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59 relations: Algorithm, American Scientist, Approximation algorithm, Arthur–Merlin protocol, Big O notation, Binary search algorithm, Boolean satisfiability problem, Certificate (complexity), Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein, Co-NP, Complement (set theory), Complexity class, Computation tree, Computational complexity theory, Computer science, Concatenation, David Harel, Decision problem, Descriptive complexity theory, Deterministic algorithm, EXPTIME, Fagin's theorem, FNP (complexity), Fork (system call), Formal language, Integer, Integer factorization, Interactive proof system, Intersection, Introduction to Algorithms, Kleene star, Mathematical proof, Michael Sipser, Non-deterministic Turing machine, Nondeterministic algorithm, NP-completeness, NTIME, P (complexity), P versus NP problem, Polynomial hierarchy, Primality test, Probabilistically checkable proof, Propositional calculus, PSPACE, Ron Rivest, Search problem, Second-order logic, Set (mathematics), Space hierarchy theorem, ..., Subgraph isomorphism problem, Subset sum problem, Thomas H. Cormen, Time complexity, Time hierarchy theorem, Travelling salesman problem, Turing machine, Union (set theory), Witness (mathematics). Expand index (9 more) »
Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.
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American Scientist
American Scientist (informally abbreviated AmSci) is an American bimonthly science and technology magazine published since 1913 by Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
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Approximation algorithm
In computer science and operations research, approximation algorithms are efficient algorithms that find approximate solutions to NP-hard optimization problems with provable guarantees on the distance of the returned solution to the optimal one.
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Arthur–Merlin protocol
In computational complexity theory, an Arthur–Merlin protocol is an interactive proof system in which the verifier's coin tosses are constrained to be public (i.e. known to the prover too).
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Big O notation
Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behaviour of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity.
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Binary search algorithm
In computer science, binary search, also known as half-interval search,logarithmic search, or binary chop, is a search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array.
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Boolean satisfiability problem
In computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated as SATISFIABILITY or SAT) is the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula.
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Certificate (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, a certificate (also called a witness) is a string that certifies the answer to a computation, or certifies the membership of some string in a language.
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Charles E. Leiserson
Charles Eric Leiserson is a computer scientist, specializing in the theory of parallel computing and distributed computing, and particularly practical applications thereof.
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Clifford Stein
Clifford Seth Stein (born December 14, 1965), a computer scientist, is a professor of industrial engineering and operations research at Columbia University in New York, NY, where he also holds an appointment in the Department of Computer Science.
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Co-NP
In computational complexity theory, co-NP is a complexity class.
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Complement (set theory)
In set theory, the complement of a set refers to elements not in.
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Complexity class
In computational complexity theory, a complexity class is a set of problems of related resource-based complexity.
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Computation tree
A computation tree is a representation for the computation steps of a non-deterministic Turing machine on a specified input.
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Computational complexity theory
Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other.
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Computer science
Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.
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Concatenation
In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end.
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David Harel
David Harel (דוד הראל; born 12 April 1950) is a computer scientist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, and holds the William Sussman Professorial Chair of Mathematics.
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Decision problem
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a problem that can be posed as a yes-no question of the input values.
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Descriptive complexity theory
Descriptive complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory and of finite model theory that characterizes complexity classes by the type of logic needed to express the languages in them.
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Deterministic algorithm
In computer science, a deterministic algorithm is an algorithm which, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states.
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EXPTIME
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class EXPTIME (sometimes called EXP or DEXPTIME) is the set of all decision problems that have exponential runtime, i.e., that are solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in O(2p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n. In terms of DTIME, We know and also, by the time hierarchy theorem and the space hierarchy theorem, that so at least one of the first three inclusions and at least one of the last three inclusions must be proper, but it is not known which ones are.
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Fagin's theorem
Fagin's theorem is a result in descriptive complexity theory that states that the set of all properties expressible in existential second-order logic is precisely the complexity class NP.
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FNP (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FNP is the function problem extension of the decision problem class NP.
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Fork (system call)
In computing, particularly in the context of the Unix operating system and its workalikes, fork is an operation whereby a process creates a copy of itself.
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Formal language
In mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols together with a set of rules that are specific to it.
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Integer
An integer (from the Latin ''integer'' meaning "whole")Integer 's first literal meaning in Latin is "untouched", from in ("not") plus tangere ("to touch").
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Integer factorization
In number theory, integer factorization is the decomposition of a composite number into a product of smaller integers.
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Interactive proof system
In computational complexity theory, an interactive proof system is an abstract machine that models computation as the exchange of messages between two parties.
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Intersection
In mathematics, the intersection of two or more objects is another, usually "smaller" object.
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Introduction to Algorithms
Introduction to Algorithms is a book by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein.
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Kleene star
In mathematical logic and computer science, the Kleene star (or Kleene operator or Kleene closure) is a unary operation, either on sets of strings or on sets of symbols or characters.
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Mathematical proof
In mathematics, a proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement.
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Michael Sipser
Michael Fredric Sipser (born September 17, 1954) is a theoretical computer scientist who has made early contributions to computational complexity theory.
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Non-deterministic Turing machine
In theoretical computer science, a Turing machine is a theoretical machine that is used in thought experiments to examine the abilities and limitations of computers.
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Nondeterministic algorithm
In computer science, a nondeterministic algorithm is an algorithm that, even for the same input, can exhibit different behaviors on different runs, as opposed to a deterministic algorithm.
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NP-completeness
In computational complexity theory, an NP-complete decision problem is one belonging to both the NP and the NP-hard complexity classes.
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NTIME
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NTIME(f(n)) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine which runs in time O(f(n)).
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P (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamental complexity class.
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P versus NP problem
The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in computer science.
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Polynomial hierarchy
In computational complexity theory, the polynomial hierarchy (sometimes called the polynomial-time hierarchy) is a hierarchy of complexity classes that generalize the classes P, NP and co-NP to oracle machines.
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Primality test
A primality test is an algorithm for determining whether an input number is prime.
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Probabilistically checkable proof
In computational complexity theory, a probabilistically checkable proof (PCP) is a type of proof that can be checked by a randomized algorithm using a bounded amount of randomness and reading a bounded number of bits of the proof.
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Propositional calculus
Propositional calculus is a branch of logic.
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PSPACE
In computational complexity theory, PSPACE is the set of all decision problems that can be solved by a Turing machine using a polynomial amount of space.
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Ron Rivest
Ronald Linn Rivest (born May 6, 1947) is a cryptographer and an Institute Professor at MIT.
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Search problem
In computational complexity theory and computability theory, a search problem is a type of computational problem represented by a binary relation.
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Second-order logic
In logic and mathematics second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic.
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Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.
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Space hierarchy theorem
In computational complexity theory, the space hierarchy theorems are separation results that show that both deterministic and nondeterministic machines can solve more problems in (asymptotically) more space, subject to certain conditions.
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Subgraph isomorphism problem
In theoretical computer science, the subgraph isomorphism problem is a computational task in which two graphs G and H are given as input, and one must determine whether G contains a subgraph that is isomorphic to H. Subgraph isomorphism is a generalization of both the maximum clique problem and the problem of testing whether a graph contains a Hamiltonian cycle, and is therefore NP-complete.
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Subset sum problem
In computer science, the subset sum problem is an important problem in complexity theory and cryptography.
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Thomas H. Cormen
Thomas H. Cormen is the co-author of Introduction to Algorithms, along with Charles Leiserson, Ron Rivest, and Cliff Stein.
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Time complexity
In computer science, the time complexity is the computational complexity that describes the amount of time it takes to run an algorithm.
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Time hierarchy theorem
In computational complexity theory, the time hierarchy theorems are important statements about time-bounded computation on Turing machines.
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Travelling salesman problem
The travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city and returns to the origin city?" It is an NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization, important in operations research and theoretical computer science.
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Turing machine
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine, which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.
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Union (set theory)
In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection.
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Witness (mathematics)
In mathematical logic, a witness is a specific value t to be substituted for variable x of an existential statement of the form ∃x φ(x) such that φ(t) is true.
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Class NP, Complexity class NP, NP (class), NP (complexity class), NP Class, NP class, NP-Class, NP-Problem, NP-class, NP-problem, Nondeterministic Polynomial, Nondeterministic polynomial, Nondeterministic polynomial time, Np (complexity).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP_(complexity)
