanuel Efimovich Steinschneider (Эммануил Ефимович Штайншнайдер; 21 December 1886 – 2 December 1970), was a Russian Empire and USSR physician and medical researcher, best known for his studies on influenza, malaria, typhoid, typhus, dysentery and other infections that were rampant during the first half of the 20th century.

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Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a form of bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

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Félix Le Dantec

Félix-Alexandre Le Dantec (16 January 1869 in Plougastel-Daoulas – 6 June 1917 in Paris) was a French biologist and philosopher of science.

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Félix Mesnil

Félix Étienne Pierre Mesnil (Omonville-la-Petite, La Manche department, 12 December 1868 – 15 February 1938, Paris) was a French zoologist, biologist, botanist, mycologist and algologist.

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First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg

The First Pavlov State Medical University of St.

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Focal infection theory

Focal infection theory is the historical concept that many chronic diseases, including systemic and common ones, are caused by focal infections.

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Gabriel (missile)

Gabriel missiles, created by Israel Aerospace Industries, are a range of anti-ship missiles that use the technique of sea skimming, created in response to an attack on an Israeli warship in 1967.

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Gastrotrich

The gastrotrichs (phylum Gastrotricha), commonly referred to as hairybacks, are a group of microscopic (0.06-3.0 mm), worm-like, pseudocoelomate animals, and are widely distributed and abundant in freshwater and marine environments.

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Gerontology

Gerontology is the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing.

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God the Invisible King

God the Invisible King is a theological tract published by H.G. Wells in 1917.

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Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary

The Granat Encyclopedic Dictionary (Энциклопедический словарь Гранат) is a Russian encyclopedic dictionary originally published in 58 volumes with one supplement throughout both the Tsarist and Soviet periods.

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History of medicine

The history of medicine shows how societies have changed in their approach to illness and disease from ancient times to the present.

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Humoral immunity

Humoral immunity or humoural immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.

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Ignatz Leo Nascher

Ignatz Leo Nascher (11 October 1863 – 25 December 1944) was born in Austria and later became a doctor.

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Ilya

Ilya, Illia, Illya, Iliya, Il'ja, Ilija, or Ilia (Il'ja or Ilija; Illja) is the East Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Elijah), meaning "My god is Yahu/Jah"".

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms.

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Ioan Cantacuzino

Ioan C. Cantacuzino (also Ion Cantacuzino; 25 November 1863 – 14 January 1934) was a renowned Romanian physician and bacteriologist, a professor at the Romanian School of Medicine and Pharmacy and a member of the Romanian Academy.

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Isaac Carasso

Isaac Carasso (1874 – April 19, 1939) was a member of the prominent Sephardic Jewish Carasso family (Karasu) of Ottoman Salonica (modern Thessaloniki, Greece).

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Ivan Sechenov

Ivan Mikhaylovich Sechenov (Ива́н Миха́йлович Се́ченов;, Tyoply Stan (now Sechenovo) near Simbirsk, Russia –, Moscow), was a Russian physiologist, named by Ivan Pavlov as "The Father of Russian physiology".

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.

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Jules A. Hoffmann

Jules A. Hoffmann (born 2 August 1941) is a Luxembourg-born French biologist.

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Jules Bordet

Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet (13 June 1870 – 6 April 1961) was a Belgian immunologist and microbiologist.

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July 1916

The following events occurred in July 1916.

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Karl Theodor Fahr

Karl Theodor Fahr (3 October 1877 – 29 October 1945) was a German pathologist born in Pirmasens of the Rhineland-Palatinate.

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Kharkiv

Kharkiv (Ха́рків), also known as Kharkov (Ха́рьков) from Russian, is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

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Kiev Metro

The Kyiv Metro (Kyjivskyj metropoliten) is a metro system that is the mainstay of Kiev's public transport.

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Klovska (Kiev Metro)

Klovska (Кловська) — is a station on Kiev Metro's Syretsko-Pecherska Line.

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Konrad Wagner

Konrad Eduardovich Wagner (rus. Конрад Эдуардович Вагнер, 17 July 1862, Praszka – after 1948, Kalisz) was a Russian-Polish physician, professor of the University of Kiev, University of Moscow, Taurida University of Simferopol and University of Warsaw.

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Kupiansk Raion

Kupianskyi Raion is a district in Ukraine in Kharkiv Oblast.

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Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44

''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' subsp. ''bulgaricus'' is a bacterial subspecies traditionally isolated from European yogurts.

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Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.

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László Detre (microbiologist)

László Detre (October 29, 1874, Nagysurány – May 7, 1939, Washington, DC (a.k.a. Ladislas Deutsch, Ladislaus Deutsch"Origins of the Terms 'Antibody' and 'Antigen'", Scand. J. Immunol., 19, 281-285, 1984) was a Hungarian physician and microbiologist, the founder and first director of the Hungarian Serum Institute in Budapest. Detre coined the term "antigen" in a 1903 French-language paper co-authored with Russian biologist Élie Metchnikoff (referring to "substances immunogènes ou antigènes"), although the word and concept appears in his research as early as 1899. He is also a codiscoverer of the Wassermann reaction, publishing his discovery in humans just two weeks after Wassermann documented his findings in apes.

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Löb Nevakhovich

Löb Nevakhovich, or Lev Nikolayevich (Leib ben Noach) Nevakhovich (Лев Николаевич (Лейб Бен Ноах) Невахович, born between 1776 and 1778, Letychiv, Podolia –, Saint Petersburg), was Jewish Russian writer and one of the first maskilim in Russia.

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Life extension

Life extension science, also known as anti-aging medicine, indefinite life extension, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan.

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List of atheists in science and technology

This is a list of atheists in science and technology.

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List of authors of names published under the ICZN

This is a list of authors of names published under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

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List of biologists

This is a list of notable biologists with a biography in Wikipedia.

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List of commemorative coins of Ukraine

This is a list of Commemorative and Jubilee coins issued by the Ukrainian government.

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List of cultural icons of Russia

This is a list of cultural icons of Russia.

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List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1895

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1895.

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List of Fellows of the Royal Society M, N, O

About 8,000 Fellows have been elected to the Royal Society of London since its inception in 1660.

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List of immunologists

This is a list of notable immunologists.

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List of inventors

This is a list of notable inventors.

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List of Jewish atheists and agnostics

Based on Jewish law's emphasis on matrilineal descent, even religiously conservative Orthodox Jewish authorities would accept an atheist born to a Jewish mother as fully Jewish.

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List of Jewish Nobel laureates

As of 2017, Nobel PrizesThe Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

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List of names in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists

Joseph McCabe published A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists in 1920 (London: Watts & Co.). Most (though not all) of the individuals therein were later also included in A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Freethinkers (1945).

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List of Nobel laureates by country

This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country.

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List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows comprehensively the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2017, 892 individual laureates in total).

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List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation II

This page is the extension of the main page '''List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation'''.

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List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine.

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List of nonreligious Nobel laureates

This list comprises laureates of the Nobel Prize who self-identified as atheist, agnostic, freethinker or otherwise nonreligious at some point in their lives.

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List of people on the postage stamps of the Soviet Union

This article lists people who have been featured on postage stamps of the Soviet Union.

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List of Russian biologists

This list of Russian biologists includes the famous biologists from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian inventors

This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.

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List of Russian Nobel laureates

No description.

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List of Russian people

This is a list of people associated with the modern Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Imperial Russia, Russian Tsardom, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian physicians and psychologists

This list of Russian physicians and psychologists includes the famous physicians and psychologists, medical scientists and medical doctors from the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire and other predecessor states of Russia.

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List of Russian scientists

Alona Soschen.

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List of Saint Petersburg State University people

The following is a list of notable alumni and faculty of Saint Petersburg State University in Russia.

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List of University of Göttingen people

This is a list of people who have taught or studied at the University of Göttingen.

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Longevity myths

Longevity myths are traditions about long-lived people (generally supercentenarians), either as individuals or groups of people, and practices that have been believed to confer longevity, but for which scientific evidence does not support the ages claimed or the reasons for the claims.

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Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.

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Macrophage

Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).

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Magic bullet (medicine)

The magic bullet was a scientific concept developed by a German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich in 1900.

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Maria Nikolaevna Kuznetsova

Maria Nikolaevna Kuznetsova (25 April 1966) (Мария Николаевна Кузнецова, also spelled '''Maria Kuznetsova-Benois'''.) was a famous 20th century Russian opera singer and dancer.

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Marine life of the Strait of Messina

The hydrology of the Strait of Messina accommodates a variety of populations of marine organisms.

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Marius Nasta

Marius Nasta (4 December 1890 – 6 April 1965) was a Romanian physician and scientist renowned for his work in the field of tuberculosis.

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May 15

No description.

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May 16

No description.

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Mechnikov

Mechnikov (Мечников Mečnikov, Мечников Mechnykov, Mečnykov; Metchnikov).

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Mechnikov (crater)

Mechnikov is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon.

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Metarhizium anisopliae

Metarhizium anisopliae, formerly known as Entomophthora anisopliae (basionym), is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid.

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Metchnikoff Point

Metchnikoff Point is a point forming the western extremity of Pasteur Peninsula in northern Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

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Minoru Shirota

was a Japanese microbiologist.

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Monoclonal antibody

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.

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N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine

N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or N-formyl-met-leu-phe) is a N-formylated tripeptide and sometimes simply referred to as chemotactic peptide is a potent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotactic factor and is also a macrophage activator. FMLP is the prototypical representative of the N-fomylated oligopeptide family of chemotactic factors. These oligopeptides are known to be, or mimic the actions of, the N-formyl oligopeptides that are (a) released by tissue bacteria, (b) attract and activate circulating blood leukocytes by binding to specific G protein coupled receptors on these cells, and (c) thereby direct the inflammatory response to sites of bacterial invasion. FMLP is involved in the innate immunity mechanism for host defense against pathogens. FMLP led to the first discovery of a leukocyte receptor for a chemotactic factor, defined three different types of FMLP receptors that have complimentary and/or opposing effects on inflammatory responses as well as many other activities, and helped define the stimulus-response coupling mechanisms by which diverse chemotactic factors and their G protein coupled receptors induce cellular function.

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Nadar

Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (6 April 1820 – 20 March 1910), known by the pseudonym Nadar, was a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, and balloonist (or, more accurately, proponent of manned flight).

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Named prizes and medals of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The prizes and gold medals named after prominent scientists (премии и золотые медали имени выдающихся ученых) are issued by the Russian Academy of Sciences for important scientific works, discoveries and inventions.

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National University of Kharkiv

The Karazin University (Каразінський університет) or officially the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна) is one of the major universities in Ukraine, and earlier in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union.

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Nicolaus Kleinenberg

Nicolaus Kleinenberg (11 March 1842, in Libau – 5 November 1897, in Naples) was a Baltic German zoologist and evolutionary morphologist.

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Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (painter)

Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov (Russian: Николай Дмитриевич Кузнецов; 2 December 1850 - 2 March 1929) was a Russian painter and art professor at the Imperial Academy of Arts.

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Nikolay Gamaleya

Nikolay Fyodorovich Gamaleya (Никола́й Фёдорович Гамале́я; – 29 March 1949) was a Russian and Soviet physician and scientist who played a pioneering role in microbiology and vaccine research.

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Noël Bernard (botanist)

Noël Pierre Joseph León Bernard (* 13 March 1874 in Paris in 17th; † 16 January 1911 in Saint-Benoît, Vienne) was an important French botanist who died when he was finally overcome with tuberculosis.

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Nonspecific immune cell

A non-specific immune cell is an immune cell (such as a macrophage, neutrophil, or dendritic cell) that responds to many antigens, not just one antigen.

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Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche

The Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche (Villefranche-sur-Mer Marine Station) is a field campus of the Université Paris 6 in Villefranche-sur-Mer on the Côte d'Azur, France.

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Odessa

Odessa (Оде́са; Оде́сса; אַדעס) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

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Odessa National Medical University

The Odessa National Medical University is a government university in the city of Odessa, Ukraine.

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Odessa University

Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University (Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова, Одесский национальный университет имени И. И. Мечникова), located in Odessa, Ukraine, is one of the country's major universities, named after the scientist Élie Metchnikoff (who studied immunology, microbiology, and evolutionary embryology), a Nobel prizewinner in 1908.

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Pasteur Institute

The Pasteur Institute (Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines.

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Patronymic

A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (i.e., an avonymic), or an even earlier male ancestor.

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Paul Clemens von Baumgarten

Paul Clemens von Baumgarten (born 28 August 1848, Dresden; died 1928, Tübingen) was a German pathologist.

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Paul de Kruif

Paul Henry de Kruif (March 2, 1890 in Zeeland, Michigan – February 28, 1971 in Holland, Michigan) was an American microbiologist and author of Dutch descent.

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Paul Ehrlich

Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German Jewish physician and scientist who worked in the fields of hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy.

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Paul-Louis Simond

Paul-Louis Simond (30 July 1858 – 3 March 1947) was a French physician, chief medical officer and biologist whose major contribution to science was his demonstration that the intermediates in the transmission of bubonic plague from rats to humans are the fleas Xenopsylla cheopis that dwell on infected rats.

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Peebles Hydro

Peebles Hydro is an early 20th century country house hotel and spa resort in Peebles, in the Scottish Borders at the south of Scotland.

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Phagocyte

Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.

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Phagocytosis

In cell biology, phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome.

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Polytechnic Museum

The Polytechnic Museum (Политехнический музей) is one of the oldest science museums in the world, located in Moscow that emphasizes the progress of Russian and Soviet technology and science, as well as modern inventions and developments.

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Probiotic

Probiotics are microorganisms that are claimed to provide health benefits when consumed.

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Russia

Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

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Russian culture

Russian culture has a long history.

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Russians in France

Russians are a small diaspora in France but one of the most important groups in the Russian diaspora.

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Saint Petersburg State Medical Academy

The St.

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Saint Petersburg State University

Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, СПбГУ) is a Russian federal state-owned higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg.

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Science and technology in Russia

Science and technology in Russia developed rapidly since the Age of Enlightenment, when Peter the Great founded the Russian Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg State University and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University, establishing a strong native tradition in learning and innovation.

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Science and technology in Ukraine

The modern development of science and technology in Ukraine has its historical origins in the 18th and 19th centuries and is associated, first of all, with the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, University of Kyiv and University of Kharkiv.

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Self-experimentation in medicine

Self-experimentation refers to scientific experimentation in which the experimenter conducts the experiment on her- or himself.

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Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet

Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, Bt, CB, FRCS, Legion of Honour (4 July 1856 – 16 January 1943), was a British surgeon and physician.

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Smila Raion

Smila Raion is raion in Cherkasy Oblast.

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Thanatology

Thanatology is the scientific study of death.

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The Journal of Pathology

The Journal of Pathology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1892 as The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology by German Sims Woodhead.

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The Makropulos Affair

Věc Makropulos is a Czech play written by Karel Čapek.

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Timeline of immunology

Timeline of immunology.

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Timeline of the war in Donbass (July–September 2016)

This is a timeline of the War in Donbass, from 1 July to 30 September 2016.

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Urmetazoan

The Urmetazoan is the name for the hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals.

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Velyki Ukraïntsi

The Greatest Ukrainians (Великі українці) was a Ukrainian TV project.

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Vestnik Evropy

Vestnik Evropy (Вестник Европы) (Herald of Europe or Messenger of Europe) was the major liberal magazine of late-nineteenth-century Russia.

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Vladimir Barykin

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Barykin (Владимир Александрович Барыкин; 22 November 1879 — 15 April 1939) was a Russian microbiologist and epidemiologist.

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Waldemar Haffkine

Sir Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine, CIE (Мордехай-Вольф Хавкин) (15 March 1860 – 26 October 1930) was a bacteriologist from the Russian Empire whose career was blighted in Russia because he refused to convert from Judaism to Russian Orthodox Christianity.

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Wolfgang Weichardt

Julius Wolfgang Weichardt (May 13, 1875 – 1943) was a German bacteriologist who was a native of Altenburg, Thüringen.

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Yogurt

Yogurt, yoghurt, or yoghourt (or; from yoğurt; other spellings listed below) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.

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1845

No description.

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1845 in science

The year 1845 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1866 in science

The year 1866 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1882 in science

The year 1882 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1908

According to NASA reports, 1908 was the coldest recorded year since 1880.

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1908 in science

The year 1908 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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1916

Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix.

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1916 in science

The year 1916 involved a number of significant events in science and technology, some of which are listed below.

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19th century in science

The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.

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Redirects here:

Eli Metchnikoff, Elias Metchnikoff, Elie Metchnikoff, Elie Metschnikoff, I. I. Mechnikov, I. Mechnikov, Ilja Iljitsch Metschnikow, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Metchnikov, Ilya Mechnikov, Ilya Metchnikoff, Metchnikoff, Metchnikoff, Elie, Metchnikoff, Élie.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Metchnikoff

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