Communication

467 relations: A Peace to End All Peace, A Problem from Hell, Abdul Hamid II, Abdullah Gül, Abdulmejid II, Abstract expressionism, Adana, Adana massacre, Adolf Hitler, Affidavit, Aghet – Ein Völkermord, Agos, Ahmed Izzet Pasha, Ahmet Rıza, Ahmet Refik Altınay, Aleppo, Alexander Miasnikian, Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, Ali Kemal, Alice Stone Blackwell, Allies of World War I, Alma Johansson, America America, American Bar Association, American Thinker, Anatolia, Andrey Kasparov, Ankara, Anti-Armenian sentiment, April Uprising of 1876, Ara Sarafian, Arabs, Ararat (film), Armenakan Party, Armenia, Armenia–Israel relations, Armenia–Turkey relations, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Assembly of America, Armenian Catholic Church, Armenian congress at Erzurum, Armenian diaspora, Armenian Evangelical Church, Armenian Genocide denial, Armenian Genocide recognition, Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, Armenian National Committee of America, Armenian Orphan Rug, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, Armenian Quarter, ..., Armenian Question, Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Armenian Weekly, Armenians, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Armin T. Wegner, Armistice of Mudros, Arnold J. Toynbee, Arshile Gorky, Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code), Assyrian genocide, Assyrian people, Atom Egoyan, Aurora Mardiganian, Austria-Hungary, Azerbaijan, İzmir, Şükrü Kaya, Balkan Wars, Balkans, Balyan family, Barack Obama, Bat Ye'or, Batumi, Bünyan, BBC News, Bedouin, Behaeddin Shakir, Beirut, Berlin International Film Festival, Berlin–Baghdad railway, Bitlis, Bluebeard (Vonnegut novel), Bodil Katharine Biørn, Brigandage, Bulgarians, California State Legislature, Capital (economics), Caucasus, Caucasus Campaign, Central Powers, Chargé d'affaires, Charles Aznavour, Charlottenburg, Chechens, Cilicia, Circassian genocide, Circassians, Classical Armenian orthography, Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Committee of Union and Progress, Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey, Congress of Berlin, Conscription, Constitutionalism, Cossva Anckarsvärd, Coup d'état, Court-martial, Crown Colony of Malta, Dadian family, Damascus, Damat Ferid Pasha, Dardanelles, Death march, Decadence, Defense of Van (1915), Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor Camps, Deportation, Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915, Der Spiegel, Dersim rebellion, Deutsche Bank, Dhimmi, Dhimmitude, Diamanda Galás, Diyarbakır, Djemal Pasha, Djevdet Bey, Donald Bloxham, Dresdner Bank, Dysentery, Edgar Hilsenrath, Edirne, Effects of genocide on youth, Einar af Wirsén, Einsatzgruppen, Elâzığ, Elia Kazan, Elie Wiesel, Encyclopædia Britannica, Enver Pasha, Ergenekon (allegation), Erzurum, Eternal flame, Ethnic cleansing, Euphrates, European Court of Human Rights, Faiz El-Ghusein, First Balkan War, Flag of Turkey, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, François Hollande, Franc, France, Franz Werfel, Free University of Berlin, Freedom of speech, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein, Gallipoli Campaign, Genocide, Genocide Convention, Genocides in history, George Horton, Georgy Chicherin, Gertrude Bell, Giacomo Gorrini, Giaour, Gilbert Murray, Giovanni Bonello, Government of the Grand National Assembly, Grand vizier, Great Eastern Crisis, Great Famine of Mount Lebanon, Great power, Greek genocide, Greeks, H. A. L. Fisher, Hafız Mehmet, Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, Halide Edib Adıvar, Hamidian massacres, Hamidiye (cavalry), Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, Hans Humann, Hans von Seeckt, Hans-Lukas Kieser, Hasan Fehmi (Ataç), Hasan Mazhar, Hate speech, Heath W. Lowry, HeinOnline, Henri Verneuil, Henry Morgenthau Sr., Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877), Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire, History (U.S. TV network), History of Oriental Orthodoxy, History of the Jews in Turkey, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Hrant Dink, Hrazdan, Ils sont tombés, Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire), Infidel, Inoculation, Institute of Turkish Studies, Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, International Association of Genocide Scholars, International Center for Transitional Justice, International Press Institute, Isabel V. Hull, Islam, Islamism, Israel, Istanbul, Istanbul pogrom, J. Michael Hagopian, Jacques Chirac, James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, James W. Gerard, Jerusalem, Jews, Jihad, Johannes Østrup, Johannes Lepsius, John de Robeck, Jurisdiction, Jurist, Jus gentium, Justin McCarthy (American historian), Kaymakam, Kayseri, Kaza, Kemal Kerinçsiz, Konstantin von Neurath, Kurds, Kurt Vonnegut, Labour battalion, League of Nations, Leslie Davis, Lesser Armenia, List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey, List of Nobel laureates, List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd, Los Angeles Times, Louis de Bernières, Margaret L. Anderson, Maria Jacobsen, Marseille, Martens Clause, Maskanah, Mass murder, Massacre of Phocaea, Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, Mayrig, Mehmed VI, Mehmet Celal Bey, Mesopotamia, Michael Mann (sociologist), Millet (Ottoman Empire), Mkrtich Khrimian, Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, Moorfield Storey, Morphine, Mosul, Muş, Muhacir, Murat Bardakçı, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign, Nazım Bey, Nazi book burnings, Nazi human experimentation, Nazism, Near East, Near East Foundation, New Jersey, New York Life Insurance Company, Nikolai Yudenich, Nili, Occupation of the Ottoman Bank, Operation Nemesis, Orhan Pamuk, Oscar S. Heizer, Oskar Schindler, Ottawa Citizen, Otto von Lossow, Ottoman Bank, Ottoman Caliphate, Ottoman countercoup of 1909, Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Navy, Pact of Umar, Pan-Islamism, Paolo and Vittorio Taviani, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Paul Wolff Metternich, Peace of Amasya, Persian Campaign, Peter Balakian, Philology, Plenipotentiary, Pogrom, Poles, Pope, Pope Benedict XV, Pope Francis, Pope John Paul II, Power, Faith and Fantasy, Press coverage during the Armenian Genocide, Prime Minister of Turkey, Princeton University, Prisoner of war, Protection racket, Rabbi, Racism in Turkey, Ragıp Zarakolu, Rape during the Armenian Genocide, Raphael Lemkin, Ras al-Ayn Camps, Ravished Armenia, Raymond Kévorkian, Reader's Digest, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Reinhard Heydrich, Republic Square, Yerevan, Reshid Akif Pasha, Richard G. Hovannisian, Robert Fisk, Robert Jay Lifton, Robert Kocharyan, Robert Lansing, Robert Melson, Ronald Grigor Suny, Rumelia, Russian Caucasus Army (World War I), Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Sabah (newspaper), Said Halim Pasha, Salmas, Salon (website), Samantha Power, Samsun, Sarıkamış, Süleyman Nazif, Second Constitutional Era, Second-class citizen, Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878), Sharia, Sivas, Six vilayets, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Soghomon Tehlirian, Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, Special Organization (Ottoman Empire), Stanford J. Shaw, Starvation, Statism, Stefan Żeromski, Stele, Stephen Samuel Wise, Stockholm, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Sublime Porte, Succession of states, Sultanzade Sabahaddin, Syria, Syrian Desert, System of a Down, Tages-Anzeiger, Talaat Pasha, Taner Akçam, Tanzimat, Tbilisi, Tehcir Law, Tehran, Tel Aviv, Tevfik Rüştü Aras, The Cut (2014 film), The Daily Telegraph, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh, The Great War for Civilisation, The Guardian, The Holocaust, The Independent, The Lark Farm, The Malta Independent, The Memoirs of Naim Bey, The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Observer, The Promise (2016 film), The Spring to Come, The Story of the Last Thought, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, The Virginian-Pilot, The Yale Journal of International Law, Theodore Roosevelt, Theology, Thessaloniki, Third Army (Ottoman Empire), Thomas Ambrosio, Three Pashas, Tigran Sargsyan, Time (magazine), Trabzon, Tragedy (event), Transcaucasia, Treaty of Berlin (1878), Treaty of Paris (1856), Treaty of San Stefano, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Zuhab, Triple Entente, Tsatur Aghayan, Tsitsernakaberd, Turkey, Turkic peoples, Turkification, Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920, Turkish Historical Society, Turkish lobby in the United States, Turkish nationalism, Turkish people, Turkish–Armenian War, Typhus, Uğur Üngör, Unethical human experimentation, Unfree labour, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Nations, United States Department of State, United States Government Publishing Office, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Navy, United States resolution on Armenian Genocide, United States Secretary of State, University of Copenhagen, University of Oxford, University of Sheffield, Vahakn Dadrian, Van, Turkey, Vladimir Putin, Walter M. Geddes, Wehib Pasha, Wehrmacht, Western Armenia, William Jennings Bryan, William Schabas, Winston Churchill, Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide, Woodrow Wilson, World War I, Yair Auron, Yehuda Bauer, Yerevan, Young Turks, Yves Ternon, 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, 1894 Sasun rebellion, 1915 (film), 1965 Yerevan demonstrations, 31 March Incident. Expand index (417 more) » « Shrink index

A Peace to End All Peace

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (also subtitled Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914–1922) is a 1989 history book written by Pulitzer Prize finalist David Fromkin, which describes the events leading to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, and the drastic changes that took place in the Middle East as a result, which he claims led to a new world war that's still going on today.

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A Problem from Hell

"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide is a book by Samantha Power, at that time Professor of Human Rights Practice at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, which explores America's understanding of, response to, and inaction on genocides in the 20th century from the Armenian genocide to the "ethnic cleansings" of the Kosovo War.

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Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II (عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; İkinci Abdülhamit; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.

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Abdullah Gül

Abdullah Gül (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th President of Turkey, in office from 2007 to 2014.

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Abdulmejid II

Abdulmejid II (عبد المجید الثانی, Abd al-Madjeed al-Thâni – Halife İkinci Abdülmecit Efendi, 29 May 1868 – 23 August 1944) was the last Caliph of Islam, nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman Imperial House from 1922 to 1924.

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Abstract expressionism

Abstract expressionism is a post–World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s.

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Adana

Adana (Ադանա) is a major city in southern Turkey.

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Adana massacre

The Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Affidavit

An affidavit is a written sworn statement of fact voluntarily made by an affiant or deponent under an oath or affirmation administered by a person authorized to do so by law.

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Aghet – Ein Völkermord

Aghet – Ein Völkermord (Aghet – A Genocide; Aghet being Armenian for "catastrophe") is a German 2010 documentary film on the Armenian Genocide by the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It is based on eyewitness reports by European and American personnel stationed in the Near East at the time, Armenian survivors and other contemporary witnesses which are recited by modern German actors.

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Agos

Agos (in Ակօս, "furrow"; in ἄγος, "abomination") is an Armenian bilingual weekly newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey, established on 5 April 1996.

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Ahmed Izzet Pasha

Ahmed İzzet Pasha (1864 – 31 March 1937), known as Ahmet İzzet Furgaç after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was an Ottoman general during World War I. He was also one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (14 October 1918 - 8 November 1918) and its last Minister of Foreign Affairs.

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Ahmet Rıza

Ahmet Rıza Bey (1858 – 26 February 1930) was an Ottoman-born Turkish political activist, scientist, statesman, educational reformer and a prominent member of the Young Turks, during the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire.

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Ahmet Refik Altınay

Ahmet Refik Altınay was a historian, writer, poet, and professor of history at Darülfünun.

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Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.

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Alexander Miasnikian

Alexander Miasnikian, Myasnikyan or Myasnikov (Ալեքսանդր Մյասնիկյան; Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Мяснико́в; Alexander Fyodorovich Myasnikov; 28 January 1886 – 22 March 1925) was an Armenian Bolshevik revolutionary and official.

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Alfred-Maurice de Zayas

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born May 31, 1947, Havana, Cuba) is an American lawyer, writer, historian, a leading expert in the field of human rights and international law and retired high-ranking United Nations official.

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Ali Kemal

Ali Kemal Bey (1867 – 6 November 1922) was an Ottoman journalist, newspaper editor, poet and a politician of liberal signature, who was for some three months Minister of the Interior in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

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Alice Stone Blackwell

Alice Stone Blackwell (September 14, 1857 – March 15, 1950) was an American feminist, suffragist, journalist, radical socialist, and human rights advocate.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.

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Alma Johansson

Alma Johansson (1880-1974) was a Swedish missionary who worked in the city of Mush in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century.

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America America

America America (British title The Anatolian Smile—a reference to an ongoing acknowledgment of the character Stavros' captivating smile) is a 1963 American dramatic film directed, produced and written by Elia Kazan, adapted from his own book, published in 1962.

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American Bar Association

The American Bar Association (ABA), founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States.

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American Thinker

American Thinker is a conservative daily online magazine dealing with American politics, foreign policy, national security, Israel, economics, diplomacy, culture and military strategy.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.

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Andrey Kasparov

Andrey Rafailovich Kasparov (Անդրեյ Րաֆաիլի Կասպարով, Андре́й Рафаи́лович Каспа́ров, born 6 April 1966) is an Armenian-American pianist, composer, and professor, who holds both American and Russian citizenship.

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Ankara

Ankara (English; Turkish Ottoman Turkish Engürü), formerly known as Ancyra (Ἄγκυρα, Ankyra, "anchor") and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey.

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Anti-Armenian sentiment

Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as Anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is a diverse spectrum of negative feelings, dislikes, fears, aversion, derision and/or prejudice towards Armenians, Armenia, and Armenian culture.

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April Uprising of 1876

The April Uprising (Априлско въстание, Aprilsko vǎstanie) was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876, which indirectly resulted in the re-establishment of Bulgaria in 1878.

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Ara Sarafian

Ara Sarafian (Armenian: Արա Սարաֆեան) is a British historian of Armenian origin.

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Arabs

Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.

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Ararat (film)

Ararat is a 2002 Canadian-French historical-drama film written and directed by Atom Egoyan and starring Charles Aznavour, Christopher Plummer, David Alpay, Arsinée Khanjian, Eric Bogosian, Bruce Greenwood and Elias Koteas.

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Armenakan Party

The Armenakan Party (in Armenian Արմենական Կուսակցութիւն) was established in Van, Turkey in 1885 by Mekertich Portukalian as an underground organization against the ruling system.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenia–Israel relations

Armenia–Israel relations are the bilateral relationship between Armenia and Israel.

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Armenia–Turkey relations

Armenia–Turkey relations are officially non-existent and have historically been hostile.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of the Armenian people.

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Armenian Assembly of America

The Armenian Assembly of America is the largest Washington-based nationwide organization promoting public understanding and awareness of Armenian issues.

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Armenian Catholic Church

The Armenian Catholic Church (translit; Ecclesia armeno-catholica), improperly referred to as the Armenian Uniate Church, is one of the Eastern particular churches sui iuris of the Catholic Church.

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Armenian congress at Erzurum

The Armenian congress at Erzurum (the 8th World Congress of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation), held from the end of July to August 2, 1914, was a watershed event where representatives of the ruling Committee of Union and Progress party requested the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (the leading Armenian party in both the Ottoman and the Russian Empire) to incite a rebellion of Russian Armenians against the Tsarist regime in order to facilitate the conquest of Transcaucasia in the event of the opening up of a Caucasus front.

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Armenian diaspora

The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.

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Armenian Evangelical Church

The Armenian Evangelical Church (Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846, by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

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Armenian Genocide denial

Armenian Genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide of 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, conducted by the Ottoman government.

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Armenian Genocide recognition

Armenian Genocide recognition is the formal acceptance that the systematic massacres and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923 constituted genocide.

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Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day

Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day (Մեծ Եղեռնի զոհերի հիշատակի օր Mets Yegherrni zoheri hishataki or; Геноцид армян День памяти, Genotsid armyan Den' pamyati; Ermeni Soykırımı Anma Günü) or Armenian Genocide Memorial Day is a national holiday in Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh and is observed by the Armenian diaspora on 24 April.

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Armenian National Committee of America

The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) (Ամերիկայի Հայ դատի յանձնախումբ) is the largest and most influential Armenian American grassroots organization.

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Armenian Orphan Rug

The Armenian Orphan Rug, also known as the Ghazir Orphans' Rug, is an Armenian styled carpet woven by orphans of the Armenian Genocide in Ghazir, Lebanon.

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Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople

The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, also known as Armenian Patriarch of Istanbul, is today head of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople (Պատրիարքութիւն Հայոց Կոստանդնուպոլսոյ), one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but one that has exerted a very significant political role and today still exercises a spiritual authority.

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Armenian Quarter

The Armenian Quarter (حارة الأرمن, Harat al-Arman; הרובע הארמני, Ha-Rova ha-Armeni; Հայոց թաղ, Hayots t'agh) is one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem.

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Armenian Question

The term "Armenian Question", as used in European history, became commonplace among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

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Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (classical Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ), also known as Dashnaktsutyun (in a short form, Dashnak), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.

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Armenian Weekly

Armenian Weekly (originally Hairenik Weekly) is an English Armenian publication published by Hairenik Association, Inc.

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Armenians

Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.

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Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church.

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Armin T. Wegner

Armin Theophil Wegner (October 16, 1886 – May 17, 1978) was a German soldier and medic in World War I, a prolific author, and a human rights activist.

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Armistice of Mudros

The Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Mütarekesi), concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, on board HMS ''Agamemnon'' in Moudros harbor on the Greek island of Lemnos.

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Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Joseph Toynbee (14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was a British historian, philosopher of history, research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and the University of London and author of numerous books.

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Arshile Gorky

Arshile Gorky (born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, Ոստանիկ Մանուկ Ատոյեան; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-American painter, who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism.

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Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)

Article 301 is an article of the Turkish Penal Code making it illegal to insult Turkey, the Turkish nation, or Turkish government institutions.

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Assyrian genocide

The Assyrian genocide (also known as Sayfo or Seyfo, "Sword"; ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ or ܣܝܦܐ) refers to the mass slaughter of the Assyrian population of the Ottoman Empire and those in neighbouring Persia by Ottoman troops during the First World War, in conjunction with the Armenian and Greek genocides.

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Assyrian people

Assyrian people (ܐܫܘܪܝܐ), or Syriacs (see terms for Syriac Christians), are an ethnic group indigenous to the Middle East.

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Atom Egoyan

Atom Egoyan, (born July 19, 1960) is a Canadian stage and film director, writer, and producer.

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Aurora Mardiganian

Aurora (Arshaluys) Mardiganian (Աուրորա Մարտիկանեան; January 12, 1901, Çemişgezek, Mamuret-ül Aziz, Ottoman Empire – February 6, 1994, Los Angeles, California, United States) was an Armenian American author, actress and a survivor of the Armenian Genocide.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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İzmir

İzmir is a metropolitan city in the western extremity of Anatolia and the third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara.

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Şükrü Kaya

Şükrü Kaya (1883 – January 10, 1959) was a Turkish civil servant and politician, who served as government minister, Minister of Interior and Minister of Foreign affairs in several governments.

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Balkan Wars

The Balkan Wars (Balkan Savaşları, literally "the Balkan Wars" or Balkan Faciası, meaning "the Balkan Tragedy") consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Balyan family

The Balyan family (Western Պալեաններ; Balyan ailesi or Palyan ailesi) was a prominent Ottoman Armenian family of court architects in the service of Ottoman sultans and other members of the Ottoman dynasty during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Bat Ye'or

Bat Ye'or (בת יאור) is the pen name of Gisèle Littman, an author of the history of religious minorities in the Muslim world and modern European politics.

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Batumi

Batumi (ბათუმი) is the second-largest city of Georgia, located on the coast of the Black Sea in the country's southwest.

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Bünyan

Bünyan is a town and a district of Kayseri Province in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin (badawī) are a grouping of nomadic Arab peoples who have historically inhabited the desert regions in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and the Levant.

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Behaeddin Shakir

Behaeddin Shakir or Bahaeddin Shakir (بهاءالدین شاکر; Turkish: Bahattin Şakir; 1874, Constantinople – April 17, 1922) was an Ottoman politician.

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Beirut

Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.

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Berlin International Film Festival

The Berlin International Film Festival (Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin), usually called the Berlinale, is a film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany.

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Berlin–Baghdad railway

The Baghdad railway, also known as the Berlin–Baghdad railway (Bağdat Demiryolu, Bagdadbahn, سكة حديد بغداد, Chemin de Fer Impérial Ottoman de Bagdad), was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the (then) Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad, from where the Germans wanted to establish a port in the Persian Gulf, with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, linked to Europe by a bridge crossing the Bosphorous.

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Bitlis

Bitlis (Բաղեշ; Bidlîs; ܒܝܬ ܕܠܝܣ; بتليس; Βαλαλης Balales) is a city in eastern Turkey and the capital of Bitlis Province.

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Bluebeard (Vonnegut novel)

Bluebeard, the Autobiography of Rabo Karabekian (1916–1988) is a 1987 novel by best-selling author Kurt Vonnegut.

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Bodil Katharine Biørn

Bodil Katharine Biørn (27 May 1871 – 22 July 1960), also known as Mother Katharine, was a Norwegian missionary.

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Brigandage

Brigandage is the life and practice of highway robbery and plunder.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (българи, Bǎlgari) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and its neighboring regions.

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California State Legislature

The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of California.

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Capital (economics)

In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region located at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.

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Caucasus Campaign

The Caucasus Campaign comprised armed conflicts between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, later including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the German Empire, the Central Caspian Dictatorship and the British Empire as part of the Middle Eastern theatre during World War I. The Caucasus Campaign extended from the South Caucasus to the Armenian Highlands region, reaching as far as Trabzon, Bitlis, Mush and Van.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).

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Chargé d'affaires

A chargé d'affaires, often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes to charge-D (abbreviated in colloquial English), is a diplomat who heads an embassy in the absence of the ambassador.

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Charles Aznavour

Charles Aznavour (born Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavourian, Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրեան; 22 May 1924) is a French, later naturalised Armenian, singer, lyricist, actor, public activist and diplomat.

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Charlottenburg

Charlottenburg is an affluent locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.

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Chechens

Chechens (Нохчий; Old Chechen: Нахчой Naxçoy) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe.

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Cilicia

In antiquity, Cilicia(Armenian: Կիլիկիա) was the south coastal region of Asia Minor and existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia during the late Byzantine Empire.

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Circassian genocide

The Circassian genocide was the Russian Empire's ethnic cleansing, killing, forced migration, and expulsion of the majority of the Circassians from their historical homeland Circassia, which roughly encompassed the major part of the North Caucasus and the northeast shore of the Black Sea.

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Circassians

The Circassians (Черкесы Čerkesy), also known by their endonym Adyghe (Circassian: Адыгэхэр Adygekher, Ады́ги Adýgi), are a Northwest Caucasian nation native to Circassia, many of whom were displaced in the course of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus in the 19th century, especially after the Russian–Circassian War in 1864.

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Classical Armenian orthography

Classical Armenian orthography, traditional orthography or Mashtotsian orthography (Հայերէնի դասական ուղղագրութիւն in classical orthography and Հայերենի դասական ուղղագրություն in reformed orthography, Hayereni tasagan ughakrutyun), is the orthography that was developed by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century for writing Armenian and reformed during the early 19th century.

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Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz

Freiherr Wilhelm Leopold Colmar von der Goltz (12 August 1843 – 19 April 1916), also known as Goltz Pasha, was a Prussian Field Marshal and military writer.

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Committee of Union and Progress

The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti إتحاد و ترقى جمیعتی), later Party of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki Fırkası, Birlik ve İlerleme Partisi) began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" (İttihad-ı Osmanî Cemiyeti) in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students Ibrahim Temo, Mehmed Reshid, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, Ali Hüseyinzade, Kerim Sebatî, Mekkeli Sabri Bey, Nazım Bey, Şerafettin Mağmumi, Cevdet Osman and Giritli Şefik.

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Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey

The confiscation of Armenian properties by the Ottoman and Turkish governments involved seizure of the assets, properties and land of the country's Armenian community.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro).

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Conscription

Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.

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Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism is "a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law".

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Cossva Anckarsvärd

Per Gustaf August Cossva Anckarsvärd (17 August 1865 – 25 September 1953) was a Swedish diplomat.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Court-martial

A court-martial or court martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court.

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Crown Colony of Malta

The Crown Colony of the Island of Malta and its Dependencies (commonly known as the Crown Colony of Malta) was a British colony in the present-day Republic of Malta.

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Dadian family

The Dadian family was an Ottoman Armenian family that was famous for their industrial activities within the Ottoman Empire.

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Damascus

Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.

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Damat Ferid Pasha

Damat Mehmed Adil Ferid Pasha (محمد عادل فريد پاشا Damat Ferit Paşa;‎ 1853 – 6 October 1923), known simply as Damat Ferid Pasha, was an Ottoman statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier, the de facto prime minister of the Ottoman Empire, during two periods under the reign of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI, the first time between 4 March 1919 and 2 October 1919 and the second time between 5 April 1920 and 21 October 1920.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (Çanakkale Boğazı, translit), also known from Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Ἑλλήσποντος, Hellespontos, literally "Sea of Helle"), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally-significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia, and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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Death march

A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way.

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Decadence

The word decadence, which at first meant simply "decline" in an abstract sense, is now most often used to refer to a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, or skill at governing among the members of the elite of a very large social structure, such as an empire or nation state.

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Defense of Van (1915)

The Defense of Van (also known as the Siege of Van or Van Resistance to the Armenians (Վանի հերոսամարտ Vani herosamart) was a self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet. The resistance broke out during the Caucasus Campaign, in which the Dashnak militias were supported by the Imperial Russian army to defend the Ottoman Armenian population. Such measures had not been intended or planned by the Armenians.Herbert Adams Gibbons, Armenia in the World War, 1926.. Several contemporaneous observers and later historians have concluded that the Ottoman government deliberately instigated the armed Armenian resistance by enforcing the conditions on their subjects and then used this insurgency as a main pretext to justify the forced deportations of Armenians from all over the empire. However, the decisions of deportation and extermination were made before the Van resistance. The assessment of witness reports maintained that the Armenian posture at Van was defensive and an act of resistance to massacre. Based mostly in the city of Van, it was one of the few instances during the Armenian Genocide when Armenians fought against the Ottoman Empire's armed forces.

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Deir ez-Zor

Deir ez-Zor (دير الزور Dayr az-Zūr; Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ Dayrāʾ Zəʿōrtāʾ) is the largest city in eastern Syria and the seventh largest in the country.

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Deir ez-Zor Camps

The Deir ez-Zor camps were concentration camps in the heart of the Syrian desert where many thousands of Armenian refugees were forced into death marches during the Armenian Genocide.

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Deportation

Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country.

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Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915

The deportation of Armenian intellectuals, sometimes known as Red Sunday (Western Կարմիր կիրակի Garmir giragi), was the first major event of the Armenian Genocide.

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Der Spiegel

Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Dersim rebellion

The Dersim rebellion (Dersim İsyanı) was a Kurdish Zaza uprising against the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.

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Deutsche Bank

Deutsche Bank AG is a German investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany.

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Dhimmi

A (ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the dhimma") is a historical term referring to non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

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Dhimmitude

Dhimmitude is a neologism borrowed from the French language and popularized as a polemical term by writer Bat Ye'or.

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Diamanda Galás

Diamanda Galás (born August 29, 1955) is a Greek-American avant-garde dramatic soprano, composer, pianist, organist, performance artist, and painter.

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Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır (Amida, script) is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey.

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Djemal Pasha

Ahmed Djemal Pasha (احمد جمال پاشا, Ahmet Cemal Paşa; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), commonly known as Cemal Paşa in Turkey, and Jamal Basha or Jamal Basha Al-Saffah (Jamal Basha the Bloodthirsty) in the Arab world, was an Ottoman military leader and one-third of the military triumvirate known as the Three Pashas (also called the "Three Dictators") that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Djemal was the Minister of the Navy.

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Djevdet Bey

Djevdet Bey, Jevdet Bey, Cevdet BelbezSait Çetinoğlu,, Birikim, 09.04.2009.

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Donald Bloxham

Donald Bloxham is a Professor of Modern History, specialising in genocide, war crimes and other mass atrocities studies.

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Dresdner Bank

Dresdner Bank AG was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt.

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Dysentery

Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.

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Edgar Hilsenrath

Edgar Hilsenrath (born 1926) is a German-Jewish writer living in Berlin.

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Edirne

Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Hadrianopolis in Latin or Adrianoupolis in Greek, founded by the Roman emperor Hadrian on the site of a previous Thracian settlement named Uskudama), is a city in the northwestern Turkish province of Edirne in the region of East Thrace, close to Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria.

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Effects of genocide on youth

The effects of genocide on youth include psychological and demographic effects that affect the transition into adulthood.

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Einar af Wirsén

Carl Einar Thure af Wirsén (20 April 1875 – 5 January 1946) was a Swedish Army officer, diplomat and writer.

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Einsatzgruppen

Einsatzgruppen ("task forces" or "deployment groups") were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–45).

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Elâzığ

Elazığ) is a city in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, and the administrative center of Elazığ Province. It is located in the uppermost Euphrates valley. The plain on which the city extends has an altitude of 1067 metres. Elazığ resembles an inland peninsula surrounded by the natural Lake Hazar and reservoirs of Keban Dam, Karakaya Dam, Kıralkızı and Özlüce.http://www.kultur.gov.tr/genel/medya/iltanitimbrosuru-eng/elazig_eng.pdf Elazığ initially developed in 1834 as an extension of the historic city of Harput, which was situated on a hill and difficult to access in winter.

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Elia Kazan

Elia Kazan (born Elias Kazantzoglou; September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".

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Elie Wiesel

Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel (’Ēlí‘ézer Vízēl; September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-born American Jewish writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Enver Pasha

Ismail Enver Pasha (اسماعیل انور پاشا; İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer and a leader of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution.

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Ergenekon (allegation)

Ergenekon was the name given to an alleged clandestine, secularist ultra-nationalist organization in Turkey with possible ties to members of the country's military and security forces.

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Erzurum

Erzurum (Կարին) is a city in eastern Anatolia (Asian Turkey).

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Eternal flame

An eternal flame is a flame, lamp or torch that burns continuously for an indefinite period.

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Ethnic cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (Sumerian: Buranuna; 𒌓𒄒𒉣 Purattu; الفرات al-Furāt; ̇ܦܪܬ Pǝrāt; Եփրատ: Yeprat; פרת Perat; Fırat; Firat) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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European Court of Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights.

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Faiz El-Ghusein

Faiz El-Ghusein (فايز الغصين) (1883-1968) was a sheikh from the Hauran, and a former official of the Turkish Government.

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First Balkan War

The First Balkan War (Балканска война; Αʹ Βαλκανικός πόλεμος; Први балкански рат, Prvi Balkanski rat; Birinci Balkan Savaşı), lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and comprised actions of the Balkan League (the kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire.

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Flag of Turkey

The flag of Turkey (Türk bayrağı) is a red flag featuring a white star and crescent.

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Foreign and Commonwealth Office

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), commonly called the Foreign Office, is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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Franc

The franc (₣) is the name of several currency units.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Franz Werfel

Franz Viktor Werfel (10 September 1890 – 26 August 1945) was an Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet whose career spanned World War I, the Interwar period, and World War II.

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Free University of Berlin

The Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin, often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU) is a research university located in Berlin, Germany.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein

Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (24 April 1870 – 16 October 1948) was a German general from Nuremberg.

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Gallipoli Campaign

The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli, or the Battle of Çanakkale (Çanakkale Savaşı), was a campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey) in the Ottoman Empire between 17 February 1915 and 9 January 1916.

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Genocide

Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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Genocide Convention

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260.

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Genocides in history

Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group.

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George Horton

George Horton (1859–1942) was a member of the United States diplomatic corps who held several consular offices in Greece and the Ottoman Empire between 1893 and 1924.

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Georgy Chicherin

Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (24 November 1872– 7 July 1936) was a Marxist revolutionary and a Soviet politician.

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Gertrude Bell

Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, and archaeologist who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her knowledge and contacts, built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia.

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Giacomo Gorrini

Giacomo Gorrini (1859, Molino dei Torti - 31 October 1950, Rome) was an Italian diplomat.

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Giaour

Giaour or Gawur (gâvur,; from گور gâvor an obsolete variant of modern گبر gaur; ghiaur; Kaur; giaoúris) meaning "infidel", is an extremely offensive term, a slur, historically used in the Ottoman Empire for non-Muslims or more particularly Christians in the Balkans.

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Gilbert Murray

George Gilbert Aimé Murray, (2 January 1866 – 20 May 1957) was an Australian-born British classical scholar and public intellectual, with connections in many spheres.

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Giovanni Bonello

Giovanni Bonello (born 11 June 1936) was Judge of the European Court of Human Rights from 1 November 1998 until 31 October 2004.

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Government of the Grand National Assembly

The Government of the Grand National Assembly (Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti), commonly known as the Ankara Government (Ankara Hükûmeti), was the name given to the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in Ankara during the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) and during the final years of the Ottoman Empire.

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Grand vizier

In the Ottoman Empire, the Grand Vizier (Sadrazam) was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself.

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Great Eastern Crisis

The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–78 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the meddling of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878.

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Great Famine of Mount Lebanon

The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (1915–1918) was a period of mass starvation during World War I. The Allies' blockade was made worse by another introduced by Jamal Pasha, the commander of the Fourth Army of the Ottoman Empire in Syria region, where crops were barred from entering from the neighboring Syrian hinterland to Mount Lebanon, and by the arrival of a swarm of locusts to the region in 1915 that, for three continuous months, devoured the remaining crops.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, including the Pontic genocide, was the systematic genocide of the Christian Ottoman Greek population carried out in its historic homeland in Anatolia during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922).

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.

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H. A. L. Fisher

Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher H.A.L. Fisher: A History of Europe, Volume II: From the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century to 1935, Glasgow: Fontana/Collins, 1984, p. i. (21 March 1865 – 18 April 1940) was an English historian, educator, and Liberal politician.

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Hafız Mehmet

Hafız Mehmet (1874 – 14 June 1926) was a Turkish politician and the Minister of Justice for the Republic of Turkey.

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Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907

The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands.

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Halide Edib Adıvar

Halide Edib Adıvar (خالده اديب; sometimes spelled Halidé Edib in English) (11 June 1884 – 9 January 1964) was a Turkish novelist, nationalist, and political leader for women's rights.

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Hamidian massacres

The Hamidian massacres (Համիդյան ջարդեր, Hamidiye Katliamı), also referred to as the Armenian Massacres of 1892–1896.

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Hamidiye (cavalry)

The Hamidiye corps (literally meaning "belonging to Hamid", full official name Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları, Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular mainly Sunni Kurdish, but also Turkish, Circassian,Palmer, Alan, Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches, Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp.

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Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim

Hans, Baron von Wangenheim (1859 – October 26, 1915) was a diplomat for Imperial Germany.

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Hans Humann

Hans Humann (born 1878 in Smyrna; died October 7, 1933) was a German officer, diplomat (Naval Attaché) and businessman.

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Hans von Seeckt

Johannes Friedrich "Hans" von Seeckt (22 April 1866 – 27 December 1936) was a German military officer who served as Chief of Staff to August von Mackensen, and was a central figure in planning the victories Mackensen achieved for Germany in the east during the First World War.

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Hans-Lukas Kieser

Hans-Lukas Kieser is a historian of the late Ottoman Empire and Turkey, Professor of modern history at the University of Zurich and president of the Research Foundation Switzerland-Turkey in Basel.

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Hasan Fehmi (Ataç)

Hasan "Ataç" Fehmi (1879 – 16 September 1961) was a Turkish politician and a member of both the Grand National Assembly of the Republic of Turkey (the Turkish Parliament) and the earlier Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (the lower house of the Ottoman Parliament).

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Hasan Mazhar

Hasan Mazhar or Hasan Mazhar Bey was a Governor of Ankara in the Ottoman Empire, who refused to participate in the genocide of Armenians in 1915-1917 for which he was dismissed.

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Hate speech

Hate speech is speech that attacks a person or group on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

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Heath W. Lowry

Heath Ward Lowry (born December 23, 1942) was the Atatürk Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies at Princeton University and Boğaziçi University.

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HeinOnline

HeinOnline (HOL) is an internet database service launched in 2000 by William S. Hein & Co., Inc.

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Henri Verneuil

Henri Verneuil, born Ashot Malakian (15 October 1920 – 11 January 2002), was a French-Armenian playwright and filmmaker, who made a successful career in France.

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Henry Morgenthau Sr.

Henry Morgenthau (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946) was an American lawyer, businessman and United States ambassador, most famous as the American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

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Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)

The Herzegovina uprising (Hercegovački ustanak, Херцеговачки устанак) was an uprising led by ethnic Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread into Bosnia.

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Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire

Many twentieth-century scholars argued that power of the Ottoman Empire began waning after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566, and without the acquisition of significant new wealth the empire went into decline, a concept known as the Ottoman Decline Thesis.

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History (U.S. TV network)

History (originally The History Channel from 1995 to 2008) is a history-based digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by A&E Networks, a joint venture between the Hearst Communications and the Disney–ABC Television Group division of the Walt Disney Company.

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History of Oriental Orthodoxy

Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus.

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History of the Jews in Turkey

The history of the Jews in Turkey (Türkiye Yahudileri, Turkish Jews; יהודים טורקים Yehudim Turkim, Djudios Turkos) covers the 2,400 years that Jews have lived in what is now Turkey.

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Holocaust and Genocide Studies

Holocaust and Genocide Studies is an international peer-reviewed academic journal addressing the issue of the Holocaust and other genocides.

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Hrant Dink

Hrant Dink (Հրանդ Տինք Hrand Tink'; Western; September 15, 1954 – January 19, 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.

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Hrazdan

Hrazdan (Հրազդան), is a town and urban municipal community in Armenia serving as the administrative centre of Kotayk Province, located northeast of the capital Yerevan.

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Ils sont tombés

Ils sont tombés is a song released in 1976, written by Charles Aznavour and Georges Garvarentz in 1975 and dedicated to the memory of Armenian Genocide victims.

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Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)

The Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire was the government structure added to the Ottoman governing structure during the Second Constitutional Era.

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Infidel

Infidel (literally "unfaithful") is a term used in certain religions for those accused of unbelief in the central tenets of their own religion, for members of another religion, or for the irreligious.

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Inoculation

The terms inoculation, vaccination and immunization are often used synonymously to refer to artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases.

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Institute of Turkish Studies

The Institute of Turkish Studies (ITS) is a foundation based in the United States with the avowed objective of advancing Turkish studies at colleges and universities in the United States.

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Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide

The Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide was founded in Jerusalem, in 1979, by Israeli scholars Israel W. Charny, Shamai Davidson and Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel.

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International Association of Genocide Scholars

The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) is an international non-partisan organization that seeks to further research and teaching about the nature, causes, and consequences of genocide, including the Holocaust, and to advance policy studies on the prevention of genocide.

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International Center for Transitional Justice

The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) was founded in 2001 as a non-profit organization dedicated to pursuing accountability for mass atrocity and human rights abuse through transitional justice mechanisms.

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International Press Institute

International Press Institute (IPI) is a global organisation dedicated to the promotion and protection of press freedom and the improvement of journalism practices.

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Isabel V. Hull

Isabel Virginia Hull (born 1949) is the John Stambaugh Professor of History and the former chair of the history department at Cornell University.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Islamism

Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Istanbul

Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.

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Istanbul pogrom

The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots or September events (Septemvriana, "Events of September";, "Events of September 6–7"), were organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955.

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J. Michael Hagopian

Jakob Michael Hagopian (Մայքլ Հակոբ Հակոբյան; October 20, 1913 – December 10, 2010) was an Armenian-born American Emmy-nominated filmmaker.

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Jacques Chirac

Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.

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James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce

James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (10 May 1838 – 22 January 1922) was a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician.

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James W. Gerard

James Watson Gerard Jr. (August 25, 1867 – September 6, 1951) was a United States lawyer and diplomat.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jews

Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.

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Jihad

Jihad (جهاد) is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.

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Johannes Østrup

Johannes Elith Østrup (27 July 1867 – 5 May 1938) was a Danish philologist and professor at the University of Copenhagen where he served as rector from 1934 to 1935.

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Johannes Lepsius

Johannes Lepsius (15 December 1858, Potsdam, Germany – 3 February 1926, Meran, Italy) was a German Protestant missionary, Orientalist, and humanist with a special interest in trying to prevent the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

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John de Robeck

Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Michael de Robeck, 1st Baronet, (10 June 1862 – 20 January 1928) was Royal Navy officer.

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Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined field of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law.

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Jurist

A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).

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Jus gentium

The ius gentium or jus gentium (Latin for "law of nations") is a concept of international law within the ancient Roman legal system and Western law traditions based on or influenced by it.

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Justin McCarthy (American historian)

Justin A. McCarthy (born October 19, 1945) is an American demographer, professor of history at the University of Louisville, in Louisville, Kentucky.

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Kaymakam

Qaim Maqam, Qaimaqam or Kaymakam (also spelled kaimakam and caimacam; قائم مقام, "sub-governor") is the title used for the governor of a provincial district in the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and in Lebanon; additionally, it was a title used for roughly the same official position in the Ottoman Empire.

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Kayseri

Kayseri is a large and industrialised city in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Kaza

A kaza (qaḍāʾ,, plural: أقضية, aqḍiyah,; kazâ) is an administrative division historically used in the Ottoman Empire and currently used in several of its successor states.

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Kemal Kerinçsiz

Kemal Kerinçsiz (born February 20, 1960 in Edirne, Turkey) is a Turkish nationalist lawyer, famous for filing complaints against more than 40 Turkish journalists and authors (including Orhan Pamuk, Elif Şafak, and the late Hrant Dink) for "insulting Turkishness".

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Konstantin von Neurath

Konstantin Hermann Karl Freiherr von Neurath (2 February 1873 – 14 August 1956) was a German diplomat remembered mostly for having served as Foreign minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938.

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Kurds

The Kurds (rtl, Kurd) or the Kurdish people (rtl, Gelî kurd), are an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).

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Kurt Vonnegut

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (November 11, 1922April 11, 2007) was an American writer.

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Labour battalion

Labour battalions have been a form of alternative service or unfree labour in various countries in lieu of or resembling regular military service.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

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Leslie Davis

Leslie A. Davis (April 29, 1876–1960) was an American diplomat and wartime US consul to Harput, Ottoman Empire from 1914 to 1917, who witnessed the Armenian Genocide.

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Lesser Armenia

Lesser Armenia (Փոքր Հայք, Pokr Hayk; Armenia Minor), also known as Armenia Minor and Armenia Inferior, comprised the Armenian–populated regions primarily to the west and northwest of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia (also known as Kingdom of Greater Armenia).

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List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey

The United States has maintained many high level contacts with Turkey since the 19th century.

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List of Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset, Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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List of visitors to Tsitsernakaberd

Tsitsernakaberd is the official memorial to the Armenian Genocide victims in Yerevan, Armenia.

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Los Angeles Times

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.

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Louis de Bernières

Louis de Bernières (born 8 December 1954) is a British novelist most famous for his fourth novel, Captain Corelli's Mandolin.

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Margaret L. Anderson

Margaret Lavinia Anderson is professor emerita at University of California Berkeley where she teaches about Europe since 1453; Central Europe from the late 18th century, especially modern Germany; World War I; Fascist Europe.

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Maria Jacobsen

Maria Jacobsen (November 6, 1882 – April 6, 1960) was a Danish missionary and a key witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Marseille

Marseille (Provençal: Marselha), is the second-largest city of France and the largest city of the Provence historical region.

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Martens Clause

The Martens Clause (pronounced) was introduced into the preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II – Laws and Customs of War on Land.

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Maskanah

Maskanah (مسكنة) also spelled, Meskene is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Manbij District of the Aleppo Governorate.

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Mass murder

Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.

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Massacre of Phocaea

The Massacre of Phocaea (Η Σφαγή της Φώκαιας, I Sfagí tis Fókaias) occurred in June 1914, as part of the ethnic cleansing policies of the Ottoman Empire.

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Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter

Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter or Max Scheubner-Richter, born Ludwig Maximilian Erwin Richter (21 January 1884 – 9 November 1923) was a Russian-born German officer and activist who was an early member of the Nazi Party.

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Mayrig

Mayrig (Mother) is a 1991 semi-autobiographical film written and directed by French-Armenian filmmaker Henri Verneuil.

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Mehmed VI

Mehmed VI (محمد السادس Meḥmed-i sâdis, وحيد الدين Vahideddin, Vahideddin or Altıncı Mehmet), who is also known as Şahbaba (meaning "Emperor-father") among his relatives, (14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922.

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Mehmet Celal Bey

Mehmet Celal Bey (محمد جلال بك‎; 1863 – 15 February 1926) was an Ottoman statesman and a key witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.

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Michael Mann (sociologist)

Michael Mann FBA (born 1942) is a British-born professor of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Visiting Research Professor at Queen's University Belfast.

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Millet (Ottoman Empire)

In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.

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Mkrtich Khrimian

Mkrtich Khrimian (classical reformed: Մկրտիչ Խրիմյան; 4 April 182029 October 1907) was an Armenian Apostolic Church leader, educator, and publisher who served as Catholicos of All Armenians from 1893 to 1907.

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Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh

Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani (محمد علی جمالزاده اصفهانی) (January 13, 1892, Isfahan, Iran – November 8, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland), was one of the most prominent writers of Iran in the 20th century, best known for his unique style of humour.

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Moorfield Storey

Moorfield Storey (March 19, 1845 – October 24, 1929) was an American lawyer, anti-imperial activist, and civil rights leader based in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Morphine

Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.

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Mosul

Mosul (الموصل, مووسڵ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq. Located some north of Baghdad, Mosul stands on the west bank of the Tigris, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank. The metropolitan area has grown to encompass substantial areas on both the "Left Bank" (east side) and the "Right Bank" (west side), as the two banks are described by the locals compared to the flow direction of Tigris. At the start of the 21st century, Mosul and its surrounds had an ethnically and religiously diverse population; the majority of Mosul's population were Arabs, with Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens, Kurds, Yazidis, Shabakis, Mandaeans, Kawliya, Circassians in addition to other, smaller ethnic minorities. In religious terms, mainstream Sunni Islam was the largest religion, but with a significant number of followers of the Salafi movement and Christianity (the latter followed by the Assyrians and Armenians), as well as Shia Islam, Sufism, Yazidism, Shabakism, Yarsanism and Mandaeism. Mosul's population grew rapidly around the turn of the millennium and by 2004 was estimated to be 1,846,500. In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized control of the city. The Iraqi government recaptured it in the 2016–2017 Battle of Mosul. Historically, important products of the area include Mosul marble and oil. The city of Mosul is home to the University of Mosul and its renowned Medical College, which together was one of the largest educational and research centers in Iraq and the Middle East. Mosul, together with the nearby Nineveh plains, is one of the historic centers for the Assyrians and their churches; the Assyrian Church of the East; its offshoot, the Chaldean Catholic Church; and the Syriac Orthodox Church, containing the tombs of several Old Testament prophets such as Jonah, some of which were destroyed by ISIL in July 2014.

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Muş

Muş (transliterated as Mush, also historically Moush or Moosh; Մուշ, script) is a city and the provincial capital of Muş Province in Turkey.

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Muhacir

Muhacir, Macırlar, or Muhajir, is a term used to refer to an estimated 10 million Ottoman Muslim citizens, and their descendants born after the onset of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, (including Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Greek Muslims, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, and Pomaks) who emigrated to Anatolia from the late 18th century until the end of the 20th century, mainly to escape ongoing persecution in their homelands.

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Murat Bardakçı

Murat Gökhan Bardakçı (born 25 December 1955) is a Turkish journalist working on Ottoman history and Turkish music history.

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.

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Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign

The Naval Operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (17 February 1915 – 9 January 1916) took place against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

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Nazım Bey

Nâzım Bey or Dr.

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Nazi book burnings

The Nazi book burnings were a campaign conducted by the German Student Union (the "DSt") to ceremonially burn books in Nazi Germany and Austria in the 1930s.

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Nazi human experimentation

Nazi human experimentation was a series of medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners, including children, by Nazi Germany in its concentration camps in the early to mid 1940s, during World War II and the Holocaust.

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Nazism

National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.

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Near East

The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia.

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Near East Foundation

The Near East Foundation (NEF), formerly the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief (ACASR), then the American Committee for Relief in the Near East (ACRNE), and later Near East Relief, is a Syracuse, New York-based American international social and economic development organization.

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New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States.

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New York Life Insurance Company

New York Life Insurance Company (NYLIC) is the third-largest life insurance company in the United States and one of the largest life insurers in the world, ranking #65 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list, with about $570 billion in total assets under management, and more than $25 billion in surplus and AVR.

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Nikolai Yudenich

Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (Никола́й Никола́евич Юде́нич) (5 October 1933) was a commander of the Russian Imperial Army during World War I. He was a leader of the anti-communist White movement in Northwestern Russia during the Civil War.

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Nili

NILI was a Jewish espionage network which assisted the United Kingdom in its fight against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine between 1915-1917, during World War I. NILI is an acronym which stands for the Hebrew phrase “Netzah Yisrael Lo Yeshaker,” which translates as “the Eternal One of Israel will not lie.

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Occupation of the Ottoman Bank

The occupation of the Ottoman Bank (Osmanlı Bankası Baskını, "Raid on the Ottoman Bank"; Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը, Bank Otomani k'ravumĕ "Ottoman Bank takeover") by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party) took place in Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, on 26 August 1896.

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Operation Nemesis

Operation Nemesis (Nemesis gortsoghut'iun) was a covert operation and an assassination campaign by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) carried out between 1920 and 1922, during which a number of former Ottoman political and military figures were assassinated for their role in the Armenian Genocide, as well as Azerbaijani figures for the 1918 massacre of Armenians in Baku.

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Orhan Pamuk

Ferit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Oscar S. Heizer

Oscar S. Heizer (February 2, 1869 – August 1, 1956) was an American diplomat who served in various posts as Consul General in the Ottoman Empire.

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Oskar Schindler

Oskar Schindler (28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was a German industrialist and a member of the Nazi Party who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories in occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

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Ottawa Citizen

The Ottawa Citizen is an English-language daily newspaper owned by Postmedia Network in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

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Otto von Lossow

General Otto Hermann von Lossow (15 January 1868 – 25 November 1938) was a Bavarian Army and then German Army officer who played a prominent role in the events surrounding the attempted Beer Hall Putsch by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 1923.

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Ottoman Bank

The Ottoman Bank (Osmanlı Bankası) (formerly Imperial Ottoman Bank, Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane) was founded in 1856 in the Galata business section of Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, as a joint venture between British interests, the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas of France, and the Ottoman government.

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Ottoman Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Sunni Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era.

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Ottoman countercoup of 1909

The Ottoman countercoup of 1909 (13 April 1909) was an attempt to dismantle the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire and replace it with an autocracy under Sultan/Caliph Abdul Hamid II.

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Ottoman dynasty

The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (خاندان آل عثمان Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Navy

The Ottoman Navy (Osmanlı Donanması or Donanma-yı Humâyûn), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was established in the early 14th century after the Ottoman Empire first expanded to reach the sea in 1323 by capturing Karamürsel, the site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future Navy.

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Pact of Umar

The Pact of Umar (also known as the Covenant of Umar, Treaty of Umar or Laws of Umar; شروط عمر or عهد عمر or عقد عمر), is an apocryphal treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of either Syria, Mesopotamia or Jerusalem that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence.

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Pan-Islamism

Pan-Islamism (الوحدة الإسلامية) is a political movement advocating the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state – often a Caliphate – or an international organization with Islamic principles.

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Paolo and Vittorio Taviani

Paolo Taviani (born 8 November 1931) and Vittorio Taviani (20 September 1929 – 15 April 2018), collectively referred to as the Taviani brothers, were Italian film directors and screenwriters who collaborated in productions of note.

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Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Paul Wolff Metternich

Paul Graf Wolff Metternich zur Gracht (December 5, 1853 – 1934) was a Prussian and German ambassador in London (1901–1912) and Constantinople (1915–1916).

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Peace of Amasya

The Peace of Amasya (پیمان آماسیه ("Qarārdād-e Amasiyeh"); Amasya Antlaşması) was a treaty agreed to on May 29, 1555 between Shah Tahmasp of Safavid Iran and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire at the city of Amasya, following the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555.

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Persian Campaign

The Persian Campaign or Invasion of Persia also known as Invasion of Iran (اشغال ایران در جنگ جهانی اول) was a series of engagements in Iranian Azerbaijan and western Iran (Persia) involving the forces of the Ottoman Empire against those of the British Empire and Russian Empire, and also involving local population elements, beginning in December 1914 and ending with the Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918 as part of Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.

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Peter Balakian

Peter Balakian (Փիթըր Պալաքեան, born June 13, 1951) is an Armenian American poet, writer and academic, the Donald M. and Constance H. Rebar Professor of Humanities at Colgate University.

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Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

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Plenipotentiary

The word plenipotentiary (from the Latin plenus "full" and potens "powerful") has two meanings.

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Pogrom

The term pogrom has multiple meanings, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities.

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Poles

The Poles (Polacy,; singular masculine: Polak, singular feminine: Polka), commonly referred to as the Polish people, are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland in Central Europe who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language.

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Pope

The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Benedict XV

Pope Benedict XV (Latin: Benedictus; Benedetto), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa (21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 3 September 1914 until his death in 1922.

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Pope Francis

Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

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Power, Faith and Fantasy

Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East: 1776 to the Present, a history of American involvement in the Middle East by Michael Oren, was published by W.W. Norton & Co.

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Press coverage during the Armenian Genocide

This page contains a selected list of press headlines relevant to the Armenian Genocide in chronological order, as recorded in newspaper archives.

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Prime Minister of Turkey

The Prime Minister of Turkey (Turkish: Başbakan) was the head of government of Turkey.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Protection racket

A protection racket is a scheme whereby a group provides protection to businesses or other groups through violence outside the sanction of the law—in other words, a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security but now also computer security.

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Rabbi

In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah.

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Racism in Turkey

In Turkey, racism and ethnic discrimination are present in its society and throughout its history, and this racism and ethnic discrimination is also institutional against the non-Muslim and non-Sunni minorities.

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Ragıp Zarakolu

Ragıp Zarakolu (born 1948) is a Turkish human rights activist and publisher who has long faced legal harassment for publishing books on controversial subjects in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey.

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Rape during the Armenian Genocide

During the Armenian Genocide which occurred in the Ottoman Empire, led at the time by the Young Turks, the Turkish armed forces, militias, and members of the public engaged in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape against female Armenians and children of both sexes.

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Raphael Lemkin

Raphael Lemkin (June 24, 1900 – August 28, 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent who is best known for coining the word genocide and initiating the Genocide Convention.

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Ras al-Ayn Camps

Ra's al-'Ayn camps (also Ras ul-Ain camps) were desert death camps near Ra's al-'Ayn city, where many Armenians were deported and slaughtered during the Armenian Genocide.

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Ravished Armenia

Ravished Armenia (full title: Ravished Armenia: The Story of Aurora Mardiganian, the Christian Girl, Who Survived the Great Massacres) is a book written in 1918 by Arshaluys (Aurora) Mardiganian about her experiences in the Armenian Genocide.

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Raymond Kévorkian

Raymond Haroutioun Kévorkian (born February 22, 1953) is a French Armenian historian.

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Reader's Digest

Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year.

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Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician serving as President of Turkey since 2014.

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Reinhard Heydrich

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German Nazi official during World War II, and a main architect of the Holocaust.

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Republic Square, Yerevan

Republic Square (Հանրապետության հրապարակ, Hanrapetut′yan hraparak, known locally as Hraparak, "town square") is the central town square in Yerevan, the capital of Armenia.

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Reshid Akif Pasha

Reshid Akif Pasha (Reşit Akif Paşa; 1863 – 15 April 1920), was an Ottoman statesman during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire.

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Richard G. Hovannisian

Richard Gable Hovannisian (Ռիչարդ Հովհաննիսյան, born November 9, 1932) is an Armenian American historian and professor emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Robert Fisk

Robert Fisk (born 12 July 1946) is an English writer and journalist.

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Robert Jay Lifton

Robert Jay Lifton (born May 16, 1926) is an American psychiatrist and author, chiefly known for his studies of the psychological causes and effects of wars and political violence and for his theory of thought reform.

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Robert Kocharyan

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Robert Lansing

Robert Lansing (October 17, 1864 – October 30, 1928) was an American lawyer and Conservative Democratic politician who served as Legal Advisor to the State Department at the outbreak of World War I, and then as United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson from 1915 to 1920.

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Robert Melson

Robert Melson (born 1937) is professor emeritus of political science and a member of the Jewish studies program at Purdue University, in Indiana, United States.

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Ronald Grigor Suny

Ronald Grigor Suny (born September 25, 1940) is director of the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies, the Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of Social and Political History at the University of Michigan, and Emeritus Professor of political science and history at the University of Chicago.

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Rumelia

Rumelia (روم ايلى, Rūm-ėli; Rumeli), also known as Turkey in Europe, was a historical term describing the area in southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, mainly the Balkan Peninsula.

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Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)

The Russian Caucasus Army (Кавказскaя армия) of World War I was the Russian field army that fought in the Caucasus Campaign and Persian Campaign of World War I. It was renowned for inflicting heavy casualties on the opposing forces of the Ottoman Empire, particularly at the Battle of Sarikamish.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Руско-турска Освободителна война, Russian-Turkish Liberation war) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Sabah (newspaper)

Sabah is a Turkish daily newspaper, with a circulation of around 330,000 as of 2011.

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Said Halim Pasha

Said Halim Pasha (سعيد حليم پاشا.; Sait Halim Paşa;; 18 January 1865 – 6 December 1921) was an Ottoman statesman of Tosk origin who served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1917.

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Salmas

Salmas (Salmās, Azerbaijani: Sālmās; Romanized as Salmās and Salamas) is the capital of Salmas County, WA (West Azerbaijan Province), Iran.

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Salon (website)

Salon is an American news and opinion website, created by David Talbot in 1995 and currently owned by the Salon Media Group.

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Samantha Power

Samantha Jane Power (born September 21, 1970) is an Irish-born American academic, author, political critic, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2013 to 2017.

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Samsun

Samsun is a city on the north coast of Turkey with a population over half a million people.

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Sarıkamış

Sarıkamış is a town and a district of Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

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Süleyman Nazif

Süleyman Nazif (سلیمان نظیف;‎ 29 January 1870 – January 4, 1927) was an eminent Ottoman-born Turkish poet.

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Second Constitutional Era

The Second Constitutional Era (ايکنجى مشروطيت دورى; İkinci Meşrûtiyyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire established shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution which forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitutional monarchy by the revival of the Ottoman Parliament, the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire and the restoration of the constitution of 1876.

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Second-class citizen

A second-class citizen is a person who is systematically discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their nominal status as a citizen or legal resident there.

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Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878)

The Serbian–Turkish Wars or Serbian–Ottoman Wars (српско-турски ратови / srpsko-turski ratovi), also known as the Serbian Wars for Independence (српски ратови за независност, srpski ratovi za nezavisnost), were two consequent wars (1876-1877 and 1877-1878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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Sivas

Sivas (Latin and Greek: Sebastia, Sebastea, Sebasteia, Sebaste, Σεβάστεια, Σεβαστή) is a city in central Turkey and the seat of Sivas Province.

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Six vilayets

The Six vilayets or Six provinces (ولايت سته Vilâyat-ı Sitte) or the Six Armenian vilayets (Վեց հայկական վիլայեթներ Vets' haykakan vilayet'ner, Altı vilayet, Altı Ermeni ili) were the Armenian-populated vilayets (provinces) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Social Democrat Hunchakian Party

The Social Democrat Party (SDHP) (Սոցիալ Դեմոկրատ Հնչակյան Կուսակցություն; ՍԴՀԿ), is the first Armenian political party, founded in 1887 by a group of students in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Soghomon Tehlirian

Soghomon Tehlirian (Սողոմոն Թեհլիրեան; April 2, 1896 – May 23, 1960) was an Armenian who assassinated Talaat Pasha, the former Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, in Berlin on March 15, 1921.

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Somerset Gough-Calthorpe

Admiral of the Fleet Sir Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe (23 December 1865 – 27 July 1937), sometimes known as Sir Somerset Calthorpe, was a Royal Navy officer and a member of the Gough-Calthorpe family.

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Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)

The Special Organization (تشکیلات مخصوصه, Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa) was an Ottoman imperial government special forces unit under the War Department and was allegedly used to suppress Arab separatism and Western imperialism in the Ottoman Empire.

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Stanford J. Shaw

Stanford Jay Shaw (May 5, 1930 – December 16, 2006) was an American historian, best known for his works on the late Ottoman Empire, Turkish Jews, and the early Turkish Republic.

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Starvation

Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life.

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Statism

In political science, statism is the belief that the state should control either economic or social policy, or both, to some degree.

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Stefan Żeromski

Stefan Żeromski (14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist.

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Stele

A steleAnglicized plural steles; Greek plural stelai, from Greek στήλη, stēlē.

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Stephen Samuel Wise

Stephen Samuel Wise (1874–1949) was an early 20th-century American, Progressive Era, Reform rabbi, and Zionist leader.

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (before 1999, known as the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities) was a think tank of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

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Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

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Succession of states

Succession of states is a theory and practice in international relations regarding successor states.

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Sultanzade Sabahaddin

Prince Sabahaddin de Neuchâtel (born Sultanzade Mehmed Sabâhaddin; 13 February 1879 in Constantinople — 30 June 1948 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland) was an Ottoman sociologist and thinker.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Syrian Desert

The Syrian Desert (بادية الشام, Bâdiyat aş-Şâm), also known as the Hamad, is a combination of steppe and desert covering of the Middle East, including parts of south-eastern Syria, northeastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and western Iraq.

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System of a Down

System of a Down, sometimes abbreviated as SOAD or colloquially referred to as System, is an heavy metal band from Glendale, California, formed in 1994.

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Tages-Anzeiger

Tages-Anzeiger, also abbreviated Tagi or TA, is a Swiss German-language national daily newspaper published in Zurich, Switzerland.

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Talaat Pasha

Mehmed Talaat (محمد طلعت; Mehmet Talât; 10 April 1874 – 15 March 1921), commonly known as Talaat Pasha (طلعت پاشا; Talât Paşa), was one of the triumvirate known as the Three Pashas that de facto ruled the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.

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Taner Akçam

Altuğ Taner Akçam (born in Ardahan, Turkey, October 23, 1953) is a Turkish-German historian and sociologist.

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Tanzimat

The Tanzimât (lit) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.

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Tbilisi

Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some countries also still named by its pre-1936 international designation Tiflis, is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of approximately 1.5 million people.

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Tehcir Law

The Tehcir Law (from tehcir, a word of Arabic origin in Ottoman Turkish and meaning "deportation" or "forced displacement" as defined by the Turkish Language Institute), or, officially by the Republic of Turkey, the "Sevk ve İskân Kanunu" (Relocation and Resettlement Law) was a law passed by the Ottoman Parliament on May 27, 1915 authorizing the deportation of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population.

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province.

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Tel Aviv

Tel Aviv (תֵּל אָבִיב,, تل أَبيب) is the second most populous city in Israel – after Jerusalem – and the most populous city in the conurbation of Gush Dan, Israel's largest metropolitan area.

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Tevfik Rüştü Aras

Tevfik Rüştü Aras (1883 in Çanakkale – January 5, 1972 in Istanbul) was a Turkish politician, serving as deputy and foreign minister of Turkey during the Atatürk era (1923–1938).

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The Cut (2014 film)

The Cut is a 2014 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Fatih Akın.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, commonly referred to simply as The Telegraph, is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Forty Days of Musa Dagh

The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh) is a 1933 novel by Austrian-Bohemian writer Franz Werfel based on true events that took place in 1915, during the second year of World War I and at the beginning of the Armenian Genocide.

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The Great War for Civilisation

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East is a book published in 2005 by the award-winning English journalist Robert Fisk.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The Lark Farm

The Lark Farm (Italian: La masseria delle allodole) is a 2007 Italian drama film directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani about the Armenian Genocide.

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The Malta Independent

The Malta Independent is a national newspaper published daily in Malta.

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The Memoirs of Naim Bey

The Memoirs of Naim Bey: Turkish Official Documents Relating to the Deportation and the Massacres of Armenians, also known as the "Talat Pasha telegrams", is a book written by historian and journalist Aram Andonian in 1919.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The New Yorker

The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry.

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The Observer

The Observer is a British newspaper published on Sundays.

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The Promise (2016 film)

The Promise is a 2016 American historical drama film directed by Terry George and starring Oscar Isaac, Charlotte Le Bon and Christian Bale, set in the final years of the Ottoman Empire.

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The Spring to Come

The Polish novel Przedwiośnie (a title translated alternatively as First Spring, Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich "Ossolineum", 1980. Before the Spring,Bill Johnston, Northwestern University Press, 1999. Early Spring,Adam Michnik, Irena Grudzińska-Gross, Roman S. Czarny, University of California Press, 2011.. Springtime,Geert Lernout, Wim Van Mierlo, Continuum International, 2004.. or Spring To ComeMarci Shore, Yale University Press, 2006..) was written by the leading Polish neoromantic writer Stefan Żeromski, and first published in 1925, the year he died.

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The Story of the Last Thought

The novel The Story of the Last Thought (in German Das Märchen vom letzten Gedanken) of the German-Jewish writer Edgar Hilsenrath is about the Armenian Genocide in 1915.

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The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (often referred to as the Blue Book in Turkish sources) is a book written by Viscount Bryce and Arnold J. Toynbee, first published in 1916, that contains a compilation of statements from eyewitnesses of the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire during 1915-1916.

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The Virginian-Pilot

The Virginian-Pilot is a daily newspaper based in Norfolk, Virginia.

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The Yale Journal of International Law

The Yale Journal of International Law is a student-edited international law review at the Yale Law School (New Haven, Connecticut).

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Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

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Theology

Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη, Thessaloníki), also familiarly known as Thessalonica, Salonica, or Salonika is the second-largest city in Greece, with over 1 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Third Army (Ottoman Empire)

The Third Army was originally established in the Balkans and later defended the northeastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

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Thomas Ambrosio

Thomas Ambrosio (born May 31, 1971) is a professor of political science in the Criminal Justice and Political Science Department at North Dakota State University.

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Three Pashas

The "Three Pashas" (اوچ پاشلار) refers to the triumvirate of senior officials who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I: Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), the Minister of the Navy.

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Tigran Sargsyan

Tigran Sowreni Sargsyan (Տիգրան Սուրենի Սարգսյան, born 29 January 1962) is an Armenian political figure who was Prime Minister of Armenia from 2008 to 2014.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Trabzon

Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province.

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Tragedy (event)

A tragedy is an event of great loss, usually of human life.

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Transcaucasia

Transcaucasia (Закавказье), or the South Caucasus, is a geographical region in the vicinity of the southern Caucasus Mountains on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

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Treaty of Berlin (1878)

The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on July 13, 1878.

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Treaty of Paris (1856)

The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

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Treaty of San Stefano

The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Russian: Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, Turkish: Ayastefanos Muahedesi or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, on by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Aleksandr Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Sèvres

The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.

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Treaty of Zuhab

The Treaty of Zuhab (عهدنامه زهاب), also called Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (Kasr-ı Şirin Antlaşması), was an accord signed between the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire on May 17, 1639.

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Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente "friendship, understanding, agreement") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.

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Tsatur Aghayan

Tsatur Aghayan (Ծատուր Աղայան; 30 December 1911 – 3 December 1982) was a Soviet Armenian historian a Professor at Yerevan State University, an academician of the Armenian Academy of Sciences, the editor of the journal Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri, and a renowned scientist of the Armenian SSR (1974).

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Tsitsernakaberd

The Armenian Genocide memorial complex (Հայոց ցեղասպանության զոհերի հուշահամալիր Hayots tseghaspanut'yan zoheri hushahamalir) is Armenia's official memorial dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide, built in 1967 on the hill of Tsitsernakaberd (Ծիծեռնակաբերդ) in Yerevan.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.

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Turkification

Turkification, or Turkicization (Türkleştirme), is a cultural shift whereby populations or states adopted a historical Turkic culture, such as in the Ottoman Empire.

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Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920

Turkish courts-martial of 1919–20 were courts-martial of the Ottoman Empire that occurred soon after the Armistice of Mudros, in the aftermath of World War I. The leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials were charged with several charges including subversion of the constitution, wartime profiteering, and the massacres of both Armenians and Greeks.

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Turkish Historical Society

The Turkish Historical Society also known as Turkish Historical Association or Turkish History Foundation (Türk Tarih Kurumu, TTK) is a research society studying the history of Turkey and the Turkish people, founded in 1931 by the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with headquarters in Ankara, Turkey.

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Turkish lobby in the United States

The Turkish lobby in the United States is a lobby that works on behalf of the Turkish government in promoting that nation's interests with the United States government.

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Turkish nationalism

Turkish nationalism is a political ideology that promotes and glorifies the Turkish people, as either a national, ethnic, or linguistic group.

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Turkish people

Turkish people or the Turks (Türkler), also known as Anatolian Turks (Anadolu Türkleri), are a Turkic ethnic group and nation living mainly in Turkey and speaking Turkish, the most widely spoken Turkic language.

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Turkish–Armenian War

The Turkish–Armenian war, known in Turkey as the Eastern Operation or Eastern Front (Doğu Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres.

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus.

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Uğur Üngör

Uğur Ümit Üngör (born 1980, Erzincan) is a Dutch scholar of genocide and mass violence.

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Unethical human experimentation

Unethical human experimentation is human experimentation that violates the principles of medical ethics, such as the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Unfree labour

Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), compulsion, or other forms of extreme hardship to themselves or members of their families.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.

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United States Government Publishing Office

The United States Government Publishing Office (GPO) (formerly the Government Printing Office) is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government.

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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.

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United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs of the United States House of Representatives, also known as the House Foreign Affairs Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives, which has jurisdiction over bills and investigations related to the foreign affairs of the United States.

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United States Navy

The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States.

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United States resolution on Armenian Genocide

The proposed Armenian Genocide resolution was a measure currently under consideration in the U.S. House of Representatives that would recognize the 1915 Genocide.

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United States Secretary of State

The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.

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University of Copenhagen

The University of Copenhagen (UCPH) (Københavns Universitet) is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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University of Sheffield

The University of Sheffield (informally Sheffield University) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.

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Vahakn Dadrian

Vahakn N. Dadrian (Վահագն Տատրեան; born May 26, 1926) is an Armenian-American sociologist and historian, born in Turkey, professor of sociology, historian, and an internationally recognized authority on the Armenian Genocide.

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Van, Turkey

Van (Van; Վան; Wan; فان; Εύα, Eua) is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located on the eastern shore of Lake Van.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.

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Walter M. Geddes

Walter Mackintosh Geddes (November 13, 1885 – November 7, 1915) was an American businessman who was an important witness to the Armenian Genocide.

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Wehib Pasha

Wehib Pasha also known as Vehip Pasha, Mehmed Wehib Pasha, Mehmet Vehip Pasha (modern Turkish: Kaçı Vehip Paşa or Mehmet Vehip (Kaçı), 1877–1940), was a general in the Ottoman Army.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".

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Western Armenia

Western Armenia (Western Armenian: Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, Arevmdian Hayasdan) is a term used to refer to eastern parts of Turkey (formerly the Ottoman Empire) that were part of the historical homeland of Armenians.

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William Jennings Bryan

William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska.

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William Schabas

William Anthony Schabas, OC (born 19 November 1950) is a Canadian academic in the field of international criminal and human rights law, and has been called 'the world expert on the law of genocide and international law.' He is professor of international law at Middlesex University in the United Kingdom, professor of international human law and human rights at Leiden University in the Netherlands, and an internationally respected expert on human rights law, genocide and the death penalty.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.

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Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide

Witnesses and testimony of the Armenian Genocide provide an important and valuable insight into the events during and after the Armenian Genocide.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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Yair Auron

Yair Auron (יאיר אורון, Ya'ir Oron; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing on Holocaust and genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry.

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Yehuda Bauer

Yehuda Bauer (Hebrew: יהודה באואר; born April 6, 1926) is an Israeli historian and scholar of the Holocaust.

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Yerevan

Yerevan (Երևան, sometimes spelled Erevan) is the capital and largest city of Armenia as well as one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

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Young Turks

Young Turks (Jön Türkler, from Les Jeunes Turcs) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers.

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Yves Ternon

Yves Ternon (born in 1932 in Saint-Mandé) is a French physician and medical historian, as well as an author of historical books about the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide.

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100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide

The 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide (Հայոց ցեղասպանության 100-րդ տարելից) was commemorated on April 24, 2015.

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1894 Sasun rebellion

The Sassoun resistance of 1894, also known as First Sassoun resistance (Սասնո առաջին ապստամբութիւն), was the conflict between Ottoman Empire's forces and the Armenian militia belonging to the Armenian national movement's Hunchak party in the Sassoun region.

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1915 (film)

1915 is a 2015 psychological thriller film co-written and directed by Garin Hovannisian and Alec Mouhibian.

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1965 Yerevan demonstrations

The 1965 Yerevan demonstrations took place in Yerevan, Armenia on April 24, 1965, on the 50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide.

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31 March Incident

The 31 March Incident (31 Mart Vakası, 31 Mart Olayı, 31 Mart Hadisesi, or 31 Mart İsyanı) was the defeat of the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 by the Hareket Ordusu ("Army of Action"), which was the 11th Salonika Reserve Infantry Division of the Third Army stationed in the Balkans and commanded by Mahmud Shevket Pasha on 24 April 1909.

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Redirects here:

4/24, Annihilation of the Armenians, Armanian Genocide, Armenian Genocide - Working Version, Armenian Genocide Claim, Armenian Genocide resources, Armenian Genocide ressources, Armenian Genocide/Working Version, Armenian Genocide/Working version, Armenian Genocide/resources, Armenian Holocaust, Armenian Massacre, Armenian Massacres, Armenian Relocation, Armenian Tragedy, Armenian calamity, Armenian deportation, Armenian deportations, Armenian genicode, Armenian genocide, Armenian genocide rememberance day, Armenian holocaust, Armenian massacre, Armenian massacres, Armenian relocation, Ermeni Kıyımı, Ermeni Soykirimi, Ermeni Soykırımı, Expulsion of the Armenian population, Genocide of the Armenians, Genocide on the Armenians, Great Calamity, Hayots Tseghaspanutyun, Meds Yeghern, Meds yeghern, Medz Yeghern, Mets Yeghern, Ottoman massacre, The Armenian genocide, The Extermination Of the Armenians, Turkish massacre, Yeghern, Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն, Հայոց Ցեղասպանություն, Մեծ Եղեռն.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide

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