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187 relations: Abdomen, Abdominal cavity, Acinus, Adenocarcinoma, Adrenergic, Alan E. Nourse, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Alpha cell, Ampulla of Vater, Amylase, Analgesic, Anatomy, Annular pancreas, Autoimmune disease, Beef, Beta cell, Bicarbonate, Biguanide, Bilirubin, Bird, Blood sugar level, Blood sugar regulation, Blood vessel, Carbohydrate, Celiac artery, Celiac ganglia, Celiac lymph nodes, Charles Best (medical scientist), Cholecystokinin, Cholesterol, Chyme, Chymotrypsin, Chymotrypsinogen, Colic flexures, Common bile duct, Common hepatic artery, Connective tissue, Culinary name, Cytoplasm, Delta cell, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Diabetic neuropathy, Diagnosis, Digestive enzyme, Duodenal atresia, Duodenojejunal flexure, Duodenum, Embryogenesis, Endocrine gland, ..., Endocrine system, Endoderm, Enteropeptidase, Enzyme, Epithelium, Esterase, Exocrine gland, Fetal circulation, Fibroblast growth factor, Follistatin, Foregut, Frederick Banting, Gallstone, Gastrin, Gastrinoma, Gastroduodenal artery, Gland, Glucagon, Greater pancreatic artery, Greek language, Greeks, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, Heredity, Herophilos, Hormone, Human digestive system, Human feces, Human variability, Hyperglycemia, Immune system, Incidence (epidemiology), Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Insulin, Insulin (medication), Insulin resistance, Insulinoma, Intercalated duct, Intralobular duct, ISL1, Islet cell transplantation, Jaundice, Jejunum, Lamb and mutton, Lamprey, Latin, Lesser omentum, Lipase, Lipid, Liver, Loose connective tissue, Lungfish, Lysophospholipase, Measles, Median, Medical imaging, Mesentery, Metformin, Mucous membrane, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Mumps, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3, Neuroendocrine tumor, Neurogenins, NKX6-1, Notch signaling pathway, Obesity, Organ (anatomy), Oskar Minkowski, Oxford English Dictionary, Pancreas, Pancreas divisum, Pancreatic bud, Pancreatic cancer, Pancreatic duct, Pancreatic islets, Pancreatic juice, Pancreatic lipase family, Pancreatic notch, Pancreatic plexus, Pancreatic polypeptide, Pancreatic progenitor cell, Pancreatic veins, Pancreaticoduodenal veins, Pancreatitis, Parasympathetic nervous system, Paul Langerhans, Pax genes, PAX6, PDX1, Peritoneum, Phospholipase A2, Pork, Portal vein, PP cell, Prenatal development, Protease, Protein, Pylorus, Quadrant (abdomen), Rabbit, Rufus of Ephesus, Salivary gland, Secretin, Shock (circulatory), Small intestine, Solid pseudopapillary tumour, Somatostatin, Spleen, Splenic artery, Splenic lymph nodes, Splenic vein, Staining, Starch, Stomach, Superior mesenteric artery, Superior mesenteric lymph nodes, Superior mesenteric vein, Superior mesenteric vessels, Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Surgery, Sweetbread, Sympathetic nervous system, Tail, Teleost, The Oxford Companion to Food, Tobacco smoking, Transpyloric plane, Transverse colon, Trypsin, Trypsinogen, Uncinate process of pancreas, Vagus nerve, Veal, Vertebrate, X-ray, Zymogen. Expand index (137 more) »
Abdomen
The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
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Abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs.
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Acinus
An acinus (plural, acini; adjective, acinar or acinous) refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry", such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for "berry").
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Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma (plural adenocarcinomas or adenocarcinomata) is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body.
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Adrenergic
Adrenergic means "working on adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine)".
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Alan E. Nourse
Alan Edward Nourse (August 11, 1928 – July 19, 1992) was an American science fiction (SF) writer and physician.
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Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or AATD) is a genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease.
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Alpha cell
Alpha cells (more commonly alpha-cells or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.
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Ampulla of Vater
The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.
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Amylase
An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Anatomy
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
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Annular pancreas
Annular pancreas is a rare condition in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle.
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Beta cell
Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas.
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Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
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Biguanide
Biguanide is the organic compound with the formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2.
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.
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Blood sugar regulation
Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the levels of blood sugar, primarily glucose, are maintained by the body within a narrow range.
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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Celiac artery
The celiac (or coeliac) artery, also known as the celiac trunk, or truncus coeliacus, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta.
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Celiac ganglia
The celiac ganglia or coeliac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen.
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Celiac lymph nodes
The celiac lymph nodes are associated with the branches of the celiac artery.
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Charles Best (medical scientist)
Charles Herbert Best (February 27, 1899 – March 31, 1978) was a Canadian medical scientist and one of the co-discoverers of insulin.
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Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK or CCK-PZ; from Greek chole, "bile"; cysto, "sac"; kinin, "move"; hence, move the bile-sac (gallbladder)) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein.
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule.
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Chyme
Chyme or chymus (from Greek χυμός khymos, "juice") is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine).
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Chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin (chymotrypsins A and B, alpha-chymar ophth, avazyme, chymar, chymotest, enzeon, quimar, quimotrase, alpha-chymar, alpha-chymotrypsin A, alpha-chymotrypsin) is a digestive enzyme component of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum, where it performs proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides.
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Chymotrypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen is a proteolytic enzyme and a precursor (zymogen) of the digestive enzyme chymotrypsin.
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Colic flexures
There are two colic flexures, or curvatures in the transverse colon.
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Common bile duct
The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder.
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Common hepatic artery
The common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
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Culinary name
Culinary names, menu names, or kitchen names are names of foods used in the preparation or selling of food, as opposed to their names in agriculture or in scientific nomenclature.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Delta cell
Delta cells (δ-cells or D cells) are somatostatin-producing cells.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced.
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Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathies are nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon.
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Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
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Duodenal atresia
Duodenal atresia is the congenital absence or complete closure of a portion of the lumen of the duodenum.
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Duodenojejunal flexure
The duodenojejunal flexure or duodenojejunal junction is the border between the duodenum and the jejunum.
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Duodenum
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.
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Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops.
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Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.
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Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that carry those hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs, and the feedback loops of homeostasis that the hormones drive.
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Endoderm
Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Enteropeptidase
Enteropeptidase (also called enterokinase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum and is involved in digestion in humans and other animals.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Esterase
An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.
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Exocrine gland
Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
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Fetal circulation
In animals that give live birth, the fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a fetus.
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Fibroblast growth factor
The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.
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Follistatin
Follistatin also known as activin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FST gene.
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Foregut
The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct, and is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery.
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Frederick Banting
Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 – February 21, 1941) was a Canadian medical scientist, physician, painter, and Nobel laureate noted as the co-discoverer of insulin and its therapeutic potential.
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Gallstone
A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result. This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications of gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), jaundice, and infection of a bile duct (cholangitis). Symptoms of these complications may include pain of more than five hours duration, fever, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark urine, and pale stools. Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed cholesterol stones, and those mainly from bilirubin are termed pigment stones. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ultrasound. Complications may be detected on blood tests. The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight through sufficient exercise and eating a healthy diet. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks, surgery to remove the gallbladder is typically recommended. This can be carried out either through several small incisions or through a single larger incision, usually under general anesthesia. In rare cases when surgery is not possible medication may be used to try to dissolve the stones or lithotripsy to break down the stones. In developed countries, 10–15% of adults have gallstones. Rates in many parts of Africa, however, are as low as 3%. Gallbladder and biliary related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6%) in 2013 and they resulted in 106,000 deaths. Women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40. Certain ethnic groups have gallstones more often than others. For example, 48% of Native Americans have gallstones. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally good.
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Gastrin
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility.
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Gastrinoma
A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine.
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Gastroduodenal artery
In anatomy, the gastroduodenal artery is a small blood vessel in the abdomen.
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Gland
A gland is a group of cells in an animal's body that synthesizes substances (such as hormones) for release into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).
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Glucagon
Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas.
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Greater pancreatic artery
In human anatomy, the greater pancreatic artery (great pancreatic artery or arteria pancreatica magna), is the largest artery that supplies the pancreas.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.. Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered on the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods. Most ethnic Greeks live nowadays within the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. The Greek genocide and population exchange between Greece and Turkey nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern Russia and Ukraine and in the Greek diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.CIA World Factbook on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, Greek Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%. Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, arts, exploration, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture, music, mathematics, science and technology, business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporarily.
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that has a high risk of colon cancer as well as other cancers including endometrial cancer (second most common), ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Herophilos
Herophilos (Ἡρόφιλος; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician deemed to be the first anatomist.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
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Human feces
Human feces (or faeces in British English; fæx) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, but has been rotted down by bacteria in the large intestine.
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Human variability
Human variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings.
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Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Incidence (epidemiology)
Incidence in epidemiology is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.
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Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery branches from the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Insulin (medication)
Insulin is a protein hormone that is used as a medication to treat high blood glucose.
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Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.
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Insulinoma
An insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that is derived from beta cells and secretes insulin.
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Intercalated duct
The intercalated duct, also called intercalary duct (ducts of Boll), is the portion of an exocrine gland leading directly from the acinus to a striated duct.
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Intralobular duct
An intralobular duct is the portion of an exocrine gland inside a lobule, leading directly from acinus to interlobular duct.
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ISL1
Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the isl1 gene.
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Islet cell transplantation
Islet transplantation is the transplantation of isolated islets from a donor pancreas into another person.
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Jaundice
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.
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Jejunum
The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine in humans and most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.
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Lamb and mutton
Lamb, hogget, and mutton are the meat of domestic sheep (species Ovis aries) at different ages.
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Lamprey
Lampreys (sometimes also called, inaccurately, lamprey eels) are an ancient lineage of jawless fish of the order Petromyzontiformes, placed in the superclass Cyclostomata.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Lesser omentum
The lesser omentum (small omentum or gastrohepatic omentum) is the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first part of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
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Lipase
A lipase is any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids).
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Loose connective tissue
Loose connective tissue is a category of connective tissue which includes areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue.
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Lungfish
Lungfish are freshwater rhipidistian fish belonging to the subclass Dipnoi.
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Lysophospholipase
In enzymology, a lysophospholipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 2-lysophosphatidylcholine and H2O, whereas its two products are glycerophosphocholine and carboxylate.
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Measles
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.
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Median
The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.
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Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
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Mesentery
The mesentery is a continuous set of tissues that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall in humans and is formed by the double fold of peritoneum.
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Metformin
Metformin, marketed under the trade name Glucophage among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight.
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Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs.
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer's syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in pituitary, parathyroid gland and pancreas.
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Mumps
Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells.
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, also known as cholinergic/acetylcholine receptor M3, or the muscarinic 3, is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor encoded by the human gene CHRM3.
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Neuroendocrine tumor
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems.
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Neurogenins
Neurogenins are a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation.
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NKX6-1
Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX6-1 gene.
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Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.
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Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Oskar Minkowski
Oskar Minkowski (13 January 1858 – 18 July 1931) held a professorship at the University of Breslau and is most famous for his research on diabetes.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.
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Pancreas
The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.
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Pancreas divisum
Pancreas or Pancreatic divisum is a congenital anomaly in the anatomy of the ducts of the pancreas in which a single pancreatic duct is not formed, but rather remains as two distinct dorsal and ventral ducts.
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Pancreatic bud
The ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds (or pancreatic diverticula) are outgrowths of the duodenum during human embryogenesis.
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Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.
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Pancreatic duct
The pancreatic duct, or duct of Wirsung (also, the major pancreatic duct due to the existence of an accessory pancreatic duct), is a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juice provided from the exocrine pancreas which aids in digestion.
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Pancreatic islets
The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.
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Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase.
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Pancreatic lipase family
Triglyceride lipases are a family of lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyse ester linkages of triglycerides.
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Pancreatic notch
The pancreatic notch is a separation between the neck of pancreas and the uncinate process of pancreas.
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Pancreatic plexus
In human neuroanatomy, the pancreatic plexus is a division of the celiac plexus (coeliac plexus) in the abdomen.
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Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas.
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Pancreatic progenitor cell
Pancreatic progenitor cells are multipotent stem cells originating from the developing fore-gut endoderm which have the ability to differentiate into the lineage specific progenitors responsible for the developing pancreas.
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Pancreatic veins
The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein.
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Pancreaticoduodenal veins
The pancreaticoduodenal veins accompany their corresponding arteries: the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery; the lower of the two frequently joins the right gastroepiploic vein.
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Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)), the other being the sympathetic nervous system.
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Paul Langerhans
Paul Langerhans (25 July 1847 – 20 July 1888) was a German pathologist, physiologist and biologist, credited with the discovery of the cells that secrete insulin, named after him as the islets of Langerhans.
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Pax genes
In evolutionary developmental biology, Paired box (Pax) genes are a family of genes coding for tissue specific transcription factors containing a paired domain and usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7), a complete homeodomain.
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PAX6
Paired box protein Pax-6, also known as aniridia type II protein (AN2) or oculorhombin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PAX6 gene.
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PDX1
PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), also known as insulin promoter factor 1, is a transcription factor necessary for pancreatic development, including β-cell maturation, and duodenal differentiation.
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Peritoneum
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids.
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Phospholipase A2
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are enzymes that release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol.
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Pork
Pork is the culinary name for meat from a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus).
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Portal vein
The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver.
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PP cell
Pancreatic polypeptide cells(PP cells), or formerly as gamma cells, are cells which produce pancreatic polypeptides in the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) of the pancreas.
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Prenatal development
Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Pylorus
The pylorus, or pyloric part, connects the stomach to the duodenum.
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Quadrant (abdomen)
The human abdomen is divided into regions by anatomists and physicians for purposes of study, diagnosis, and therapy.
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Rabbit
Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha (along with the hare and the pika).
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Rufus of Ephesus
Rufus of Ephesus (Ῥοῦφος ὁ Ἐφέσιος, fl. late 1st century AD) was a Greek physician and author who wrote treatises on dietetics, pathology, anatomy, and patient care.
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Salivary gland
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
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Secretin
Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver.
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Shock (circulatory)
Shock is the state of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function.
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Small intestine
The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place.
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Solid pseudopapillary tumour
A solid pseudopapillary tumour (also known as solid pseudopapillary neoplasm or, more formally, solid pseudopapillary tumour/neoplasm of the pancreas) is a low-grade malignant neoplasm of the pancreas of papillary architecture that typically afflicts young women.
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Somatostatin
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.
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Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.
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Splenic artery
The splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen.
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Splenic lymph nodes
The splenic lymph nodes (or pancreaticolienal) are lymph nodes that accompany the lienal (splenic) artery, and are situated in relation to the posterior surface and upper border of the pancreas; one or two members of this group are found in the gastrolienal ligament.
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Splenic vein
The splenic vein (formerly the lienal vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the pancreas.
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Staining
Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.
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Starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
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Stomach
The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, stomachos, stoma means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
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Superior mesenteric artery
In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas.
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Superior mesenteric lymph nodes
The superior mesenteric lymph nodes may be divided into three principal groups.
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Superior mesenteric vein
The superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).
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Superior mesenteric vessels
The superior mesenteric vessels are composed of the superior mesenteric artery and the superior mesenteric vein.
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Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas.
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Surgery
Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas.
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Sweetbread
Sweetbread is a culinary name for the thymus (also called throat, gullet, or neck sweetbread) or the pancreas (also called heart, stomach, or belly sweetbread), especially of calf (ris de veau) and lamb (ris d'agneau), and, less commonly, of beef and pork.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Tail
The tail is the section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso.
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Teleost
The teleosts or Teleostei (Greek: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone") are by far the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, and make up 96% of all extant species of fish.
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The Oxford Companion to Food
The Oxford Companion to Food is an encyclopedia about food.
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Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).
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Transpyloric plane
The Transpyloric plane, also known as Addison's Plane, is an imaginary horizontal plane, located halfway between the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and the upper border of the symphysis pubis at the level of the first lumbar vertebrae, L1.
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Transverse colon
The transverse colon is the longest and most movable part of the colon.
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Trypsin
Trypsin is a serine protease from the PA clan superfamily, found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyzes proteins.
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Trypsinogen
Trypsinogen (EC 3.4.23.18/20/21/23/24/26) is the precursor form or zymogen of trypsin, a digestive enzyme.
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Uncinate process of pancreas
The uncinate process is a small part of the pancreas.
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Vagus nerve
The vagus nerve, historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
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Veal
Veal is the meat of calves, in contrast to the beef from older cattle.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata (chordates with backbones).
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X-ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.
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Zymogen
A zymogen, also called a proenzyme, is an inactive precursor of an enzyme.
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Anterior margin of pancreas, Anterior surface of pancreas, Body of pancreas, Body of the pancreas, Caput pancreatis, Cauda pancreatis, Cervix pancreatis, Collum pancreatis, Corpus pancreatis, Development of pancreas, Diseases of the pancreas, Dorsal anlage, Exocrine component of pancreas, Exocrine pancreas, Facies anterior corporis pancreatis, Facies inferior corporis pancreatis, Head of pancreas, Head of the pancreas, Inferior margin of pancreas, Inferior margin of the pancreas, Inferior margins of pancreas, Inferior margins of the pancreas, Inferior surface of pancreas, Inferior surface of the pancreas, Inferior surfaces of pancreas, Inferior surfaces of the pancreas, Margin of pancreas, Margin of the pancreas, Margins of pancreas, Margins of the pancreas, Margo anterior corporis pancreatis, Margo inferior, Margo inferior corporis pancreatis, Margo superior corporis pancreatis, Neck of pancreas, Neck of the pancreas, Omental eminence, Omental eminence of pancreas, Omental eminence of the pancreas, Omental tuber, Omental tuberosity, Pamcreas, Pancrea, Pancreas development, Pancreas disorders, Pancreas, exocrine, Pancrease, Pancreatic, Pancreatic body, Pancreatic development, Pancreatic diseases, Pancreatic dysfunction, Pancreatic function, Pancreatic head, Pancreatic hormones, Pancreatic neck, Pancreatic tail, Pancreatotomies, Pancreatotomy, Pâncrea, Receptors, pancreatic hormone, Superior margin of pancreas, Superior margin of the pancreas, Superior margins of pancreas, Superior margins of the pancreas, Surface of pancreas, Surface of the pancreas, Surfaces of pancreas, Surfaces of the pancreas, Tail of pancreas, Tail of the pancreas, Tuber omentale, Tuber omentale corporis pancreatis, Tuber omentale pancreatis, Ventral anlage.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas
