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Table of Contents

1. 390 relations: Accademia Ercolanese, Age of Enlightenment, Alcabala, Alfonso XIII, Alhambra Decree, Alta California, Altiplano, Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo, Ambassador, American Revolutionary War, Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729), Antibes, Anton Raphael Mengs, Antonio Farnese, Apulia, Aranjuez, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor), Archduke, Argentina, Asturias, Augustus II the Strong, Augustus III of Poland, Aymara people, Balance of power (international relations), Barbara H. Stein, Barbara of Portugal, Barbary Coast, Barcelona, Bari, Battle of Bitonto, Battle of Velletri, Bernardo Tanucci, Bitonto, Bolivia, Bourbon Reforms, Brazil, Buen Retiro Palace, Buenos Aires, Camillo Paderni, Capetian dynasty, Capodimonte porcelain, Capua, Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni, Carmine Castle, Casita del Infante, Castel dell'Ovo, Castel Nuovo, Castel Sant'Elmo, Castilian Spanish, Catalan language, ... Expand index (340 more) » « Shrink index

2. 18th-century Navarrese monarchs
3. 18th-century Spanish monarchs
4. 18th-century dukes of Parma
5. 18th-century kings of Sicily
6. 18th-century monarchs of Naples
7. Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial
8. Children of Philip V of Spain
9. Generals of former Italian states
10. Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece
11. Grand Princes of Tuscany
12. Italian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
13. Italian military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
14. Italian people of Spanish descent
15. People associated with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
16. Spanish military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
17. Spanish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession
18. Spanish people of the American Revolution
19. Spanish people of the Seven Years' War

Accademia Ercolanese

The Accademia Ercolanese, in full Regale Accademia Ercolanese di Archeologia (Royal Herculaneum Academy of Archaeology), is a learned society established in Naples in 1755 by Bernardo Tanucci under the royal patronage of Charles VII of Naples with the primary purpose of studying and preserving the finds from Herculaneum and Pompeii.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Alcabala

The alcabala or alcavala was a sales tax of up to fourteen percent,Joaquín Escriche, Diccionario razonado de legislacion y jurisprudencia, Volume 1, Third Edition, Viuda e hijos de A. Calleja, 1847.

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Alfonso XIII

Alfonso XIII (Spanish: Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena; French: Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the African due to his Africanist views, was King of Spain from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. Charles III of Spain and Alfonso XIII are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain, monarchs who abdicated, nobility from Madrid and Spanish infantes.

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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.

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Alta California

Alta California ('Upper California'), also known as Nueva California ('New California') among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804.

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Altiplano

The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet.

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Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo

Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo (1701–1778), sometimes enumerated Alvise IV Mocenigo, was doge of Venice from 1763 until his death.

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Ambassador

An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment.

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American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.

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Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)

The Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729 was a limited war that took place between Great Britain and Spain during the late 1720s, and consisted of a failed Spanish attempt to capture Gibraltar and an unsuccessful British Blockade of Porto Bello with a high British death toll.

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Antibes

Antibes (Antíbol) is a seaside city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in Southeastern France.

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Anton Raphael Mengs

Anton Raphael Mengs (12 March 1728 – 29 June 1779) was a German painter, active in Dresden, Rome, and Madrid, who while painting in the Rococo period of the mid-18th century became one of the precursors to Neoclassical painting, which replaced Rococo as the dominant painting style in Europe.

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Antonio Farnese

Antonio Farnese (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) was the eighth and final Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza. Charles III of Spain and Antonio Farnese are 18th-century dukes of Parma and house of Farnese.

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Apulia

Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.

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Aranjuez

Aranjuez is a city and municipality of Spain, part of the Community of Madrid.

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Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor)

Archduchess Maria Anna Eleonore Wilhelmine Josepha of Austria (18 September 1718 – 16 December 1744) was a member of the House of Habsburg who governed the Austrian Netherlands in the name of her elder sister, Empress Maria Theresa.

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Archduke

Archduke (feminine: Archduchess; German: Erzherzog, feminine form: Erzherzogin) was the title borne from 1358 by the Habsburg rulers of the Archduchy of Austria, and later by all senior members of that dynasty.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Asturias

Asturias (Asturies) officially the Principality of Asturias, (Principado de Asturias; Principáu d'Asturies; Galician–Asturian: Principao d'Asturias) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain.

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Augustus II the Strong

Augustus II the Strong (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1697 to 1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Aymara people

The Aymara or Aimara (aymara), people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America.

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Balance of power (international relations)

The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others.

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Barbara H. Stein

Barbara H. Stein (1916 – 9 December 2005 Princeton, N.J.) was a scholar and bibliographer of Latin American and Iberia at the Princeton University Library.

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Barbara of Portugal

Barbara of Portugal (Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa; 4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) was an Infanta of Portugal, and a Queen of Spain by marriage to Ferdinand VI of Spain. Charles III of Spain and Barbara of Portugal are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Barbary Coast

The Barbary Coast (also Barbary, Berbery, or Berber Coast) was the name given to the coastal regions of central and western North Africa or more specifically the Maghreb and the Ottoman borderlands consisting of the regencies in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, as well as the Sultanate of Morocco from the 16th to 19th centuries.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

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Bari

Bari (Bare; Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy.

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Battle of Bitonto

The Battle of Bitonto (25 May 1734) was a Spanish victory over Austrian forces near Bitonto in the Kingdom of Naples (in southern Italy) in the War of Polish Succession.

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Battle of Velletri

The Battle of Velletri occurred on 12 August 1744 in the War of the Austrian Succession, between Austria and the Kingdom of Naples.

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Bernardo Tanucci

Bernardo Tanucci (20 February 1698 – 29 April 1783) was an Italian jurist and statesman, who brought an enlightened absolutism style of government to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies for Charles III and his son Ferdinand IV.

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Bitonto

Bitonto (Vetònde) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Bari, in the Italian region of Apulia.

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Bolivia

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.

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Bourbon Reforms

The Bourbon Reforms (lit) consisted of political and economic changes promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century. Charles III of Spain and Bourbon Reforms are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Buen Retiro Palace

Buen Retiro Palace (Spanish: Palacio del Buen Retiro) in Madrid was a large palace complex designed by the architect Alonso Carbonell (c. 1590–1660) and built on the orders of Philip IV of Spain as a secondary residence and place of recreation (hence its name).

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Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.

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Camillo Paderni

Camillo Paderni, or Camillus Paderni (1715 – 1781) was an illustrator, excavator, and curator at the Museum Herculanense, as part of King Charles VII of Naples royal Palace in Portici, and a Roman.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty (Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a dynasty of Frankish origin, and a branch of the Robertians and the Karlings.

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Capodimonte porcelain

Capodimonte porcelain (sometimes "Capo di Monte") is porcelain created by the Capodimonte porcelain manufactory (Real Fabbrica di Capodimonte), which operated in Naples, Italy, between 1743 and 1759.

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Capua

Capua is a city and comune in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain.

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Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni

Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni (21 November 1692 – 20 December 1768) was an Italian poet and librettist.

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Carmine Castle

The Carmine Castle was a castle in Naples, Italy.

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Casita del Infante

The is a historic building in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain.

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Castel dell'Ovo

Castel dell'Ovo ("Egg Castle") is a seafront castle in Naples, located on the former island of Megaride, now a peninsula, on the Gulf of Naples in Italy.

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Castel Nuovo

Castel Nuovo ("New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino ("Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy.

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Castel Sant'Elmo

Castel Sant'Elmo is a medieval fortress located on Vomero Hill adjacent to the Certosa di San Martino, overlooking Naples, Italy.

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Castilian Spanish

In English, Castilian Spanish can mean the variety of Peninsular Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, the standard form of Spanish, or Spanish from Spain in general.

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Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

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Catalonia

Catalonia (Catalunya; Cataluña; Catalonha) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central America

Central America is a subregion of North America.

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Chamber of commerce

A chamber of commerce, or board of trade, is a form of business network.

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Charles Emmanuel III

Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from his father's adbication on 3 September 1730 until his death in 1773. Charles III of Spain and Charles Emmanuel III are italian military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession.

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Charles I of Anjou

Charles I (early 1226/12277 January 1285), commonly called Charles of Anjou or Charles d'Anjou, was a member of the royal Capetian dynasty and the founder of the second House of Anjou.

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Charles III University of Madrid

University Charles III of Madrid (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) (UC3M) is a public university in the Community of Madrid, Spain.

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Charles IV of Spain

Charles IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego de Borbón y Sajonia; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain and ruler of the Spanish Empire from 1788 to 1808. Charles III of Spain and Charles IV of Spain are 18th-century Navarrese monarchs, 18th-century Spanish monarchs, Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and monarchs who abdicated.

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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI (Karl; Carolus; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I. Charles III of Spain and Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor are 18th-century dukes of Parma, 18th-century kings of Sicily, 18th-century monarchs of Naples, crown of Aragon and grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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Chief minister

A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity.

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Code Noir

The Code noir (Black code) was a decree passed by King Louis XIV of France in 1685 defining the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire and served as the code for slavery conduct in the French colonies up until 1789 the year marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

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Colonia del Sacramento

Colonia del Sacramento (Colônia do Sacramento) is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Colonial Brazil

Colonial Brazil (Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal.

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Colony of Jamaica

The Crown Colony of Jamaica and Dependencies was a British colony from 1655, when it was captured by the English Protectorate from the Spanish Empire.

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Commodore (Royal Navy)

Commodore (Cdre) is a rank of the Royal Navy above captain and below rear admiral.

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Coronation

A coronation is the act of placement or bestowal of a crown upon a monarch's head.

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Corsica

Corsica (Corse; Còrsega) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.

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Cortes Generales

The (lit) are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain, consisting of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

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Council of Castile

The Council of Castile (Real y Supremo Consejo de Castilla), known earlier as the Royal Council (Consejo Real), was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Crown of Castile, second only to the monarch himself.

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Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was Duchess of Parma from 1695 to 1727 by marriage to Francesco, Duke of Parma. Charles III of Spain and Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg are house of Farnese.

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Criollo people

In Hispanic America, criollo is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties.

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Crown of Castile

The Crown of Castile was a medieval polity in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Cusco

Cusco or Cuzco (Qusqu or Qosqo) is a city in southeastern Peru near the Sacred Valley of the Andes mountain range and the Huatanay river.

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David Brading

David Anthony Brading FRHistS, FBA (26 August 1936 – 19 April 2024), was a British historian and Professor Emeritus of Mexican History at the University of Cambridge, where was an Emeritus Fellow of Clare Hall and an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke College.

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Depression (mood)

Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.

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Despotism

In political science, despotism (despotismós) is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power.

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Doge of Venice

The Doge of Venice was the highest role of authority within the Republic of Venice (697 CE to 1797 CE).

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

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Duchy of Lorraine

The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.

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Duchy of Milan

The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277.

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Duchy of Parma and Piacenza

The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Ducato di Parma e Piacenza, Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae) was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in northern Italy, in the current region of Emilia-Romagna. Charles III of Spain and Duchy of Parma and Piacenza are house of Farnese.

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Duke of Calabria

Duke of Calabria was the traditional title of the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Naples after the accession of Robert of Naples.

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Duke of Parma

The Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a historical state of Northern Italy.

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East Florida

East Florida (Florida Oriental) was a colony of Great Britain from 1763 to 1783 and a province of the Spanish Empire from 1783 to 1821.

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El Escorial

El Escorial, or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), or italic, is a historical residence of the King of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, up the valley (road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid.

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Elisabeth Farnese

Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: Elisabetta Farnese, Spanish: Isabel de Farnesio; 25 October 169211 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She was the de facto ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746 since she managed the affairs of state with the approval of her spouse, and is particularly known for her great influence over Spain's foreign policy. Charles III of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese are house of Bourbon (Spain) and house of Farnese.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism, also called enlightened despotism, refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power.

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Enlightenment in Spain

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700.

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Enrichetta d'Este

Princess Enrichetta d'Este (Enrichetta Maria; 27 May 1702 – 30 January 1777) was a Duchess of Parma by marriage to her cousin Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma. Charles III of Spain and Enrichetta d'Este are house of Farnese.

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Ensign (flag)

The ensign is a maritime flag that is used for the national identification of a ship.

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Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea (Guinea Ecuatorial; Guinée équatoriale; Guiné Equatorial), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea (República de Guinea Ecuatorial, République de Guinée équatoriale, República da Guiné Equatorial), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa, with an area of.

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Esquilache Riots

The Esquilache Riots (Motín de Esquilache) occurred in March 1766 during the rule of Charles III of Spain.

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Etching

Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio (incised) in the metal.

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Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf.

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Falklands Crisis of 1770

The Falklands Crisis of 1770 was a diplomatic standoff between Great Britain and Spain over possession of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean.

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Farm (revenue leasing)

Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor.

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Farnese Collection

The classical sculptures in the Farnese Collection, one aspect of this large art collection, are one of the first collections of artistic items from Greco-Roman antiquity. Charles III of Spain and Farnese Collection are house of Farnese.

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Felipe VI

Felipe VI (Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain. Charles III of Spain and Felipe VI are house of Bourbon (Spain), nobility from Madrid and Spanish infantes.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (Italian: Ferdinando I; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death. Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies are 18th-century kings of Sicily, 18th-century monarchs of Naples, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria

Ferdinand Maria (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

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Ferdinand VI

Ferdinand VI (Fernando; 23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), called the Learned (el Prudente) and the Just (el Justo), was King of Spain from 9 July 1746 until his death. Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand VI are 18th-century Navarrese monarchs, 18th-century Spanish monarchs, children of Philip V of Spain, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain, nobility from Madrid and Spanish people of the Seven Years' War.

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Ferdinand VII

Ferdinand VII (Fernando VII; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century. Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand VII are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and nobility from Madrid.

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First Treaty of San Ildefonso

The First Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 1 October 1777 between Spain and Portugal.

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Flag of Spain

The national flag of Spain (Bandera de España), as it is defined in the Constitution of 1978, consists of three horizontal stripes: red, yellow and red, the yellow stripe being twice the height of each red stripe.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Flour

Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds.

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Fondi

Fondi (Fundi; Southern Laziale: Fùnn) is a city and comune in the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italy, halfway between Rome and Naples.

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Françoise Marie de Bourbon

Françoise Marie de Bourbon (Légitimée de France; 4 May 1677 1 February 1749) was the youngest illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his maîtresse-en-titre, Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan.

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Francesco Farnese

Francesco Farnese (19 May 1678 – 26 February 1727) reigned as the seventh Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1694 until his death. Charles III of Spain and Francesco Farnese are 18th-century dukes of Parma and house of Farnese.

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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Francis Stephen; François Étienne; Franz Stefan; Francesco Stefano; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany. Charles III of Spain and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor are grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece and grand Princes of Tuscany.

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Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony

Frederick Christian (Friedrich Christian; 5 September 1722 – 17 December 1763) was the Prince-Elector of Saxony for 73 days in 1763.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

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Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

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French Louisiana

The term French Louisiana (Louisiane française, Lwizyàn françé) refers to two distinct regions.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French West Indies

The French West Indies or French Antilles (Antilles françaises,; Antiy fwansé) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean.

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Fuero

Fuero, Fur, Foro or Foru is a Spanish legal term and concept.

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Gaeta

Gaeta (Cāiēta; Southern Laziale: Gaieta) is a city in the province of Latina, in Lazio, Italy.

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General Archive of the Indies

The Archivo General de Indias (standard abbreviation AGI), often simply called the Archive of the Indies was created by Carlos III and inaugurated in 1785.

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Generalitat de Catalunya

The Generalitat de Catalunya (Generalidad de Cataluña; Generalitat de Catalonha), or the Government of Catalonia, is the institutional system by which Catalonia is self-governed as an autonomous community of Spain.

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George II of Great Britain

George II (George Augustus; Georg August; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.

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Gian Gastone de' Medici

Gian Gastone de' Medici (born Giovanni Battista Gastone; 25 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the seventh and last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany. Charles III of Spain and Gian Gastone de' Medici are grand Princes of Tuscany.

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Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar).

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Giovanni Antonio Medrano

Giovanni Antonio de Medrano (11 December, 1703–1760) was the "Major Regius Praefectus Mathematicis Regni Neapolitani" (Major Royal Governor of Mathematics of the Kingdom of Naples), chief engineer of the kingdom, architect, brigadier, and teacher of Charles III of Spain and his brothers the infantes.

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Giulio Alberoni

Giulio Alberoni (21 May 1664 OS – 26 June NS 1752) was an Italian cardinal and statesman in the service of Philip V of Spain.

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Giuseppe Spinelli

Giuseppe Spinelli (1 February 1694 – 12 April 1763) was an Italian cardinal.

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Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana; Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence.

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Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War, which in fact lasted nine years, between 1754 and 1763.

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Great Siege of Gibraltar

The Great Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British during the American Revolutionary War.

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Gulf of Naples

The Gulf of Naples, also called the Bay of Naples, is a roughly 15-kilometer-wide (9.3 mi) gulf located along the south-western coast of Italy (province of Naples, Campania region).

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Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.

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Hackney horse

The Hackney is a recognized breed of horse that was developed in Great Britain.

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Havana

Havana (La Habana) is the capital and largest city of Cuba.

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Heir presumptive

An heir presumptive (heiress presumptive) is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question.

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Herculaneum

Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town, located in the modern-day comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.

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History of the Philippines (1565–1898)

The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821.

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Hofburg

The Hofburg is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon (also) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France.

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House of Farnese

The House of Farnese (also) was an influential family in Renaissance Italy.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region.

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Hunting

Hunting is the human practice of seeking, pursuing, capturing, and killing wildlife or feral animals.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Imperial Canal of Aragon

The Imperial Canal of Aragon (Canal Imperial de Aragón) is a zanja and navigation canal built from 1776 to 1790 between Fontellas (Navarre) and Fuentes de Ebro (Aragón).

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Impressment

Impressment, colloquially "the press" or the "press gang", is the forced conscription of men into a military force, especially a naval force, via intimidation and physical coercion, conducted by an organized group (hence "gang").

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Infanta María Josefa of Spain

María Josefa Carmela of Spain (6 July 1744 – 8 December 1801) was a Princess of Naples and Sicily by birth. Charles III of Spain and Infanta María Josefa of Spain are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Infanta Mariana Vitória of Braganza

Mariana Victoria of Portugal (or of Braganza; Portuguese: Mariana Vitória;; full name: Mariana Vitória Josefa Francisca Xavier de Paula Antonieta Joana Domingas Gabriela de Bragança;; 15 December 1768 – 2 November 1788) was a Portuguese Infanta (princess), the eldest daughter of Queen Maria I of Portugal and her king-consort, Infante Pedro of Portugal. Charles III of Spain and Infanta Mariana Vitória of Braganza are 1788 deaths and house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Infante

Infante (f. infanta), also anglicised as "infant" or translated as "prince", is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and León) and Portugal to the sons and daughters (infantas) of the king, regardless of age, sometimes with the exception of the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the throne who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title.

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Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain

Infante Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Aniello Raimundo Silvestre of Spain (31 December 1755 – 20 April 1817) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Charles III of Spain and Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain are house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Infante Francisco Javier of Spain

Infante Francisco Javier of Spain (15 February 1757 – 10 April 1771) was the youngest son of King Charles III of Spain and younger brother of King Charles IV of Spain and King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Charles III of Spain and Infante Francisco Javier of Spain are house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Infante Gabriel of Spain

Infante Gabriel of Spain (12 May 1752 – 23 November 1788) was a son of King Charles III of Spain and his wife Maria Amalia of Saxony. Charles III of Spain and Infante Gabriel of Spain are 1788 deaths, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Infante Luis of Spain

Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón (Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio; 25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785), known as the Cardinal Infante, was a Spanish infante and clergyman. Charles III of Spain and infante Luis of Spain are children of Philip V of Spain, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)

Infante Philip Peter Gabriel of Spain (Infante Felipe Pedro Gabriel de España; 7 June 171229 December 1719) was a Spanish infante as the third child and third of four sons born to King Philip V of Spain and his first queen consort, Maria Luisa of Savoy. Charles III of Spain and infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719) are children of Philip V of Spain, house of Bourbon (Spain) and nobility from Madrid.

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Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria

Philip of Naples and Sicily, "Duke of Calabria", Infante of Spain (13 June 1747 – 19 September 1777) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of Charles III of Spain, but was excluded from the succession to the thrones of Spain and Naples due to his intellectual disability. Charles III of Spain and Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria are house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish infantes.

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Inquisition

The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.

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Invasion of Algiers (1775)

The invasion of Algiers was a massive and disastrous amphibious attempt in July 1775 by a combined Spanish and Tuscan force to capture the city of Algiers, the capital of The Deylik of Algeria.

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Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma

Isabella d'Este (3 October 1635 – 21 August 1666) was Duchess of Parma, and second wife of Duke Ranuccio II Farnese. Charles III of Spain and Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma are house of Farnese.

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Ischia

Ischia is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

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Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.

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Januarius

Januarius (Ianuarius; Neapolitan and Gennaro), also known as, was Bishop of Benevento and is a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi

Pablo Jerónimo Grimaldi y Pallavicini, 1st Duke of Grimaldi, GE (6 July 1710 in Genoa – 1 October 1789) was a Spanish diplomat and politician. Charles III of Spain and Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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John Lynch (historian)

John Lynch (11 January 1927 – 4 April 2018) was Professor of Latin American History at the University of London.

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (–) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early 1st century AD.

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José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar

José Carrillo de Albornoz y Montiel, 1st Duke of Montemar (8 October 1671 – 26 June 1747) was a Spanish nobleman and military leader, who conquered the Two Sicilies, Oran and Mazalquivir, and was Viceroy of Sicily from 1734 to 1737. Charles III of Spain and José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar are knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain, Spanish generals, Spanish military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession and Spanish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession.

See Charles III of Spain and José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar

José de Gálvez, 1st Marquess of Sonora

José de Gálvez y Gallardo, 1st Marquess of Sonora (2 January 1720, Macharaviaya, Spain – 17 June 1787, Aranjuez, Spain) was a Spanish lawyer and Visitador general (inspector general) in New Spain (1764–1772); later appointed to the Council of the Indies (1775–1787).

See Charles III of Spain and José de Gálvez, 1st Marquess of Sonora

José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca

José Moñino y Redondo, 1st Count of Floridablanca (October 21, 1728 – December 30, 1808) was a Spanish statesman. Charles III of Spain and José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and Spanish people of the American Revolution.

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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. Charles III of Spain and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor are grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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Kingdom of Aragon

The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón; Regne d'Aragó; Regnum Aragoniae; Reino de Aragón) or Imperial Aragon (Aragón Imperial) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. Charles III of Spain and kingdom of Aragon are crown of Aragon.

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Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.

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Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of Sardinia,The name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae; Regno di Sicilia; Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula plus, for a time, in Northern Africa from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816. Charles III of Spain and Kingdom of Sicily are crown of Aragon.

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Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Charles III of Spain and Kingdom of Valencia are crown of Aragon.

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L'Aquila

L'Aquila is a city and comune in central Italy.

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Land tenure

In common law systems, land tenure, from the French verb "tenir" means "to hold", is the legal regime in which land "owned" by an individual is possessed by someone else who is said to "hold" the land, based on an agreement between both individuals.

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Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt

Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (Elisabeth Amalie Magdalene; 20 March 1635 – 4 August 1709) was a German princess of Hesse-Darmstadt who became Electress Palatine as the second wife of Philip William, Elector Palatine.

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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was the 44th Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. Charles III of Spain and Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor are grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache

Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache, OWE (Messina, December 23, 1699 – Venice, September 15, 1785), known in Spanish as Marqués de Esquilache and in Italian as Marchese di Squilliace, was a Sicilian-born Spanish statesman who was Minister of Finance of Spain between 1759 and 1766. Charles III of Spain and Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache are Spanish people of Italian descent.

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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List of monarchs of Naples

The following is a list of rulers of the Kingdom of Naples, from its first separation from the Kingdom of Sicily to its merger with the same into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

See Charles III of Spain and List of monarchs of Naples

List of Sicilian monarchs

The monarchs of Sicily ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130 until the "perfect fusion" in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816.

See Charles III of Spain and List of Sicilian monarchs

List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown

The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as "The Crown" and the constitutional title of the monarch is simply rey/reina de España:Constitution, article 56(2) that is, "king/queen of Spain".

See Charles III of Spain and List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown

Livorno

Livorno is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region, Italy.

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Lobkowicz family

The House of Lobkowicz (Lobkovicové in modern Czech, sg. z Lobkovic; Lobkowitz in German) is an important Bohemian noble family that dates back to the 14th century and is one of the oldest noble families of the region.

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Loterías y Apuestas del Estado

Sociedad Estatal Loterías y Apuestas del Estado (Spanish for "State Society for State Lotteries and Wagers"; SELAE) is a Spanish state-owned company.

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Louis I of Spain

Louis I (Luis Felipe Fernando José de Borbón y Saboya; 25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was King of Spain from 15 January 1724 until his death in August the same year. Charles III of Spain and Louis I of Spain are 18th-century Navarrese monarchs, 18th-century Spanish monarchs, Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, children of Philip V of Spain, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain, nobility from Madrid and Spanish infantes.

See Charles III of Spain and Louis I of Spain

Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XV

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. Charles III of Spain and Louis XV are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain.

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Louis, Grand Dauphin

Louis, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711), commonly known as le Grand Dauphin, was the eldest son and heir apparent of King Louis XIV and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain.

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Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (9 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was Queen of Spain as the wife of King Louis I. Their reign is regarded as one of the shortest in history, lasting for seven months. Charles III of Spain and Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Louise-Élisabeth of France

Louise-Élisabeth of France (Marie Louise-Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was a French princess, a fille de France.

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Louisiana (New Spain)

Louisiana (La Luisiana), or the Province of Louisiana (Provincia de La Luisiana), was a province of New Spain from 1762 to 1801 primarily located in the center of North America encompassing the western basin of the Mississippi River plus New Orleans.

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Lucia Migliaccio

Lucia Migliaccio, suo jure 12th Duchess of Floridia (19 July 1770 – 26 April 1826) was the second wife of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

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Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

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Manila

Manila (Maynila), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynila), is the capital and second-most-populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City.

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María Teresa Rafaela of Spain

Marie Thérèse Antoinette Raphaëlle, Dauphine of France (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746), was the daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese and the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. Charles III of Spain and María Teresa Rafaela of Spain are children of Philip V of Spain, house of Bourbon (Spain) and nobility from Madrid.

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Marcha Real

The Marcha Real is the national anthem of Spain.

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Margherita de' Medici

Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Charles III of Spain and Margherita de' Medici are house of Farnese.

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Maria Amalia of Saxony

Maria Amalia (Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga; 24 November 1724 – 27 September 1760) was Queen of Spain from 10 August 1759 until her death in 1760 as the wife of King Charles III. Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial.

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Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

Maria Anna Christine Victoria of Bavaria (Marie Anne Victoire; 28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was Dauphine of France by marriage to Louis, Grand Dauphin, son and heir of Louis XIV.

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Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain

Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia. Charles III of Spain and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain are children of Philip V of Spain and house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Maria Carolina of Austria

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV and III, who later became King of the Two Sicilies.

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Maria I of Portugal

Dona Maria I (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) was Queen of Portugal from 24 February 1777 until her death in 1816. Charles III of Spain and Maria I of Portugal are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain.

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Maria Josepha of Austria

Maria Josepha of Austria (Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, Maria Józefa; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the Queen of Poland and Electress of Saxony by marriage to Augustus III.

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Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy

Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714), nicknamed La Savoyana, was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She acted as regent during her husband's absence from 1702 until 1703 and had great influence as a political adviser during the War of the Spanish Succession. Charles III of Spain and Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial and house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Maria Luisa of Parma

Maria Luisa of Parma (Luisa Maria Teresa Anna; 9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) was, by marriage to King Charles IV of Spain, Queen of Spain from 1788 to 1808 leading up to the Peninsular War. Charles III of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial.

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Maria Luisa of Spain

Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika; 24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles III of Spain and Maria Luisa of Spain are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right). Charles III of Spain and Maria Theresa are 18th-century dukes of Parma.

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Maria Theresa of Spain

Maria Theresa of Spain (María Teresa de Austria; Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683) was Queen of France from 1660 to 1683 as the wife of King Louis XIV. Charles III of Spain and Maria Theresa of Spain are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Mariana Victoria of Spain

Mariana Victoria of Spain (Mariana Vitória; 31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) was an Infanta of Spain by birth and was later the Queen of Portugal as wife of King Joseph I. She acted as regent of Portugal in 1776–1777, during the last months of her husband's life and as advisor to her daughter, Maria I of Portugal, in her reign. Charles III of Spain and Mariana Victoria of Spain are children of Philip V of Spain, house of Bourbon (Spain) and nobility from Madrid.

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Menorca

Menorca or Minorca (from smaller island, later Minorica) is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain.

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Mestizo

Mestizo (fem. mestiza, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Misiones Orientales

The Misiones Orientales (or Siete Pueblos de las Misiones (Sete Povos das Missões was a region in South America where a group of seven indigenous villages were founded by Spanish Jesuits in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil. The seven "missions" were.

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Mississippi River

The Mississippi River is the primary river and second-longest river of the largest drainage basin in the United States.

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Monarchy of Spain

The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.

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Morganatic marriage

Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spouse, or any children born of the marriage.

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Mount Vesuvius

Mount Vesuvius is a somma–stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.

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Museo del Prado

The Museo del Prado, officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid.

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Museo di Capodimonte

Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano.

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Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía

The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía ("Queen Sofía National Museum Art Centre"; MNCARS) is Spain's national museum of 20th-century art.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.

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Naples Cathedral

Naples Cathedral (Duomo di Napoli; Viscuvato 'e Napule), or the Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary (Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta), is a Roman Catholic cathedral, the main church of Naples, southern Italy, and the seat of the Archbishop of Naples.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. Charles III of Spain and Napoleon are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and monarchs who abdicated.

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Napoleonic era

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe.

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Nassau, Bahamas

Nassau is the capital and largest city of The Bahamas.

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Nation state

A nation-state is a political unit where the state, a centralized political organization ruling over a population within a territory, and the nation, a community based on a common identity, are congruent.

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National Archaeological Museum, Naples

The National Archaeological Museum of Naples (italic, abbr. MANN) is an important Italian archaeological museum, particularly for ancient Roman remains.

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Nativity scene

In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche, or in Italian presepio or presepe, or Bethlehem) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmas season, of art objects representing the birth of Jesus.

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New France

New France (Nouvelle-France) was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

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New Spain

New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España; Nahuatl: Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain.

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Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta, Decrets de Nova Planta, "Decrees of the New Plant") were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V, the first Bourbon King of Spain, during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Nuncio

An apostolic nuncio (nuntius apostolicus; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization.

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Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma

Odoardo Farnese (12 August 1666 – 6 September 1693) was the eldest son of Duke Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza. Charles III of Spain and Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma are house of Farnese.

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Order of Charles III

The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III, originally Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III (Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos III, originally Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III; Abbr.: OC3) is a knighthood and one of the three preeminent orders of merit bestowed by the Kingdom of Spain, alongside the Order of Isabella the Catholic (established in 1815) and the Order of Civil Merit (established in 1926).

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Order of Saint Januarius

The Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius (Italian: Insigne Reale Ordine di San Gennaro) is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood founded by Charles VII of Naples in 1738.

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Ostia (Rome)

Ostia (officially Lido di Ostia) is a large neighbourhood in the Municipio X of the comune of Rome, Italy, near the ancient port of Rome, which is now a major archaeological site known as Ostia Antica.

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Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun

Otto Ferdinand Graf von Abensperg und Traun (or sometimes Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun), (27 August 167718 February 1748) was an Austrian Generalfeldmarschall.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Pacte de Famille

The Pacte de Famille (Family Compact; Pacto de Familia) is one of three separate, but similar alliances between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain.

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Painting

Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support").

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Palace

A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop.

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Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.

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Palazzo Barberini

The Palazzo Barberini (Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi.

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Palazzo Farnese

Palazzo Farnese or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome.

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Palazzo Pitti

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy.

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Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

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Palermo Cathedral

Palermo Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo, located in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy.

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Palestrina

Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; Πραίνεστος, Prainestos) is a modern Italian city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome.

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Palmi, Calabria

Palmi (Parmi; Palmae) is a comune (municipality) of about 19,303 inhabitants in the province of Reggio Calabria in Calabria.

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Pasquale Paoli

Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli (Pasquale or Pasquali Paoli; Philippe-Antoine-Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican-French patriot, statesman, and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later French rule over the island.

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Peace of Paris (1783)

The Peace of Paris of 1783 was the set of treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War.

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Peace of Utrecht

The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.

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Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda

Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea y Jiménez de Urrea, 10th Count of Aranda (1718 in Siétamo, Huesca – 1798 in Épila, Saragossa), was a Spanish statesman and diplomat. Charles III of Spain and Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain.

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Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes

Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes y Pérez Sorriba, 1st Count of Campomanes (1 July 1723 – 3 February 1802), was a Spanish statesman, economist, and writer who was Minister of the Treasury in 1760.

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Perugia

Perugia (Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber.

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Pescara

Pescara (Pescàrë; Piscàrë) is the capital city of the province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

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Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. Charles III of Spain and Philip III of Spain are Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, knights of Santiago, nobility from Madrid and Spanish infantes.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. Charles III of Spain and Philip V of Spain are 18th-century Navarrese monarchs, 18th-century Spanish monarchs, 18th-century kings of Sicily, 18th-century monarchs of Naples, grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, house of Bourbon (Spain), knights of Santiago, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain and monarchs who abdicated.

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Philip William, Elector Palatine

Philip William of Neuburg, Elector Palatine (Philipp Wilhelm) (24 November 1615 – 2 September 1690) was Count Palatine of Neuburg from 1653 to 1690, Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1653 to 1679 and Elector of the Palatinate from 1685 to 1690.

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Philip, Duke of Parma

Philip (Felipe, Filippo; 15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 18 October 1748 until his death in 1765. Charles III of Spain and Philip, Duke of Parma are 18th-century dukes of Parma, children of Philip V of Spain, knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain, Spanish generals and Spanish infantes.

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Philippe II, Duke of Orléans

Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723), was a French prince, soldier, and statesman who served as Regent of the Kingdom of France from 1715 to 1723. Charles III of Spain and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans are knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain.

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Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans

Philippine Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (18 December 1714 – 21 May 1734) was the daughter of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, and his wife, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Piacenza

Piacenza (Piaṡëinsa) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and the capital of the eponymous province.

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Piazza di Spagna

The Piazza di Spagna is a square in the centre of Rome, the capital of Italy.

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Pisa

Pisa is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea.

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Plazas de soberanía

The plazas de soberanía (lit. "strongholds of sovereignty") are a series of Spanish overseas minor territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering Morocco in Africa, or that are closer to Africa than Europe.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Pompeii

Pompeii was an ancient city in what is now the comune (municipality) of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy.

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Pope Benedict XIV

Pope Benedict XIV (Benedictus XIV; Benedetto XIV; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 17 August 1740 to his death in May 1758.

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Pope Clement XII

Pope Clement XII (Clemens XII; Clemente XII; 7 April 16526 February 1740), born Lorenzo Corsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1730 to his death in February 1740.

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Portici

Portici is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples in Italy.

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Potosí

Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Department of Potosí in Bolivia.

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Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 (Sanctio Pragmatica; Pragmatische Sanktion) was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg monarchy, which included the Archduchy of Austria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Croatia, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Duchy of Milan, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Netherlands, could be inherited by a daughter undivided.

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Presidio

A presidio (jail, fortification) was a fortified base established by the Spanish Empire between the 16th and 18th centuries in areas under their control or influence.

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Prime minister

A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system.

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Prince of Asturias

The title originated in 1388, when King John I of Castile granted the dignitywhich included jurisdiction over the territory of AsturiasSuárez González 2000, p. 395.

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Prince of Belmonte

Prince of Belmonte (Principe di Belmonte; Príncipe de Belmonte) is a noble title created in 1619 by the Spanish crown for the Barons of Badolato and Belmonte.

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Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy

Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (Enrichetta Adelaide Maria; 6 November 1636 – 13 June 1676), was Electress of Bavaria by marriage to Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria.

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Princess Isabella of Parma

Isabella of Bourbon-Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) was a princess of Parma and infanta of Spain from the House of Bourbon-Parma as the daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma and Louise-Élisabeth of France.

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Princess Maria Isabel Ana of Naples and Sicily

Princess Maria Isabel Ana of Naples and Sicily (30 April 1743 – 5 March 1749) was the third daughter of Charles VII of Naples and III of Sicily and his wife, Maria Amalia of Saxony, who later became King Charles III and Queen Maria Amalia of Spain. Charles III of Spain and Princess Maria Isabel Ana of Naples and Sicily are house of Bourbon (Spain).

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Printmaking

Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on fabric, wood, metal, and other surfaces.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Procida

Procida (Proceta) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen; Old Prussian: Prūsa or Prūsija) was a German state located on most of the North European Plain, also occupying southern and eastern regions.

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Puerta de Alcalá

The Puerta de Alcalá is a Neo-classical gate in the Plaza de la Independencia in Madrid, Spain.

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Quechua people

Quechua people or Quichua people may refer to any of the indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru.

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Ranuccio II Farnese

Ranuccio II Farnese (17 September 1630 – 11 December 1694) was the sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1646 until his death nearly 50 years later. Charles III of Spain and Ranuccio II Farnese are house of Farnese.

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Raymond Carr

Sir Albert Raymond Maillard Carr (11 April 1919 – 19 April 2015) was an English historian specialising in the history of Spain, Latin America, and Sweden.

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Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro

Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro (popularly called La China; "Royal Buen Retiro Porcelain Factory"; alternatively, Real Fábrica de Porcelana del Buen Retiro) was a porcelain manufacturing factory in Spain.

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Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid

Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (Spanish for "Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid") is an botanical garden in Madrid (Spain).

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Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II

The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an uprising by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

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Regalism

Regalism is the idea that the monarch has supremacy over the Church as an institution, often specifically referring to the Spanish monarchy and the Catholic Church in the Spanish Empire.

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Reggio Calabria

Reggio di Calabria (Riggiu; Rìji), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria.

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Republic of Genoa

The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna; Repubblica di Genova; Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.

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Revenue

In accounting, revenue is the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods and services related to the primary operations of the business.

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Ricardo Wall

Richard Wall y Devereux (5 November 1694 – 26 December 1777) was a Spanish-Irish cavalry officer, diplomat and minister who rose in Spanish royal service to become Chief Minister. Charles III of Spain and Ricardo Wall are knights of Santiago and Spanish generals.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples

The Archdiocese of Naples (Arcidiocesi di Napoli; Archidioecesis Neapolitana) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in southern Italy, the see being in Naples.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Royal Alcázar of Madrid

The Royal Alcázar of Madrid (Spanish: Real Alcázar de Madrid) was a fortress located at the site of today's Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

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Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.

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Royal Palace of Aranjuez

The Royal Palace of Aranjuez (Palacio Real de Aranjuez) is one of the official residences of the Spanish royal family.

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Royal Palace of Caserta

The Royal Palace of Caserta (Reggia di Caserta; Reggia 'e Caserta) is a former royal residence in Caserta, Campania, 35km north of Naples in southern Italy, constructed by the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies as their main residence as kings of Naples.

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Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso

The Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso (Spanish: Palacio Real de La Granja de San Ildefonso), known as La Granja, is an early 18th-century palace in the small town of San Ildefonso, located in the hills near Segovia and north of Madrid, within the Province of Segovia in central Spain.

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Royal Palace of Madrid

The Royal Palace of Madrid (Palacio Real de Madrid) is the official residence of the Spanish royal family at the city of Madrid, although now used only for state ceremonies.

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Royal Palace of Naples

The Royal Palace of Naples (Palazzo Reale di Napoli; Palazzo Riale 'e Napule) is a palace, museum, and historical tourist destination located in central Naples, southern Italy.

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Royal Palace of Portici

The Royal Palace of Portici (Reggia di Portici or Palazzo Reale di Portici; Reggia ‘e Puortece) is a former royal palace in Portici, Southeast of Naples along the coast, in the region of Campania, Italy.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1697 to 1804.

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San Lorenzo de El Escorial

San Lorenzo de El Escorial, also known as El Escorial de Arriba, is a town and municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain, located to the northwest of the region in the southeastern side of the Sierra de Guadarrama, at the foot of Mount Abantos and, from Madrid.

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Santo Domingo

Santo Domingo (meaning "Saint Dominic" but verbatim "Holy Sunday"), once known as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, known as Ciudad Trujillo between 1936 and 1961, is the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population.

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict involving most of the European great powers, fought primarily in Europe and the Americas.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Siege of Capua (1734)

The siege of Capua was the last major military action of the War of the Polish Succession in the Kingdom of Naples.

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Siege of Gaeta (1734)

The siege of Gaeta was a siege during the War of Polish Succession fought at Gaeta, Italy.

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Siege of Havana

The Siege of Havana was a successful British siege against Spanish-ruled Havana that lasted from March to August 1762, as part of the Seven Years' War.

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Siete Partidas

The Siete Partidas ("Seven-Part Code") or simply Partidas, was a Castilian statutory code first compiled during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284), with the intent of establishing a uniform body of normative rules for the kingdom.

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Silver mining

Silver mining is the extraction of silver by mining.

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Sir Horatio Mann, 2nd Baronet

Sir Horatio (Horace) Mann, 2nd Baronet (2 February 1744 – 2 April 1814) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1774 and 1807.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.

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Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País

The Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country) were private associations established in various cities throughout Enlightenment Spain, and to a lesser degree in some of Spain's overseas territories including the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guatemala, Chile, Venezuela, Mexico, and elsewhere.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spanish Army

The Spanish Army (lit) is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations.

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Spanish colonization of the Americas

The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish colonization of the Americas

Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.

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Spanish Florida

Spanish Florida (La Florida) was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European Age of Discovery.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish Florida

Spanish Inquisition

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish Inquisition

Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)

The Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) between 5 May and 24 November, was a military episode in the wider Fantastic War in which Spain and France were defeated by the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance with broad popular resistance.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)

Spanish missions in California

The Spanish missions in California (Misiones españolas en California) formed a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish missions in California

Spanish Navy

The Spanish Navy or officially, the Armada, is the maritime branch of the Spanish Armed Forces and one of the oldest active naval forces in the world.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish Navy

Spanish Netherlands

The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish Netherlands

Spanish nobility

The Spanish nobility are people who possess a title of nobility confirmed by the Spanish Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes, as well as those individuals appointed to one of Spain's three highest orders of knighthood, the Order of the Golden Fleece, Order of Charles III and Order of Isabella the Catholic.

See Charles III of Spain and Spanish nobility

Stabiae

Stabiae was an ancient city situated near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia and approximately 4.5 km southwest of Pompeii.

See Charles III of Spain and Stabiae

Stanisław Leszczyński

Stanisław I Leszczyński (20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766), also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I, was twice King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and at various times Prince of Deux-Ponts, Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine.

See Charles III of Spain and Stanisław Leszczyński

Stanley G. Payne

Stanley George Payne (born September 9, 1934) is an American historian of modern Spain and European fascism at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

See Charles III of Spain and Stanley G. Payne

Stanley J. Stein

Stanley J. Stein (June 8, 1920 – December 19, 2019) was an American historian of Spanish America and Iberia, with interests in colonialism and post- colonialism as well as imperial history, political economy, and social history.

See Charles III of Spain and Stanley J. Stein

State of the Presidi

The State of the Presidi (Stato dei Presidi, meaning "state of the garrisons") was a small territory on the Tuscan coast of Italy that existed between 1557 and 1801.

See Charles III of Spain and State of the Presidi

Suppression of the Society of Jesus

The suppression of the Society of Jesus was the removal of all members of the Jesuits from most of Western Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along with the abolition of the order by the Holy See in 1773; the papacy acceded to said anti-Jesuit demands without much resistance.

See Charles III of Spain and Suppression of the Society of Jesus

Túpac Amaru II

José Gabriel Condorcanqui (– 18 May 1781)known as Tupaq Amaru II was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru as self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of a new Inca Empire.

See Charles III of Spain and Túpac Amaru II

Túpac Katari

Túpac Katari or Catari (also Túpaj Katari) (– November 13, 1781), born Julián Apasa Nina, was the indigenous Aymara leader of a major insurrection in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia), laying siege to La Paz for six months.

See Charles III of Spain and Túpac Katari

Teatro di San Carlo

The Real Teatro di San Carlo ("Royal Theatre of Saint Charles"), as originally named by the Bourbon monarchy but today known simply as the Teatro (di) San Carlo, is a historic opera house in Naples, Italy, connected to the Royal Palace and adjacent to the Piazza del Plebiscito.

See Charles III of Spain and Teatro di San Carlo

Teatro Farnese

Teatro Farnese is a Renaissance theatre in the Palazzo della Pilotta, Parma, Italy.

See Charles III of Spain and Teatro Farnese

The Bahamas

The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean.

See Charles III of Spain and The Bahamas

The Family of Philip V (1743)

The Family of Philip V is an oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Louis-Michel van Loo, completed in 1743.

See Charles III of Spain and The Family of Philip V (1743)

Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th centuries.

See Charles III of Spain and Thirteen Colonies

Trade

Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.

See Charles III of Spain and Trade

Trastevere

Trastevere is the 13th rione of Rome, Italy.

See Charles III of Spain and Trastevere

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

Treaty of El Pardo (1778)

The Treaty of El Pardo signed on 11 March 1778 sought to end conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Río de la Plata region, along the modern boundary between Argentina and Uruguay.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of El Pardo (1778)

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris, also known as the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, following Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Paris (1763)

Treaty of Seville

The Treaty of Seville was signed on 9 November 1729 between Britain, France, and Spain, formally ending the 1727–1729 Anglo-Spanish War; the Dutch Republic joined the Treaty on 29 November.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Seville

Treaty of The Hague (1720)

The 1720 Treaty of The Hague was signed on 17 February 1720 between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance, established by the 1718 Treaty of London.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of The Hague (1720)

Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Versailles (1758)

The Treaty of Versailles of 1758, also called the Third Treaty of Versailles, confirmed the earlier treaties that had been signed at Versailles in 1756 and 1757 between Austria and France.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Versailles (1758)

Treaty of Vienna (1731)

The 1731 Treaty of Vienna was signed on 16 March 1731 between Great Britain and Emperor Charles VI on behalf of the Habsburg monarchy, with the Dutch Republic included as a party.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Vienna (1731)

Treaty of Vienna (1738)

The Treaty of Vienna or Peace of Vienna of 1738 ended the War of the Polish Succession.

See Charles III of Spain and Treaty of Vienna (1738)

Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona

Troiano Acquaviva of Aragon (14 January 1696 – 20 March 1747) was an Italian cardinal and Catholic archbishop.

See Charles III of Spain and Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona

Tuscany

Italian: toscano | citizenship_it.

See Charles III of Spain and Tuscany

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Charles III of Spain and United States

University of Santo Tomas

The University of Santo Tomas Manila (UST; Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas Manila), officially the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila or colloquially as USTè, is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines.

See Charles III of Spain and University of Santo Tomas

Upper Peru

Upper Peru is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas.

See Charles III of Spain and Upper Peru

Uruguay

Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.

See Charles III of Spain and Uruguay

Velletri

Velletri (Velitrae; Velester) is an Italian comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, approximately 40 km to the southeast of the city centre, located in the Alban Hills, in the region of Lazio, central Italy.

See Charles III of Spain and Velletri

Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

See Charles III of Spain and Venice

Viceroyalty

A viceroyalty was an entity headed by a viceroy.

See Charles III of Spain and Viceroyalty

Viceroyalty of Peru

The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima.

See Charles III of Spain and Viceroyalty of Peru

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.

See Charles III of Spain and Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata

Victor Amadeus II

Victor Amadeus II (Vittorio Amedeo Francesco; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was the head of the House of Savoy and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 June 1675 until his abdication in 1730. Charles III of Spain and Victor Amadeus II are 18th-century kings of Sicily and monarchs who abdicated.

See Charles III of Spain and Victor Amadeus II

Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

See Charles III of Spain and Vienna

Villa of the Papyri

The Villa of the Papyri (Villa dei Papiri, also known as Villa dei Pisoni and in early excavation records as the Villa Suburbana) was an ancient Roman villa in Herculaneum, in what is now Ercolano, southern Italy.

See Charles III of Spain and Villa of the Papyri

Villaviciosa de Odón

Villaviciosa de Odón is a municipality in the western zone of the Community of Madrid in Spain.

See Charles III of Spain and Villaviciosa de Odón

War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

See Charles III of Spain and War of the Austrian Succession

War of the Polish Succession

The War of the Polish Succession (Wojna o sukcesję polską; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong, which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests.

See Charles III of Spain and War of the Polish Succession

War of the Quadruple Alliance

The War of the Quadruple Alliance was fought from 1718 to 1720 by Spain, and the Quadruple Alliance, a coalition between Britain, France, Austria, and the Dutch Republic.

See Charles III of Spain and War of the Quadruple Alliance

War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict fought between 1701 and 1714.

See Charles III of Spain and War of the Spanish Succession

West Florida

West Florida (Florida Occidental) was a region on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico that underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history.

See Charles III of Spain and West Florida

William Martin (Royal Navy officer)

William Martin (– 17 September 1756) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession.

See Charles III of Spain and William Martin (Royal Navy officer)

William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, (15 November 170811 May 1778) was a British Whig statesman who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1766 to 1768.

See Charles III of Spain and William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

See also

18th-century Navarrese monarchs

• Charles III of Spain
• Charles IV of Spain
• Ferdinand VI
• Ferdinand VI of Spain
• Louis I of Spain
• Philip V of Spain

18th-century Spanish monarchs

• Charles III of Spain
• Charles IV of Spain
• Ferdinand VI
• Louis I of Spain
• Philip V of Spain

18th-century dukes of Parma

• Antonio Farnese
• Charles III of Spain
• Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma
• Francesco Farnese
• Maria Theresa
• Philip, Duke of Parma

18th-century kings of Sicily

• Charles III of Spain
• Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
• Philip V of Spain
• Victor Amadeus II

18th-century monarchs of Naples

• Charles III of Spain
• Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
• Philip V of Spain

Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial

• Alfonso XII
• Alfonso XIII
• Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain
• Charles II of Spain
• Charles III of Spain
• Charles IV of Spain
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
• Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain
• Ferdinand VII
• Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz
• Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
• Isabella II
• Isabella of Portugal
• Louis I of Spain
• Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain
• Maria Amalia of Saxony
• Maria Christina of Austria
• Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
• Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy
• Maria Luisa of Parma
• Mariana of Austria
• Philip II of Spain
• Philip III of Spain
• Philip IV of Spain
• Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
• Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg

Children of Philip V of Spain

• Charles III of Spain
• Ferdinand VI
• Infante Luis of Spain
• Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)
• Louis I of Spain
• María Teresa Rafaela of Spain
• Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain
• Mariana Victoria of Spain
• Philip, Duke of Parma

Generals of former Italian states

• Aeneas de Caprara
• Aimery IV of Narbonne
• Alberto della Marmora
• Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora
• Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
• Ambrogio Spinola
• Arduino della Palude
• Charles III of Spain
• Chiappino Vitelli
• Emilio Ferrero
• Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
• Eusebio Bava
• Federico Savelli
• Federigo Fregoso
• Filippo Paulucci
• Francesco Ferruccio
• Francesco Pignatelli, Prince of Strongoli
• Giacomo Durando
• Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
• Giovanni Durando
• Giovanni Marchese di Provera
• Giovanni Pietro Luigi Cacherano d'Osasco
• Girolamo Ramorino
• Giuseppe Dabormida
• Giuseppe Parisi
• Giuseppe Rosaroll
• Giuseppe Salvatore Pianell
• Guglielmo Pepe
• Lorenzo Cybo
• Luigi Acquaviva
• Luigi Mezzacapo
• Manfredo Fanti
• Marcantonio Colonna of Stigliano, 3rd Prince of Sonnino
• Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi
• Ottavio Piccolomini
• Pier Maria III de' Rossi
• Policarpo Cacherano d'Osasco
• Pompeo Gabrielli
• Raimondo Montecuccoli
• Teodoro Lechi
• Victor Emmanuel II
• Vito Nunziante

Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece

• Alfonso XII
• Alfonso XIII
• Amadeo I of Spain
• Charles I of Austria
• Charles II of Spain
• Charles III of Spain
• Charles IV of Spain
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
• Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
• Charles the Bold
• Ferdinand I of Austria
• Ferdinand VI
• Ferdinand VII
• Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
• Franz Joseph I of Austria
• Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece
• Isabella II
• Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
• Karl von Habsburg
• Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
• List of titles and honours of Felipe VI
• List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I
• Louis I of Spain
• Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Otto von Habsburg
• Philip II of Spain
• Philip III of Spain
• Philip IV of Spain
• Philip V of Spain
• Philip the Good
• Philip the Handsome

Grand Princes of Tuscany

• Charles III of Spain
• Cosimo III de' Medici
• Ferdinando II de' Medici
• Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
• Francesco I de' Medici
• Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
• Gian Gastone de' Medici
• Grand Prince of Tuscany
• Philip de' Medici

Italian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

• Charles III of Spain

Italian military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession

• Charles Emmanuel III
• Charles III of Spain
• Tiberio Carafa (1669–1742)

Italian people of Spanish descent

• Adam Alexi-Malle
• Aitana Sánchez-Gijón
• Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
• Andrés Llamas
• Angela Borgia
• Antonio Bueno
• Armando Diaz
• Cesare Borgia
• Charles III of Spain
• Charles Martel of Anjou
• Christian De Sica
• Eleonora Ramirez di Montalvo
• Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo
• Enrique Guaita
• Fabio Lopez
• Febo Mari
• Fernando d'Ávalos
• Filippo Lora
• Fiore de Henriquez
• Gaetano Casanova
• Gioffre Borgia
• Giorgio Lopez
• Giulia Stabile
• Giuseppe Artale
• Irene of Montferrat
• Jacob Mantino ben Samuel
• Leonardo Ximenes
• Lucas Castromán
• Lucrezia Borgia
• Luigi Rodriguez
• Luis Egidio Meléndez
• Manél Minicucci
• Manuel De Sica
• Maria Teresa de Filippis
• Massimo Lopez
• Michele Blasco
• Michele Carrascosa
• Miguel Bosé
• Nuria Brancaccio
• Oriundo
• Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy
• Raúl Brancaccio
• Rodrigo of Aragon
• Saverio Moriones
• Spagnola
• Stefano Usodimare
• The Nun of Monza
• Vanessa Incontrada
• Xabier Iriondo

People associated with the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales

• Charles III of Spain

Spanish military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

• Blas de Lezo
• Charles III of Spain
• Jaime de Guzmán-Dávalos y Spínola
• Jean Thierry du Mont, comte de Gages
• José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar
• Juan José Navarro, 1st Marquess of Victoria

Spanish military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession

• Charles III of Spain
• José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar
• Martín Álvarez de Sotomayor

Spanish people of the American Revolution

• Charles III of Spain
• Diego de Gardoqui
• Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis
• José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca
• Michel Dragon

Spanish people of the Seven Years' War

• Charles III of Spain
• Ferdinand VI
• Fernando de Leyba
• Pedro de Alberní y Teixidor

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain

Also known as Carlo VII of Naples, Carlos III de España, Carlos III of Spain, Charles I of Parma, Charles I, Duke of Parma, Charles III (of Spain), Charles III of Sicily, Charles III of the House of Bourbon, Charles III, King of Spain, Charles V of Sicily, Charles VI of Navarre, Charles VII of Naples, Charles VII of Naples and III of Sicily, Charles VII of Naples and Sicily, Charles VII of Two Sicilies, King Carlos III, King Charles III of Spain, King Charles VII of Naples.

, Catalonia, Catherine the Great, Catholic Church, Central America, Chamber of commerce, Charles Emmanuel III, Charles I of Anjou, Charles III University of Madrid, Charles IV of Spain, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Chief minister, Code Noir, Colonia del Sacramento, Colonial Brazil, Colony of Jamaica, Commodore (Royal Navy), Coronation, Corsica, Cortes Generales, Council of Castile, Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, Criollo people, Crown of Castile, Crystal, Cusco, David Brading, Depression (mood), Despotism, Doge of Venice, Dresden, Duchy of Lorraine, Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, Duke of Calabria, Duke of Parma, East Florida, El Escorial, Elisabeth Farnese, Enlightened absolutism, Enlightenment in Spain, Enrichetta d'Este, Ensign (flag), Equatorial Guinea, Esquilache Riots, Etching, Falkland Islands, Falklands Crisis of 1770, Farm (revenue leasing), Farnese Collection, Felipe VI, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, 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Francisco Javier of Spain, Infante Gabriel of Spain, Infante Luis of Spain, Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719), Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria, Inquisition, Invasion of Algiers (1775), Isabella d'Este, Duchess of Parma, Ischia, Italian Peninsula, Januarius, Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi, Jesuits, Jews, John Lynch (historian), John the Baptist, José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar, José de Gálvez, 1st Marquess of Sonora, José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Great Britain, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sardinia, Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Valencia, L'Aquila, Land tenure, Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopoldo de Gregorio, 1st Marquess of Esquilache, Lima, List of monarchs of Naples, List of Sicilian monarchs, List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown, Livorno, Lobkowicz family, Loterías y Apuestas del Estado, Louis I of Spain, Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis, Grand Dauphin, Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Louise-Élisabeth of France, Louisiana (New Spain), Lucia Migliaccio, Madrid, Manila, María Teresa Rafaela of Spain, Marcha Real, Margherita de' Medici, Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, Maria Carolina of Austria, Maria I of Portugal, Maria Josepha of Austria, Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy, Maria Luisa of Parma, Maria Luisa of Spain, Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa of Spain, Mariana Victoria of Spain, Menorca, Mestizo, Milan, Misiones Orientales, Mississippi River, Monarchy of Spain, Morganatic marriage, Mount Vesuvius, Museo del Prado, Museo di Capodimonte, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Naples, Naples Cathedral, Napoleon, Napoleonic era, Nassau, Bahamas, Nation state, National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Nativity scene, New France, New Spain, Nueva Planta decrees, Nuncio, Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma, Order of Charles III, Order of Saint Januarius, Ostia (Rome), Otto Ferdinand von Abensperg und Traun, Ottoman Empire, Pacte de Famille, Painting, Palace, Palace of Versailles, Palazzo Barberini, Palazzo Farnese, Palazzo Pitti, Palermo, Palermo Cathedral, Palestrina, Palmi, Calabria, Papal States, Pasquale Paoli, Peace of Paris (1783), Peace of Utrecht, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda, Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Peninsular War, Perugia, Pescara, Philip III of Spain, Philip V of Spain, Philip William, Elector Palatine, Philip, Duke of Parma, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans, Philippines, Piacenza, Piazza di Spagna, Pisa, Plazas de soberanía, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Pompeii, Pope Benedict XIV, Pope Clement XII, Portici, Potosí, Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, Presidio, Prime minister, Prince of Asturias, Prince of Belmonte, Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, Princess Isabella of Parma, Princess Maria Isabel Ana of Naples and Sicily, Printmaking, Prisoner of war, Procida, Prussia, Puerta de Alcalá, Quechua people, Ranuccio II Farnese, Raymond Carr, Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro, Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, Regalism, Reggio Calabria, Republic of Genoa, Revenue, Ricardo Wall, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples, Rome, Royal Alcázar of Madrid, Royal Navy, Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Royal Palace of Caserta, Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, Royal Palace of Madrid, Royal Palace of Naples, Royal Palace of Portici, Russia, Russian Empire, Saint-Domingue, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Santo Domingo, Second Spanish Republic, Seven Years' War, Sicily, Siege of Capua (1734), Siege of Gaeta (1734), Siege of Havana, Siete Partidas, Silver mining, Sir Horatio Mann, 2nd Baronet, Smallpox, Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País, Spain, Spanish Army, Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish Empire, Spanish Florida, Spanish Inquisition, Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762), Spanish missions in California, Spanish Navy, Spanish Netherlands, Spanish nobility, Stabiae, Stanisław Leszczyński, Stanley G. Payne, Stanley J. Stein, State of the Presidi, Suppression of the Society of Jesus, Túpac Amaru II, Túpac Katari, Teatro di San Carlo, Teatro Farnese, The Bahamas, The Family of Philip V (1743), Thirteen Colonies, Trade, Trastevere, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Treaty of El Pardo (1778), Treaty of Paris (1763), Treaty of Seville, Treaty of The Hague (1720), Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Versailles (1758), Treaty of Vienna (1731), Treaty of Vienna (1738), Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona, Tuscany, United States, University of Santo Tomas, Upper Peru, Uruguay, Velletri, Venice, Viceroyalty, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Victor Amadeus II, Vienna, Villa of the Papyri, Villaviciosa de Odón, War of the Austrian Succession, War of the Polish Succession, War of the Quadruple Alliance, War of the Spanish Succession, West Florida, William Martin (Royal Navy officer), William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham.

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