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113 relations: Agroforestry, Alcohol, Alkali, Almond, Amazon River, Andes, Aztecs, BBC, Biodiversity, Broma process, Bromomethane, Cadbury, Caffeine, Carl Linnaeus, Cash crop, Catechin, Child labour, Child slavery, Chili pepper, Chocolate, Chocolate bar, Chocolate liquor, Cinnamon, Circulatory system, Clay, Cocoa butter, Cocoa solids, Coenraad Johannes van Houten, Colombia, Compound annual growth rate, Conche, Confectionery, Deforestation, Domingo Ghirardelli, Dutch process chocolate, Effects of global warming, Eliot Engel, Equator, Fair trade cocoa, Fermentation, Ferrero SpA, Flavan-3-ol, Flavonoid, FLOCert, Fumigation, Fungicide, Ghana, Ghana Cocoa Board, Gold, Gold Coast (British colony), ..., Gunny sack, Harkin–Engel Protocol, Herb Kohl, Hermetic storage, Hernán Cortés, Honduras, Hot chocolate, Hydraulic press, International CoCoa Farmers Organization, International Labor Rights Forum, International Labour Organization, Ivory Coast, Jackfruit, Jute, Knife, Latitude, Lecithin, List of cacao diseases, Machete, Mesoamerica, Mildew, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Miridae, Moctezuma II, Mole sauce, Mucilage, Nacional (cocoa bean), Nahuatl, Nobility, Old-growth forest, Olmecs, Orinoco, Peel (fruit), Pesticide, Polyphenol, Potato, Pre-Columbian era, Press cake, Procyanidin, Pyrenoid, Roasting, Scientific American, Slavery, Soap, Soft commodity, South America, Spice, Stimulant, Tejate, Tetteh Quarshie, The Atlantic, The Week, Theobroma cacao, Theobromine, Tom Harkin, Trafficking of children, Trinidad, UTZ Certified, Vanilla, Venezuela, Water, West Indies, Winnowing. Expand index (63 more) »
Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Almond
The almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus) is a species of tree native to Mediterranean climate regions of the Middle East, from Syria and Turkey to India and Pakistan, although it has been introduced elsewhere.
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Amazon River
The Amazon River (or; Spanish and Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and either the longest or second longest.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Broma process
In chocolate making, the Broma process (not to be confused with the Dutch Process), is a method of extracting white cocoa butter from roasted cocoa beans.
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Bromomethane
Bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br.
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Cadbury
Cadbury, formerly Cadbury's and Cadbury Schweppes, is a British multinational confectionery company wholly owned by Mondelez International (originally Kraft Foods) since 2010.
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Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.
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Cash crop
A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.
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Catechin
Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant.
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Child labour
Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.
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Child slavery
Child slavery is the slavery of children.
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Chili pepper
The chili pepper (also chile pepper, chilli pepper, or simply chilli) from Nahuatl chīlli) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are widely used in many cuisines to add spiciness to dishes. The substances that give chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and related compounds known as capsaicinoids. Chili peppers originated in Mexico. After the Columbian Exchange, many cultivars of chili pepper spread across the world, used for both food and traditional medicine. Worldwide in 2014, 32.3 million tonnes of green chili peppers and 3.8 million tonnes of dried chili peppers were produced. China is the world's largest producer of green chillies, providing half of the global total.
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Chocolate
Chocolate is a typically sweet, usually brown food preparation of Theobroma cacao seeds, roasted and ground.
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Chocolate bar
A chocolate bar is a chocolate confection in an oblong or rectangular form, which distinguishes it from bulk chocolate produced for commercial use or individually portioned chocolates such as pastilles, bon-bons, and truffles.
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Chocolate liquor
Chocolate liquor (cocoa liquor) is pure cocoa mass in solid or semi-solid form.
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Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
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Clay
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.
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Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is a pale-yellow, edible vegetable fat extracted from the cocoa bean.
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Cocoa solids
Cocoa solids are a mixture of many substances remaining after cocoa butter is extracted from cacao beans.
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Coenraad Johannes van Houten
Coenraad Johannes van Houten (March 15, 1801, Amsterdam – 27 May 1887, Weesp) was a Dutch chemist and chocolate maker known for the treatment of cocoa mass with alkaline salts to remove the bitter taste and make cocoa solids more water-soluble; the resulting product is still called "Dutch process chocolate".
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Compound annual growth rate
Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is a business and investing specific term for the geometric progression ratio that provides a constant rate of return over the time period.
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Conche
A conche is a surface scraping mixer and agitator that evenly distributes cocoa butter within chocolate, and may act as a "polisher" of the particles.
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Confectionery
Confectionery is the art of making confections, which are food items that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates.
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Deforestation
Deforestation, clearance, or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
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Domingo Ghirardelli
Domenico "Domingo" Ghirardelli, Sr. (February 21, 1817 – January 17, 1894) was the founder of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company in San Francisco, California.
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Dutch process chocolate
Dutch process chocolate or Dutched chocolate is chocolate that has been treated with an alkalizing agent to modify its color and give it a milder taste compared to "natural cocoa" extracted with the Broma process.
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Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
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Eliot Engel
Eliot Lance Engel (born February 18, 1947) is the U.S. Representative for.
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Equator
An equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is its zeroth circle of latitude (parallel).
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Fair trade cocoa
Fair trade cocoa is an agricultural product harvested from the cocoa tree using a certified process which is followed by cocoa farmers, buyers, and chocolate manufacturers, and is designed to create sustainable incomes for farmers and their families.
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Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.
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Ferrero SpA
Ferrero SpA is an Italian manufacturer of branded chocolate and confectionery products and it is the third biggest chocolate producer and confectionery company in the world.
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Flavan-3-ol
Flavan-3-ols (sometimes referred to as flavanols) are derivatives of flavans that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton.
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Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.
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FLOCert
FLOCert (stylised as FLOCERT) is the audit and certification body for Fairtrade Standards.
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Fumigation
Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within.
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Fungicide
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores.
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Ghana
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.
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Ghana Cocoa Board
The Ghana Cocoa Board (Cocobod) is a Ghanaian government-controlled institution that fixes the buying price for cocoa in Ghana, the world's second largest producer of the commodity.
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Gold
Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.
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Gold Coast (British colony)
The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa from 1867 to its independence as the nation of Ghana in 1957.
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Gunny sack
A gunny sack, also known as a "gunny shoe" or "tow sack", is an inexpensive bag, historically made of hessian (burlap) formed from jute, hemp, or other natural fibers.
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Harkin–Engel Protocol
The Harkin–Engel Protocol, sometimes referred to as the Cocoa Protocol, is an international agreement aimed at ending the worst forms of child labor (according to the International Labour Organization's Convention 182) and forced labor (according to ILO Convention 29) in the production of cocoa, the main ingredient in chocolate.
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Herb Kohl
Herbert H. "Herb" Kohl (born February 7, 1935) is an American businessman and politician.
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Hermetic storage
Hermetic Storage is a method of using sealed, airtight units to control moisture and insects in stored dry agricultural commodities.
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Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.
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Honduras
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras (República de Honduras), is a republic in Central America.
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Hot chocolate
Hot chocolate, also known as Chocolate tea, drinking chocolate or just cocoa is a heated beverage consisting of shaved chocolate, melted chocolate or cocoa powder, heated milk or water, and usually a sweetener.
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Hydraulic press
A hydraulic press is a device (see machine press) using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a compressive force.
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International CoCoa Farmers Organization
The International CoCoa Farmers Organization (ICCFO) is an organization that was formed in the Netherlands in 2014 in response to cocoa bean farmers needing an international platform for discussing issues in the industry.
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International Labor Rights Forum
The International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF) is a nonprofit advocacy organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., U.S., that describes itself as "an advocate for and with the working poor around the world." ILRF, formerly the "International Labor Rights Education & Research Fund," was founded in 1986, and the organization's mission statement reads: "ILRF believes that all workers have the right to a safe working environment where they are treated with dignity and respect, and where they can organize freely to defend and promote their rights and interests.
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International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.
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Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a sovereign state located in West Africa.
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Jackfruit
The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), also known as jack tree, fenne, jakfruit, or sometimes simply jack or jak, is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry, and breadfruit family (Moraceae) native to southwest India.
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Jute
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads.
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Knife
A knife (plural knives) is a tool with a cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with most having a handle.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Lecithin
Lecithin (from the Greek lekithos, "egg yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, dissolving powders (emulsifying), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.
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List of cacao diseases
Like other crops cocoa can be attacked by a number of pest species including fungal diseases, insects and rodents - some of which (e.g. frosty pod rot and cocoa pod borer) have increased dramatically in geographical range and are sometimes described as "invasive species".
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Machete
A machete is a broad blade used either as an implement like an axe, or in combat like a short sword.
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Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica is an important historical region and cultural area in the Americas, extending from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Mildew
Mildew is a form of fungus.
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Miridae
The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by the taxonomic synonym Capsidae.
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Moctezuma II
Moctezuma II (c. 1466 – 29 June 1520), variant spellings include Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma, Motēuczōmah, and referred to in full by early Nahuatl texts as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Moctezuma the Young),moteːkʷˈsoːma ʃoːkoˈjoːtsin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520.
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Mole sauce
Mole (from Nahuatl mōlli, "sauce") is a traditional sauce originally used in Mexican cuisine, as well as for dishes based on these sauces.
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Mucilage
Mucilage is a thick, gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms.
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Nacional (cocoa bean)
The Nacional is a rare variety of cocoa bean found in areas of South America such as Ecuador and Peru.
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Nahuatl
Nahuatl (The Classical Nahuatl word nāhuatl (noun stem nāhua, + absolutive -tl) is thought to mean "a good, clear sound" This language name has several spellings, among them náhuatl (the standard spelling in the Spanish language),() Naoatl, Nauatl, Nahuatl, Nawatl. In a back formation from the name of the language, the ethnic group of Nahuatl speakers are called Nahua.), known historically as Aztec, is a language or group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family.
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Nobility
Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.
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Old-growth forest
An old-growth forest — also termed primary forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, or late seral forest— is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community.
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Olmecs
The Olmecs were the earliest known major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco.
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Orinoco
The Orinoco River is one of the longest rivers in South America at.
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Peel (fruit)
Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable which can be peeled off.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Polyphenol
Polyphenols (also known as polyhydroxyphenols) are a structural class of mainly natural, but also synthetic or semisynthetic, organic chemicals characterized by the presence of large multiples of phenol structural units.
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Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum.
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Pre-Columbian era
The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the Early Modern period.
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Press cake
A press cake or oil cake is the solids remaining after pressing something to extract the liquids.
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Procyanidin
Procyanidins are members of the proanthocyanidin (or condensed tannins) class of flavonoids.
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Pyrenoid
Pyrenoids are sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005).
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Roasting
Roasting is a cooking method that uses dry heat where hot air envelops the food, cooking it evenly on all sides with temperatures of at least 150 °C (~300 °F) from an open flame, oven, or other heat source.
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Scientific American
Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.
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Slavery
Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.
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Soap
Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.
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Soft commodity
Soft commodities, or softs, are commodities such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, corn, wheat, soybean, fruit and livestock.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Spice
A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food.
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Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects.
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Tejate
Tejate is a non-alcoholic maize and cacao beverage traditionally made in Oaxaca, Mexico, originating from pre-Hispanic times.
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Tetteh Quarshie
Tetteh Quarshie (1843 – 25 December 1892) was a pre-independence Ghanaian agriculturalist and the person directly responsible for the introduction of cocoa crops to Ghana, which today constitute one of the major export crops of the Ghanaian economy.
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The Atlantic
The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts.
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The Week
The Week is a weekly news magazine with editions in the United Kingdom and United States.
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Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacao, also called the cacao tree and the cocoa tree, is a small (tall) evergreen tree in the family Malvaceae, native to the deep tropical regions of the Americas.
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Theobromine
Theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, with the chemical formula C7H8N4O2.
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Tom Harkin
Thomas Richard Harkin (born November 19, 1939) is an American politician, attorney and author who served as a United States Senator from Iowa from 1985 to 2015.
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Trafficking of children
Trafficking of children (aka "Child Labor" and "Child Exploitation) is a form of human trafficking and is defined as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" of a child for the purpose of slavery, forced labor and exploitation.
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Trinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago.
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UTZ Certified
UTZ Certified is a program and a label for sustainable farming.
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Vanilla
Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily from the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia).
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Venezuela
Venezuela, officially denominated Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela),Previously, the official name was Estado de Venezuela (1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864), Estados Unidos de Venezuela (1864–1953), and again República de Venezuela (1953–1999).
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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West Indies
The West Indies or the Caribbean Basin is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.
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Winnowing
Wind winnowing is an agricultural method developed by ancient cultures for separating grain from chaff.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean
