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Table of Contents

1. 318 relations: African swine fever virus, Agent Orange, Al Hakum (Iraq), Allies of World War I, American Revolutionary War, Animal-borne bomb attacks, Anthrax, Antibiotic, Antigua, Antimicrobial resistance, Anton Dilger, Area denial weapon, Arthur Galston, Asymmetric warfare, Australia Group, Bacillus anthracis, Bacteria, Bacteriology, Baker Island, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Benny Morris, Berdsk, Bioaerosol, Biodefense, Bioherbicide, Biological agent, Biological hazard, Biological pest control, Biological Weapons Convention, Biopreparat, Biosecurity, Bioterrorism, Black Death, Bleeding, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Botulinum toxin, Botulism, Brucella, Brucellosis, Bubonic plague, Building 470, Bunyavirales, Burkholderia, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, California, Cambridge University Press, Cas9, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ... Expand index (268 more) » « Shrink index

African swine fever virus

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus in the Asfarviridae family.

See Biological warfare and African swine fever virus

Agent Orange

Agent Orange is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides.

See Biological warfare and Agent Orange

Al Hakum (Iraq)

Al Hakum, also romanized Al Hakam, was at one time Iraq's most sophisticated and largest biological weapons (BW) production factory.

See Biological warfare and Al Hakum (Iraq)

Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

See Biological warfare and Allies of World War I

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

See Biological warfare and American Revolutionary War

Animal-borne bomb attacks

Animal-borne bomb attacks are the use of animals as delivery systems for explosives.

See Biological warfare and Animal-borne bomb attacks

Anthrax

Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.

See Biological warfare and Anthrax

Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.

See Biological warfare and Antibiotic

Antigua

Antigua, also known as Waladli or Wadadli by the local population, is an island in the Lesser Antilles.

See Biological warfare and Antigua

Antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections).

See Biological warfare and Antimicrobial resistance

Anton Dilger

Anton Casimir Dilger (13 February 1884 – 17 October 1918) was a German-American medical doctor and a main actor in the German biological warfare sabotage program during World War I. Dilger eventually fled to Madrid, Spain, where he died during the 1918 flu pandemic.

See Biological warfare and Anton Dilger

Area denial weapon

An area denial weapon is a defensive device used to prevent an adversary from occupying or traversing an area of land, sea or air.

See Biological warfare and Area denial weapon

Arthur Galston

Arthur W. Galston (April 21, 1920 – June 15, 2008) was an American plant physiologist and bioethicist.

See Biological warfare and Arthur Galston

Asymmetric warfare

Asymmetric warfare (or asymmetric engagement) is a type of war between belligerents whose relative military power, strategy or tactics differ significantly. Biological warfare and asymmetric warfare are warfare by type.

See Biological warfare and Asymmetric warfare

Australia Group

The Australia Group is a multilateral export control regime (MECR) and an informal group of countries (now joined by the European Commission) established in 1985 (after the use of chemical weapons by Iraq in 1984) to help member countries to identify those exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons.

See Biological warfare and Australia Group

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium that causes anthrax, a deadly disease to livestock and, occasionally, to humans.

See Biological warfare and Bacillus anthracis

Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

See Biological warfare and Bacteria

Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them.

See Biological warfare and Bacteriology

Baker Island

Baker Island, formerly known as New Nantucket, is an uninhabited atoll just north of the Equator in the central Pacific Ocean about southwest of Honolulu.

See Biological warfare and Baker Island

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) (אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב, Universitat Ben-Guriyon baNegev) is a public research university in Beersheba, Israel.

See Biological warfare and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Benjamin Z. Kedar

Benjamin Ze'ev Kedar (born 2 September 1938)Who's Who in Israel 2001 (Tel Aviv, 2002), p. 214: "KEDAR, Benjamin Z. is professor emeritus of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Benny Morris

Benny Morris (בני מוריס; born 8 December 1948) is an Israeli historian.

See Biological warfare and Benny Morris

Berdsk

Berdsk (Бердск) is a town in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

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Bioaerosol

Bioaerosols (short for biological aerosols) are a subcategory of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere.

See Biological warfare and Bioaerosol

Biodefense

Biodefense refers to measures to counter biological threats, reduce biological risks, and prepare for, respond to, and recover from bioincidents, whether naturally occurring, accidental, or deliberate in origin and whether impacting human, animal, plant, or environmental health. Biological warfare and Biodefense are bioethics.

See Biological warfare and Biodefense

Bioherbicide

Bioherbicides are herbicides consisting of phytotoxins, pathogens, and other microbes used as biological weed control.

See Biological warfare and Bioherbicide

Biological agent

Biological weapons are pathogens used as weapons.

See Biological warfare and Biological agent

Biological hazard

A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that poses a threat (or is a hazard) to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.

See Biological warfare and Biological hazard

Biological pest control

Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms.

See Biological warfare and Biological pest control

Biological Weapons Convention

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), is a disarmament treaty that effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by prohibiting their development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use.

See Biological warfare and Biological Weapons Convention

Biopreparat

The All-Union Science Production Association Biopreparat (p, lit: "biological preparation") was a Soviet agency created in April 1974, which spearheaded the largest and most sophisticated offensive biological warfare program the world has ever seen.

See Biological warfare and Biopreparat

Biosecurity

Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of harmful organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, plants, animals etc.) intentionally or unintentionally outside their native range and/or within new environments. Biological warfare and Biosecurity are bioethics.

See Biological warfare and Biosecurity

Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.

See Biological warfare and Bioterrorism

Black Death

The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.

See Biological warfare and Black Death

Bleeding

Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels.

See Biological warfare and Bleeding

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as black typhus or Ordog Fever, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease originating in Bolivia after infection by Machupo mammarenavirus.

See Biological warfare and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.

See Biological warfare and Botulinum toxin

Botulism

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

See Biological warfare and Botulism

Brucella

Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, named after David Bruce (1855–1931).

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Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions.

See Biological warfare and Brucellosis

Bubonic plague

Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

See Biological warfare and Bubonic plague

Building 470

Building 470 — also called the Pilot Plant, or sometimes “the Tower”, or “Anthrax Tower” — was a seven-story steel and brick building at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland, United States, used in the small-scale production of biological warfare (BW) agents.

See Biological warfare and Building 470

Bunyavirales

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes.

See Biological warfare and Bunyavirales

Burkholderia

Burkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota whose pathogenic members include the ''Burkholderia cepacia'' complex, which attacks humans and Burkholderia mallei, responsible for glanders, a disease that occurs mostly in horses and related animals; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF).

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Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus Burkholderia causing glanders; the Latin name of this disease (malleus) gave its name to the species causing it.

See Biological warfare and Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei (also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) is a Gram-negative, bipolar, aerobic, motile rod-shaped bacterium.

See Biological warfare and Burkholderia pseudomallei

California

California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Cas9

Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.

See Biological warfare and Cas9

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States.

See Biological warfare and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Chemical warfare

Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons. Biological warfare and chemical warfare are warfare by type.

See Biological warfare and Chemical warfare

Chemical weapon

A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans.

See Biological warfare and Chemical weapon

Chemical Weapons Convention

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands.

See Biological warfare and Chemical Weapons Convention

Chest radiograph

A chest radiograph, chest X-ray (CXR), or chest film is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures.

See Biological warfare and Chest radiograph

Chlamydia psittaci

Chlamydia psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that may cause endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in other mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans.

See Biological warfare and Chlamydia psittaci

Civilian casualty

A civilian casualty occurs when a civilian is killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly law enforcement officers, military personnel, rebel group forces, or terrorists.

See Biological warfare and Civilian casualty

Clandestine operation

A clandestine operation (op) is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces.

See Biological warfare and Clandestine operation

Coccidioides

Coccidioides is a genus of dimorphic ascomycetes in the family Onygenaceae.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

See Biological warfare and Cold War

Conference of the Committee on Disarmament

The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament was a United Nations disarmament committee authorized by a General Assembly resolution.

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Continental Army

The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies representing the Thirteen Colonies and later the United States during the American Revolutionary War.

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Continental Congress

The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared United States before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War.

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Conventional weapon

The terms conventional weapons or conventional arms generally refer to weapons whose ability to damage comes from kinetic, incendiary, or explosive energy and exclude weapons of mass destruction (e.g. nuclear, biological, radiological and chemical weapons).

See Biological warfare and Conventional weapon

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.

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Counterinsurgency

Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". Biological warfare and Counterinsurgency are warfare by type.

See Biological warfare and Counterinsurgency

Coxiella burnetii

Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen, and is the causative agent of Q fever.

See Biological warfare and Coxiella burnetii

CRISPR gene editing

CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced "crisper", refers to "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified.

See Biological warfare and CRISPR gene editing

David Willman

David Willman (born October 18, 1956) is an American Pulitzer Prize winning investigative journalist.

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Delta G Scientific Company

Delta G Scientific Company was originally a front company established April 1982 in Weldegraan, Pretoria by the South African Defence Force to research and produce chemical weapons within a covert operation known as Project Coast.

See Biological warfare and Delta G Scientific Company

Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories

Various fringe theories have arisen to speculate about purported alternative origins for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with claims ranging from it being due to accidental exposure to supposedly purposeful acts.

See Biological warfare and Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories

Disease vector

In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen such as a parasite or microbe, to another living organism.

See Biological warfare and Disease vector

DRDC Suffield

DRDC Suffield is a major Canadian military research facility located north of Suffield, Alberta, and is one of eight centres making up Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC).

See Biological warfare and DRDC Suffield

Dugway Proving Ground

Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) is a United States Army facility established in 1942 to test biological and chemical weapons, located about southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah and south of the Utah Test and Training Range.

See Biological warfare and Dugway Proving Ground

Eastern equine encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), commonly called Triple E or sleeping sickness (not to be confused with African trypanosomiasis), is a disease caused by a zoonotic mosquito-vectored Togavirus that is present in North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean.

See Biological warfare and Eastern equine encephalitis

Ebola

Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses.

See Biological warfare and Ebola

Economy

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services.

See Biological warfare and Economy

Ed Regis (author)

Edward Regis, Jr (born 1944) — known as Ed Regis — is an American philosopher, educator and author.

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Edward Hagerman

Edward Hagerman was a Canadian author and professor at York University.

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ELISA

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used analytical biochemistry assay, first described by Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann in 1971.

See Biological warfare and ELISA

Elvin A. Kabat

Elvin Abraham Kabat (September 1, 1914 – June 16, 2000) was an American biomedical scientist and one of the founding fathers of quantitative immunochemistry.

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Enterotoxin

An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines.

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Enterotoxin type B

In the field of molecular biology, enterotoxin type B, also known as Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), is an enterotoxin produced by the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.

See Biological warfare and Enterotoxin type B

Entomological warfare

Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to interrupt supply lines by damaging crops, or to directly harm enemy combatants and civilian populations.

See Biological warfare and Entomological warfare

Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department

The Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department was a department of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1936 to the dissolution of the Army in 1945.

See Biological warfare and Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department

Ergot

Ergot or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.

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Erich Traub

Erich Traub (27 June 1906 – 18 May 1985) was a German veterinarian, scientist and virologist who specialized in foot-and-mouth disease, Rinderpest and Newcastle disease.

See Biological warfare and Erich Traub

Ethnic bioweapon

An ethnic bioweapon (or a biogenetic weapon) is a hypothetical type of bioweapon which could preferentially target people of specific ethnicities or people with specific genotypes.

See Biological warfare and Ethnic bioweapon

Euphorbia grantii

Euphorbia grantii (syn.) Synadenium grantii) is a species of succulent plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, which is native to Africa.

See Biological warfare and Euphorbia grantii

Explosion

An explosion is a rapid expansion in volume of a given amount of matter associated with an extreme outward release of energy, usually with the generation of high temperatures and release of high-pressure gases.

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Flaviviridae

Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses which mainly infect mammals and birds.

See Biological warfare and Flaviviridae

Foot-and-mouth disease

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids.

See Biological warfare and Foot-and-mouth disease

Fort Detrick

Fort Detrick is a United States Army Futures Command installation located in Frederick, Maryland.

See Biological warfare and Fort Detrick

Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)

Fort Pitt was a fort built by British forces between 1759 and 1761 during the French and Indian War at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, where the Ohio River is formed in western Pennsylvania (modern day Pittsburgh).

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Fort Terry

Fort Terry was a coastal fortification on Plum Island, a small island just off Orient Point, New York, United States.

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Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative coccobacillus, an aerobic bacterium.

See Biological warfare and Francisella tularensis

Frank Olson

Frank Rudolph Emmanuel Olson (July 17, 1910 – November 28, 1953) was an American bacteriologist, biological warfare scientist, and an employee of the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL) who worked at Camp Detrick (now Fort Detrick) in Maryland.

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French and Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.

See Biological warfare and French and Indian War

Frontline (American TV program)

Frontline (stylized in all capital letters) is an investigative documentary program distributed by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States.

See Biological warfare and Frontline (American TV program)

Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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Geneva Protocol

The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts.

See Biological warfare and Geneva Protocol

George W. Merck

George Wilhelm Herman Emanuel Merck (March 29, 1894 – November 9, 1957) was the president of Merck & Co. from 1925 to 1950 and a member of the Merck family.

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George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

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Germ theory of disease

The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases.

See Biological warfare and Germ theory of disease

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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Glanders

Glanders is a contagious zoonotic infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys.

See Biological warfare and Glanders

Golden Horde

The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.

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Granite Peak Installation

The Granite Peak Installation (GPI) — also known as Granite Peak Range — was a U.S. biological weapons testing facility located on of Dugway Proving Ground in Utah.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Grosse Isle

Grosse Isle (Grosse Île, "big island") is an island located in the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada.

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Gruinard Island

Gruinard Island (Eilean Ghruinneard) is a small, oval-shaped Scottish island approximately long by wide, located in Gruinard Bay, about halfway between Gairloch and Ullapool.

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Gulf War

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

See Biological warfare and Gulf War

Herbicidal warfare

Herbicidal warfare is the use of substances primarily designed to destroy the plant-based ecosystem of an area.

See Biological warfare and Herbicidal warfare

Herbicide

Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.

See Biological warfare and Herbicide

Hittite language

Hittite (𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷|translit.

See Biological warfare and Hittite language

Hittite plague

The Hittite Plague or Hand of Nergal was an epidemic, possibly of tularemia, which occurred in the mid-to-late 14th century BC.

See Biological warfare and Hittite plague

Horn Island Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station

Horn Island Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station, also known as the Horn Island Testing Station, was a U.S. biological weapons testing site during World War II.

See Biological warfare and Horn Island Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station

Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash

Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash (هدى صالح مهدي عماش) (born 29 October 1953) is an Iraqi scientist and academic.

See Biological warfare and Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash

Human subject research

Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects.

See Biological warfare and Human subject research

Hypnosis

Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention (the selective attention/selective inattention hypothesis, SASI), reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion.

See Biological warfare and Hypnosis

Imperial Japanese Army

The (IJA) was the principal ground force of the Empire of Japan.

See Biological warfare and Imperial Japanese Army

Incendiary device

Incendiary weapons, incendiary devices, incendiary munitions, or incendiary bombs are weapons designed to start fires.

See Biological warfare and Incendiary device

Infectivity

In epidemiology, infectivity is the ability of a pathogen to establish an infection.

See Biological warfare and Infectivity

Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

See Biological warfare and Influenza

Insect

Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.

See Biological warfare and Insect

Institute of Applied Biochemistry

The Institute of Applied Biochemistry is a research laboratory and bioweapons production facility located in Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast.

See Biological warfare and Institute of Applied Biochemistry

Institute of Virus Preparations

The Institute of Virus Preparations (institut virusnykh preparatov) was an agency of the former Soviet Union.

See Biological warfare and Institute of Virus Preparations

International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

See Biological warfare and International Committee of the Red Cross

International Health Regulations

The International Health Regulations (IHR), first adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1969 and last revised in 2005, are a legally binding rules that only apply to the WHO that is an instrument that aims for international collaboration "to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks and that avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade".

See Biological warfare and International Health Regulations

International humanitarian law

International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello).

See Biological warfare and International humanitarian law

Ira Baldwin

Ira Lawrence Baldwin (August 20, 1895 – August 9, 1999) was the founder and director emeritus of the Wisconsin Academy Foundation.

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Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).

See Biological warfare and Japanese encephalitis

Jeanne Guillemin

Jeanne Harley Guillemin (March 6, 1943 - November 15, 2019) was an American medical anthropologist and author, who for 25 years taught at Boston College as a professor of Sociology and for over ten years was a senior fellow in the Security Studies Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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John W. Powell

John William Powell (July 3, 1919 – December 15, 2008) was a journalist and small business proprietor who edited the China Weekly Review, an English-language journal first published by his father, John B. Powell in Shanghai.

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Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was the U.S. Army's first chemical munitions disposal facility.

See Biological warfare and Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System

Joshua Lederberg

Joshua Lederberg, ForMemRS (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in microbial genetics, artificial intelligence, and the United States space program.

See Biological warfare and Joshua Lederberg

Kaimingjie germ weapon attack

The Kaimingjie germ weapon attack was a secret biological warfare launched by Japan in October 1940 against the Kaiming Street area of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.

See Biological warfare and Kaimingjie germ weapon attack

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

See Biological warfare and Kazakhstan

Ken Alibek

Kanatzhan "Kanat" Baizakovich Alibekov (born 1950), known as Kenneth "Ken" Alibek since 1992, is a Kazakh-American microbiologist, bioweaponeer, and biological warfare administrative management expert.

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Khabarovsk war crimes trials

The Khabarovsk war crimes trials were the Soviet hearings of twelve Japanese Kwantung Army officers and medical staff charged with the manufacture and use of biological weapons, and human experimentation, during World War II.

See Biological warfare and Khabarovsk war crimes trials

Kinetic energy

In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.

See Biological warfare and Kinetic energy

Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Kirov (Киров) is the largest city and administrative center of Kirov Oblast, Russia.

See Biological warfare and Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Kurt Blome

Kurt Blome (31 January 1894 – 10 October 1969) was a high-ranking Nazi scientist before and during World War II.

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Latex

Latex is an emulsion (stable dispersion) of polymer microparticles in water.

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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federally funded research and development center in Livermore, California, United States.

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Lenape

The Lenape (Lenape languages), also called the Lenni Lenape and Delaware people, are an Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands, who live in the United States and Canada.

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Leonard A. Cole

Leonard Aaron Cole (September 1, 1933September 18, 2022), was an American dentist, political scientist and expert on bioterrorism and terror medicine.

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List of CBRN warfare forces

Many countries around the world maintain military units that are specifically trained to cope with CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) threats.

See Biological warfare and List of CBRN warfare forces

List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention

The list of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention encompasses the states which have signed and ratified or acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), a multilateral treaty outlawing biological weapons.

See Biological warfare and List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention

Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast and, is a plant-pathogenic fungus and model organism that causes a serious disease affecting rice.

See Biological warfare and Magnaporthe grisea

Malayan Emergency

The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti-British National Liberation War was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, British Empire and Commonwealth.

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Manchuria

Manchuria is a term that refers to a region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China, and historically parts of the modern-day Russian Far East, often referred to as Outer Manchuria.

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Marburg virus

Marburg virus (MARV) is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus.

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Mark Wheelis

Mark L. Wheelis is an American microbiologist.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Matthew Meselson

Matthew Stanley Meselson (born May 24, 1930) is a geneticist and molecular biologist currently at Harvard University, known for his demonstration, with Franklin Stahl, of semi-conservative DNA replication.

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Mau Mau rebellion

The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt, or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities.

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McNeill's law

In human geography, McNeill's law is the process outlined in William H. McNeill's book Plagues and Peoples.

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Mediastinitis

Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum.

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Military

A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.

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Military animal

Military animals are trained animals that are used in warfare and other combat related activities.

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Ministry of Supply

The Ministry of Supply (MoS) was a department of the UK government formed on 1 August 1939 by the Ministry of Supply Act 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 38) to co-ordinate the supply of equipment to all three British armed forces, headed by the Minister of Supply.

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Mongols

The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.

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Mycoherbicide

A mycoherbicide is a herbicide based on a fungus.

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Mycotoxin

A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης, "fungus" and τοξικός, "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.

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Nassau, Bahamas

Nassau is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas.

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Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

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Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples native to portions of the land that the United States is located on.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO; Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research) is an independent statutory research organization in the Netherlands that focuses on applied science.

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New South Wales

New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of:Australia.

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Newsnight

Newsnight is the BBC's news and current affairs programme, providing in-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day's headlines.

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Nicholas Kristof

Nicholas Donabet Kristof (born April 27, 1959) is an American journalist and political commentator.

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Ningbo

Ningbo is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises six urban districts, two satellite county-level cities, and two rural counties, including several islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Ningbo is the southern economic center of the Yangtze Delta megalopolis.

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No first use

In nuclear ethics and deterrence theory, no first use (NFU) refers to a type of pledge or policy wherein a nuclear power formally refrains from the use of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in warfare, except for as a second strike in retaliation to an attack by an enemy power using WMD.

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Non-lethal weapon

Non-lethal weapons, also called nonlethal weapons, less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be less likely to kill a living target than conventional weapons such as knives and firearms with live ammunition.

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Non-state actor

A non-state actor (NSA) is an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state.

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Nova (American TV program)

Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974.

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Nuclear warfare

Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry. Biological warfare and nuclear warfare are warfare by type.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Obolenskoye, Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast

Obolensk (Оболенск) was a city in Russia, and in the medieval period one of the Upper Oka Principalities, situated at the Protva River (some 80 km south-to-southwest of Moscow, or some 20 km downstream (east) of Obninsk).

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Ohio Country

The Ohio Country (Ohio Territory, Ohio Valley) was a name used for a loosely defined region of colonial North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and south of Lake Erie.

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Omutninsk

Omutninsk (Омутни́нск) is a town and the administrative center of Omutninsky District in Kirov Oblast, Russia.

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One-Million-Liter Test Sphere

The One-Million-Liter Test Sphere—also known as the Test Sphere, the Horton Test Sphere, the Cloud Study Chamber, Building 527, and the "Eight Ball" (or "8-ball")—is a decommissioned biological warfare (BW) chamber and testing facility located on Fort Detrick, Maryland, US.

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Operation Big Buzz

Operation Big Buzz was a U.S. military entomological warfare field test conducted in 1955 on Savannah, Georgia's predominantly Black Carver Village neighborhood.

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Operation Big Itch

Operation Big Itch was a U.S. entomological warfare field test using uninfected fleas to determine their coverage and survivability as a vector for biological agents.

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Operation Cauldron

Operation Cauldron was a series of secret biological warfare trials undertaken by the British government in 1952. Biological warfare and Operation Cauldron are bioethics.

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Operation Drop Kick

Operation Drop Kick was conducted between April and November 1956 by the US Army Chemical CorpsRose, William H. "", U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Dugway Proving Ground, March 1981, via thesmokinggun.com, accessed December 25, 2008 to test the practicality of employing mosquitoes to carry an entomological warfare agent in different ways.

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Operation Harness

Operation Harness was a series of three-month secret biological warfare trials carried out by the government of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean, off The Bahamas, in December 1948 - February 1949. Biological warfare and Operation Harness are bioethics.

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Operation May Day

Operation May Day was a series of entomological warfare (EW) tests conducted by the U.S. military in Savannah, Georgia, in 1956.

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Operation PX

Operation PX, also known as Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night, was a planned Japanese military attack on civilians in the United States using biological weapons, devised during World War II.

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Operation Ranch Hand

Operation Ranch Hand was a U.S. military operation during the Vietnam War, lasting from 1962 until 1971.

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Operation Sea-Spray

Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret biological warfare experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California, in order to determine how vulnerable a city like San Francisco may be to a bioweapon attack.

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Operation Vegetarian

Operation Vegetarian was an unused British biowarfare military operation plan developed from 1942 to 1944 during World War II.

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Operation Whitecoat

Operation Whitecoat was a biodefense medical research program carried out by the United States Army at Fort Detrick, Maryland between 1954 and 1973.

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Organism

An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Pathogen

In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.

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Pathogen transmission

In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.

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Paul Fildes

Sir Paul Gordon Fildes (10 February 1882 – 5 February 1971) was a British pathologist and microbiologist who worked on the development of chemical-biological weaponry at Porton Down during the Second World War.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.

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Pingfang, Harbin

Pingfang District is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, forming part of the city's urban core.

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Plague (disease)

Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Plum Island Animal Disease Center

Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of foreign animal diseases of livestock.

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Pneumonic plague

Pneumonic plague is a severe lung infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.

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Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services

The poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, alternatively known as Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12, and Kamera (which means "The Cell" in Russian), was a covert research-and-development facility of the Soviet secret police agencies.

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Porton Down

Porton Down is a science and defence technology campus in Wiltshire, England, just north-east of the village of Porton, near Salisbury.

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Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda

was the second and last heir of the Takeda-no-miya collateral branch of the Japanese Imperial Family.

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Project 112

Project 112 was a biological and chemical weapon experimentation project conducted by the United States Department of Defense from 1962 to 1973. Biological warfare and project 112 are bioethics.

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Project AGILE

Project Agile was an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) project in the 1960s that investigated means for engaging in remote, limited asymmetric warfare.

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Project Bacchus

Project Bacchus was a covert investigation by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to determine whether it is possible to construct a bioweapons production facility with off-the-shelf equipment.

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Project Clear Vision

Project Clear Vision was a covert examination of Soviet-made biological bomblets conducted by the Battelle Memorial Institute under contract with the CIA.

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Project Coast

Project Coast was a 1980s top-secret chemical and biological weapons (CBW) program instituted by the apartheid-era government of South Africa.

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Project SHAD

Project SHAD, an acronym for Shipboard Hazard and Defense, was part of a larger effort called Project 112, which was conducted during the 1960s. Biological warfare and Project SHAD are bioethics.

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Protechnik

Protechnik was a front company established on 24 June 1987 by the South African Defence Force to perform quality assurance testing of chemical protective materials and equipment within a covert operation known as Project Coast.

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Psittacosis

Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease in humans caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and from pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds.

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Psychochemical warfare

Psychochemical warfare — or "drug weapons" — involves the use of psychopharmacological agents (mind-altering drugs or chemicals) with the intention of incapacitating an adversary through the temporary induction of hallucinations or delirium. Biological warfare and Psychochemical warfare are bioethics.

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Q fever

Q fever or query fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii, a bacterium that affects humans and other animals.

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QJM

QJM, in the past subtitled Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians and now An International Journal of Medicine, is a British peer-reviewed medical journal which was established in October 1907 as the Quarterly Journal of Medicine.

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Radiological warfare

Radiological warfare is any form of warfare involving deliberate radiation poisoning or contamination of an area with radiological sources. Biological warfare and radiological warfare are warfare by type.

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Rainbow Herbicides

The Rainbow Herbicides are a group of tactical-use chemicals used by the United States military in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.

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Reservation (law)

A reservation in international law is a caveat to a state's acceptance of a treaty.

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Respiratory droplet

A respiratory droplet is a small aqueous droplet produced by exhalation, consisting of saliva or mucus and other matter derived from respiratory tract surfaces.

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Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction

Although many other countries have possessed chemical and biological weapons programs, Rhodesia was one of many countries known to have used chemical and biological agents.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

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Richard Preston

Richard Preston (born August 5, 1954) is a writer for The New Yorker and bestselling author who has written books about infectious disease, bioterrorism, redwoods and other subjects, as well as fiction.

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Ricin

Ricin is a lectin (a carbohydrate-binding protein) and a highly potent toxin produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis.

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Rickettsia prowazekii

Rickettsia prowazekii is a species of gram-negative, alphaproteobacteria, obligate intracellular parasitic, aerobic bacillus bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus, transmitted in the feces of lice.

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Rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsia rickettsii is a Gram-negative, intracellular, coccobacillus bacterium that was first discovered in 1902.

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Rickettsiaceae

The Rickettsiaceae are a family of bacteria.

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Rift Valley fever

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease of humans and livestock that can cause mild to severe symptoms.

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Rihab Taha

Rihab Rashid Taha al-Azawi (رحاب رشيد طه; born 12 November 1957) is an Iraqi microbiologist, dubbed Dr Germ by United Nations weapons inspectors, who worked in Saddam Hussein's biological weapons program.

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Riley D. Housewright

Riley D. Housewright (October 7, 1913 – January 11, 2003) was an American microbiologist who conducted research on germ warfare.

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Rinderpest

Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including gaurs, buffaloes, large antelope, deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.

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Roodeplaat Research Laboratories

Roodeplaat Research Laboratories (RRL) (Roodeplaat Navorsings Laboratoriums) was a front company established in 1983 by the South African Defence Force to research, test and produce biological weapons within a covert operation known as Project Coast.

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Royal Marines

The Royal Marines, also known as the Royal Marines Commandos, and officially as the Corps of Royal Marines, are the United Kingdom's amphibious special operations capable commando force, one of the five fighting arms of the Royal Navy, and provide a company strength unit to the Special Forces Support Group (SFSG).

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RRH Portreath

Remote Radar Head Portreath or RRH Portreath is an air defence radar station operated by the Royal Air Force.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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Salman Pak facility

The Salman Pak, or al-Salman, facility is an Iraqi military facility near Baghdad.

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San Diego

San Diego is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast in Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border.

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Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance

Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance, synonym epidemiological reconnaissance is a literal name of a concept and routine of finding out disease potential on a territory of arrival of major contingent.

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Saxitoxin

Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931.

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Select agent

Under United States law, Biological select agents or toxins (BSATs)—or simply select agents for short—are bio-agents which (since 1997) have been declared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) or by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to have the "potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety".

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Sergei Popov (bioweaponeer)

Sergei Popov is a Russian biologist and bioweaponeer formerly in the Soviet biological weapons program.

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Sergiyev Posad

Sergiyev Posad (p) is a city that is the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

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SFGate

SFGate is a news website based out of San Francisco, California, covering news, culture, travel, food, politics and sports in the San Francisco Bay Area, Hawaii and California.

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Sheldon H. Harris

Sheldon Howard Harris (August 22, 1928 – August 31, 2002) was a historian and Professor Emeritus of History at California State University, Northridge.

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Shigella

Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non–spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and is genetically nested within Escherichia.

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Shirō Ishii

Surgeon General was a Japanese microbiologist and army medical officer who was the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army.

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Siege of Boston

The Siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War.

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Siege of Caffa

The Siege of Caffa was a 14th-century military encounter when Jani Beg of the Golden Horde sieged the city of Caffa, (today Feodosia) between two periods in the 1340s.

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Siege of Fort Pitt

The siege of Fort Pitt took place during June and July 1763 in what is now the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

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Sino-Soviet relations

Sino-Soviet relations (советско-китайские отношения, sovetsko-kitayskiye otnosheniya), or China–Soviet Union relations, refers to the diplomatic relationship between China (both the Chinese Republic of 1912–1949 and its successor, the People's Republic of China) and the various forms of Soviet Power which emerged from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to 1991, when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Social norm

Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups.

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Soviet biological weapons program

The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, thereby violating its obligations as a party to the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spore

In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.

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Sri Lankan Civil War

The Sri Lankan Civil War (śrī laṁkāvē sivil yuddhaya; Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr) was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009.

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State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR

The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, also known as the Vector Institute (Gosudarstvennyy nauchnyy tsentr virusologii i biotekhnologii "Vektor"), is a biological research center in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

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Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs

The "Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs" was a speech delivered on November 25, 1969, by U.S. President Richard Nixon.

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Stepnogorsk

Stepnogorsk (translit; Степногорск) is a town in Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.

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Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology

The Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology, also known as the Scientific Experimental and Production Base, was one of the premier biological warfare facilities operated by the Soviet Union.

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Stornoway

Stornoway (Steòrnabhagh; Stornowa) is the main town, and by far the largest town, of the Outer Hebrides (or Western Isles), and the capital of Lewis and Harris in Scotland.

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Suffield, Alberta

Suffield is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within Cypress County.

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Sunshine Project

The Sunshine Project was an international NGO dedicated to upholding prohibitions against biological warfare and, particularly, to preventing military abuse of biotechnology.

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Surrender of Japan

The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war.

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Sverdlovsk anthrax leak

On 2 April 1979, spores of Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent of anthrax) were accidentally released from a Soviet military research facility in the city of Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union (now Yekaterinburg, Russia).

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Tactic (method)

A tactic is a conceptual action or short series of actions with the aim of achieving a short-term goal.

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Task Force Scorpio

Task Force Scorpio was a United Nations biological and chemical weapons response team that was activated during the first Gulf War to respond to any reported use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.

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Tetanus

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and characterized by muscle spasms.

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Theodor Rosebury

Theodor Rosebury (London, 10 August 1904—Conway, Massachusetts, 25 November 1976) was a British-born American bacteriologist and author.

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Toby Ord

Toby David Godfrey Ord (born July 1979) is an Australian philosopher.

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Toxin

A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.

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Treaty

A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement concluded by sovereign states in international law.

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Trichothecene

The trichothecenes are a large family of chemically related mycotoxins.

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Tularemia

Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.

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Unethical human experimentation in the United States

Numerous experiments which were performed on human test subjects in the United States in the past are now considered to have been unethical, because they were performed without the knowledge or informed consent of the test subjects.

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Unit 731

, short for Manchu Detachment 731 and also known as the Kamo Detachment and the Ishii Unit, was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that engaged in lethal human experimentation and biological weapons manufacturing during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs

The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) (Bureau des affaires du désarmement) is an Office of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs, part of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan's plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the General Assembly in July 1997.

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United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540

United Nations Security Council resolution 1540 was adopted unanimously on 28 April 2004 regarding the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

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United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories

The U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL) was a suite of research laboratories and pilot plant centers operating at Camp (later Fort) Detrick, Maryland, United States, beginning in 1943 under the control of the U.S. Army Chemical Corps Research and Development Command.

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United States biological weapons program

The United States biological weapons program officially began in spring 1943 on orders from U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Biological warfare and United States biological weapons program are bioethics.

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Utah

Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Vaccine

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.

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Vaccinia

Vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family.

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Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria.

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Viet Cong

The Viet Cong was an epithet and umbrella term to call the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Vigo Ordnance Plant

The Vigo Ordnance Plant, also known as the Vigo Chemical Plant or simply Vigo Plant, was a United States Army facility built in 1942 to produce conventional weapons.

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Virulence

Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host.

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Virus

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

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Vladimir Pasechnik

Vladimir Artemovich Pasechnik (12 October 1937 Stalingrad, USSR – 21 November 2001, Wiltshire, England) was a senior Soviet biologist and bioweaponeer who defected to the United Kingdom in 1989, alerting Western intelligence to the vast scope of Moscow's clandestine biological warfare (BW) programme, known as Biopreparat.

See Biological warfare and Vladimir Pasechnik

Vozrozhdeniya Island

Vozrozhdeniya Island (p; Возрождение аралы, Vozrojdenie araly; Возрождение ороли, Vozrojdeniye oroli) was an island in the Aral Sea.

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War

War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups.

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War crime

A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

See Biological warfare and War crime

Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

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Well poisoning

Well poisoning is the act of malicious manipulation of potable water resources in order to cause illness or death, or to deny an opponent access to fresh water resources.

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William C. Patrick III

William C. Patrick III (July 24, 1926 – October 1, 2010) was an influential microbiologist and bioweaponeer for the U.S. Army during the Cold War.

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William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe

William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814), was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence.

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Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Wouter Basson

Wouter Basson (born 6 July 1950) is a South African cardiologist and former head of the country's secret chemical and biological warfare project, Project Coast, during the apartheid era.

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Yazid Sufaat

Yazid Sufaat (born 20 January 1964), also known as Yazud bin Sufaat or Yazid Shufaat, is a Malaysian member of the extremist Islamist terrorist organisation Jemaah Islamiyah from shortly after its foundation in 1993 until his arrest by Malaysian authorities in December 2001.

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Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents, up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration.

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Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.

See Biological warfare and Yellow fever

Yellow rain

Yellow rain was a 1981 political incident in which the United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig accused the Soviet Union of supplying T-2 mycotoxin to the communist states in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia for use in counterinsurgency warfare.

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Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis; formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium without spores that is related to both Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the pathogen from which Y. pestis evolved and responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever.

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Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign

The Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign or the Chekiang–Kiangsi campaign (Japanese: 浙贛作戦), also known as Operation Sei-go (Japanese: せ号作戦), was a campaign by the China Expeditionary Army of the Imperial Japanese Army under Shunroku Hata and Chinese 3rd War Area forces under Gu Zhutong in Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi from mid May to early September 1942.

See Biological warfare and Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign

Zhongma Fortress

Zhongma Fortress (Chinese: 中馬城) — also Zhong Ma Prison Camp or Unit Tōgō — was a prison camp where the Japanese Kwantung Army carried out covert biological warfare research on human test subjects.

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1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

The New World of the Western Hemisphere was devastated by the 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic.

See Biological warfare and 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, also known as the First Arab–Israeli War, followed the civil war in Mandatory Palestine as the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war.

See Biological warfare and 1948 Arab–Israeli War

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare

Also known as Bacteriologic weapons, Bacteriological Warfare, Bacteriological war, Bacteriological weapon, Bacteriological weapons, Bio warfare, Bio weapons, Bio-Warfare, Bio-weapons, Biological attack, Biological war, Biological weaponry, Biowar, Biowarfare, Bioweaponeer, Bioweapons, Captain Simeon Ecuyer, Disease warfare, Germ Warfare, Microbes in warfare, Microbiological warfare, Synthetic Biological Warfare, Weaponized virus.

, Chemical warfare, Chemical weapon, Chemical Weapons Convention, Chest radiograph, Chlamydia psittaci, Civilian casualty, Clandestine operation, Coccidioides, Cold War, Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, Continental Army, Continental Congress, Conventional weapon, Coronavirus, Counterinsurgency, Coxiella burnetii, CRISPR gene editing, David Willman, Delta G Scientific Company, Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories, Disease vector, DRDC Suffield, Dugway Proving Ground, Eastern equine encephalitis, Ebola, Economy, Ed Regis (author), Edward Hagerman, ELISA, Elvin A. Kabat, Enterotoxin, Enterotoxin type B, Entomological warfare, Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department, Ergot, Erich Traub, Ethnic bioweapon, Euphorbia grantii, Explosion, Flaviviridae, Foot-and-mouth disease, Fort Detrick, Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania), Fort Terry, Francisella tularensis, Frank Olson, French and Indian War, Frontline (American TV program), Fungus, Geneva, Geneva Protocol, George W. Merck, George Washington, Germ theory of disease, German Empire, Glanders, Golden Horde, Granite Peak Installation, Greenwood Publishing Group, Grosse Isle, Gruinard Island, Gulf War, Herbicidal warfare, Herbicide, Hittite language, Hittite plague, Horn Island Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station, Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash, Human subject research, Hypnosis, Imperial Japanese Army, Incendiary device, Infectivity, Influenza, Insect, Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Virus Preparations, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Health Regulations, International humanitarian law, Ira Baldwin, Japanese encephalitis, Jeanne Guillemin, John W. Powell, Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, Joshua Lederberg, Kaimingjie germ weapon attack, Kazakhstan, Ken Alibek, Khabarovsk war crimes trials, Kinetic energy, Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kurt Blome, Latex, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lenape, Leonard A. Cole, List of CBRN warfare forces, List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention, Magnaporthe grisea, Malayan Emergency, Manchuria, Marburg virus, Mark Wheelis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Matthew Meselson, Mau Mau rebellion, McNeill's law, Mediastinitis, Military, Military animal, Ministry of Supply, Mongols, Mycoherbicide, Mycotoxin, Nassau, Bahamas, Nation state, Native Americans in the United States, Netherlands, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, New South Wales, Newsnight, Nicholas Kristof, Ningbo, No first use, Non-lethal weapon, Non-state actor, Nova (American TV program), Nuclear warfare, Nuclear weapon, Obolenskoye, Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast, Ohio Country, Omutninsk, One-Million-Liter Test Sphere, Operation Big Buzz, Operation Big Itch, Operation Cauldron, Operation Drop Kick, Operation Harness, Operation May Day, Operation PX, Operation Ranch Hand, Operation Sea-Spray, Operation Vegetarian, Operation Whitecoat, Organism, Oxford University Press, Pathogen, Pathogen transmission, Paul Fildes, PBS, Pingfang, Harbin, Plague (disease), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Pneumonic plague, Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, Porton Down, Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda, Project 112, Project AGILE, Project Bacchus, Project Clear Vision, Project Coast, Project SHAD, Protechnik, Psittacosis, Psychochemical warfare, Q fever, QJM, Radiological warfare, Rainbow Herbicides, Reservation (law), Respiratory droplet, Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction, Richard Nixon, Richard Preston, Ricin, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsiaceae, Rift Valley fever, Rihab Taha, Riley D. Housewright, Rinderpest, Roodeplaat Research Laboratories, Royal Marines, RRH Portreath, Saint Petersburg, Salman Pak facility, San Diego, Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance, Saxitoxin, Scythians, Second Sino-Japanese War, Select agent, Sergei Popov (bioweaponeer), Sergiyev Posad, SFGate, Sheldon H. Harris, Shigella, Shirō Ishii, Siege of Boston, Siege of Caffa, Siege of Fort Pitt, Sino-Soviet relations, Smallpox, Social norm, Soviet biological weapons program, Soviet Union, Spore, Sri Lankan Civil War, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs, Stepnogorsk, Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology, Stornoway, Suffield, Alberta, Sunshine Project, Surrender of Japan, Sverdlovsk anthrax leak, Tactic (method), Task Force Scorpio, Tetanus, Theodor Rosebury, Toby Ord, Toxin, Treaty, Trichothecene, Tularemia, Unethical human experimentation in the United States, Unit 731, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations Security Council, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, United States biological weapons program, Utah, Vaccine, Vaccinia, Vibrio cholerae, Viet Cong, Vietnam War, Vigo Ordnance Plant, Virulence, Virus, Vladimir Pasechnik, Vozrozhdeniya Island, War, War crime, Weapon of mass destruction, Well poisoning, William C. Patrick III, William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, Winston Churchill, World War I, World War II, Wouter Basson, Yazid Sufaat, Yekaterinburg, Yellow fever, Yellow rain, Yersinia pestis, Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign, Zhongma Fortress, 1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic, 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

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