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Table of Contents

1. 754 relations: Abraham Lincoln, Achievement gaps in the United States, Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, Advanced Placement, Affair, Affirmative action, Africa, African American cinema, African American–Jewish relations, African American–Korean American relations, African Americans in Africa, African Americans in Canada, African Americans in France, African Americans in Ghana, African Americans in Israel, African diaspora, African diaspora in the Americas, African immigration to the United States, African Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, African-American art, African-American culture, African-American English, African-American family structure, African-American history, African-American Jews, African-American literature, African-American middle class, African-American music, African-American Muslims, African-American names, African-American neighborhood, African-American upper class, African-American Vernacular English, Africana philosophy, Afro-Brazilians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro–Latin Americans, Akan people, Al Gore, Alabama, Alcoholism, All-African People's Revolutionary Party, Alvin Ailey, Ambundu, American Civil War, American Colonization Society, American Descendants of Slavery, American English, ... Expand index (704 more) » « Shrink index

2. Ethnonyms of African Americans

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865.

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Achievement gaps in the United States

Achievement gaps in the United States are observed, persistent disparities in measures of educational performance among subgroups of U.S. students, especially groups defined by socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity and gender.

See African Americans and Achievement gaps in the United States

Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves

The Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves of 1807 (enacted March 2, 1807) is a United States federal law that prohibited the importation of slaves into the United States.

See African Americans and Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves

Advanced Placement

Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board.

See African Americans and Advanced Placement

Affair

An affair is a union of more than two people in one romantic and sexual relationship,, passionate attachment in which at least one of its participants has betrayed their partner (regardless of formal or informal relationship status) with a third person or more people (regardless if the partner and the third person(s) were aware, not aware, and/or disagreed to having an affair).

See African Americans and Affair

Affirmative action

Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups.

See African Americans and Affirmative action

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

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African American cinema

African American cinema is loosely classified as films made by, for, or about Black Americans.

See African Americans and African American cinema

African American–Jewish relations

African Americans and Jewish Americans have interacted throughout much of the history of the United States. African Americans and African American–Jewish relations are African-American society and history of civil rights in the United States.

See African Americans and African American–Jewish relations

African American–Korean American relations

Tensions between African American and Korean American communities in major U.S. cities gained national attention in the 1980s and 1990s, marked by events such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the Family Red Apple boycott in New York.

See African Americans and African American–Korean American relations

African Americans in Africa

The history of African-American settlement in Africa extends to the beginnings of ex-slave repatriation to Africa from European colonies in the Americas.

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African Americans in Canada

There is an '''African American''' diaspora in Canada.

See African Americans and African Americans in Canada

African Americans in France

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans) in France are people of African heritage or black people from the United States who are or have become residents or citizens of France. African Americans and African Americans in France are African-American society.

See African Americans and African Americans in France

African Americans in Ghana

The history of African Americans in Ghana goes back to individuals such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital, Accra.

See African Americans and African Americans in Ghana

African Americans in Israel

African Americans in Israel number at least 25,000, comprise several separate groups, including the groups of African American Jews who have immigrated from the United States to Israel making aliyah, non-Jewish African Americans who have immigrated to Israel for personal or business reasons, pro-athletes who formerly played in the major leagues in the United States before playing in Israel on local basketball and other sports teams, as well as foreign students studying in Israeli universities, businessmen, merchants, and guest workers, along with Israeli citizens of African American ancestry.

See African Americans and African Americans in Israel

African diaspora

The global African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas.

See African Americans and African diaspora

African diaspora in the Americas

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry.

See African Americans and African diaspora in the Americas

African immigration to the United States

African immigration to the United States refers to immigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modern African countries.

See African Americans and African immigration to the United States

African Methodist Episcopal Church

The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church or AME, is a Methodist denomination based in the United States.

See African Americans and African Methodist Episcopal Church

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, or the AME Zion Church (AMEZ) is a historically African-American Christian denomination based in the United States.

See African Americans and African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

African-American art

African-American art is a broad term describing visual art created by African Americans. African Americans and African-American art are African-American culture.

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African-American culture

African-American culture, also known as Black American culture or Black culture in American English, refers to the cultural expressions of African Americans, either as part of or distinct from mainstream American culture. African Americans and African-American culture are African-American society.

See African Americans and African-American culture

African-American English

African-American English (or AAE; or '''Ebonics''', also known as Black American English or simply Black English in American linguistics) is the set of English sociolects spoken by most Black people in the United States and many in Canada; most commonly, it refers to a dialect continuum ranging from African-American Vernacular English to a more standard American English. African Americans and African-American English are African-American culture.

See African Americans and African-American English

African-American family structure

The family structure of African Americans has long been a matter of national public policy interest. African Americans and African-American family structure are African-American culture.

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African-American history

African-American history started with the arrival of Africans to North America in the 16th and 17th centuries. African Americans and African-American history are African-American society.

See African Americans and African-American history

African-American Jews

African-American Jews are people who are both African American and Jewish.

See African Americans and African-American Jews

African-American literature

African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. African Americans and African-American literature are African-American culture.

See African Americans and African-American literature

African-American middle class

The African-American middle class consists of African-Americans who have middle-class status within the American class structure. African Americans and African-American middle class are African-American society.

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African-American music

African-American music is a broad term covering a diverse range of musical genres largely developed by African Americans and their culture. African Americans and African-American music are African-American culture.

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African-American Muslims

African-American Muslims, also known as Black Muslims, are an African-American religious minority.

See African Americans and African-American Muslims

African-American names

African-American names are an integral part of African-American tradition. African Americans and African-American names are African-American culture.

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African-American neighborhood

African-American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. African Americans and African-American neighborhood are African-American society.

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African-American upper class

The African-American upper class, sometimes referred to as the black upper class, the black upper middle class or black elite, is a social class that consists of African-American individuals who have high disposable incomes and high net worth. African Americans and African-American upper class are African-American society.

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African-American Vernacular English

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is the variety of English natively spoken, particularly in urban communities, by most working- and middle-class African Americans and some Black Canadians.

See African Americans and African-American Vernacular English

Africana philosophy

Africana philosophy is the work of philosophers of African descent and others whose work deals with the subject matter of the African diaspora.

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Afro-Brazilians

Afro-Brazilians (afro-brasileiros) are Brazilians who have predominantly sub-Saharan African ancestry (see "preto").

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Afro-Cubans

Afro-Cubans (Afrocubano) or Black Cubans are Cubans of full or partial sub-Saharan African ancestry.

See African Americans and Afro-Cubans

Afro-Puerto Ricans

Afro-Puerto Ricans (Afropuertorriqueños), most commonly known as '''Afroboricuas''', but also occasionally referred to as Afroborinqueños, Afroborincanos, or Afropuertorros, are Puerto Ricans of full or mostly sub-Saharan African origin, who are predominately the descendants of slaves, freedmen, and free Blacks original to West and Central Africa.

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Afro–Latin Americans

Afro–Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans (sometimes Afro-Latinos) are Latin Americans of full or mainly sub-Saharan African ancestry.

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Akan people

The Akan people are a Kwa group living primarily in present-day Ghana and in parts of Ivory Coast and Togo in West Africa.

See African Americans and Akan people

Al Gore

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician, businessman, and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Alcoholism

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems.

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All-African People's Revolutionary Party

The All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP) is a socialist political party founded by Kwame Nkrumah and organized in Conakry, Guinea in 1968.

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Alvin Ailey

Alvin Ailey Jr. (January 5, 1931 – December 1, 1989) was an American dancer, director, choreographer, and activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (AAADT).

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Ambundu

The Ambundu or Mbundu (Mbundu: Ambundu or Akwambundu, singular: Mumbundu (distinct from the Ovimbundu) are a Bantu people who live on a high plateau in present-day Angola just north of the Kwanza River. The Ambundu speak Kimbundu, and most also speak the official language of the country, Portuguese. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union.

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American Colonization Society

The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the repatriation of freeborn people of color and emancipated slaves to the continent of Africa.

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American Descendants of Slavery

American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS) is a term referring to descendants of enslaved Africans in the area that would become the United States (from its colonial period onward), and to the political movement of the same name.

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American English

American English (AmE), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.

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American Jews

American Jews or Jewish Americans are American citizens who are Jewish, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion. African Americans and American Jews are ethnic groups in the United States.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a rebellion and political movement in the Thirteen Colonies which peaked when colonists initiated an ultimately successful war for independence against the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

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Americans

Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States.

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Americas

The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.

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Americo-Liberian people

Americo-Liberian people (also known as Congo people or Congau people),Cooper, Helene, The House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood (United States: Simon and Schuster, 2008), p. 6 are a Liberian ethnic group of African American, Afro-Caribbean, and liberated African origin.

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Anderson Independent-Mail

The Anderson Independent-Mail, marketed as Independent Mail and sometimes referred to as Anderson Independent Mail, is a newspaper for Anderson County in the state of South Carolina.

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Angola

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa.

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Antebellum South

The Antebellum South era (from before the war) was a period in the history of the Southern United States that extended from the conclusion of the War of 1812 to the start of the American Civil War in 1861.

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Anthony Johnson (colonist)

Anthony Johnson (1600 – 1670) was an Angolan-born man who achieved wealth in the early 17th-century Colony of Virginia.

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Anthony Overton

Anthony Overton Jr. (March 18, 1864 – July 2, 1946), was an American banker and manufacturer.

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Anti-African sentiment

Anti-African sentiment, Afroscepticism, or Afrophobia is prejudice, hostility, discrimination, or racism towards people and cultures of Africa and of the African diaspora.

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Anti-imperialism

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism.

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Anti-literacy laws in the United States

Anti-literacy laws in many slave states before and during the American Civil War affected slaves, freedmen, and in some cases all people of color. African Americans and Anti-literacy laws in the United States are African-American society.

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Anti-miscegenation laws

Anti-miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes, they also criminalize sex between members of different races.

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Anti-Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.

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AP African American Studies

Advanced Placement (AP) African American Studies (also known as APAAS, APAFAM, AP African, or AP Afro) is a pilot college-level course and examination offered to a limited number of high school students in the United States through the College Board's Advanced Placement program.

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AP Stylebook

The Associated Press Stylebook (generally called the AP Stylebook), alternatively titled The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law, is a style and usage guide for American English grammar created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated Press journalism cooperative based in New York City.

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Asante people

The Asante, also known as Ashanti in English, are part of the Akan ethnic group and are native to the Ashanti Region of modern-day Ghana.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.

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Asian Americans

Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry (including naturalized Americans who are immigrants from specific regions in Asia and descendants of those immigrants). African Americans and Asian Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Aspire TV (American TV network)

Aspire TV is an American pay television channel targeting African Americans.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Astronaut

An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek ἄστρον, meaning 'star', and ναύτης, meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people to the Americas.

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Augusta, Georgia

Augusta is a consolidated city-county on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Author

In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work, whether that work is in written, graphic, or recorded medium.

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Balanta people

The Balanta (Guinea-Bissau Creole and Portuguese: balanta;; lit. “those who resist” in Mandinka) are an ethnic group found in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Senegal, Cape Verde and The Gambia.

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Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles

Baldwin Hills is a neighborhood within the South Los Angeles region of Los Angeles, California.

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Baltimore

Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Bamileke people

The Bamiléké are a group of 90 closely related peoples who inhabit the Western High Plateau of Cameroon.

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Bamum people

The Bamum, sometimes called Bamoum, Bamun, Bamoun, or Mum, are a Grassfields ethnic group located in now Cameroon.

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Bantu expansion

The Bantu expansion was a major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group, which spread from an original nucleus around West-Central Africa.

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Bantu languages

The Bantu languages (English:, Proto-Bantu: *bantʊ̀) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa.

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Bantu peoples

The Bantu peoples are an ethnolinguistic grouping of approximately 400 distinct native African ethnic groups who speak Bantu languages.

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Baptists

Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017.

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Barbadians

Barbadians, more commonly known as Bajans (pronounced) are people who are identified with the country of Barbados, by being citizens or their descendants in the Bajan diaspora.

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Barbershop music

Barbershop vocal harmony, as codified during the barbershop revival era (1930s–present), is a style of a cappella close harmony, or unaccompanied vocal music, characterized by consonant four-part chords for every melody note in a primarily homorhythmic texture.

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Bariba people

The Bariba people, self designation Baatonu (plural Baatombu), are the principal inhabitants of Borgou and Alibori Departments, Benin, and cofounders of the Borgu kingdom of what is now northeast Benin and west-central Nigeria.

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Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Baton Rouge (French: Baton Rouge or Bâton-Rouge,; Batonrouj) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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Benin

Benin (Bénin, Benɛ, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin), and also known as Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.

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Bernardo de Gálvez

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez y Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez (23 July 1746 – 30 November 1786) was a Spanish military leader and government official who served as colonial governor of Spanish Louisiana and Cuba, and later as Viceroy of New Spain.

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BET

Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an American basic cable channel targeting Black American audiences.

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BET Her

BET Her is an American basic cable television network currently owned by the BET Media Group subsidiary of Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group.

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BET Media Group

Black Entertainment Television LLC (doing business as the BET Media Group, and formally known as BET Networks) is a subsidiary of American media conglomerate Paramount Global under its CBS Entertainment Group unit.

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Biafada people

The Biafada people is an ethnic group of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Gambia.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Bill J. Leonard

Billy Jim Leonard (born 20 March 1946) is an American historian of religion, Baptist pastor, teacher and dean.

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Bill T. Jones

William Tass Jones, known as Bill T. Jones (born February 15, 1952), is an American choreographer, director, author and dancer.

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Birmingham, Alabama

Birmingham is a city in the north central region of Alabama.

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Black American Sign Language

Black American Sign Language (BASL) or Black Sign Variation (BSV) is a dialect of American Sign Language (ASL) used most commonly by deaf African Americans in the United States. African Americans and Black American Sign Language are African-American culture.

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Black Belt in the American South

The Black Belt in the American South refers to the social history, especially concerning slavery and black workers, of the geological region known as the Black Belt.

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Black church

The black church (sometimes termed Black Christianity or African American Christianity) is the faith and body of Christian denominations and congregations in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led by African Americans, as well as these churches' collective traditions and members. African Americans and black church are African-American culture.

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Black Hebrew Israelites

Black Hebrew Israelites (also called Hebrew Israelites, Black Hebrews, Black Israelites, and African Hebrew Israelites) are a new religious movement claiming that African Americans are descendants of the ancient Israelites.

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Black Hispanic and Latino Americans

Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Afro-Hispanics, Afro-Latinos, Black Hispanics, or Black Latinos, are classified by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget, and other U.S. government agencies as Black people living in the United States with ancestry in Latin America, Spain or Portugal and/or who speak Spanish, and/or Portuguese as either their first language or second language. African Americans and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Black History Month

Black History Month is an annual observance originating in the United States, where it is also known as African-American History Month and was formerly known as Negro History Month before 1976.

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Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people and to promote anti-racism.

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Black Loyalist

Black Loyalists were people of African descent who sided with the Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War.

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Black nationalism

Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks representation for black people as a distinct national identity, especially in racialized, colonial and postcolonial societies.

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Black Nova Scotians

Black Nova Scotians (also known as African Nova Scotians and Afro-Nova Scotians) are Black Canadians whose ancestors primarily date back to the Colonial United States as slaves or freemen, later arriving in Nova Scotia, Canada, during the 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Black people

Black is a racialized classification of people, usually a political and skin color-based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion. African Americans and Black people are Ethnonyms of African Americans.

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Black power

Black power is a political slogan and a name which is given to various associated ideologies which aim to achieve self-determination for black people.

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Black power movement

The black power movement or black liberation movement was a branch or counterculture within the civil rights movement of the United States, reacting against its more moderate, mainstream, or incremental tendencies and motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods.

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Black Southerners

Black Southerners are African Americans living in the Southern United States, the United States region with the largest black population.

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Bluegrass music

Bluegrass music is a genre of American roots music that developed in the 1940s in the Appalachian region of the United States.

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Blues

Blues is a music genre and musical form that originated amongst African-Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s.

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Bono people

The Bono, also called the Brong and the Abron, are an Akan people of West Africa.

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Bounce TV

Bounce TV is an American digital broadcast television network owned by Scripps Networks, a subsidiary of E. W. Scripps Company.

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Boycott

A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest.

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British America

British America comprised the colonial territories of the English Empire, and the successor British Empire, in the Americas from 1607 to 1783.

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Brockton, Massachusetts

Brockton is a city in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States; the population was 105,643 at the 2020 United States census.

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Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.

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Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a unit of the United States Department of Labor.

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California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

California State Polytechnic University Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), is a public polytechnic university in Pomona, California.

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Cannabis

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae.

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Captaincy General of Santo Domingo

The Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (Capitanía General de Santo Domingo) was the first Capitancy in the New World, established by Spain in 1492 on the island of Hispaniola. The Capitancy, under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo, was granted administrative powers over the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and most of its mainland coasts, making Santo Domingo the principal political entity of the early colonial period.

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Cardiac surgery

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons.

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Carol Moseley Braun

Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun, also sometimes Moseley-Braun (born August 16, 1947), is an American diplomat, politician, and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999.

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Carter G. Woodson

Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875April 3, 1950) was an American historian, author, journalist, and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH).

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Cathy Hughes

Catherine Liggins Hughes (born Catherine Elizabeth Woods; April 22, 1947) is an American entrepreneur, radio and television personality and business executive.

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Cedar Hill, Texas

Cedar Hill is a city in Dallas and Ellis counties in the U.S. state of Texas.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

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Central Africa

Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent comprising various countries according to different definitions.

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Charles City County, Virginia

Charles City County is a county located in the U.S. commonwealth of Virginia.

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Charles County, Maryland

Charles County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland.

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Charles II of Spain

Charles II of Spain (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as the Bewitched (El Hechizado), was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700.

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Charles Steele Jr.

Charles Steele Jr. (born August 3, 1946) is an American businessman, politician and civil rights leader.

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Charleston, Illinois

Charleston is a city in, and the county seat of, Coles County, Illinois, United States.

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Charlotte, North Carolina

Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the county seat of Mecklenburg County.

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Chicago Black Renaissance

The Chicago Black Renaissance (also known as the Black Chicago Renaissance) was a creative movement that blossomed out of the Chicago Black Belt on the city's South Side and spanned the 1930s and 1940s before a transformation in art and culture took place in the mid-1950s through the turn of the century.

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Chicago metropolitan area

The Chicago metropolitan area, also referred to as the Greater Chicago Area and Chicagoland, is the largest metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the Midwest, containing the City of Chicago along with its surrounding suburbs and satellite cities.

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Chicago race riot of 1919

The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between white Americans and black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919.

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Chinese Americans

Chinese Americans are Americans of Chinese ancestry.

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Chlamydia

Chlamydia, or more specifically a chlamydia infection, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Chokwe people

The Chokwe people, known by many other names (including Kioko, Bajokwe, Chibokwe, Kibokwe, Ciokwe, Cokwe or Badjok), are a Bantu ethnic group of Central and Southern Africa.

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Chuck Berry

Charles Edward Anderson Berry (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter who pioneered rock and roll.

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Church of God in Christ

The Church of God in Christ (COGIC) is an international Holiness–Pentecostal Christian denomination, and a large Pentecostal denomination in the United States.

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Cincinnati

Cincinnati (nicknamed Cincy) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country. African Americans and civil rights movement are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Civil rights movement (1865–1896)

The civil rights movement (1865–1896) aimed to eliminate racial discrimination against African Americans, improve their educational and employment opportunities, and establish their electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the United States.

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Civil rights movement (1896–1954)

The civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent action to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans.

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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Cleo TV

Cleo TV (stylized as CLEOTV) is an American cable television network owned by Urban One.

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Cleveland

Cleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.

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Coartación (slavery)

Coartación was a system of self-paid manumission in colonial Latin American slave societies, during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries.

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Cognitive impairment

Cognitive impairment is an inclusive term to describe any characteristic that acts as a barrier to the cognition process or different areas of cognition.

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College Board

The College Board, styled as CollegeBoard, is an American not-for-profit organization that was formed in December 1899 as the College Entrance Examination Board (CEEB) to expand access to higher education.

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Colonial history of the United States

The colonial history of the United States covers the period of European colonization of North America from the early 16th century until the incorporation of the Thirteen Colonies into the United States after the Revolutionary War.

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Colony of Virginia

The Colony of Virginia was a British, colonial settlement in North America between 1606 and 1776.

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Colored

Colored (or coloured) is a racial descriptor historically used in the United States during the Jim Crow Era to refer to an African American. African Americans and Colored are African-American society and Ethnonyms of African Americans.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.

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Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 that temporarily defused tensions between slave and free states in the years leading up to the American Civil War.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA), commonly referred to as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or the South, was an unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United States that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865.

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Conservatism in the United States

Conservatism in the United States is based on a belief in individualism, traditionalism, republicanism, and limited federal governmental power in relation to U.S. states.

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Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism, also known as Masorti Judaism (translit), is a Jewish religious movement that regards the authority of Jewish law and tradition as emanating primarily from the assent of the people through the generations, more than from divine revelation.

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Constitution of the United States

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States.

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Contemporary R&B

Contemporary R&B (or simply R&B) is a popular music genre that combines rhythm and blues with elements of pop, soul, funk, hip hop, and electronic music.

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Cotton Club

The Cotton Club was a New York City nightclub from 1923 to 1940.

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Country music

Country (also called country and western) is a music genre originating in the southern regions of the United States, both the American South and the Southwest.

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Covenant (law)

A covenant, in its most general sense and historical sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action.

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COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19 vaccine

A COVID19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVIDnbhyph19).

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Credit score in the United States

A credit score is a number that provides a comparative estimate of an individual's creditworthiness based on an analysis of their credit report.

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Cuisine of the Southern United States

The cuisine of the Southern United States encompasses diverse food traditions of several subregions, including cuisine of Southeastern Native American tribes, Tidewater, Appalachian, Ozarks, Lowcountry, Cajun, Creole, African American cuisine and Floribbean cuisine.

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Cultural competence in healthcare

Cultural competence in healthcare refers to the ability for healthcare professionals to demonstrate cultural competence toward patients with diverse values, beliefs, and feelings.

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Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.

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Dagomba people

The Dagbamba or Dagomba are an ethnic group of Ghana, and Togo.

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Dallas

Dallas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the most populous metropolitan area in Texas and the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States at 7.5 million people.

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Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex

The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, officially designated Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, is the most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. state of Texas and the Southern United States, encompassing 11 counties.

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Daniel Hale Williams

Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856 – August 4, 1931) was an American surgeon and hospital founder.

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Darlene Clark Hine

Darlene Clark Hine (born February 7, 1947) is an American author and professor in the field of African-American history.

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David Brion Davis

David Brion Davis (February 16, 1927 – April 14, 2019) was an American intellectual and cultural historian, and a leading authority on slavery and abolition in the Western world.

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David Ehrenstein

David Ehrenstein (born February 18, 1947) is an American critic who focuses primarily on gay issues in cinema.

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Debra Dickerson

Debra J. Dickerson (born 1959) is an American author, editor, writer, and contributing writer and blogger for Mother Jones magazine.

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Debt-to-income ratio

In the consumer mortgage industry, debt-to-income ratio (DTI) is the percentage of a consumer's monthly gross income that goes toward paying debts.

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DeKalb County, Georgia

DeKalb County is located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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DeSoto, Texas

DeSoto is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States.

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Detroit

Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.

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Dialect

Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.

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Disability

Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society.

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Disability and poverty

The world's poor are significantly more likely to have or incur a disability within their lifetime compared to more financially privileged populations.

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Disco

Disco is a genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the late 1960s from the United States' urban nightlife scene.

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Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era

Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting.

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Dominican Americans

Dominican Americans (domínico-americanos, estadounidenses dominicanos) are Americans who trace their ancestry to the Dominican Republic.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

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Doo-wop

Doo-wop (also spelled doowop and doo wop) is a subgenre of rhythm and blues music that originated in African-American communities during the 1940s, mainly in the large cities of the United States, including New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Baltimore, Newark, Detroit, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles.

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Douglas Wilder

Lawrence Douglas Wilder (born January 17, 1931) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 66th governor of Virginia from 1990 to 1994.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that held the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and therefore they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution conferred upon American citizens.

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Duala people

The Duala (or Sawa) are a Bantu ethnic group of Cameroon. They primarily inhabit the littoral and southwest region of Cameroon and form a portion of the Sawabantu or "coastal people" of Cameroon. The Dualas readily welcomed German and French colonial policies. The number of German-speaking Africans increased in central African German colonies prior to 1914.

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Dudley Leavitt (publisher)

Dudley Leavitt (1772 – September 20, 1851) was an American publisher.

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Duke Ellington

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and leader of his eponymous jazz orchestra from 1923 through the rest of his life.

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Dutch West India Company

The Dutch West India Company or WIC (Westindische Compagnie) was a chartered company of Dutch merchants as well as foreign investors, formally known as GWC (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; Chartered West India Company).

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E. W. Scripps Company

The E. W. Scripps Company, also known as Scripps, is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis "E. W." Scripps and his sister, Ellen Browning Scripps.

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East Africa

East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.

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Economy of the United States

The United States is a highly developed/advanced mixed economy.

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Edo people

The Edo people, sometimes referred to as the Bendel people, are an Edo-speaking ethnic group.

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Efik people

The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon.

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Egyptian hieroglyphs

Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.

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Elijah McCoy

Elijah J. McCoy (May 2, 1844 – October 10, 1929) was a Canadian-American engineer of African-American descent who invented lubrication systems for steam engines.

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Elijah Muhammad

Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 – February 25, 1975) was an American religious leader, black separatist, and self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1933 until his death in 1975.

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Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War.

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Emmett Till

Emmett Louis Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African American teenager who was abducted and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store. African Americans and Emmett Till are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Empire (2015 TV series)

Empire is an American music drama television series created by Lee Daniels and Danny Strong for Fox that ran from January 7, 2015, to April 21, 2020.

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English Americans

English Americans (historically known as Anglo-Americans) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England.

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Ethiopian Americans

Ethiopian Americans are Americans of Ethiopian descent, as well as individuals of American and Ethiopian ancestry.

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Ethnic violence

Ethnic violence is a form of political violence which is expressly motivated by ethnic hatred and ethnic conflict.

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Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

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Ethnolect

An ethnolect is generally defined as a language variety that marks speakers as members of ethnic groups who originally used another language or distinctive variety.

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Eurocentrism

Eurocentrism (also Eurocentricity or Western-centrism) refers to viewing the West as the center of world events or superior to all other cultures.

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European Americans

European Americans are Americans of European ancestry. African Americans and European Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.

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Ewe people

The Ewe people (Eʋeawó, lit. "Ewe people"; or Mono Kple Amu (Volta) Tɔ́sisiwo Dome, lit. "Between the Rivers Mono and Volta"; Eʋenyígbá Eweland) are a Gbe-speaking ethnic group.

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Fante people

The modern Mfantsefo or Fante ("Fanti" is an older spelling) confederacy is a combination of Akan people and aboriginal Guan people.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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Feminist movement

The feminist movement, also known as the women's movement, refers to a series of social movements and political campaigns for radical and liberal reforms on women's issues created by inequality between men and women.

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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.

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First Africans in Virginia

The first Africans in Virginia were a group of "twenty and odd" captive persons originally from modern-day Angola who landed at Old Point Comfort in Hampton, Virginia in late August 1619.

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First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening, sometimes Great Awakening or the Evangelical Revival, was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

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Florida

Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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Fon people

The Fon people, also called Dahomeans, Fon nu or Agadja are a Gbe ethnic group.

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Fort Worth, Texas

Fort Worth is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Tarrant County, covering nearly into Denton, Johnson, Parker, and Wise counties.

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. African Americans and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Fox Soul

Fox Soul is a digital television network and live streaming service operated by Fox Corporation that launched on January 13, 2020.

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Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet

Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet y Bosoist, 5th Baron of Carondelet, (born 1748, Noyelles-sur-Selle, Flanders – died 1807 Quito, Ecuador) was a Spanish administrator of partial Burgundian descent in the employ of the Spanish Empire.

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Frank L. Stanley Sr.

Frank L. Stanley Sr. (1906 – October 19, 1974) was an American newspaper publisher and editor.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials FDR, was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Frederick D. Gregory

Frederick Drew Gregory (born January 7, 1941) is a former United States Air Force pilot, military engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut as well as former NASA Deputy Administrator.

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Frederick McKinley Jones

Frederick McKinley Jones (May 17, 1893 – February 21, 1961) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, engineer, winner of the National Medal of Technology, and an inductee of the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

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Free Negro

In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865, free Negro or free Black described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved.

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Free Speech Movement

The Free Speech Movement (FSM) was a massive, long-lasting student protest which took place during the 1964–65 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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French Louisianians

The French Louisianians (Louisianais), also known as Louisiana French, are Latin French people native to the states that were established out of French Louisiana. African Americans and French Louisianians are African-American culture and African-American society.

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Frisking

Frisking (also called a patdown or pat down) is a search of a person's outer clothing wherein a person runs their hands along the outer garments of another to detect any concealed weapons or objects.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was an Act of the United States Congress to give effect to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3), which was later superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment, and to also give effect to the Extradition Clause (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 2).

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was a law passed by the 31st United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern interests in slavery and Northern Free-Soilers.

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Fugitive Slave Clause

The Fugitive Slave Clause in the United States Constitution, also known as either the Slave Clause or the Fugitives From Labor Clause, is Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, which requires a "Person held to Service or Labour" (usually a slave, apprentice, or indentured servant) who flees to another state to be returned to his or her master in the state from which that person escaped.

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Fugitive slave laws in the United States

The fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of enslaved people who escaped from one state into another state or territory.

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Fula people

The Fula, Fulani, or Fulɓe people are an ethnic group in Sahara, Sahel and West Africa, widely dispersed across the region.

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Funk

Funk is a music genre that originated in African-American communities in the mid-1960s when musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of various music genres that were popular among African-Americans in the mid-20th century.

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Ga-Adangbe people

The Ga-Dangbe, Ga-Dangme, Ga-Adangme or Ga-Adangbe are an ethnic group in Ghana, Togo and Benin.

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Gallup, Inc.

Gallup, Inc. is an American multinational analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide.

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Garrett Morgan

Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an American inventor, businessman, and community leader.

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Generation X

Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the demographic cohort following the Baby Boomers and preceding Millennials.

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George Padmore

George Padmore (28 June 1903 – 23 September 1959), born Malcolm Ivan Meredith Nurse, was a leading Pan-Africanist, journalist, and author.

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George Washington Carver

George Washington Carver (1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.

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German Americans

German Americans (Deutschamerikaner) are Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. African Americans and German Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Gonorrhea

Gonorrhoea or gonorrhea, colloquially known as the clap, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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Gospel music

Gospel music is a genre of Christian Music that spreads the word of God and a cornerstone of Christian media.

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Grammar

In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.

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Granville Woods

Granville Tailer Woods (April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910) was an American inventor who held more than 50 patents in the United States.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.

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Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration, sometimes known as the Great Northward Migration or the Black Migration, was the movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910 and 1970.

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Great Recession

The Great Recession was a period of marked decline in economies around the world that occurred in the late 2000s.

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Greater Houston

Greater Houston, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, is the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States, encompassing nine counties along the Gulf Coast in Southeast Texas.

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Greater Los Angeles

Greater Los Angeles is the most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California, encompassing five counties in Southern California extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County in the east, with Los Angeles County in the center, and Orange County to the southeast.

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Grits

Grits are a type of porridge made from coarsely ground dried maize or hominy, the latter being maize that has been treated with an alkali in a process called nixtamalization, with the pericarp (ovary wall) removed.

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Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau (Guiné-Bissau; script; Mandinka: ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫ Gine-Bisawo), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau), is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778.

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Gullah language

Gullah (also called Gullah-English, Sea Island Creole English, and Geechee) is a creole language spoken by the Gullah people (also called "Geechees" within the community), an African American population living in coastal regions of South Carolina and Georgia (including urban Charleston and Savannah) as well as extreme northeastern Florida and the extreme southeast of North Carolina. African Americans and Gullah language are African-American society.

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Gurma people

Gurma (also called Gourma or Gourmantché) is an ethnic group living mainly in northeastern Ghana, Burkina Faso, around Fada N'Gourma, and also in northern areas of Togo and Benin, as well as southwestern Niger.

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Haiti

Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas.

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Haitian Americans

Haitian Americans (Haïtiens-Américains; ayisyen ameriken) are a group of Americans of full or partial Haitian origin or descent.

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Haitian emigration

Haitian emigration was a movement to describe the emigration of free blacks from the United States to settle in Haiti in the early 19th century.

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Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

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Hampton Negro Conference

The Hampton Negro Conference was a series of conferences held between 1897 and 1912 hosted by the Hampton Institute (now Hampton University) in Hampton, Virginia.

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Hampton, Virginia

Hampton is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.

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Haplogroup E-M2

Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup E-V38

Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup I-M170

Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

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Haplogroup L1

Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup L2

Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup with a widespread modern distribution, particularly in Subequatorial Africa.

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Haplogroup L3

Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.

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Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African-American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s.

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Harpo Productions

Harpo Productions (or Harpo Studios) is an American multimedia production company founded by Oprah Winfrey and based in West Hollywood, California.

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Harry Cohn

Harry Cohn (July 23, 1891 – February 27, 1958) was a co-founder, president, and production director of Columbia Pictures Corporation.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Hausa people

The Hausa (autonyms for singular: Bahaushe (m), Bahaushiya (f); plural: Hausawa and general: Hausa; exonyms: Ausa; Ajami: مُتَنٜىٰنْ هَوْسَا / هَوْسَاوَا) are a native ethnic group in West Africa.

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Henry Clay

Henry Clay Sr. (April 12, 1777June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.

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Henry Louis Gates Jr.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. (born September 16, 1950) is an American literary critic, professor, historian, and filmmaker who serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and the director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.

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Hillary Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat who served as the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and as the first lady of the United States to former president Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001.

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Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York

Hillcrest is a hamlet incorporated in 1893 and census-designated place, in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States.

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Hip hop music

Hip hop or hip-hop, also known as rap and formerly as disco rap, is a genre of popular music that originated in the early 1970s from the African American community.

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Hispanic

The term Hispanic (hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad broadly.

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Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans (Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of full or partial Spanish and/or Latin American background, culture, or family origin.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (also) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles.

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Historically black colleges and universities

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving African Americans.

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HIV/AIDS

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.

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HIV/AIDS in the United States

The AIDS epidemic, caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), found its way to the United States between the 1970s and 1980s, but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia in homosexual men in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco in 1981.

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Homeownership in the United States

The homeownership rate in the United States is the percentage of homes that are owned by their occupants.

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Homophobia in ethnic minority communities

Homophobia in ethnic minority communities is any negative prejudice or form of discrimination in ethnic minority communities worldwide towards people who identify as–or are perceived as being–lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT), known as homophobia.

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Housing discrimination in the United States

Housing discrimination in the United States refers to the historical and current barriers, policies, and biases that prevent equitable access to housing.

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Houston

Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States.

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Hugh Gwyn

Hugh Gwyn (1590 - 1654) was a British colonist who owned the first legally-sanctioned slave in the Colony of Virginia, John Punch.

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Huntsville, Alabama

Huntsville is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama.

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Hypertension

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

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Ibibio people

The Ibibio people (Pronunciation: /ɪbɪˈbiːəʊ/) are a coastal people in Southern Nigeria.

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Igala people

The Igala people are a Yoruboid ethnolinguistic group native to the region immediately south of the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers in central Nigeria.

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Igbo people

The Igbo people (also spelled Ibo" and historically also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, / / Eboans, Heebo; natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an ethnic group in Nigeria.

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Ijaw people

The Ijaw people, otherwise known as the Ijo people, are an ethnic group found in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, with significant population clusters in Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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In-group and out-group

In social psychology and sociology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.

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Indentured servitude

Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years.

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Index of articles related to African Americans

An African American is a citizen or resident of the United States who has origins in any of the black populations of Africa.

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Indigo dye

Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color.

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Inhuman Bondage

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World is a book by American cultural and intellectual historian David Brion Davis, published by Oxford University Press in 2006.

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Innovation

Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services.

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International Data Group

International Data Group (IDG, Inc.) is a market intelligence and demand generation company focused on the technology industry.

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International Slavery Museum

The International Slavery Museum is a museum located in Liverpool, UK, that focuses on the history and legacy of the transatlantic slave trade.

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Interracial marriage

Interracial marriage is a marriage involving spouses who belong to different races or racialized ethnicities.

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Interracial marriage in the United States

Interracial marriage has been legal throughout the United States since at least the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court (Warren Court) decision Loving v. Virginia (1967) that held that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional via the 14th Amendment adopted in 1868.

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Ira Berlin

Ira Berlin (May 27, 1941 – June 5, 2018) was an American historian, professor of history at the University of Maryland, and former president of Organization of American Historians.

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Irish Americans

Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánaigh) are ethnic Irish who live in the United States and are American citizens.

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Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islam in the United States

Islam is the third-largest religion in the United States (1.34%), behind Christianity (67%) and Judaism (2.07%).

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Israelites

The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.

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Itsekiri people

The Itsekiri (also called the Isekiri, iJekri, Itsekri, Ishekiri, or Itsekhiri) are one of the fundamental Yoruba subgroups in Nigeria's Niger Delta area.

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J. The Jewish News of Northern California

J.

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Jackson, Mississippi

Jackson is the capital of and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

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Jacksonville, Florida

Jacksonville is the most populous city proper in the U.S. state of Florida, located on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida.

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James Armistead Lafayette

James Armistead Lafayette (born 1748 or 1760 – died 1830 or 1832) was an enslaved African American who served the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War under the Marquis de Lafayette, and later received a legislative emancipation.

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James Baldwin

James Arthur Baldwin (né Jones; August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American writer and civil rights activist who garnered acclaim for his essays, novels, plays, and poems.

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Jamestown, Virginia

The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.

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Jan Ernst Matzeliger

Jan Ernst Matzeliger (September 15, 1852 – August 24, 1889) was a Surinamese-American inventor whose automated lasting machine brought significant change to the manufacturing of shoes.

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Jazz

Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues, ragtime, European harmony and African rhythmic rituals.

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Jefferson Davis

Jefferson F. Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the first and only president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865.

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Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.

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Jesse Jackson

Jesse Louis Jackson (né Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, politician, and ordained Baptist minister.

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Jim Crow laws

The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, "Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981.

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Joe Biden

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States since 2021.

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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an effort by abolitionist John Brown, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a slave revolt in Southern states by taking over the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia).

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John Casor

John Casor (surname also recorded as Cazara and Corsala), a servant in Northampton County in the Colony of Virginia, in 1655 became one of the first people of African descent in the Thirteen Colonies to be enslaved for life as a result of a civil suit.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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John Hope Franklin

John Hope Franklin (January 2, 1915 – March 25, 2009) was an American historian of the United States and former president of Phi Beta Kappa, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Southern Historical Association.

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John Kerry

John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the administration of Barack Obama.

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John McCain

John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018) was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a United States senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018.

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John Punch (slave)

John Punch (1605 - 1650) was a Central African resident of the colony of Virginia who became its first enslaved person.

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Johnson Publishing Company

Johnson Publishing Company, Inc. (JPC) was an American publishing company founded in November 1942 by African-American businessman John H. Johnson.

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Jola people

The Jola or Diola (endonym: Ajamat) are an ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau.

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Juneteenth

Juneteenth, officially Juneteenth National Independence Day, is a federal holiday in the United States. African Americans and Juneteenth are African-American culture and African-American society.

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Kalabari tribe

The Kalabari are a sub-group of the Ijaw people living in the eastern Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

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Kamala Harris

Kamala Devi Harris (born October 20, 1964) is an American politician and attorney who is the 49th and current vice president of the United States, having held the position since 2021 under President Joe Biden.

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Karen (slang)

Karen is a slang term typically used to refer to a middle-class white American woman who is perceived as entitled or excessively demanding.

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Kim Novak

Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American retired film and television actress and painter.

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King Cotton

"King Cotton" is a slogan that summarized the strategy used before the American Civil War (of 1861–1865) by secessionists in the southern states (the future Confederate States of America) to claim the feasibility of secession and to prove there was no need to fear a war with the northern states.

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Kongo people

The Kongo people (Bisi Kongo., EsiKongo, singular: Musi Kongo; also Bakongo, singular: Mukongo or M'kongo) are a Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as the speakers of Kikongo.

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Kpelle people

The Kpelle people (also known as the Guerze, Kpwesi, Kpessi, Sprd, Mpessi, Berlu, Gbelle, Bere, Gizima, or Buni) are the largest ethnic group in Liberia.

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Kru people

The Kru, Krao, Kroo, or Krou are a West African ethnic group who are indigenous to western Ivory Coast and eastern Liberia.

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Langston Hughes

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri.

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Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights is an American coalition of more than 240 national civil and human rights organizations and acts as an umbrella group for American civil and human rights.

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Lemelson–MIT Prize

The Lemelson–MIT Program awards several prizes yearly to inventors in the United States.

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Lewis Howard Latimer

Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an American inventor and patent draftsman.

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Lexicon

A lexicon (plural: lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).

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LGBT rights in the United States

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in the United States are among the most advanced in the world, with public opinion and jurisprudence changing significantly since the late 1980s.

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Liberia

Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.

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Lift Every Voice and Sing

"Lift Every Voice and Sing" is a hymn with lyrics by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) and set to music by his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954).

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List of African American federal judges

This is a list of African Americans who have served as United States federal judges.

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List of African American newspapers and media outlets

This is a list of African American newspapers and media outlets, which is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs.

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List of African American poets

This is a list of notable African American poets.

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List of African-American astronauts

African-American astronauts are Americans of African descent who have been part of an astronaut program, whether or not they have traveled into space.

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List of African-American holidays

African-Americans make up 12% of the American population and there are several holidays that celebrate them. African Americans and List of African-American holidays are African-American culture.

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List of African-American inventors and scientists

This list of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives.

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List of African-American LGBT people

This is a list of Black/African Americans who are also members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or intersex communities.

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List of African-American neighborhoods

The list contains the names of cities, districts, and neighborhoods in the U.S. that are predominantly African American or that are strongly associated with African-American culture— either currently or historically.

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List of ethnic groups of Africa

The ethnic groups of Africa number in the thousands, with each ethnicity generally having its own language (or dialect of a language) and culture.

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List of historically black colleges and universities

This list of historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) includes institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of primarily serving the Black American community.

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List of majority-Black counties in the United States

This list of majority-Black counties in the United States covers the counties and county-equivalents in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the territory of Puerto Rico and the population in each county that is Black or African American.

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List of monuments to African Americans

This list may include memorials but does not include plaques or historical markers.

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List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations

The following is a list of United States cities, towns, and unincorporated areas (Census Designated Places) in which a plurality of the population is African American or Black.

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List of topics related to the African diaspora

This is a list of topics related to the African diaspora.

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List of U.S. cities with large Black populations

This list of U.S. cities by black population covers all incorporated cities and Census-designated places with a population over 100,000 and a proportion of black residents over 30% in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the territory of Puerto Rico and the population in each city that is black or African American.

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List of United States urban areas

This is a list of urban areas in the United States as defined by the United States Census Bureau, ordered according to their 2020 census populations.

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Lists of African Americans

This is a list of African Americans, also known as Black Americans (for the outdated and unscientific racial term) or Afro-Americans.

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Literacy

Literacy is the ability to read and write.

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Lithonia, Georgia

Lithonia (AAVE) is a city in eastern DeKalb County, Georgia, United States.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a cathedral, port city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England.

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Lloyd Quarterman

Lloyd Albert Quarterman (May 31, 1918 – July 1982) was an American chemist working mainly with fluorine.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a regional American daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California in 1881.

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Louis Farrakhan

Louis Farrakhan (born Louis Eugene Walcott; May 11, 1933) is an American religious leader who heads the Nation of Islam (NOI), a black nationalist organization.

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Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

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Louisiana (New Spain)

Louisiana (La Luisiana), or the Province of Louisiana (Provincia de La Luisiana), was a province of New Spain from 1762 to 1801 primarily located in the center of North America encompassing the western basin of the Mississippi River plus New Orleans.

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Loving v. Virginia

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), was a landmark civil rights decision of the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

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Luba people

The Luba people or Baluba are an Bantu ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón

Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (c. 1480 – 18 October 1526) was a Spanish magistrate and explorer who in 1526 established the short-lived San Miguel de Gualdape colony, one of the first European attempts at a settlement in what is now the United States.

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Luchazes

Luchazes is a town and municipality in Moxico Province, Angola.

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Lunda people

The Lunda (Balunda, Luunda, Ruund) are a Bantu ethnic group that originated in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo along the Kalanyi River and formed the Kingdom of Lunda in the 17th century under their ruler, Mwata Yamvo or Mwaant Yav, with their capital at Musumba.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

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Macon, Georgia

Macon, officially Macon–Bibb County, is a consolidated city-county in Georgia, United States.

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Magic Johnson

Earvin "Magic" Johnson Jr. (born August 14, 1959) is an American businessman and former professional basketball player.

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Magical Negro

The Magical Negro is a trope in American cinema, television, and literature.

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Mahi people

The Mahi are a people of Benin.

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Mainline Protestant

The mainline Protestant churches (sometimes also known as oldline Protestants) are a group of Protestant denominations in the United States and Canada largely of the theologically liberal or theologically progressive persuasion that contrast in history and practice with the largely theologically conservative Evangelical, Fundamentalist, Charismatic, Confessional, Confessing Movement, historically Black church, and Global South Protestant denominations and congregations.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an African-American revolutionary, Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965.

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Mamie Till

Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley (born Mamie Elizabeth Carthan; November 23, 1921 – January 6, 2003) was an American educator and activist.

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Mandinka people

The Mandinka or Malinke are a West African ethnic group primarily found in southern Mali, The Gambia, southern Senegal and eastern Guinea.

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Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project was a research and development program undertaken during World War II to produce the first nuclear weapons.

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Manumission

Manumission, or enfranchisement, is the act of freeing slaves by their owners.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.

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Marcus Garvey

Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. (17 August 188710 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist.

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Mark D. Shriver

Mark D. Shriver is an American population geneticist.

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Mark Dean (computer scientist)

Mark E. Dean (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and computer engineer.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

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Mary McLeod Bethune

Mary Jane McLeod Bethune (July 10, 1875 – May 18, 1955) was an American educator, philanthropist, humanitarian, womanist, and civil rights activist.

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Maryland

Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

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Maryland General Assembly

The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

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Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou (born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American memoirist, poet, and civil rights activist.

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Meeting David Wilson

Meeting David Wilson is a 2008 American documentary film.

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Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

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Mende people

The Mende are one of the two largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone; their neighbours, the Temne people, constitute the largest ethnic group at 35.5% of the total population, which is slightly larger than the Mende at 31.2%.

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Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, a mental health condition, or a psychiatric disability, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning.

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Mental health counselor

A mental health counselor (MHC), or counselor (counsellor in British English), is a person who works with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health.

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Merikins

The Merikins or Merikens were formerly enslaved Africans who gained freedom, enlisted in the Corps of Colonial Marines, and fought for the British against the United States in the War of 1812.

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Mestizo

Mestizo (fem. mestiza, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. African Americans and mestizo are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Methodism

Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christian tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley.

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Metro Atlanta

Metro Atlanta, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as the Atlanta–Sandy Springs–Roswell metropolitan statistical area, is the most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. state of Georgia and the sixth-largest in the United States, based on the July 1, 2023 metropolitan area population estimates from the U.S.

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Miami Gardens, Florida

Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States.

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Michael Dukakis

Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as governor of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991.

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Middle class

The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.

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Middle Passage

The Middle Passage was the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade.

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Midwestern United States

The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau.

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Migrant worker

A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work.

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Military history of African Americans

The military history of African Americans spans African-American history, the history of the United States and the military history of the United States from the arrival of the first enslaved Africans during the colonial history of the United States to the present day.

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Military history of the United States

The military history of the United States spans over two centuries, the entire history of the United States.

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Militia

A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional or part-time soldiers; citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel; or, historically, to members of a warrior-nobility class (e.g.

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Millennials

Millennials, also known as Generation Y or Gen Y, are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996.

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Miscegenation

Miscegenation is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races.

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Missouri

Missouri is a landlocked state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Missouri City, Texas

Missouri City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the metropolitan area.

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Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise (also known as the Compromise of 1820) was federal legislation of the United States that balanced desires of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it.

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Mitchellville, Maryland

Mitchellville is a majority African-American unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Mizrahi Jews

Mizrahi Jews (יהודי המִזְרָח), also known as Mizrahim (מִזְרָחִים) or Mizrachi (מִזְרָחִי) and alternatively referred to as Oriental Jews or Edot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת־הַמִּזְרָח), are terms used in Israeli discourse to refer to a grouping of Jewish communities that lived in the Muslim world.

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Mobile, Alabama

Mobile is a city and the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States.

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Modern liberalism in the United States

Modern liberalism in the United States is based on the combined ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice.

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Money, Mississippi

Money is an unincorporated community near Greenwood in Leflore County, Mississippi, United States, in the Mississippi Delta.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Moorish Science Temple of America

The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali (born as Timothy Drew) in the early 20th century.

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MTV

MTV (originally an initialism of Music Television) is an American cable television channel.

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Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist.

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Mulatto

Mulatto is a racial classification that refers to people of mixed African and European ancestry. African Americans and Mulatto are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Multiracial Americans

Multiracial Americans or mixed-race Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of two or more races. The term may also include Americans of mixed-race ancestry who self-identify with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the one-drop rule). In the 2020 United States census, 33.8 million individuals or 10.2% of the population, self-identified as multiracial. African Americans and multiracial Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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Murder of George Floyd

On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old black American man, was murdered in Minneapolis by Derek Chauvin, a 44-year-old white police officer.

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Muscogee

The Muscogee, also known as the Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek or just Creek, and the Muscogee Creek Confederacy (in the Muscogee language; English), are a group of related Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives in the United States.

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Music of the United States

The United States' multi-ethnic population is reflected through a diverse array of styles of music.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is an American civil rights organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey, Ida B. Wells, Lillian Wald, and Henry Moskowitz.

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Nadir of American race relations

The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.

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Nalu people

The Nalu, also called Nalo, Nanum, or Nanu, are a West African ethnic group who are found in Guinea and Guinea Bissau.

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Nashville, Tennessee

Nashville, often known as Music City, is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County.

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Nation of Islam

The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930.

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National Archives and Records Administration

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records.

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National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.

The National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc., (NBCA Intl or NBCA) more commonly known as the National Baptist Convention of America or sometimes the Boyd Convention, is a Christian denomination based in the United States.

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National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.

The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., more commonly known as the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA or NBC), is a Baptist Christian denomination headquartered at the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tennessee and affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance.

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National Museum of African American History and Culture

The National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC), colloquially known as the Blacksonian, is a Smithsonian Institution museum located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., in the United States.

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National Registry of Exonerations

The National Registry of Exonerations is a project of the University of Michigan Law School, Michigan State University College of Law and the University of California Irvine Newkirk Center for Science and Society.

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National Urban League

The National Urban League (NUL), formerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes, is a nonpartisan historic civil rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of economic and social justice for African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States.

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Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples native to portions of the land that the United States is located on. African Americans and native Americans in the United States are ethnic groups in the United States and history of civil rights in the United States.

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Naturalization Act of 1790

The Naturalization Act of 1790 (enacted March 26, 1790) was a law of the United States Congress that set the first uniform rules for the granting of United States citizenship by naturalization.

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NBC News

NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC.

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Negro

In the English language, the term negro (or sometimes negress for a female) is a term historically used to refer to people of Black African heritage. African Americans and negro are Ethnonyms of African Americans.

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Nevada

Nevada is a landlocked state in the Western region of the United States.

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New Amsterdam

New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland.

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New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938 to rescue the U.S. from the Great Depression.

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New Deal coalition

The New Deal coalition was an American political coalition that supported the Democratic Party beginning in 1932.

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New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

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New Great Migration

The New Great Migration is the demographic change from 1970 to the present, which is a reversal of the previous 60-year trend of black migration within the United States.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or the Big Easy among other nicknames) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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New York Daily News

The New York Daily News, officially titled the Daily News, is an American newspaper based in Jersey City, New Jersey.

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New York Life Insurance Company

New York Life Insurance Company (NYLIC) is the third-largest life insurance company and the largest mutual life insurance company in the United States, and is ranked #71 on the 2023 Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. corporations by total revenue.

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New York metropolitan area

The New York metropolitan area, broadly referred to as the Tri-State area and often also called Greater New York, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, encompassing.

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Newark, New Jersey

Newark is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Jersey, the county seat of Essex County, and a principal city of the New York metropolitan area.

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Niger–Congo languages

Niger–Congo is a hypothetical language family spoken over the majority of sub-Saharan Africa.

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Nigeria

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa.

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Nigerian Americans

Nigerian Americans (Ṇ́dị́ Naìjíríyà n'Emerịkà; Yan Amurka asalin Najeriya; Àwọn ọmọ Nàìjíríà Amẹ́ríkà) are Americans who are of Nigerian ancestry. African Americans and Nigerian Americans are African-American society.

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Nigga

Nigga is a colloquial term in African-American Vernacular English that is considered vulgar in many contexts. African Americans and Nigga are African-American culture and Ethnonyms of African Americans.

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Nigger

In the English language, nigger is a racial slur directed at black people. African Americans and nigger are African-American society and Ethnonyms of African Americans.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition.

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Norbert Rillieux

Norbert Rillieux (March 17, 1806 – October 8, 1894) was a Louisiana Creole inventor who was widely considered one of the earliest chemical engineers and noted for his pioneering invention of the multiple-effect evaporator.

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North Africans in the United States

North African Americans are Americans with origins in the region of North Africa.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Northeastern United States

The Northeastern United States, also referred to as the Northeast, the East Coast, or the American Northeast, is a geographic region of the United States located on the Atlantic coast of North America.

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Northern United States

The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North, the Northern States, or simply the North, is a geographical and historical region of the United States.

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Notes on the State of Virginia

Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) is a book written by the American statesman, philosopher, and planter Thomas Jefferson.

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Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.

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Obstacles to receiving mental health services among African American youth

Obstacles to receiving mental health services among African American youth have been associated with stigma and shame, child-related factors, treatment affordability, availability, and accessibility, clinician and therapeutic factors, the school system, religion/spirituality, and social networks.

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Office of Management and Budget

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP).

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Ohio

Ohio is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Okra

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, known in some English-speaking countries as lady's fingers, is a flowering plant in the mallow family native to East Africa.

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Old Point Comfort

Old Point Comfort is a point of land located in the independent city of Hampton, Virginia.

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Oliver Cromwell (American soldier)

Oliver Cromwell (May 24, 1752 – January 1853) was an African-American soldier, who served in the American Revolutionary War.

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Omaha race riot of 1919

The Omaha Race Riot occurred in Omaha, Nebraska, September 28–29, 1919.

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Online newspaper

An online newspaper (or electronic news or electronic news publication) is the online version of a newspaper, either as a stand-alone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical.

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Oppression

Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment of, or exercise of power over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium.

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Oprah Winfrey

Oprah Gail Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey; January 29, 1954), known mononymously as Oprah, is an American talk show host, television producer, actress, author, and media proprietor.

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Oprah Winfrey Network

The Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN) is an American multinational basic cable television network which launched on January 1, 2011, effectively replacing the Discovery Health Channel.

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Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism.

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Otis Boykin

Otis Frank Boykin (August 29, 1920March 26, 1982) was an American inventor and engineer.

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Ovimbundu

The Ovimbundu, also known as the Southern Mbundu, are a Bantu ethnic group who live on the Bié Plateau of central Angola and in the coastal strip west of these highlands.

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Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous peoples and diasporas of African ancestry.

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Pardo

In the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas, pardos (feminine pardas) are triracial descendants of Southern Europeans, Indigenous Americans and West Africans.

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Partus sequitur ventrem

Partus sequitur ventrem (also partus) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that children of enslaved mothers would inherit the legal status of their mothers.

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Paul Krugman

Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist who is the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and a columnist for The New York Times.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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PC World

PC World (stylized as PCWorld) is a global computer magazine published monthly by IDG.

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Pejorative

A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dutch), is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States.

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Pennsylvania State University

The Pennsylvania State University, commonly referred to as Penn State and sometimes by the acronym PSU, is a public state-related land-grant research university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania.

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Pensacola people

The Pensacola were a Native American people who lived in the western part of what is now the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Alabama for centuries before first contact with Europeans until early in the 18th century.

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Pensacola, Florida

Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle.

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Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.

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Person of color

The term "person of color" (people of color or persons of color; abbreviated POC) is primarily used to describe any person who is not considered "white".

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Peter (enslaved man)

Peter (also known as Gordon, or "Whipped Peter", or "Poor Peter") was a self-emancipated, formerly enslaved man who was the subject of photographs documenting the extensive scarring of his back from whippings received in slavery.

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Pew Research Center

The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.

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Phonology

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.

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Physical disorder

Physical disorder (as a medical term) is a poorly defined term typically used in contrast to a mental disorder or a genetic disorder.

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Plaçage

Plaçage was a recognized extralegal system in French and Spanish slave colonies of North America (including the Caribbean) by which ethnic European men entered into civil unions with non-Europeans of African, Native American and mixed-race descent.

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Plantation

Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on.

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Plantation complexes in the Southern United States

Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in the Southern United States from the 17th into the 20th century.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".

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Police use of deadly force in the United States

In the United States, use of deadly force by police has been a high-profile and contentious issue.

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Politico

Politico (stylized in all caps), known originally as The Politico, is an American political digital newspaper company.

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Popular music

Popular music is music with wide appeal that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.

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Presidency of John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy's tenure as the 35th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1961, and ended with his assassination on November 22, 1963.

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Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon B. Johnson's tenure as the 36th president of the United States began on November 22, 1963, upon the assassination of president John F. Kennedy, and ended on January 20, 1969.

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Prince George's County, Maryland

Prince George's County (often shortened to PG County or PG) is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland bordering the eastern portion of Washington, D.C. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 967,201, making it the second-most populous county in Maryland, behind neighboring Montgomery County.

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Prince Whipple

Prince Whipple (c. 1750–1796) was an African American slave and later freedman.

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Progressive tax

A progressive tax is a tax in which the tax rate increases as the taxable amount increases.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Province of Georgia

The Province of Georgia (also Georgia Colony) was one of the Southern Colonies in colonial-era British America.

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Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.

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Public sector

The public sector, also called the state sector, is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.

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Puerto Ricans

Puerto Ricans (Puertorriqueños), most commonly known as '''Boricuas''', but also occasionally referred to as Borinqueños, Borincanos, or Puertorros, are an ethnic group native to the Caribbean archipelago and island of Puerto Rico, and a nation identified with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico through ancestry, culture, or history.

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Queens

Queens is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York.

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Racial discrimination in jury selection

Racial discrimination in jury selection is specifically prohibited by law in many jurisdictions throughout the world. African Americans and Racial discrimination in jury selection are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Racial inequality in the United States

In the United States, racial inequality refers to the social inequality and advantages and disparities that affect different races.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.

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Racial steering

Racial steering refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race.

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Racism against African Americans

In the context of racism in the United States, racism against African Americans dates back to the colonial era, and it continues to be a persistent issue in American society in the 21st century.

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Ragtime

Ragtime, also spelled rag-time or rag time, is a musical style that had its peak from the 1890s to 1910s.

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Raleigh, North Carolina

Raleigh is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County.

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Ralph Ellison

Ralph Ellison (March 1, 1913 – April 16, 1994) was an American writer, literary critic, and scholar best known for his novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953.

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Rapping

Rapping (also rhyming, flowing, spitting, emceeing or MCing) is an artistic form of vocal delivery and emotive expression that incorporates "rhyme, rhythmic speech, and street vernacular". African Americans and Rapping are African-American culture.

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Rebellion

Rebellion is a violent uprising against one's government.

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Reconstruction era

The Reconstruction era was a period in United States history following the American Civil War, dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of abolishing slavery and reintegrating the eleven former Confederate States of America into the United States. African Americans and Reconstruction era are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Reconstructionist Judaism

Reconstructionist Judaism is a Jewish movement based on the concepts developed by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983) that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization rather than just a religion.

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Red Power movement

The Red Power movement was a social movement led by Native American youth to demand self-determination for Native Americans in the United States.

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Red Summer

Red Summer was a period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States, and in one rural county in Arkansas.

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Redlining

Redlining is a discriminatory practice in which financial services are withheld from neighborhoods that have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities.

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Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism, is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of Judaism, the superiority of its ethical aspects to its ceremonial ones, and belief in a continuous revelation which is closely intertwined with human reason and not limited to the Theophany at Mount Sinai.

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Religious syncretism

Religious syncretism is the blending of religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation of other beliefs into an existing religious tradition.

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Republic of New Afrika

The Republic of New Afrika (RNA), founded in 1968 as the Republic of New Africa, is a black nationalist organization and black separatist movement in the United States popularized by black militant groups.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Revolt (TV network)

Revolt is an American music-oriented digital cable television network and media company targeting African Americans that was founded by Sean "Diddy" Combs and Andy Schuon.

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Rhythm and blues

Rhythm and blues, frequently abbreviated as R&B or R'n'B, is a genre of popular music that originated within African-American communities in the 1940s. African Americans and Rhythm and blues are African-American society.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

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Richard Wright (author)

Richard Nathaniel Wright (September 4, 1908 – November 28, 1960) was an American author of novels, short stories, poems, and non-fiction.

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Robert L. Johnson

Robert Louis Johnson (born April 8, 1946) is an American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor.

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Robert Sengstacke Abbott

Robert Sengstacke Abbott (December 24, 1870 – February 29, 1940) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher and editor.

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Rock and roll

Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock-n-roll, rock 'n' roll, rock n' roll or Rock n' Roll) is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. African Americans and rock and roll are African-American culture.

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Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an American activist in the civil rights movement, best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.

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Rosalyn Terborg-Penn

Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (October 22, 1941 – December 25, 2018) was an American professor of history and author.

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Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is a stele of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

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S&P 500

The Standard and Poor's 500, or simply the S&P 500, is a stock market index tracking the stock performance of 500 of the largest companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States.

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Sahara

The Sahara is a desert spanning across North Africa.

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Sally Hemings

Sarah "Sally" Hemings (1773 – 1835) was a female enslaved person with one-quarter African ancestry who was enslaved by president of the United States Thomas Jefferson, one of many he inherited from his father-in-law, John Wayles.

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Salon.com

Salon is an American politically progressive and liberal news and opinion website created in 1995.

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Samaná Americans

The Samaná Americans (Americanos de Samaná) are a minority cultural sub-group of African American descendants who inhabit the Samaná Province in the eastern region of Dominican Republic.

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Sammy Davis Jr.

Samuel George Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, actor, comedian and dancer.

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San Antonio

San Antonio (Spanish for "Saint Anthony"), officially the City of San Antonio, is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the most populous city in Greater San Antonio, the third-largest metropolitan area in Texas and the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States at 2.6 million people in the 2020 US census.

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San Miguel de Gualdape

San Miguel de Gualdape (sometimes San Miguel de Guadalupe) was a short-lived Spanish colony founded in 1526 by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón.

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Savannah, Georgia

Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and the county seat of Chatham County.

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Scientific socialism

Scientific socialism is a term which was coined in 1840 by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? to mean a society ruled by a scientific government, i.e., one whose sovereignty rests upon reason, rather than sheer will: Thus, in a given society, the authority of man over man is inversely proportional to the stage of intellectual development which that society has reached; and the probable duration of that authority can be calculated from the more or less general desire for a true government, — that is, for a scientific government.

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Scotch-Irish Americans

Scotch-Irish Americans (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of primarily Ulster Scots people who emigrated from Ulster (Ireland's northernmost province) to the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Scottish people

The Scottish people or Scots (Scots fowk; Albannaich) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland.

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Sean Combs

Sean Love Combs (born Sean John Combs; November 4, 1969), also known by his stage name Diddy, formerly Puff Daddy and P. Diddy, is an American rapper, record producer and record executive.

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Seatack, Virginia

Seatack, Virginia is a historic neighborhood and community borough of Virginia Beach, Virginia, that was located in what used to be Princess Anne County, and is now part of the Oceanfront resort strip and adjacent area of the independent city of Virginia Beach.

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Second-class citizen

A second-class citizen is a person who is systematically and actively discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their nominal status as a citizen or a legal resident there.

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Sectionalism

Sectionalism is loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

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Segovia

Segovia is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

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Senegal

Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country.

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Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

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Serer people

The Serer people are a West African ethnoreligious group.

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Settler

A settler is a person who has immigrated to an area and established a permanent residence there.

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Seville

Seville (Sevilla) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville.

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Sexually transmitted infection

A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex.

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Shirley Chisholm

Shirley Anita Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the United States Congress.

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Shreveport, Louisiana

Shreveport is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

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Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone, (also,; Salone) officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa.

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Sierra Leone Creole people

The Sierra Leone Creole people (Krio pipul) are an ethnic group of Sierra Leone.

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Single parents in the United States

Single parents in the United States have become more common since the second half of the 20th century.

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Sit-in

A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.

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Slave patrol

Slave patrols—also known as patrollers, patterrollers, pattyrollers, or paddy rollers—were organized groups of armed men who monitored and enforced discipline upon slaves in the antebellum U.S. southern states.

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Slave rebellion

A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves, as a way of fighting for their freedom.

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Slave states and free states

In the United States before 1865, a slave state was a state in which slavery and the internal or domestic slave trade were legal, while a free state was one in which they were prohibited.

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Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States refers to the institution of slavery that existed in the European colonies in North America which eventually became part of the United States of America.

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Slavery in the District of Columbia

In the District of Columbia, the slave trade was legal from its creation until it was outlawed as part of the Compromise of 1850.

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Slavery in the United States

The legal institution of human chattel slavery, comprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americans, was prevalent in the United States of America from its founding in 1776 until 1865, predominantly in the South.

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Smithsonian (magazine)

Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.

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Smoke Rise, Georgia

Smoke Rise is a residential community in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, located northeast of Atlanta in the City of Tucker, incorporated in 2016.

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Sociolect

In sociolinguistics, a sociolect is a form of language (non-standard dialect, restricted register) or a set of lexical items used by a socioeconomic class, profession, age group, or other social group.

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Sorghum

Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a species in the grass genus Sorghum cultivated for its grain.

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Soul food

Soul food is the ethnic cuisine of African Americans.

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Soul music

Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the African-American community throughout the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

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Soul of the South Television

Soul of the South Television (sometimes referred to as SSN TV) is an African-American-focused regional broadcast network owned by SSN Media Group, LP.

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South African Americans

South African Americans are Americans who have full or partial ancestry from South Africa.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the coastal Southeastern region of the United States.

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South Fulton, Georgia

South Fulton is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

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Southeastern United States

The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast, the Southeast, or the South, is a geographical region of the United States located in the eastern portion of the Southern United States and the southern portion of the Eastern United States.

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Southern American English

Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a regional dialect or collection of dialects of American English spoken throughout the Southern United States, though concentrated increasingly in more rural areas, and spoken primarily by White Southerners.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

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Spaniards

Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a people native to Spain.

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Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida (La Florida) was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery.

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St. Augustine, Florida

St.

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Stanley Crouch

Stanley Lawrence Crouch (December 14, 1945 – September 16, 2020) was an American poet, music and cultural critic, syndicated columnist, novelist, and biographer.

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Stepping (African-American)

Stepping or step-dancing (a type of step dance) is a form of percussive dance in African-American culture.

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Stereotypes of African Americans

Stereotypes of African Americans are misleading beliefs about the culture of people with partial or total ancestry from any black racial groups of Africa whose ancestors resided in the United States since before 1865, largely connected to the racism and the discrimination to which African Americans are subjected.

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Stokely Carmichael

Kwame Ture (born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941November 15, 1998) was an American activist who played a major role in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement.

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Stonecrest, Georgia

Stonecrest is a city in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States.

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Submarine

A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sun Belt

The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered stretching across the Southeast and Southwest.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Susu people

The Susu people are a Mande-speaking ethnic group living primarily in Guinea and northwestern Sierra Leone, particularly in Kambia District.

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Sweet potato

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae.

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

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Taboo

A taboo, also spelled tabu, is a social group's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people.

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Tampa, Florida

Tampa is a city on the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida.

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Techno

Techno is a genre of electronic dance music which is generally produced for use in a continuous DJ set, with tempos being in the range of 120 to 150 beats per minute (BPM).

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Teke people

The Teke people or Bateke, also known as the Tyo or Tio, are a Bantu Central African ethnic group that speak the Teke languages and that mainly inhabit the south, north, and center of the Republic of the Congo, the west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a minority in the south-east of Gabon.

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Temne people

The Temne, also called Atemne, Témené, Temné, Téminè, Temeni, Thaimne, Themne, Thimni, Timené, Timné, Timmani, or Timni, are a West African ethnic group.

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Term limit

A term limit is a legal restriction on the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the most populous state in the South Central region of the United States.

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The Africa Channel

The Africa Channel is a cable and streaming channel focusing on travel, lifestyle, and culture documentaries.

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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) is an American daily newspaper based in metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Chronicle of Higher Education

The Chronicle of Higher Education is an American newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals, including staff members and administrators.

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The Conscience of a Liberal

The Conscience of a Liberal is a 2007 book written by economist and Nobel laureate Paul Krugman.

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The Economist

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.

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The First Post

The First Post was a British daily online news magazine based in London.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Root (magazine)

The Root is an African American-oriented online magazine.

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The Wall Street Journal

The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), also referred to simply as the Journal, is an American newspaper based in New York City, with a focus on business and finance.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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TheGrio

TheGrio, styled as theGrio, is an American television network and website with news, opinion, entertainment and video content geared toward African-Americans.

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Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Three-fifths Compromise

The Three-fifths Compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the inclusion of slaves in a state's total population.

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Thurgood Marshall

Thoroughgood "Thurgood" Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991.

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Tikar people

The Tikar (also Tikari, Tika, Tikali, Tige, Tigare, and Tigre) are a Central African people who inhabit the Adamawa Region and Northwest Region of Cameroon.

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Timeline of the civil rights movement

This is a timeline of the civil rights movement in the United States, a nonviolent mid-20th century freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for people of color. African Americans and timeline of the civil rights movement are history of civil rights in the United States.

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Toni Morrison

Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (née Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist and editor.

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Trade union

A trade union (British English) or labor union (American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their employment, such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.

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Trafford Publishing

Trafford Publishing is a book publishing company for self-publishing authors.

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Trap music

Trap is a subgenre of hip hop music pioneered by Atlanta rappers T.I., Jeezy, and Gucci Mane, which originated in the Southern United States, with lyrical references to trap starting in 1991 but the modern sound of trap appearing in 1999.

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TV One (American TV channel)

TV One is an American basic cable television channel targeting African American adults.

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U.S. News & World Report

U.S. News & World Report (USNWR, US NEWS) is an American media company publishing news, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis.

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UNCF

UNCF, the United Negro College Fund, also known as the United Fund, is an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for black students and general scholarship funds for 37 private historically black colleges and universities.

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Underemployment

Underemployment is the underuse of a worker because their job does not use their skills, offers them too few hours, or leaves the worker idle.

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Uniondale, New York

Uniondale is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island, in the town of Hempstead.

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United Church of Christ

The United Church of Christ (UCC) is a socially liberal mainline Protestant Christian denomination based in the United States, with historical and confessional roots in the Congregational, Restorationist, Continental Reformed, and Lutheran traditions, and with approximately 4,600 churches and 712,000 members.

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United States Capitol

The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Department of Commerce

The United States Department of Commerce (DOC) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth and opportunity.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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University at Buffalo

The State University of New York at Buffalo, commonly called the University at Buffalo (UB) and sometimes called SUNY Buffalo, is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States.

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University of Southern California

The University of Southern California (USC, SC, Southern Cal) is a private research university in Los Angeles, California, United States.

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University of Texas Press

The University of Texas Press (or UT Press) is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin.

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Upper Marlboro, Maryland

Upper Marlboro, officially the Town of Upper Marlboro, is the county seat of Prince George's County, Maryland.

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Urban One

Urban One, Inc. (formerly Radio One) is a Silver Spring, Maryland-based American media conglomerate.

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Usonia

Usonia is a word that was used by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright to refer to the United States in general (in preference over America), and more specifically to his vision for the landscape of the country, including the planning of cities and the architecture of buildings.

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Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster.

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VH1

VH1 (originally an initialism for Video Hits One) is an American Basic Cable television network that launched on January 1, 1985, and is currently owned by the BET Media Group subsidiary of Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group based in New York City.

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Viacom (2005–2019)

The second phase of Viacom Inc. (or; a portmanteau of Video & Audio Communications), was an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate with interests primarily in film and television.

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Vice President of the United States

The vice president of the United States (VPOTUS) is the second-highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession.

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View Park–Windsor Hills, California

View Park−Windsor Hills is an unincorporated community in Los Angeles County, California.

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Virginia

Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.

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Voter suppression in the United States

Voter suppression in the United States consists of various legal and illegal efforts to prevent eligible citizens from exercising their right to vote.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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W. E. B. Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist.

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W. W. Norton & Company

W.

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Walter E. Williams

Walter Edward Williams (March 31, 1936December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic.

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Walter Mondale

Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter.

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Warith Deen Mohammed

Warith Deen Mohammed (born Wallace D. Muhammad; October 30, 1933 – September 9, 2008), also known as W. Deen Mohammed, Imam W. Deen Muhammad and Imam Warith Deen, was an African-American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher, Muslim revivalist, and Islamic thinker.

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Warner Bros. Discovery

Warner Bros.

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Watchnight service

A watchnight service (also called Watchnight Mass) is a late-night Christian church service.

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Watermelon

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a flowering plant species of the Cucurbitaceae family and the name of its edible fruit.

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West Africa

West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.

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West Indian Americans

Caribbean Americans or West Indian Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to the Caribbean.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

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Western United States

The Western United States, also called the American West, the Western States, the Far West, and the West, is the region comprising the westernmost U.S. states.

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White Americans

White Americans (also referred to as European Americans) are Americans who identify as white people. African Americans and white Americans are ethnic groups in the United States.

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White flight

White flight or white exodus is the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

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White supremacy

White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.

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White-collar worker

A white-collar worker is a person who performs professional service, desk, managerial, or administrative work.

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Who is a Jew?

"Who is a Jew?" (מיהו יהודי) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification.

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Why We Can't Wait

Why We Can't Wait is a 1964 book by Martin Luther King Jr. about the nonviolent movement against racial segregation in the United States, and specifically the 1963 Birmingham campaign.

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Wilberforce Colony

Wilberforce Colony was a colony established in the year 1829 by free African American citizens, north of present-day London, Ontario, Canada.

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Wilson Chinn

Wilson Chinn (1863) was an escaped American slave from Louisiana who became known as the subject of photographs documenting the extensive use of torture received in slavery.

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Winyah Bay

Winyah Bay is a coastal estuary that is the confluence of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, the Black River, and the Sampit River in Georgetown County, in eastern South Carolina.

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Wolf-whistling

A wolf whistle is a distinctive two-note glissando whistled sound made to show high interest in or approval of something or someone (usually a woman), especially at someone viewed as physically or sexually attractive.

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Wolof people

The Wolof people are a West African ethnic group found in northwestern Senegal, the Gambia, and southwestern coastal Mauritania.

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Women in Japan

Although women in Japan were recognized as having equal legal rights to men after World War II, economic conditions for women remain unbalanced.

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Woodmore, Maryland

Woodmore is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP 86710) in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.

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Word of mouth

Word of mouth is the passing of information from person to person using oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day.

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Working class

The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary-based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition.

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World music

"World music" is an English phrase for styles of music from non-Western countries, including quasi-traditional, intercultural, and traditional music.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.

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Yaka people

The Yaka are an African ethnic group found in southwestern Democratic Republic of the Congo, with Angola border to their west.

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Yoruba people

The Yoruba people (Ọmọ Odùduwà, Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire) are a West African ethnic group who mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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Zora Neale Hurston

Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American writer, anthropologist, folklorist, and documentary filmmaker.

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1790 United States census

The 1790 United States census was the first United States census.

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2000 United States census

The 2000 United States census, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States on April 1, 2000, to be 281,421,906, an increase of 13.2 percent over the 248,709,873 people enumerated during the 1990 census.

See African Americans and 2000 United States census

2008 California Proposition 8

Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a California ballot proposition and a state constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage; it passed in the November 2008 California state elections and was later overturned in court.

See African Americans and 2008 California Proposition 8

2008 United States presidential election

The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 4, 2008.

See African Americans and 2008 United States presidential election

2010 United States census

The 2010 United States census was the 23rd United States census.

See African Americans and 2010 United States census

2012 Maine Question 1

Maine Question 1 was a voter referendum on an initiated state statute that occurred on November 6, 2012.

See African Americans and 2012 Maine Question 1

2012 Maryland Question 6

Question 6 (colloquially called the Maryland same-sex marriage referendum) is a referendum that appeared on the general election ballot for the U.S. state of Maryland to allow voters to approve or reject the Civil Marriage Protection Act—a bill legalizing same-sex marriage passed by the General Assembly in 2012.

See African Americans and 2012 Maryland Question 6

2012 Minnesota Amendment 1

Minnesota Amendment 1 (also called Minnesota Marriage Amendment or Minnesota Gay Marriage Amendment) was a legislatively referred constitutional amendment proposed to ban marriage between same-sex couples in the state of Minnesota, that appeared on the ballot on November 6, 2012.

See African Americans and 2012 Minnesota Amendment 1

2012 United States presidential election

The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012.

See African Americans and 2012 United States presidential election

2012 Washington Referendum 74

Referendum 74 (R-74 or Ref 74) was a Washington state referendum to approve or reject the February 2012 bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in the state.

See African Americans and 2012 Washington Referendum 74

2020 United States census

The 2020 United States census was the 24th decennial United States census.

See African Americans and 2020 United States census

2020 United States presidential election

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020.

See African Americans and 2020 United States presidential election

See also

Ethnonyms of African Americans

• African Americans
• Black people
• Colored
• Negro
• Nigga
• Nigger

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans

Also known as Africa American, African Amerian, African America, African American, African American education, African American health, African American male, African American people, African American sexuality, African American/summary, African Americans in politics, African- American, African-Amerian, African-American, African-American education, African-American experience, African-American health, African-American people, African-American sexuality, African-American social issues, African-Americans, African/American, AfricanAmericanPeople, Afrimerican, Afro American, Afro Americans, Afro-America, Afro-American, Afro-Americans, AfroAmerican, American Black people, American Blacks, American Slave Descendants, American people of African descent, Ancestry of African Americans, Bantu Americans, Black America, Black American, Black American people, Black Americans, Black Non-Hispanic, Black citizens in America, Black or African-American, Black people in the United States, Black-American, Black-Americans, Blacks in America, Demographics of African Americans, Economic status of African Americans, Education of African Americans, Educational attainment of African Americans, Genetic studies on African Americans, Genetic studies on African-Americans, Halfrican american, Health of African Americans, Health of African Americans in the United States, Health status of African Americans, Health status of African-Americans, Mental health in African American communities, Mental health of African Americans, Negro Americans, Non-Hispanic blacks, Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans, Political activism of African Americans, Political participation of African Americans, Political views of African-Americans, Religious beliefs of African Americans, Social status of African Americans, Socioeconomic status of African Americans, The African-American experience, US blacks.

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