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80 relations: Acetylcholinesterase, Acid, Activity-based proteomics, Adenosine triphosphate, Alcohol, Alkyl, Anatoxin-a(S), Anticholinergic, Aryl, Atropine, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-methyl, Biosynthesis, Carbamate, Carcinogen, Ceratitis capitata, Chlorpyrifos, Cholinergic, Cholinesterase, Cyanamide, Cyanobacteria, DDT, Deprotonation, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, Dieldrin, Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, DNA, Enzyme, Enzyme inhibitor, Ester, Fenitrothion, Functional group, Gerhard Schrader, Halide, Heptachlor, Herbicide, Hydrolysis, IG Farben, Insecticide, Institute of Occupational Medicine, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Jean Louis Lassaigne, Leaving group, Lipophilicity, Malathion, Mammal, Metabolism, Mosquito control, Nerve agent, ..., Neuromuscular junction, Neurotoxicity, Organochloride, Organophosphorus compound, Oxon (chemical), Oxygen, Parathion, Parathion methyl, Pesticide Action Network, Pesticide toxicity to bees, Philippe de Clermont, Phosmet, Phosphoric acid, Phosphoryl chloride, Pralidoxime, Redox, RNA, Sarin, Scientific American, Soman, Tabun (nerve agent), Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiocyanate, Toxic oil syndrome, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Environmental Protection Agency, VX (nerve agent), West Nile virus, World Health Organization. Expand index (30 more) »
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase, encoded by HGNC gene ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7) is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Activity-based proteomics
Activity-based proteomics, or activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a functional proteomic technology that uses chemical probes that react with mechanistically related classes of enzymes.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Alkyl
In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
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Anatoxin-a(S)
Anatoxin-a(S) "Salivary" is a naturally occurring cyanotoxin commonly isolated from cyanobacteria (specifically of the genus Anabaena) and causes excess salivation in mammals via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
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Anticholinergic
An anticholinergic agent is a substance that blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous system.
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Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.
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Atropine
Atropine is a medication to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate and to decrease saliva production during surgery.
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Azamethiphos
Azamethiphos is an organothiophosphate insecticide.
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Azinphos-methyl
Azinphos-methyl (Guthion) (also spelled azinophos-methyl) is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide manufactured by Bayer CropScience, Gowan Co., and Makhteshim Agan.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Carbamate
A carbamate is an organic compound derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH).
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Ceratitis capitata
Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly, or medfly for short, is a species of fruit fly capable of causing extensive damage to a wide range of fruit crops.
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Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos (CPS), sold under many brandnames, is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill a number of pests including insects and worms.
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Cholinergic
In general, the word choline refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the ''N'',''N'',''N''-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
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Cholinesterase
In biochemistry, a cholinesterase or choline esterase is an esterase that lyses choline-based esters, several of which serve as neurotransmitters.
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Cyanamide
Cyanamide is an organic compound with the formula CN2H2.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.
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Deprotonation
Deprotonation is the removal (transfer) of a proton (a hydrogen cation, H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid-base reaction.
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Diazinon
Diazinon (IUPAC name: O,O-Diethyl O- phosphorothioate, INN - Dimpylate), a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a thiophosphoric acid ester developed in 1952 by Ciba-Geigy, a Swiss chemical company (later Novartis and then Syngenta).
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Dichlorvos
Dichlorvos or 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (commonly abbreviated as an DDVP) is an organophosphate, widely used as an insecticide to control household pests, in public health, and protecting stored product from insects.
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Dieldrin
Dieldrin is an organochloride originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide.
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Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is an oily, colorless liquid with the chemical formula C6H14FO3P.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
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Fenitrothion
Fenitrothion (IUPAC name: O,O-Dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate) is a phosphorothioate (organophosphate) insecticide; cheap and widely used worldwide.
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Functional group
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
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Gerhard Schrader
Gerhard Schrader (25 February 1903 – 10 April 1990) was a German chemist specializing in the discovery of new insecticides, hoping to make progress in the fight against hunger in the world.
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Halide
A halide is a binary phase, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, astatide, or theoretically tennesside compound.
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Heptachlor
Heptachlor is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide.
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Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weedkillers, are chemical substances used to control unwanted plants.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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IG Farben
IG Farben was a German chemical and pharmaceutical industry conglomerate.
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Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects.
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Institute of Occupational Medicine
The Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) was founded in 1969 by the National Coal Board (NCB) as an independent charity in the UK and retains this charitable purpose and status today.
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International Agency for Research on Cancer
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization of the United Nations.
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Jean Louis Lassaigne
Jean Louis Lassaigne (22 September 1800 – 18 March 1859) was a French chemist.
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Leaving group
In chemistry, a leaving group is a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage.
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Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
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Malathion
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Mosquito control
Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment.
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Nerve agent
Nerve agents, sometimes also called nerve gases, are a class of organic chemicals that disrupt the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs.
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Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
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Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.
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Organochloride
An organochloride, organochlorine compound, chlorocarbon, or chlorinated hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded atom of chlorine that has an effect on the chemical behavior of the molecule.
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Organophosphorus compound
Organophosphorus compounds are organic compounds containing phosphorus.
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Oxon (chemical)
An oxon is an organic compound derived from another chemical in which a phosphorus-sulfur bond in the parent chemical has been replaced by a phosphorus-oxygen bond in the derivative.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Parathion
Parathion, also called parathion-ethyl or diethyl parathion and locally known as "Folidol", is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide.
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Parathion methyl
Parathion methyl, or methyl parathion, is an organophosphate pesticide and insecticide, possessing a organothiophosphate group.
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Pesticide Action Network
Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is "an international coalition of around 600 NGOs, citizens' groups, and individuals in about 60 countries." PAN is involved in fighting problems caused by pesticide use, and advocates ecologically sound alternatives.
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Pesticide toxicity to bees
Pesticides vary in their effects on bees.
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Philippe de Clermont
Philippe de Clermont (1831–1921) was a French organic chemist.
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Phosmet
Phosmet is a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals.
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Phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a mineral (inorganic) and weak acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.
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Phosphoryl chloride
Phosphoryl chloride (commonly called phosphorus oxychloride) is a colourless liquid with the formula 3.
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Pralidoxime
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Sarin
Sarin, or NATO designation GB (G-series, 'B'), is a highly toxic synthetic organophosphorus compound.
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Scientific American
Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.
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Soman
Soman (or GD, EA 1210, Zoman, PFMP, systematic name: O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate), is an extremely toxic chemical substance.
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Tabun (nerve agent)
Tabun or GA is an extremely toxic chemical substance.
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Terbufos
Terbufos is a chemical compound used in insecticides and nematicides.
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Tetrachlorvinphos
Tetrachlorvinphos is an organophosphate insecticide used to kill fleas and ticks.
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Thiocyanate
Thiocyanate (also known as rhodanide) is the anion −. It is the conjugate base of thiocyanic acid.
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Toxic oil syndrome
Toxic oil syndrome or simply toxic syndrome (Spanish: síndrome del aceite tóxico or síndrome tóxico) is a musculoskeletal disease most famous for a 1981 outbreak in Spain which killed over 600 people and was likely caused by contaminated colza oil.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.
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VX (nerve agent)
VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate.
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West Nile virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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Organo-phosphates, Organophosphate compound, Organophosphate ester, Organophosphate pesticide, Organophosphates, Organophosphorous, Phosphate ester, Phosphonothioate.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate
