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Black pepper

Index Black pepper

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning, known as a peppercorn. [1]

190 relations: Abscess, Age of Discovery, Alaric I, Aldhelm, Alexandria, Amide, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek, Ancient Rome, Apicius, Arabs, Argentina, Asian cuisine, Ayurveda, Azulene, Beta-Carotene, Betel, Bishop of Sherborne, Brazil, Brine, Burr mill, Canal of the Pharaohs, Canning, Capsaicin, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Carcinogen, Carl Linnaeus, Caryophyllene, Cell wall, Chavicine, Chile, Chili pepper, China, Christian, City-state, Collateral (finance), Commodity money, Constipation, Cosmas Indicopleustes, Cultivar, Curcumin, Cyperus rotundus, Decomposition, Deforestation, Denarius, Dietary fiber, Drimys winteri, Drupe, Dry season, Dutch language, ..., Early Middle Ages, Edward Gibbon, Embelia ribes, Emperor Wu of Han, England, Enzyme, Flowering plant, Food browning, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, Freeze-drying, French language, Fruit, Germacrene, German language, Goa, Hangzhou, Henry Yule, Horseradish, Iberian Union, India, Indian cuisine, Indonesia, Insomnia, Iron, Islam, Isomerization, Italian language, Java, Kerala, Kozhikode, Latin, Lepidium campestre, Lepidium virginicum, Limonene, Long pepper, Luxury goods, Madagascar, Malabar Coast, Malabar pepper, Malabar region, Malaysia, Manganese, Manure, Marco Polo, Mashed potato, Middle Ages, Ming treasure voyages, Monsoon, Mortar and pestle, Mulch, Mummy, Muziris, Natural History (Pliny), Netherlands, New World, Nile, Nutrient, Odor, Old English, Peppercorn (legal), Peppercorn sauce, Perennial plant, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Persian Empire, Phellandrene, Phytochemical, Pinene, Pink peppercorn, Piper (plant), Piper excelsum, Piperaceae, Piperidine, Piperine, Pliny the Elder, Portugal, Protein, Pseudowintera colorata, Pyrrolidine, Ramesses II, Red Sea, Reference Daily Intake, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Venice, Retting, Riddle, Roman Empire, Romanian language, Rotundone, Safrole, Salt, Salt and pepper, Salt and pepper shakers, Salt-cured meat, Samaññaphala Sutta, Sanskrit, Sauce, Schinus molle, Schinus terebinthifolia, Seasoning, Seed, Selenium, Sesquiterpene, Sestertius, Shu (state), Sichuan, Sichuan pepper, Sneeze, South Asia, South India, Southeast Asia, Spice, Spice trade, Strabo, Sulfur dioxide, Sumatra, Sunburn, Sunda Islands, Tablespoon, Terpene, Thai cuisine, Thailand, Thanissaro Bhikkhu, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Thlaspi arvense, Tonne, Toothache, Traditional medicine, Treaty of Tordesillas, Tree nut allergy, Tropics, Vasco da Gama, Vietnam, Vine, Vinegar, Visigoths, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K, Western Ghats, Woody plant, Zheng He. Expand index (140 more) »

Abscess

An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.

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Age of Discovery

The Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration (approximately from the beginning of the 15th century until the end of the 18th century) is an informal and loosely defined term for the period in European history in which extensive overseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture and was the beginning of globalization.

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Alaric I

Alaric I (*Alareiks, "ruler of all"; Alaricus; 370 (or 375)410 AD) was the first King of the Visigoths from 395–410, son (or paternal grandson) of chieftain Rothestes.

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Aldhelm

Aldhelm (c. 63925 May 709), Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, Bishop of Sherborne, Latin poet and scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature, was born before the middle of the 7th century.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (or; Arabic: الإسكندرية; Egyptian Arabic: إسكندرية; Ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ; Ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ) is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic centre, extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country.

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Amide

An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.

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Ancient Greek

The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.

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Ancient Rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

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Apicius

Apicius is a collection of Roman cookery recipes, usually thought to have been compiled in the 1st century AD and written in a language that is in many ways closer to Vulgar than to Classical Latin; later recipes using Vulgar Latin (such as ficatum, bullire) were added to earlier recipes using Classical Latin (such as iecur, fervere).

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Arabs

Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.

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Asian cuisine

Asian cuisine includes several major regional cuisines: East Asian, Southeast Asian, South Asian, Central Asian, and Middle Eastern/Western Asian.

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Ayurveda

Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.

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Azulene

Azulene is an organic compound and an isomer of naphthalene.

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Beta-Carotene

β-Carotene is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.

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Betel

The betel (Piper betle) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, which includes pepper and kava.

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Bishop of Sherborne

The Bishop of Sherborne is an episcopal title which takes its name from the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, England.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Brine

Brine is a high-concentration solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water.

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Burr mill

A burr mill, or burr grinder, is a mill used to grind hard, small food products between two revolving abrasive surfaces separated by a distance usually set by the user.

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Canal of the Pharaohs

The Canal of the Pharaohs, also called the Ancient Suez Canal or Necho's Canal, is the forerunner of the Suez Canal, constructed in ancient times.

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Canning

Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container.

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Capsaicin

Capsaicin ((INN); 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum.

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Capsella bursa-pastoris

Capsella bursa-pastoris, known by its common name shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae that grows up to tall.

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Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene, or (&minus)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils, especially clove oil, the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves), the essential oil of Cannabis sativa, rosemary, and hops.

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Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane.

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Chavicine

Chavicine is an alkaloid found in black pepper and other species of the genus ''Piper''.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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Chili pepper

The chili pepper (also chile pepper, chilli pepper, or simply chilli) from Nahuatl chīlli) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are widely used in many cuisines to add spiciness to dishes. The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids. Chili peppers originated in Mexico. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine. Worldwide in 2014, 32.3 million tonnes of green chili peppers and 3.8 million tonnes of dried chili peppers were produced. China is the world's largest producer of green chillies, providing half of the global total.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Christian

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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City-state

A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.

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Collateral (finance)

In lending agreements, collateral is a borrower's pledge of specific property to a lender, to secure repayment of a loan.

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Commodity money

Commodity money is money whose value comes from a commodity of which it is made.

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Constipation

Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.

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Cosmas Indicopleustes

Cosmas Indicopleustes (Greek Κοσμᾶς Ἰνδικοπλεύστης, literally "Cosmas who sailed to India"; also known as Cosmas the Monk) was a Greek merchant and later hermit from Alexandria of Egypt.

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Cultivar

The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.

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Curcumin

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by some plants.

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Cyperus rotundus

Cyperus rotundus (coco-grass, Java grass, nut grass, purple nut sedge or purple nutsedge, red nut sedge, Khmer kravanh chrukMARTIN, Robert & POL Chanthy, 2009, Weeds of Upland Cambodia, ACIAR Monagraph 141, Canberra) is a species of sedge (Cyperaceae) native to Africa, southern and central Europe (north to France and Austria), and southern Asia.

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Decomposition

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter.

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Deforestation

Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.

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Denarius

The denarius (dēnāriī) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War c. 211 BC to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238-244), when it was gradually replaced by the Antoninianus.

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Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

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Drimys winteri

Drimys winteri (Winter's bark or canelo) is a slender tree, growing up to tall.

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Drupe

In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the pit, stone, or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside.

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Dry season

The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics.

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Dutch language

The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon FRS (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English historian, writer and Member of Parliament.

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Embelia ribes

Embelia ribes (Devnagari: विडंग, Gujarati: વાવડીંગ, Assamese: বিৰিং biring), commonly known as false black pepper, white-flowered embelia, vidanga, vaividang, vai vidang, or vavding, is a species in the Primulaceae family.

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Emperor Wu of Han

Emperor Wu of Han (30 July 157BC29 March 87BC), born Liu Che, courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141–87 BC.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Flowering plant

The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.

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Food browning

Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within.

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Francis Buchanan-Hamilton

Dr Francis Buchanan FRS FRSE FLS FAS FSA DL (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish physician who made significant contributions as a geographer, zoologist, and botanist while living in India.

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Freeze-drying

Freeze drying, also known as lyophilisation or cryodessication, is a low temperature dehydration process which involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.

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Germacrene

Germacrenes are a class of volatile organic hydrocarbons, specifically, sesquiterpenes.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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Goa

Goa is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan, in Western India.

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Hangzhou

Hangzhou (Mandarin:; local dialect: /ɦɑŋ tseɪ/) formerly romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang Province in East China.

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Henry Yule

Sir Henry Yule KCSI (1 May 1820 – 30 December 1889) was a Scottish Orientalist.

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Horseradish

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana, syn. Cochlearia armoracia) is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage).

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Iberian Union

The Iberian Union was the dynastic union of the Crown of Portugal and the Spanish Crown between 1580 and 1640, bringing the entire Iberian Peninsula, as well as Spanish and Portuguese overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg kings Philip II, Philip III and Philip IV of Spain.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian cuisine

Indian cuisine consists of a wide variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent.

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Indonesia

Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.

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Insomnia

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Islam

IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).

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Isomerization

In chemistry isomerization (also isomerisation) is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms have a different arrangement e.g. A-B-C → B-A-C (these related molecules are known as isomers). In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerization occurs spontaneously.

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Italian language

Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.

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Java

Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.

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Kerala

Kerala is a state in South India on the Malabar Coast.

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Kozhikode

Kozhikode, or Calicut, is a city in Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Lepidium campestre

Lepidium campestre, the field pepperwort or field pepperweed, is usually a biennial with some form of annual plant in the Brassicaceae or mustard family, native to Europe, but commonly found in North America as an invasive weed.

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Lepidium virginicum

Lepidium virginicum, also known as least pepperwort or Virginia pepperweed, is an herbaceous plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae).

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Limonene

Limonene is a clear, colorless liquid hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the oil of citrus fruit peels.

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Long pepper

Long pepper (Piper longum), sometimes called Indian long pepper (pipli), is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning.

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Luxury goods

In economics, a luxury good (or upmarket good) is a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises, and is a contrast to a "necessity good", where demand increases proportionally less than income.

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Madagascar

Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.

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Malabar Coast

The Malabar Coast is a long, narrow coastline on the southwestern shore line of the mainland Indian subcontinent.

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Malabar pepper

Malabar pepper is a variety of pepper that originated as a chance seedling in a geographical region that now forms part of the present day state of Kerala in India.

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Malabar region

Malabar region refers to the historic and geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala's present day Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram and Palakkad Districts.

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.

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Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

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Manure

Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.

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Marco Polo

Marco Polo (1254January 8–9, 1324) was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer, born in the Republic of Venice.

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Mashed potato

Mashed potato (British English) or mashed potatoes (American English and Canadian English), colloquially known as mash, is a dish prepared by mashing boiled potatoes.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Ming treasure voyages

The Ming treasure voyages were the seven maritime expeditions by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433.

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Monsoon

Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.

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Mortar and pestle

A mortar and pestle is a kitchen implement used since ancient times to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder.

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Mulch

A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of soil.

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Mummy

A mummy is a deceased human or an animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions.

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Muziris

Muziris (Muchiri, Muyirikode, Makotai, Mahodayapuram) was an ancient seaport and urban center on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Indian state of Kerala) that dates from at least the 1st century BC, if not before it.

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Natural History (Pliny)

The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a book about the whole of the natural world in Latin by Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naval commander who died in 79 AD.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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New World

The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).

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Nile

The Nile River (النيل, Egyptian Arabic en-Nīl, Standard Arabic an-Nīl; ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ, P(h)iaro; Ancient Egyptian: Ḥ'pī and Jtrw; Biblical Hebrew:, Ha-Ye'or or, Ha-Shiḥor) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world, though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest.

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Nutrient

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.

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Odor

An odor, odour or fragrance is always caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds.

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Old English

Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Peppercorn (legal)

In legal parlance, a peppercorn is a metaphor for a very small payment, a nominal consideration, used to satisfy the requirements for the creation of a legal contract.

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Peppercorn sauce

Peppercorn sauce is a culinary cream sauce prepared with peppercorn, which is prepared as a reduction of the cream in the cooking process.

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Perennial plant

A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθράς Θαλάσσης, Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greco-Roman periplus, written in Greek, describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Northeast Africa and the Sindh and South western India.

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Persian Empire

The Persian Empire (شاهنشاهی ایران, translit., lit. 'Imperial Iran') refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties that were centred in Persia/Iran from the 6th-century-BC Achaemenid Empire era to the 20th century AD in the Qajar dynasty era.

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Phellandrene

Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties.

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Phytochemical

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them thrive or thwart competitors, predators, or pathogens.

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Pinene

Pinene (C10H16) is a bicyclic monoterpene chemical compound.

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Pink peppercorn

A pink peppercorn (French: baie rose, "pink berry") is a dried berry of the shrub Schinus molle, commonly known as the Peruvian peppertree.

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Piper (plant)

Piper, the pepper plants or pepper vines (a term used for certain Clematis in older times), are an economically and ecologically important genus in the family Piperaceae.

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Piper excelsum

Piper excelsum (formerly known as Macropiper excelsum), or kawakawa in Māori, is a small tree of which the subspecies P. excelsum subsp.

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Piperaceae

The Piperaceae, also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants.

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Piperidine

Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH.

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Piperine

Piperine, along with its isomer chavicine, is the alkaloid responsible for the pungency of black pepper and long pepper.

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Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Pseudowintera colorata

Pseudowintera colorata is a species of woody evergreen flowering trees and shrubs, part of family Winteraceae.

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Pyrrolidine

Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH.

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Ramesses II

Ramesses II (variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses; born; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt.

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Red Sea

The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

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Reference Daily Intake

The Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States.

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Republic of Genoa

The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna,; Res Publica Ianuensis; Repubblica di Genova) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast, incorporating Corsica from 1347 to 1768, and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice (Repubblica di Venezia, later: Repubblica Veneta; Repùblica de Venèsia, later: Repùblica Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (Most Serene Republic of Venice) (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in northeastern Italy, which existed for a millennium between the 8th century and the 18th century.

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Retting

Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles, and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem.

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Riddle

A riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be solved.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.

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Rotundone

Rotundone is a sesquiterpene originally discovered in the tubers of cyperus rotundus.

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Safrole

Safrole is a phenylpropene.

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Salt

Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.

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Salt and pepper

Salt and pepper is the common name for edible salt and black pepper, which are traditionally paired on dining tables where European-style food is eaten so as to allow for the seasoning of food.

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Salt and pepper shakers

Salt and pepper shakers (or in the UK, salt and pepper pots) are condiment dispensers used in Western culture that are designed to allow diners to distribute grains of edible salt and ground peppercorns.

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Salt-cured meat

Salt-cured meat or salted meat is meat or fish preserved or cured with salt.

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Samaññaphala Sutta

The Samaññaphala Sutta is the second discourse (Pali, sutta; Skt., sutra) of all 34 Digha Nikaya discourses.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit is the primary liturgical language of Hinduism; a philosophical language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; and a former literary language and lingua franca for the educated of ancient and medieval India.

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Sauce

In cooking a sauce is a liquid, cream, or semi-solid food served on or used in preparing other foods.

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Schinus molle

Schinus molle (Peruvian pepper, also known as American pepper, Peruvian peppertree, escobilla, false pepper, molle del Peru, pepper tree, (Archived by) peppercorn tree, Californian pepper tree, pirul and Peruvian mastic) is an evergreen tree that grows to 15 meters (50 feet).

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Schinus terebinthifolia

Schinus terebinthifolia is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to subtropical and tropical South America (southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Paraguay).

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Seasoning

Seasoning is the process of adding salt, herbs, or spices to food to enhance the flavour.

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Seed

A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Sesquiterpene

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24.

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Sestertius

The sestertius (plural sestertii), or sesterce (plural sesterces), was an ancient Roman coin.

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Shu (state)

The State of Shu was an ancient state in what is now Sichuan Province.

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Sichuan

Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south.

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Sichuan pepper

Sichuan pepper, Sichuan peppercorn, or Szechuan pepper, is a commonly used spice in Chinese cuisine.

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Sneeze

A sneeze, or sternutation, is a semi-autonomous, convulsive expulsion of air from the lungs through the nose and mouth, usually caused by foreign particles irritating the nasal mucosa.

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South Asia

South Asia or Southern Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent) is a term used to represent the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan SAARC countries and, for some authorities, adjoining countries to the west and east.

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South India

South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry, occupying 19% of India's area.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.

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Spice

A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food.

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Spice trade

The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe.

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Strabo

Strabo (Στράβων Strábōn; 64 or 63 BC AD 24) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Sumatra

Sumatra is an Indonesian island in Southeast Asia that is part of the Sunda Islands.

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Sunburn

Sunburn is a form of radiation burn that affects living tissue, such as skin, that results from an overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, commonly from the sun.

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Sunda Islands

The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in the Malay archipelago.

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Tablespoon

A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating.

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Terpene

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects.

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Thai cuisine

Thai cuisine (อาหารไทย) is the national cuisine of Thailand.

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Thailand

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.

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Thanissaro Bhikkhu

hānissaro Bhikkhu, also known as Ajaan Geoff (born 1949), is an American Buddhist monk.

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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon.

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Thlaspi arvense

Thlaspi arvense, known by the common name field pennycress, is a flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae.

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Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

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Toothache

Toothache, also known as dental pain,Segen JC.

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Traditional medicine

Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas (Tratado de Tordesilhas, Tratado de Tordesillas), signed at Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

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Tree nut allergy

A tree nut allergy is a hypersensitivity to dietary substances from tree nuts and edible tree seeds causing an overreaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms.

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Tropics

The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.

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Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.

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Vine

A vine (Latin vīnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vīnum "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners.

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Vinegar

Vinegar is a liquid consisting of about 5–20% acetic acid (CH3COOH), water (H2O), and trace chemicals that may include flavorings.

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Visigoths

The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi; Visigoti) were the western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths.

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Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.

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Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, Danish for "coagulation") and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues.

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Western Ghats

Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri (Benevolent Mountains) is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India.

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Woody plant

A woody plant is a plant that produces wood as its structural tissue.

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Zheng He

Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty.

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Redirects here:

Black Pepper, Black peppercorn, Black peppers, Cracked pepper, Ground pepper, Mignonette pepper, Milagu, P. nigrum, Pamintâ, Pepper (seasoning), Pepper Oil, Pepper berry, Pepper corn, Pepper corns, Pepper-Corn, Peppercorn, Peppercorn (fruit), Peppercorns, Piper nigrum, White pepper, White peppers.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper

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