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116 relations: Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn, Abraham Jacob Paperna, Abraham Mapu, Age of Enlightenment, Aleksander Zederbaum, Anathema, Aramaic language, Ashkenazi Jews, Avrom Ber Gotlober, Berdychiv, Berlin, Beth din, Biblical Hebrew, Central Europe, Child marriage, Congress Poland, David Friesenhausen, David Sorkin, Deism, Dorothea von Schlegel, Eastern Europe, Eliezer Dob Liebermann, Ephraim Deinard, European History Online, Exegesis, Folk costume, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gentile, German Empire, Ghetto, Ha-Melitz, Hasidic Judaism, Hebrew literature, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Heinrich Graetz, Henriette Herz, Henry IV, Part 2, Intellectual, Isaac Abraham Euchel, Isaac Baer Levinsohn, Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob, Isaac Satanow, Isaiah Berlin (rabbi), Israel Jacobson, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), Jeshurun, Jewish culture, Jewish emancipation, ..., Jewish history, Jewish identity, Jewish political movements, Jews, John Rylands Library, Jonah ibn Janah, Joseph Perl, Judah ben David Hayyuj, Judah Leib Gordon, Julius Fürst, Kabbalah, Königsberg, Lashon Hakodesh, Leopold Zunz, Leviticus Rabbah, Lithuanian Jews, London, Maghreb, Me'assefim, Melamed, Mendele Mocher Sforim, Midrash, Mishnaic Hebrew, Misnagdim, Modern Hebrew, Moses, Moses Mendelssohn, Musar movement, Muslim world, Naphtali Hirz Wessely, Odessa, Pale of Settlement, Peretz Smolenskin, Philanthropinism, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prussia, Rabbi, Rabbinic Judaism, Rahel Varnhagen, Reform Judaism, Religious segregation, Religious text, Republic of Letters, Salon (gathering), Samuel Joseph Fuenn, Saul, Shklow, Simon Dubnow, Solomon Löwisohn, Talmud, Ternopil, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Theodor Herzl, Torah, Torah im Derech Eretz, Vernacular, Vilnius, Warsaw, Western Europe, William Shakespeare, Wissenschaft des Judentums, Yiddish, Yiddish literature, Yiddishist movement, Zionism, Zohar. Expand index (66 more) »
Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn
Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn (1754 or 1756, in probably Halle – 20 March 1835, in Fürth) was a German Jew, a translator and commentator of the Tanakh and a leading writer of the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment).
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Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn
Abraham Dob Bär Lebensohn (Traditional Jewish Lithuanian pronunciation: Avrohom Dov Beyr Leybenzon) (born in Vilnius, Russian Empire c. 1789/1794; died there November 19, 1878) was a Lithuanian Jewish Hebraist, poet, and grammarian.
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Abraham Jacob Paperna
Abraham Jacob Paperna (אברהם יעקב פפרנה; born in Kapyl, Minsk Governorate, now in Minsk Voblast, Belarus, 1840; died 1919) was a Russian Jewish educator and author.
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Abraham Mapu
Abraham Mapu (1808 in Vilijampolė, Kaunas1867 in Königsberg, Prussia) was a Lithuanian Jewish novelist in Hebrew of the Haskalah ("enlightenment") movement.
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Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Aleksander Zederbaum
Aleksander Ossypovich Zederbaum (Zamość, August 27, 1816 – Saint Petersburg, September 8, 1893) was a Polish-Russian Jewish journalist.
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Anathema
Anathema, in common usage, is something or someone that is detested or shunned.
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Aramaic language
Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכְּנַזִּים, Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation:, singular:, Modern Hebrew:; also), are a Jewish diaspora population who coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium.
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Avrom Ber Gotlober
Avrom Ber Gotlober (January 14, 1811, Starokonstantinov, Volhynia – April 12, 1899, Białystok) was a Jewish writer, poet, playwright, historian, journalist and educator.
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Berdychiv
Berdychiv (Бердичів, Polish: Berdyczów, Bardichev, Berdichev) is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Beth din
A beth din (בית דין Bet Din, "house of judgement", Ashkenazic: beis din) is a rabbinical court of Judaism.
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Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (rtl Ivrit Miqra'it or rtl Leshon ha-Miqra), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of Hebrew, a Canaanite Semitic language spoken by the Israelites in the area known as Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Central Europe
Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.
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Child marriage
Child marriage is a formal marriage or informal union entered into by an individual before reaching a certain age, specified by several global organizations such as UNICEF as minors under the age of 18.
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Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.
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David Friesenhausen
David ben Meir Cohen Friesenhausen (1756–1828) was a German-Hungarian astronomer, maskil, mathematician, and rabbi.
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David Sorkin
David Sorkin is the Lucy G. Moses professor of Jewish history at Yale University.
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Deism
Deism (or; derived from Latin "deus" meaning "god") is a philosophical belief that posits that God exists and is ultimately responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not interfere directly with the created world.
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Dorothea von Schlegel
Dorothea von Schlegel (October 24, 1764 – August 3, 1839) was a German novelist and translator.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Eliezer Dob Liebermann
Eliezer Dob Liebermann (12 April 1820 - 15 April 1895) was a Russian Hebrew-language writer of Jewish origin.
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Ephraim Deinard
Ephraim Deinard (1846–1930) was one of the greatest Hebrew "bookmen" of all time.
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European History Online
European History Online (Europäische Geschichte Online, EGO) is an academic website that publishes articles on the history of Europe between the period of 1450 and 1950 according to the principle of open access.
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Exegesis
Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text.
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Folk costume
A folk costume (also regional costume, national costume, or traditional garment) expresses an identity through costume, which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history.
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Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.
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Gentile
Gentile (from Latin gentilis, by the French gentil, feminine: gentille, meaning of or belonging to a clan or a tribe) is an ethnonym that commonly means non-Jew.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Ghetto
A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, typically as a result of social, legal, or economic pressure.
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Ha-Melitz
Ha-Melitz or HaMelitz was the first Hebrew newspaper in the Russian Empire.
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Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (hasidut,; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group.
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Hebrew literature
Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the Hebrew language.
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Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, Ha-Universita ha-Ivrit bi-Yerushalayim; الجامعة العبرية في القدس, Al-Jami'ah al-Ibriyyah fi al-Quds; abbreviated HUJI) is Israel's second oldest university, established in 1918, 30 years before the establishment of the State of Israel.
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Heinrich Graetz
Heinrich Graetz (31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was amongst the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.
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Henriette Herz
Henriette Herz née De Lemos (September 5, 1764 – October 22, 1847) is best known for the "salonnieres" or literary salons that she started with a group of emancipated Jews in Prussia.
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Henry IV, Part 2
Henry IV, Part 2 is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written between 1596 and 1599.
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Intellectual
An intellectual is a person who engages in critical thinking, research, and reflection about society and proposes solutions for its normative problems.
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Isaac Abraham Euchel
Isaac Abraham Euchel (יצחק אייכל; born at Copenhagen, October 17, 1756; died at Berlin, June 14, 1804) was a Hebrew author and founder of the "Haskalah-movement".
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Isaac Baer Levinsohn
Isaac Baer Levinsohn (Hebrew: יצחק בר לוינזון) (October 13, 1788 in Kremenetz – February 13, 1860 in Kremenetz) was a notable Ukrainian-Hebrew scholar, satirist, writer and Haskalah leader.
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Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob
Isaac ben Jacob Benjacob (January 10, 1801, Ramygala – July 2, 1863, Vilnius) was a Jewish, Russian-born Maskil, best known as a bibliographer, author, and publisher.
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Isaac Satanow
Isaac Satanow (born at Satanow, Poland (currently in Ukraine), 1733; died in Berlin, Germany, 25 December 1805) was a Polish Jewish scholar and poet.
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Isaiah Berlin (rabbi)
Isaiah Berlin also known as Yeshaye Pick (c. October 1725 in Eisenstadt, Kingdom of Hungary – May 13, 1799 in Breslau), was a German Talmudist.
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Israel Jacobson
Israel Jacobson (17 October 1768, Halberstadt – 14 September 1828, Berlin) was a German-Jewish philanthropist and communal organiser.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer.
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Jerusalem (Mendelssohn)
Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism (Jerusalem oder über religiöse Macht und Judentum) is a book written by Moses Mendelssohn, which was first published in 1783 – the same year, when the Prussian officer Christian Wilhelm von Dohm published the second part of his Mémoire Concerning the amelioration of the civil status of the Jews.
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Jeshurun
Jeshurun (יְשֻׁרוּן), or Yeshurun, is a poetic name for Israel used in the Hebrew Bible.
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Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel.
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Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the external (and internal) process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal, not merely individual, basis.
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Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures.
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Jewish identity
Jewish identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish.
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Jewish political movements
Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside the Jewish community.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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John Rylands Library
The John Rylands Library is a late-Victorian neo-Gothic building on Deansgate in Manchester, England.
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Jonah ibn Janah
Jonah ibn Janah or ibn Janach, also known as Abu al-Walīd Marwān ibn Janāḥ (Arabic: أبو الوليد مروان بن جناح), (990 – 1055), was a Jewish rabbi, physician and Hebrew grammarian active in Al-Andalus or Islamic Spain.
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Joseph Perl
Joseph Perl (also Josef Perl; November 10, 1773, Ternopil – October 1, 1839, Ternopil), was an Ashkenazi Jewish educator and writer, a scion of the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment.
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Judah ben David Hayyuj
Judah ben David Hayyuj (Arabic: أبو زكريا يحيى بن داؤد حيوج Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn Dawūd Hayyūj) was a Moroccan Jewish linguist.
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Judah Leib Gordon
Judah Leib (Ben Asher) Gordon, also known as Leon Gordon, (December 7, 1830, Vilnius, Lithuania – September 16, 1892, St. Petersburg, Russia) (Hebrew: יהודה לייב גורדון) was among the most important Hebrew poets of the Jewish Enlightenment.
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Julius Fürst
Julius Fürst (12 May 1805, Żerków, South Prussia – 9 February 1873, Leipzig), was a Jewish German orientalist.
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Kabbalah
Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה, literally "parallel/corresponding," or "received tradition") is an esoteric method, discipline, and school of thought that originated in Judaism.
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Königsberg
Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.
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Lashon Hakodesh
Lashon Hakodesh (לָשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ; lit. "the tongue holiness" or "the Holy Tongue"), also spelled L'shon Hakodesh or Leshon Hakodesh (לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ), is a Jewish term and appellation attributed to the Hebrew language, or sometimes to a mix of Hebrew and Aramaic, in which its religious texts and prayers were written, and served, during the Medieval Hebrew era, for religious purposes, liturgy and Halakha – in contrary to the secular tongue, which served for the routine daily needs, such as the Yiddish language.
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Leopold Zunz
Leopold Zunz (יום טוב צונץ—Yom Tov Tzuntz, ליפמן צונץ—Lipmann Zunz; 10 August 1794 – 17 March 1886) was the founder of academic Judaic Studies (Wissenschaft des Judentums), the critical investigation of Jewish literature, hymnology and ritual.
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Leviticus Rabbah
Leviticus Rabbah, Vayikrah Rabbah, or Wayiqra Rabbah is a homiletic midrash to the Biblical book of Leviticus (Vayikrah in Hebrew).
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Lithuanian Jews
Lithuanian Jews or Litvaks are Jews with roots in the present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northeastern Suwałki and Białystok region of Poland and some border areas of Russia and Ukraine.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Maghreb
The Maghreb (al-Maɣréb lit.), also known as the Berber world, Barbary, Berbery, and Northwest Africa, is a major region of North Africa that consists primarily of the countries Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania.
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Me'assefim
The Me'assefim were a group of Hebrew writers who between 1784 and 1811 published their works in the periodical Ha-Me'assef, which they had founded.
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Melamed
Melamed, Melammed (מלמד, Teacher) is a term which in Biblical times denoted a religious teacher or instructor in general (e.g., in Psalm 119:99 and Proverbs 5:13), but which in the Talmudic period was applied especially to a teacher of children, and was almost invariably followed by the word "tinokot" (children).
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Mendele Mocher Sforim
Mendele Mocher Sforim (מענדעלע מוכר ספֿרים, מנדלי מוכר ספרים, also known as Moykher, Sfarim; lit. "Mendele the book peddler"; January 2, 1836, Kapyl – December 8, 1917, Odessa), born Sholem Yankev Abramovich (שלום יעקבֿ אַבראַמאָװיטש, Соломон Моисеевич Абрамович – Solomon Moiseyevich Abramovich) or S. J. Abramowitch, was a Jewish author and one of the founders of modern Yiddish and Hebrew literature.
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Midrash
In Judaism, the midrash (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. מִדְרָשׁ; pl. מִדְרָשִׁים midrashim) is the genre of rabbinic literature which contains early interpretations and commentaries on the Written Torah and Oral Torah (spoken law and sermons), as well as non-legalistic rabbinic literature (aggadah) and occasionally the Jewish religious laws (halakha), which usually form a running commentary on specific passages in the Hebrew Scripture (Tanakh).
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Mishnaic Hebrew
Mishnaic Hebrew is one of the few Hebrew dialects found in the Talmud, except for direct quotations from the Hebrew Bible.
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Misnagdim
Misnagdim (also Mitnagdim; singular misnaged/mitnaged) is a Hebrew word meaning "opponents".
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Modern Hebrew
No description.
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Moses
Mosesמֹשֶׁה, Modern Tiberian ISO 259-3; ܡܘܫܐ Mūše; موسى; Mωϋσῆς was a prophet in the Abrahamic religions.
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Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the Haskalah, the 'Jewish enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is indebted.
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Musar movement
The Musar movement (also Mussar movement) is a Jewish ethical, educational and cultural movement that developed in 19th century Lithuania, particularly among Orthodox Lithuanian Jews.
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Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.
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Naphtali Hirz Wessely
Naphtali(-)Herz (Hartwig) Wessely, a.k.a. Naphtali(-)Hirz Wessely, also Wesel (נפתלי הירץ וויזעל Vezel; born 1725, Hamburg – died February 28, 1805, Hamburg), was an 18th-century German Jewish Hebraist and educationist.
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Odessa
Odessa (Оде́са; Оде́сса; אַדעס) is the third most populous city of Ukraine and a major tourism center, seaport and transportation hub located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.
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Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости,, דער תּחום-המושבֿ,, תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב) was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent or temporary residency was mostly forbidden.
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Peretz Smolenskin
Peretz (Peter) Smolenskin (1842–1885), was part of the Haskalah movement, and the founder and editor of a literary Hebrew language journal Ha-Shachar, (The Dawn.) He also wrote several novels and short stories in Hebrew.
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Philanthropinism
Philanthropinism (also philanthropism) comes from the Greek φιλος (friend) and ανθροπος (human).
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Rabbi
In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah.
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Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism or Rabbinism (יהדות רבנית Yahadut Rabanit) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.
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Rahel Varnhagen
Rahel Antonie Friederike Varnhagen, née Levin, later Robert (19 May 1771 – 7 March 1833)) was a German writer who hosted one of the most prominent salons in Europe during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. She is the subject of a celebrated biography, Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess (1958), written by Hannah Arendt. Arendt cherished Varnhagen as her "closest friend, though she ha been dead for some hundred years". The asteroid 100029 Varnhagen is named in her honour.
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Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism (also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism) is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai.
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Religious segregation
Religious segregation is the separation of people according to their religion.
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Religious text
Religious texts (also known as scripture, or scriptures, from the Latin scriptura, meaning "writing") are texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their practice or beliefs.
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Republic of Letters
The Republic of Letters (Respublica literaria) is the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and America.
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Salon (gathering)
A salon is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host.
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Samuel Joseph Fuenn
Samuel Joseph Fuenn (September 1819 – January 11, 1891) was a Russian scholar born in Vilnius, Vilna Governorate.
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Saul
Saul (meaning "asked for, prayed for"; Saul; طالوت, Ṭālūt or شاؤل, Ša'ūl), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
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Shklow
Shklow (Шклоў,; Škłoŭ; Шклов, Shklov; שקלאָוו, Shklov, Szkłów) is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus, located north of Mogilev on the Dnieper river.
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Simon Dubnow
Simon Dubnow (alternatively spelled Dubnov, sʲɪˈmʲɵn ˈmarkəvʲɪtɕ ˈdubnəf; שמעון דובנאָװ, Shimen Dubnov; 10 September 1860 – 8 December 1941) was a Jewish-born Russian historian, writer and activist.
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Solomon Löwisohn
Solomon Löwisohn, (שלמה לויזון, Lőwisohn Salamon; 1788, Mór, District of Stuhlweissenburg, Kingdom of Hungary - April 27, 1821, Mór) was a Jewish Hungarian historian and poet.
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Talmud
The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד talmūd "instruction, learning", from a root LMD "teach, study") is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law and theology.
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Ternopil
Ternopil (Ternopil',; Tarnopol; Ternopol'; Tarnopol; Ternepol/Tarnopl; Tarnopol) is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River.
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The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe is a two-volume, English-language reference work on the history and culture of Eastern Europe Jewry in this region, prepared by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and published by Yale University Press in 2008.
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Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl (תאודור הֶרְצֵל Te'odor Hertsel, Herzl Tivadar; 2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904), Hebrew name given at his brit milah Binyamin Ze'ev (בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב), also known in Hebrew as, Chozeh HaMedinah (lit. "Visionary of the State") was an Austro-Hungarian journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern political Zionism.
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Torah
Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") has a range of meanings.
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Torah im Derech Eretz
Torah im Derech Eretz (תורה עם דרך ארץ – Torah with "the way of the land"Rabbi Y. Goldson, Aish HaTorah) is a philosophy of Orthodox Judaism articulated by Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–88), which formalizes a relationship between traditionally observant Judaism and the modern world.
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Vernacular
A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.
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Vilnius
Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 574,221.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised)—23 April 1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as both the greatest writer in the English language, and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.
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Wissenschaft des Judentums
"Wissenschaft des Judentums" ("Jewish Studies" or "Judaic Studies" in German) refers to a nineteenth-century movement premised on the critical investigation of Jewish literature and culture, including rabbinic literature, using scientific methods to analyze the origins of Jewish traditions.
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Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.
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Yiddish literature
Yiddish literature encompasses all those belles-lettres written in Yiddish, the language of Ashkenazic Jewry which is related to Middle High German.
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Yiddishist movement
Yiddishism (Yiddish: ײִדישיזם) is a cultural and linguistic movement which began among Jews in Eastern Europe during the latter part of the 19th century.
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Zionism
Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).
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Zohar
The Zohar (זֹהַר, lit. "Splendor" or "Radiance") is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah.
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Redirects here:
Haskala, Haskallah, Haskola, Jewish Enlightenment, Jewish enlightenment movement, Maskalim, Maskil, Maskilic, Maskilim.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah
